In recent years, global climate change has continued to intensify, with extreme weather events occurring frequently, posing increasingly severe challenges to agricultural ecosystems. Late spring coldness, as a typical low-temperature meteorological disaster in spring, often occurs suddenly during the key growth stages of crops such as the germination period, flowering period or the growth of seedlings, causing damage to the plant cell membrane system and physiological metabolic disorders. In severe cases, it can lead to wilting or even death of plants, significantly affecting the stability of crop yields and the quality of agricultural products. It has become one of the important environmental stress factors restricting the sustainable development of agricultural production. Against this backdrop, delving deeply into the response mechanisms of plants to late spring coldness not only holds significant theoretical importance but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness. This is of profound practical and strategic significance for enhancing the stress resistance of crops, stabilizing agricultural production levels, ensuring national food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This article systematically reviews the multi-level response mechanisms of plants to the stress of late spring coldness. At the physiological and biochemical level, it includes the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances (such as soluble sugars, proline, betaine, etc.), the activation of the antioxidant enzymes system (such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, etc.), and the adjustment of fatty acid saturation in membrane lipid composition (mainly manifested as an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and a relative decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids). At the molecular level, the focus is on the perception and transmission pathways of low-temperature signals, covering the cascade regulatory network mediated by CBF/DREB-type transcription factors and the expression dynamics of downstream cold response genes, as well as a systematic analysis of the interactive regulatory roles of calcium ion signals and plant hormones (such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, cytokinin, brassinolide and ethylene) in response to low temperatures. In addition, this article also reviews the application progress of cutting-edge technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the research of plant cold tolerance mechanisms, revealing the functional characteristics of multiple key cold tolerance genes and their regulatory networks. This article aims to construct a systematic theoretical framework of the molecular mechanism of plant resistance to late spring coldness through systematic integration and in-depth review of existing research results, providing solid scientific and technological support for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness, the optimization of field management strategies, and the formulation of scientific and effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.

【Objective】The fruit branch angle is a key determinant of cotton plant architecture. Previous studies revealed differential expression of GhPDF1 in materials with extreme fruit branch angles. This study aimed to functionally characterize GhPDF1 and systematically dissect its superior allelic variations, thereby providing genetic resources and a theoretical basis for improving plant architecture and breeding machine-harvestable cotton varieties.【Method】The sequences of PDF1 homologs from 25 species, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), were obtained through homology alignment for phylogenetic analysis. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector targeting GhPDF1 was constructed using double digestion and transformed into upland cotton to investigate its role in regulating the fruit branch angle. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GhPDF1 were identified using resequencing data from 418 upland cotton accessions, with key SNPs validated by Sanger sequencing. The distribution of superior allelic variations of GhPDF1 was analyzed across Chinese cotton varieties from different breeding eras.【Result】A phylogenetic tree of the PDF1 gene from Gossypium hirsutum and its homologous genes from different species revealed that it is most closely related to Malvaceae, while being distantly related to Poaceae. Expression analysis showed that GhPDF1 was lowly expressed in large‑angle materials but highly expressed in small‑angle materials. Tissue‑specific expression profiling revealed high transcript levels in pistils, petals, and stems. VIGS‑mediated silencing of GhPDF1 significantly reduced the cell number at the fruit branch junction by approximately 170 and increased the fruit branch angle by 8.2° compared with empty‑vector controls, demonstrating its crucial role in regulating fruit branch angle. Phenotypic comparison between two allelic variants, GhPDF1^GG and GhPDF1^CC, indicated a significantly smaller branch angle in GhPDF1GG carriers. Moreover, the frequency of this superior allele (GhPDF1^GG) increased from 92% to 98% over successive breeding periods.【Conclusion】Silencing GhPDF1 in upland cotton reduces cell proliferation at the branch junction, leading to a significant increase in the fruit branch angle. The superior allelic variant GhPDF1^GG has been progressively enriched during modern cotton breeding in China.

【Objective】To study the effects of different irrigation volumes on the agronomic traits, lodging resistance and yield formation of rice, and to explore a more suitable water management plan for high-yield and stable-yield green cultivation of rice, and to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable rice production.【Method】Using WYD4 and JND667 as experimental materials, six different irrigation volume treatments were carried out: W1 (12 000 m³·hm^-2), W2 (10 500 m³·hm^-2), W3 (9 000 m³·hm^-2), W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2), W5 (6 000 m³·hm^-2) and W6 (natural rainfall). By studying the effects of different irrigation volumes on the plant architecture, resistance to lodging, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield of rice, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of different irrigation volumes on these aspects were clarified.【Result】Reducing irrigation properly increased the final tiller number, the percentage of productive tillers, leaf length of the top three leaves, and leaf area index of rice, while reducing the leaf width and leaf base angle of the top three leaves, as well as plant height. The W4 treatment can optimize the plant morphology of rice, promote plant growth, and form a good population structure. With the decrease in irrigation volume, the length of the second internode at the base of rice decreased, and the internode plumpness, breaking resistance, lodging index, and the contents of lignin and cellulose in the stem and sheath first increased and then decreased. Proper irrigation was beneficial for improving the lodging resistance of rice stems. Appropriate irrigation volume not only improves water use efficiency but also enhances the photosynthetic performance of the flag leaves of rice, the accumulation and transportation capacity of dry matter in the stem and sheath, which is beneficial to yield formation. Compared with the W1 treatment, the W4 treatment saved 37.50% of the irrigation water consumption, and the yield significantly increased by 9.07%-12.47%.【Conclusion】Under the W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2) treatment, rice has better plant morphology, lodging resistance, photosynthetic performance, and dry matter accumulation compared with other treatments. Therefore, it has the highest yield while having a high water use efficiency and can be used as a more suitable irrigation volume in this region.

【Objective】Focusing on the effects of nitrogen reduction and potassium increase fertilization mode on photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics and dry matter accumulation of maize, this paper aimed to elucidate its internal physiological mechanism and provide the theoretical support for the precise fertilization management and green high-yield cultivation of maize nitrogen and potassium.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Pingjibao Farm, Ningxia from 2023 to 2024, using maize variety Xianyu 1321 as experimental material. The experiment adopted the crack zone design, and the main area was set to different nitrogen application rates, with a total of two levels, namely conventional nitrogen application of 450 kg·hm^-2 (N0) and nitrogen reduction of 30% (N1, 315 kg·hm^-2). The secondary area was 4 gradients with different potassium application rates, namely conventional potassium application of 45 kg·hm^-2 (K0), potassium increase of 50% (K1, 68 kg·hm^-2), potassium increase of 100% (K2, 90 kg·hm^-2), and potassium increase of 150% (K3, 113 kg·hm^-2). The photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation and transport and yield components of maize were systematically measured, and the synergistic effects of nitrogen reduction and potassium increase were comprehensively analyzed.【Result】Photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of maize showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with growth period, and N1K2 treatment performed the best. Data from a two-year experiment at tasseling stage showed that net photosynthetic rate (P_n) under N1K2 treatment was increased by 17.53%, 6.74% and 8.16% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments, respectively. Transpiration rate (T_r) was significantly increased by 11.57% and 10.89% compared with N1K0 and N1K3 treatments, with no significant difference from N1K1, indicating that appropriate potassium application could effectively improve leaf transpiration efficiency. Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) was increased by 4.93%-12.71% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments. Performance index on absorption basis (PI) was increased by 2.53%-7.81% compared with N1K0, N1K1 and N1K3 treatments. Dry matter accumulation and transport analysis revealed that the N1K2 treatment significantly enhanced pre-harvest dry matter transport to grains, with pre-harvest dry matter accumulation, transport rate, and grain contribution rate increasing by 61.90%, 21.14%, and 27.73% compared with N0K0 treatment, respectively. Yield analysis showed that with production followed a pattern of initial increase followed by decline with nitrogen reduction and potassium increase, achieving peak yields of 18 586.39 and 19 279.5 kg·hm^-2 over two years under the N1K2 treatment. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis further confirmed the significant positive correlation between photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and yield under the nitrogen-reduction and potassium-increase pattern.【Conclusion】Reducing nitrogen by 30% and increasing potassium by 100% was the optimal fertilization mode for maize production in the Yellow River diversion irrigation area of Ningxia. N1K2 treatment significantly improved leaf photosynthetic performance and photochemical efficiency, promoted the efficient transport of post-flowering photosynthetic products to grains, increased dry matter accumulation, significantly improved nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate for ensuring high yield of maize, realized the synergistic optimization of photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient use efficiency, and provided a reliable fertilization basis for local maize green production.

【Objective】The high sulfonylurea (SU) resistance germplasm 5N has been widely used in the breeding of rapeseed resistant to herbicides. However, the cross-resistance spectrum and mechanisms of 5N to the other four classes of ALS-inhibitor herbicides remain unclear. The study aims to systematically evaluate the cross-resistance level of 5N to the five classes of ALS inhibitors and elucidate its resistance mechanisms, which will provide a theoretical basis for the scientific utilization of 5N.【Method】The resistance levels and toxicological responses in biomass were detected by exogenous spraying of five kinds of ALS inhibitor herbicides (sulfonylurea-SU, sulfonlyaminocarbonyl-triazolinone-SCT, imidazolinone-IMI, pyrimidyl-benzoate-PB and triazolopyrimidine-TP) at the seedling stage. The sensitivity of the target enzyme and the expression patterns of two target genes were analyzed through in vitro enzyme activity inhibition assays and qRT-PCR. Simultaneously, malondialdehyde content and the activities of multiple antioxidant enzymes were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress response.【Result】5N exhibited the cross-resistance of high level of 16 times the recommended concentration (16×RC) to SU and SCT herbicides, mid-level of 4×RC to IMI herbicides, low level to PB and TP herbicides, which was consistent with the trend in the phytotoxic response of biomass. The mechanism revealed that: (1) Target-site mechanism: The sensitivity of the ALS enzyme in 5N to various herbicides (20-300 µmol·L^-1) was significantly lower than that in N131, and the upregulated magnitude and duration of its ALS expression were notably higher than those in N131; (2) Non-target-site mechanism: After treatment with SU and SCT herbicides, the malondialdehyde content, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, as well as the expression levels of detoxification genes such as BnCYP86A2, BnCYP71B3, BnGST39, and BnGST78 in 5N were significantly higher than those in N131. In contrast, the responses under PB, IMI, and TP treatments were more complex and diverse.【Conclusion】5N exhibits broad-spectrum but differential cross-resistance to ALS inhibitors. This resistance is primarily mediated by both the low sensitivity of the target enzyme and mutations in the target gene, while non-target-site resistance mechanisms such as enhanced detoxification and antioxidant capacity, also have an assistant effect on the resistant phenotype. This study shows that SCT herbicides can serve as a safe alternative to SU herbicides at the seedling stage, and provides technical support for the rational utilization of the cross-resistance trait of 5N in herbicide-resistant breeding.

【Objective】Waterlogging and Sclerotinia stem rot are major constraints on rapeseed yield and quality in the rice-rapeseed rotation system of the Yangtze River Basin. This study aims to elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which pydiflumetofen, a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), synergistically controls Sclerotinia stem rot and promotes growth, stress tolerance, yield, and quality in rapeseed (Brassica napus).【Method】Field and laboratory experiments were conducted from 2023 to 2025 in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, using the B. napus cultivar ‘Changshuang 1’. This study investigated the effects of pydiflumetofen, prochloraz, tebuconazole, boscalid, and their mixture (pydiflumetofen + prochloraz) on seedling growth and physiological indices under normal growth, waterlogging and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-simulated drought conditions; endogenous hormone contents and balance at the full flowering stage; and Sclerotinia stem rot resistance, yield components and grain quality at the maturity stage.【Result】(1) Under normal growth conditions, pydiflumetofen significantly promoted seedling growth, with root length, lateral root number, seedling height, and fresh weight increasing by 65.8%, 84.2%, 39.0%, and 20.0%, respectively, compared with the control. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents increased by 19.3%, 28.1%, and 28.9%, respectively. The promoting effects were significantly greater than those of other fungicide treatments. (2) Under stress, pydiflumetofen pre-treatment significantly enhanced seedling tolerance. Under waterlogging, relative root length significantly increased by 48.3% compared with the control, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were increased by 26.2% and 26.3%, respectively. Under PEG-simulated drought, relative seedling height, relative fresh weight, and vigor index significantly increased by 40.3%, 36.0%, and 113.8%, respectively, compared with the control. (3) At the full flowering stage, foliar application of pydiflumetofen significantly optimized endogenous hormone balance, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) contents increased by 27.5% and 45.5%, respectively, while abscisic acid (ABA) content showed no significant difference compared with the control. (4) At the maturity stage, pydiflumetofen treatment achieved synergistic disease control and yield increase. The disease index of Sclerotinia stem rot was decreased by 58.3%-59.9%, while silique number per plant, seeds per silique, yield, and seed oil content were increased by 13.9%-14.1%, 7.0%-7.3%, 34.4%-34.9%, and 5.1%, respectively, outperforming other fungicide treatments. The mixture of pydiflumetofen and prochloraz exhibited antagonism, reducing yield by 16.1%-16.9%, compared with pydiflumetofen alone.【Conclusion】Pydiflumetofen synergistically improves rapeseed growth, stress tolerance, disease resistance and grain quality by optimizing root architecture, activating the antioxidant system and regulating the endogenous hormone balance. Its integrated benefits are superior to those of conventional fungicides such as prochloraz, tebuconazole and boscalid.

【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the coupling mechanism between land use change and carbon storage in Suining City, Sichuan Province, is a typical hilly region in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Besides, the synergistic pathways for "cropland protection-ecological conservation-carbon sequestration" from 1986 to 2035 were explored. This study could provide a theoretical basis for scientifically and rationally promoting the increase of carbon storage and maintaining the sustainable development of agriculture.【Method】Based on land use data interpreted from remote sensing imagery from 1986 to 2023, the InVEST model was employed to estimate carbon storage across multiple time periods. Geographic detectors and ridge regression were used to analyze spatial differentiation drivers. The PLUS model was used to simulate land use and carbon storage changes under four 2035 scenarios: Natural Development (NDS), Urban Development (UDS), Ecological Priority (EPS), and Cropland Protection (CPS). The changing trends and influencing factors of carbon storage in Suining City over the past 40 years were explored.【Result】(1) Land use transformation patterns. Over the past 40 years, the area of cropland, forest land, and construction land has changed significantly, and land use has undergone a three-stage transition: "cropland contraction-urban expansion-ecological restoration". The proportion of crop land decreased from 66.6% to 46.1%, whereas construction land increased from 6.0% to 13.4%. The dominant transition pathway was cropland-to-forest (56.3%). (2) Bidirectional effects on carbon storage. Regional net carbon storage increased by 28.73×10⁵ t, of which the conversion of cropland to forest land was the most important factor driving the increase of carbon storage, contributing 113.16×10⁵ t to the increase of the core carbon increment, followed by the conversion of cropland to shrub land, which increased carbon storage by 13.13×10⁵ t. In contrast, built-up land expansion resulted in a carbon loss of 14.90×10⁵ t. The carbon storage structure was dominated by soil organic carbon, which accounted for more than 84.0%. (3) Driving mechanisms. Topography-vegetation synergistic effects primarily shaped the spatial heterogeneity of carbon storage. Vegetation indices-including Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Leaf Area Index (LAI)-accounted for over 62.0% of the explanatory power. Due to limited topographic variability in hilly areas (slope coefficient of variation CV≤0.38), topographic factors exhibited a paradox of "high q-value-low contribution" (actual contribution rate <7.0%). (4) Scenario simulations. The EPS scenario was identified as the optimal carbon-maximum pathway, with a marginal increase in carbon storage (0.2%) achieved by strictly controlling construction land (increase limited to 2.2%) and enhancing coordinated restoration of forest and grassland ecosystems (grassland area increased by 69.9%). In contrast, the CPS scenario induced ecological risks: although cropland expanded by 11.6%, carbon storage declined by 0.1%, and wetland conversion exceeded 50.0%.【Conclusion】Based on an analysis of the impact of land use changes over the past 40 years on carbon storage and its driving factors, optimizing land use structure and implementing a “zonal management” policy represented the key pathway to promoting the steady increase of carbon storage in the hilly region of central Sichuan.

【Objective】This study aimed to unravel the spatiotemporal characteristics and evolutionary patterns of growth in green total factor productivity (GTFP) in rice production, with a view to exploring synergistic pathways for increasing yield while reducing carbon emissions, thereby supporting the transition toward higher-quality and more efficient rice industry development.【Method】Based on panel data from 23 provinces from 2006 to 2023, this study constructed a GTFP measurement system and comprehensively employs methods, such as life cycle assessment, super-efficiency SBM-GML model, convergence model, kernel density estimation, and Markov chain to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and dynamic evolution patterns of GTFP growth in rice with different cropping systems in China.【Result】(1) Double cropping rice demonstrated a pattern of "increasing production, reducing carbon emissions, and enhancing carbon sinks", while the improvement of "carbon sinks effect" in single cropping rice lagged behind "carbon reduction effect". (2) The GTFP of both rice types showed an upward trend. Double cropping rice had a faster average annual growth rate. Rice in Central China has the most maintained high GTFP levels. Heilongjiang, Chongqing, Sichuan, and Shaanxi had long the GTFP of the two types of rice but face constraints in GTFP growth. (3) There was σ-convergence in significant GTFP growth. Among the regions where single cropping rice was planted, only the GTFP in the Northeast showed σ-convergence. In the Central China and South China regions, double cropping rice was planted, there was σ-convergence. Both types of rice exhibited significant absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence nationwide and in various regions. (4) The phenomenon of multi-polar differentiation in GTFP growth tended to weaken, but regional disparities remained large. Regions with a high level of GTFP growth had a radiating and driving effect on regions with a low level.【Conclusion】Policy recommendations were put forward, including formulating differentiated strategies to promote carbon reduction for different rice, constructing a regional collaborative framework for enhancing rice production capacity and green development, and exploring the establishment of a cross-regional collaborative mechanism for diffusing green rice production technologies.

【Objective】This study aims to investigate the effects of low phosphorus (P) stress on shoot architecture, root system architecture (RSA), and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), to reveal the underlying physiological and molecular adaptation mechanisms, and to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of low-P tolerance, thereby providing theoretical support for pepper germplasm improvement and phosphorus-reducing cultivation.【Method】Three pepper cultivars, Zhangshugang (S8), Zunla-1, and 8214, were subjected to five phosphorus levels: phosphorus deficiency (P0, 0 µmol·L^-1), low phosphorus (P20, 20 µmol·L^-1), medium phosphorus (P60, 60 µmol·L^-1; P120, 120 µmol·L^-1), and normal phosphorus (P200, 200 µmol·L^-1). Shoot architecture, root system architecture, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient allocation, and acid phosphatase activity (Apase) were compared. Additionally, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of genes related to shoot and root architecture development and phosphorus response.【Result】Low phosphorus stress (P20) significantly affected shoot architecture development in pepper, resulting in thinner stems, shortened internodes, reduced lateral buds, and inhibited branch elongation. Concurrently, the inhibited shoot growth in pepper was accompanied by leaf abscission, leading to significant decreases in photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic performance. Regarding RSA, low phosphorus stress induced root architectural remodeling. Although primary root length was inhibited and lateral root formation decreased, resulting in significant reductions in root length, root tip number, root surface area, root volume, and average root diameter, the plants likely optimized resource allocation by preferentially allocating photosynthates and nutrients to the roots, leading to significant increases in root-to-shoot ratio and root-to-shoot phosphorus allocation ratio. Comparative analysis among cultivars revealed that under low phosphorus stress, Zunla-1 exhibited significantly higher low-P tolerance coefficients for total root length, number of root tips, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and leaf phosphorus content compared to Zhangshugang (S8) and 8214, indicating stronger low-P tolerance. Its tolerance strategy involved optimizing RSA by increasing lateral root number and promoting root elongation, while maintaining higher levels of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and leaf phosphorus content. Physiological and molecular analyses indicated that the adaptive response of pepper involved coordinated physiological and molecular regulation. On the one hand, low phosphorus stress significantly upregulated the expression of phosphorus signaling and transporter genes (CaSPX1, CaSPX3, CaPHT1;7) and APase (CaPAP15, CaPAP17), thereby enhancing APase and PUE. On the other hand, low phosphorus stress also significantly upregulated the expression of the abscisic acid degradation gene (CaCYP707A1) and strigolactone biosynthesis genes (CaCCD7, CaCCD8), which are associated with shoot and root architecture development.【Conclusion】Low phosphorus stress may upregulate the expression of strigolactone biosynthesis genes (CaCCD7, CaCCD8) and the abscisic acid degradation gene (CaCYP707A1), thereby inhibiting shoot branching, optimizing RSA, increasing root-to-shoot ratio, and preferentially allocating photosynthates to roots. Meanwhile, it activates the phosphorus starvation response pathway to enhance APase and PUE, thereby systematically improving the adaptability of pepper to low phosphorus stress.

【Objective】Anthocyanins are core secondary metabolites that determine the fruit color, flavor and antioxidant activity of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Their biosynthesis is regulated at multiple levels by light signals, transcription factors and key genes in the metabolic pathway, which directly affects the commercial and nutritional value of grape fruits. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of MYB transcription factor VvMYB14 (NCBI ID: XM_002278747.2) in response to light signals during anthocyanin biosynthesis, so as to provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the interaction between light signals and secondary metabolism, as well as improving grape fruit quality.【Method】Grape cultivars Pinot Noir and Red Globe, apple cultivar Ruixue, and Nicotiana benthamiana were used as experimental materials. Homologous sequences of VvMYB14 were retrieved by BLAST tool from the NCBI database. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 5.0 software, and multiple amino acid sequence alignment was performed with DNAMAN. Experimental vectors including VvMYB14 overexpression vector and promoter-GUS fusion vector were constructed. Cis-acting elements in its promoter were predicted using the PlantCARE database, and promoter activity was verified by GUS staining and qRT-PCR assay in tobacco leaves. Combined with transient transformation in apple and grape peels, stable transformation in tobacco, and genetic transformation in grape calli, the function of VvMYB14 was explored through phenotypic observation and molecular detection. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and luciferase complementation assay (LCA) were used to screen and verify the interacting proteins of VvMYB14.【Result】VvMYB14 was most closely related to QrMYB14 of Quercus robur. Tissue-specific analysis showed that VvMYB14 was mainly expressed in grape leaves and fruits. Its promoter contained light-responsive elements (Box4, I-box), and light treatment significantly enhanced the promoter activity. Meanwhile, GUS expression levels were significantly higher than those of the control at three stages (G0, G12, G24). Functional verification indicated that VvMYB14 promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in response to light: after transient expression in Ruixue apple and Red Globe grape peels, anthocyanin contents were 2.25-fold and 2.1-fold of the empty vector control, respectively. Transcription levels of key anthocyanin pathway genes CHS, F3′H, DFR and UFGT were significantly up-regulated in VvMYB14- overexpressing tobacco and grape calli. Interaction analysis confirmed that VvMYB14 specifically interacted with VvGRP4, a gibberellin-regulated protein.【Conclusion】VvMYB14 is a light-responsive transcription factor. It activates self-expression by recognizing light-responsive elements in the promoter, and then up-regulates the transcription of key genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, ultimately promoting anthocyanin accumulation in grapes. In addition, its interacting protein VvGRP4 was identified.

【Objective】Traditional methods for detecting the corn damage ratio (e.g., manual sorting and weighing, and electric sieving) are time-consuming and labor-intensive, failing to meet the demand for real-time quality assessment during storage and transportation. To address this, this study proposed a rapid detection method for the corn damage ratio based on image processing and deep learning. Furthermore, the impact of the damage ratio on corn quality deterioration following long-distance transportation and storage was simultaneously analyzed. This research aimed to provide a technical support and a theoretical basis for intelligent corn quality monitoring, early risk warning, and the optimization of storage and transportation conditions.【Method】A total of 500 raw corn kernels images captured by smartphones were utilized as the dataset. A rapid prediction model for the corn damage ratio was developed using image processing techniques (image rectification, preprocessing, segmentation, and area extraction) combined with the training and evaluation of three deep learning models (Resnet50, Densenet121, and Vision Transformer [ViT]). Additionally, by simulating the temperature and humidity conditions of the waterway and land routes in China’s “North-to-South Grain Transportation” system, the quality variation of corn with different damage ratios (0-12%) following storage and transportation was systematically investigated.【Result】The ViT model demonstrated optimal performance in identifying damaged corn kernels, achieving both accuracy and precision rates of 99%. The mean absolute error between the predicted and actual values was merely 0.45%, with a coefficient of determination (R²) reaching 0.978. As the damage ratio increased from 0 to 12%, the physicochemical properties of corn transported via waterway and land routes showed significant increases (P<0.05): moisture content rose by 1.384% and 0.461%, fatty acid values increased by 7.92 mg KOH/100 g and 4.49 mg KOH/100 g, electrical conductivity elevated by 6.72 and 4.66 μs·cm^-1, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased by 38.73% and 19.22%, respectively. Regarding nutritional quality, the protein content decreased, while the starch content exhibited a fluctuating trend of an initial increase, followed by a decrease, and a subsequent rise. An imbalance emerged between the amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) content, accompanied by significant alterations in the pasting properties.【Conclusion】This study provided a reliable technical approach for the rapid detection of the corn damage ratio, offering a scientific basis for optimizing storage and transportation conditions to mitigate quality deterioration. Specifically, it was recommend establishing a 4% damage ratio as the critical control threshold in long-distance and high-humidity storage and transportation scenarios, such as China’s “North-to-South Grain Transportation” system. Batches exceeding this threshold should undergo priority sorting or quality preservation treatments.

【Objective】Skeletal muscle growth and development is one of the important factors affecting meat quality of goat. This study aimed to clone the coding sequence (CDS) of the goat CSRP3 gene (Cysteine and Glycine Rich Protein 3), conduct bioinformatics analysis using the online software, investigate the expression patterns of the goat CSRP3 gene in different tissues and at different differentiation stages of goat myoblasts, and clarify the regulatory role of this gene in myoblast differentiation.【Method】Tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from goats. Total RNA was extracted from these tissues using the Trizol method and was reverse-transcribed to cDNA. Using the cDNA from the longissimus dorsi muscle as the template, RT-PCR was performed to amplify the CDS region of the goat CSRP3 gene, and online software was used for bioinformatics analysis. cDNA from different goat tissues and myoblasts at different differentiation stages was used as templates to detect the CSRP3 gene expression level by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). Through the construction of an overexpression vector, siRNA synthesis, and cell transfection experiments, qPCR and immunofluorescence staining were employed to determine the relative mRNA expression level of myoblast differentiation marker genes and the formation of myotubes after overexpression or interference of the goat CSRP3 gene.【Result】The full-length of the goat CSRP3 gene is 1 103 bp, with a CDS sequence of 585 bp. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the goat CSRP3 gene has the closest genetic relationship with sheep and cattle, indicating high conservation of this gene among closely related species. The goat CSRP3 gene encodes 194 amino acids, and the encoded protein is a hydrophilic and stable basic protein. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that the goat CSRP3 protein may be involved in muscle growth and development through interactions with muscle function-related proteins. The relative mRNA expression level of the CSRP3 gene in goat longissimus dorsi muscle and heart was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). During myoblast differentiation, the goat CSRP3 gene expression was low at the initial stage, increased gradually with differentiation time, peaked on day 3 (P < 0.01), and then decreased, showing a dynamic change of first increasing and then decreasing. This suggested that the goat CSRP3 gene may play an important regulatory role in the transition of myoblasts from proliferation to differentiation. Overexpression of the goat CSRP3 gene significantly increased the relative mRNA expression levels of myoblast differentiation marker genes and promoted myotube formation, indicating myoblast differentiation. Conversely, interference with the CSRP3 gene significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression levels of myoblast differentiation marker genes and inhibited myotube formation, impairing the differentiation ability of myoblasts.【Conclusion】The CDS of CSRP3 was successfully cloned (the cloned sequence is 603 bp in length, including a 585 bp CDS region), and its sequence characteristics and physicochemical properties were clarified. The CSRP3 tissue and temporal expression profiles in goats were established. It was confirmed that the CSRP3 gene exerts a positive regulatory effect on goat myoblast differentiation. These results preliminarily indicate that the CSRP3 gene plays an important biological function in the muscle growth and development of meat goats.

【Objective】Tenvermectin (TVM) is a novel 16-membered macrolide antibiotic synthesized from genetically engineered bacteria that produce avermectin and milbemycin. The in vitro metabolites of the new veterinary drug Tenvermectin (TVM) in the liver microsomal model were analyzed and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. It directly reflects the in vitro metabolic characteristics of the drug, and at the same time provides a theoretical basis and important clues for in vivo metabolic studies.【Method】In this study, rat and dog liver microsomes were first prepared by differential centrifugation. The in vitro metabolic activities of both were determined by incubating them with specific substrates for rat liver microsomes (7-ethoxy coumarin) and dog liver microsomes (coumarin), respectively. An in vitro liver microsome metabolic model of TVM was established. Under in vitro conditions, the metabolites in the incubation system were extracted and purified by incubating rat and dog liver microsomes with TVM. The metabolites of TVM were detected by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. The existence of the metabolites was determined through software prediction and instrument verification of the metabolites. At the same time, combined with the elemental composition and structure of the original tetraviridin, each metabolite and its fragment ions were rapidly and accurately identified.【Result】The findings indicated that nine TVM metabolites were identified in rat liver microsomes, comprising demethylated products (M2, M5, M8), oxidized products (M1, M3, M4, M9), ketone products (M6), and demonosaccharified products (M7). In contrast, ten TVM metabolites were detected in dog liver microsomes, including demethylated products (M2, M5, M8), oxidized products (M9, M10, M11, M13), ketone products (M6), demonosaccharified products (M7), and demethylated ketone products (M12). The metabolite types and contents in the liver microsomes of the two species were different.【Conclusion】UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS was used to study the metabolites and metabolic pathways of TVM. The metabolic pathways of TVM in rat and dog liver microsome in vitro included demethylation, oxidation, ketonization, demonoglycation and ketonization after demethylation, among which demethylation and oxidation were the main ones. This research clarified the in vitro metabolic mode of tenvermectin and refined its metabolic pathway. The research results provide an important theoretical basis and reference for further studying the metabolic products, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TVM in animals.

Based on a typical on-site investigation of the current situation of grain production in the south, combined with the use of historical statistical data and published literature, the research results were obtained through comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant data. The research results indicated that: (1) The strategic position of the South in national grain production was important. The southern region had superior natural and socio-economic conditions, a long history of grain production, and has made significant contributions to national food security. (2) Currently, grain production in the southern regions faces ten prominent issues: declining arable land, shrinking grain cultivation areas, stagnant total output, diminishing economic efficiency, small-scale operations, fragile agricultural foundations, frequent natural disasters, severe environmental pollution, labor shortages in rural areas, and weak product competitiveness, all of which directly constrained the improvement of grain production capacity in the Southern China. (3) Based on the advantages and existing issues of grain production in the Southern China, this study proposed targeted strategic pathways and specific measures to enhance grain production capacity. The key measures included developing idle farmland, restoring double-cropping rice, expanding the cultivation of ratoon rice, promoting drought-resistant grains, advancing intercropping and mixed cropping, protecting arable land resources, cultivating superior varieties, strengthening disaster prevention and mitigation, accelerating green transformation, practicing a holistic food perspective, and establishing a safeguard system.

【Objective】To address the problems of cultivar aging, yield fluctuation, and inefficient resource utilization in the litchi industry, a four-dimensional planting and breeding model integrating fruit, medicinal herb, edible fungus, and bee was proposed. The synergistic enhancement mechanism and eco-economic value of this model were investigated through technological integration and methodological innovation, so as to provide a practical approach for rural revitalization and the achievement of the dual-carbon goals.【Method】By coupling data envelopment analysis (DEA) with life cycle assessment (LCA), a two-dimensional evaluation framework for resource-use efficiency and carbon emissions was constructed, and further combined with cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for comprehensive assessment. The integrated technologies included grafting of the litchi cultivar Xianjinfeng (cambial division rate of 3.2 μm·h^-1), epiphytic cultivation of Dendrobium officinale (survival rate of 96.26%), cultivation of edible fungi using pruned branches as substrate (ligninolytic enzyme activity of 4.8 U·mg^-1), and pollination by Apis cerana (fruit-setting rate of 78%). The DEA-BCC model under variable returns to scale was adopted, with land, labor, capital, and material inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides as input indicators, and economic return and carbon-emission reduction as output indicators. LCA was conducted in accordance with ISO 14044 to quantify life-cycle carbon emissions. Data were collected from 50 planting units from 2019 to 2024, including 30 units under the four-dimensional model and 20 units under the conventional model. Monte Carlo simulation with 10 000 iterations was used to control uncertainty within 15%.【Result】Compared with the conventional model, the four-dimensional model showed significant advantages. The DEA comprehensive efficiency reached 0.92, much higher than 0.16 under the conventional model. Light interception efficiency increased to 86%, and the utilization rate of pruned branches reached 100%. Carbon emissions were reduced by 32% (1.2 vs. 1.8 t CO₂-eq/mu, 1 mu=666.7 m²), among which branch recycling contributed 0.66 t CO₂-eq/mu (60% of total emission reduction), and bee pollination contributed 0.18 t CO₂-eq/mu (15%). Net profit reached 101 500 yuan per mu, with a static payback period of 0.76 years and an internal rate of return of 129%. MCDA results showed that the comprehensive score of the four-dimensional model was 0.82, significantly higher than 0.21 for the conventional model, and the former performed best in resource-use efficiency (0.92), carbon reduction (0.6 t CO₂-eq/mu), and employment promotion (120 persons per 100 mu).【Conclusion】The fruit-medicinal herb-edible fungus-bee” four-dimensional planting and breeding model formed a diversified income structure through the synergistic effects of light-energy utilization, resource recycling, and pollination enhancement, thereby effectively mitigating the risk of alternate bearing in litchi production. Its major innovations included the expanded adaptation of Dendrobium officinale to high-light conditions (Fv/Fm = 0.82), efficient branch decomposition by highly active fungal strains (decomposition cycle of 45 d), and a performance evaluation framework based on DEA-LCA coupling. This study provided a technical paradigm for the implementation of the “High-Quality Development Project for Counties, Towns and Villages” in Guangdong Province and offers theoretical and practical support for the green transformation of agriculture.