Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Creation of Drought-Resistant Variety and Analysis of Physiological Mechanism of W16 Transgenic Wheat

ZHANG Shuang-Xi, XU Zhao-Shi, ZHANG Gai-Sheng, LI Lian-Cheng, CHEN Xiao, CHEN Ming, MA You-Zhi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 4971-4979. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.001

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to study the breeding of new drought-resistant varieties and analyze their physiological mechanism, and to provide a theoretical basis for drought-resistant identification of transgenic wheat plants. 【Method】 Three stable W16-transgenic lines were used as materials, and drought-resistant identification was done in the field which was compared under irrigation and drought condition from 2008 to 2010. In addition, the contents of proline, souble sugar, and the SPAD value of flag leaf under different growth periods investigated. 【Result】 Under drought stress conditions, the grain weight per plant and the 1000-grain weight of transgenic lines increased significantly by 1% compare with those of the control. The grain weight per plant of transgenic lines increased by 20.00%-23.08%, 20.88%-24.71% and 15.29%-25.27%, respectively, and the 1000-grain weight elevated by 16.24%-19.85%, 13.46%-16.95%, and 21.58%-24.46%, respectively. Under the normal irrigation conditions, the grain weight per plant of the transgenic lines increased significantly by 7.04%-11.11%, 3.52%-8.73%, and 8.45%-12.70%, respectively, and the 1000-grain weight elevated by 13.57%-14.97%, 9.91%-11.67% and 14.17%-14.65%, respectively, compared with the control. Drought resistant index (DRI) of the grain weight per plant and the 1000-grain weight of transgenic lines were strong, or even extremely strong (1.15 to 1.45). In addition, the total length, total surface area, and total volume of root system of transgenic lines were significantly increased under drought stress conditions. The contents of proline and soluble sugar, and SPAD value of flag leaf of transgenic lines were much higher than those of the receptor in the late filling stage.【Conclusion】Overexpression of the W16 improved root structure, prolonged functional period of flag leaf, and finally improved the adaptive ability to drought stress in transgenic wheat lines.

QTL Mapping for Fast Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Soybean

YIN Zhi-Tong, MENG Fan-Fan, SONG Hai-Na, CHAO Mao-Ni, XU Xiao-Ming, DENG De-Xiang, YU De-Yue

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 4980-4987. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.002

Abstract ( 861 )

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【Objective】 The present study is aimed to identify QTL associated with fast chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (JIP parameters), examine the genetic relationships among different parameters, and compare the genetic base underlying the parameters between the two growth stages of R2 and R6 in soybean. 【Method】 A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate five JIP parameters at R2 growth stage using 184 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between two varieties of Kefeng 1 and Nannong 1138-2, and then the QTL of above parameters were detected and mapped. 【Result】 A total of 16 QTL, located on linkage groups (LGs) A1, C2, D2, I, M, N and O, respectively, were identified, and explained phenotypic variation ranging from 4.40% to 20.06% with the LOD score from 2.40 to 5.65. Three major genomic regions were detected to be associated with several parameters simultaneously, which were between markers Satt286 and Satt316 on LG C2, marker Sat_418 and Satt650 on LG I, and marker Sat_231 and sat_196 on LG O, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Different JIP parameters might be controlled by the same or different genes. Most of the QTL associated with JIP parameters were not detected consistently at R2 and R6 growth stage, indicating that the genetic mechanism underlying the JIP parameters is relatively complicated. The marker interval between Sat_231 and Sat_196 on LG O was detected at both R2 and R6 growth stage, and this genomic region may contain stably expressing genes underlying the intrinsic features of the photosynthetic apparatus and be useful in the breeding practice of soybean.

Effect of Furrow Irrigation and Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation on Grain Yield and Quality of Rice

ZHANG Zi-Chang, LI Hong-Wei, CHEN Ting-Ting, WANG Xue-Ming, WANG Zhi-Qin, YANG Jian-Chang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 4988-4998. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.003

Abstract ( 890 )

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【Objective】Furrow irrigation and alternate wetting and drying irrigation have been considered as two new water-saving techniques in rice production. This study aimed to investigate yield performance in terms of quality and quantity under such practices. 【Method】Two cultivars, Yangdao 6 (an indica hybrid cultivar) and Yangjing 4038 (a japonica cultivar) were field-grown and three treatments were employed from transplanting to maturity: farmers’ traditional flooding as control (FTF), furrow irrigation (FI) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD, re-watered when soil water potential reached -15 kPa at 15-20 cm). 【Result】Compared with FTF, both FI and AWD enhanced leaf membrane lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic rate, root activity and contents of indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin+zeatin riboside in roots, and significantly increased yield by 9.43%-11.6% and 6.16%-9.94%, respectively. Both FI and AWD either significantly increased the rates of brown rice, milled rice, head rice and contents of albumin and glutelin proteins, and peak viscosity and breakdown value of rapid visco-analyser (RVA) profiles, and reduced chalky kernels, chalk size, chalkiness and content of prolamin in grain and setback values. The two cultivars showed similar trends in quality and quantity of rice yield.【Conclusion】 Both FI and AWD could increase grain yield and quality. Improvement in root and canopy performance under FI and AWD contributed to a higher grain yield and better quality of rice.

Synthesis and Biological Activities of N-phenoxy-phenyl α-Amino Acid Derivatives

FANG Zu-Kai, WANG Yong, LI Jun-Kai, DU Tie-Gang, LAN Teng-Fang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 4999-5005. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.004

Abstract ( 779 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to synthesize N-phenoxy-phenyl α-amino acid derivatives and determine their biological activities and translocation in plant seedlings.【Method】By condensation reaction of the amino diphenyl ether and ethyl glyoxylate or ethyl pyruvate respectively, two schiff base compounds (Ia-Ib) were synthesized, and reduced by NaBH4, five kinds of compounds of N-phenoxy-phenyl α-amino acid derivatives were synthesized. Taking the acifuorfen as the comparison, the in vivo toxicities of the 7 kinds of compounds to the rice seedling root and bud were determined. The translocation of the N-phenoxy-phenyl glycine ethyl ester (IIa) in seedlings of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) was determined by detecting the concentration of the compound IIa in roots of seedlings with HPLC after the seedlings were sprayed with the compound IIa. 【Result】Compounds Ia and IIa had inhibitory effects on growth of roots and buds of the paddy rice seedlings. At low concentration, the compound IIb promoted the growth of the paddy rice seedling's buds and the compound IIc and IId promoted the growth of the paddy rice seedling's root. These compounds had higher bioactivities under illumination than under darkness. After the above-ground part of the Alternanthera philoxeroides was treated with 300 mg•L-1 compound IIa 12 h later, the compound IIa could be detected in the root part of Alternanthera philoxeroides with the content of 8.67 mg•kg-1 FW.【Conclusion】The N-phenoxy-phenyl α-amino acid derivatives could maintain the light-requiring herbicidal activities of diphenyl herbicides, as well as improve the phloem mobility in plant seedlings.

Interspecific Competition Between Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci on Purple Cabbage

WANG Jian-Li, LI Hong-Gang, MA Zhi-Guo, ZHENG Chang-Ying

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5006-5012. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.005

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to investigate the interspecific competition between invasive Frankliniella occidentalis and native Thrips tabaci on purple cabbage under laboratory conditions. 【Method】 The fecundity, population, sex ratios of offspring of F. occidentalis and T. tabaci were evaluated after one or more generations in the mixed population or single population at different initial population rates on purple cabbage, and population growth competition and reproductive competition between F. occidentalis and T. tabaci were studied based on the above results. 【Result】 When both species co-existed at the initial population rates of 40:20, 30:30 and 20:40, T. tabaci completely displaced F. occidentalis after 4, 4 and 5 generations, respectively. In addition, the female ratio of F. occidentalis decreased during the process of competition. Further studies indicated that the reproductive capacity and ratio of females to males of F. occidentalis decreased significantly because of the presence of T. tabaci. When 1, 2 and 3 females of T. tabaci was added into a pair of F. occidentalis, the number of eggs laid per day per female by F. occidentalis decreased from 5.7 to 2.6, 1.9 and 0.8, respectively. When the same treatment was done in a female of F. occidentalis, the number of eggs laid per day per female by F. occidentalis decreased from 7.6 to 3.6, 2.5 and 1.4, respectively. When 3 and 5 females of T. tabaci was added into a pair of F. occidentalis, the ratio of females to males of offspring of F. occidentalis decreased from 3.1 to 2.4 and 1.3, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The competitive displacement of F. occidentalis by T. tabaci was observed in a short time in the ecological system on purple cabbage. According to this research, the mechanisms responsible for competitive displacement may include the difference in fecundity and reproduction suppression between the two thrips.

Characteristics of CO2 Emission and Microbial Biomass Dynamics After Adding Various Organic Materials in Red Soil

ZHANG Xu-Bo, XU Ming-Gang, ZHANG Wen-Ju, LIN Chang-Hu, DUAN Ying-Hua, CAI Ze-Jiang, ZHANG Chong-Yu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5013-5020. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.006

Abstract ( 821 )

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【Objective】The effects of application of different organic materials on soil organic carbon mineralization and soil carbon and nitrogen fractions were studied in an experiment in lab. 【Method】 An incubation experiment was designed to study the dynamics of water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) and CO2 emission characteristics after applications of five organic materials (pig manure, cattle manure, chicken manure, maize straw and wheat straw). 【Result】 Soil CO2 emission rate increased significantly after applications of the organic materials. In general, soil CO2 emission rate firstly increased, and then (after 18-20 days) tended to be stabilized during the incubation. Potential CO2-C production derived from the first-order kinetic model was in the following pattern: wheat straw (1.51 g•kg-1)＞maize straw (1.38 g•kg-1)＞pig manure (0.89 g•kg-1)＞chicken manure (0.78 g•kg-1)＞cattle manure (0.50 g•kg-1). There were significant correlations among SMBC, SMBN, WSOC, organic materials C/N and soil CO2 emission amount. There was a significant difference in soil CO2 emission rate between the organic materials. Soil CO2 emission rate of straw was two times higher than manure. Wheat straw showed the highest emission rate, while the lowest value was found for cattle manure. Significant correlations were found between soil CO2 evolved product amount and soil microbial biomass, WSOC or organic material C/N.【Conclusion】 The C-equal organic material applications significantly enhanced soil CO2 emission rate and amount. Soil CO2 emission is closely related to soil microbial biomass, WSOC and organic material C/N. Compared with straw, manure can rapidly increase soil microbial biomass and availabilities of C and N, and therefore contributes to soil nutrient transformation and release.

The Changing Characteristics of Profile Distribution of Soil Organic Nitrogen Component of the Typical Soil Types on the Loess Plateau

DANG Ya-Ai, WANG Guo-Dong, LI Shi-Qing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5021-5030. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.007

Abstract ( 869 )

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【Objective】 In order to evaluate the effects of location, soil depth and land use on the contents of soil organic nitrogen (N), the size and composition of soil organic N pool were studied using a large variety of soil profiles sampled on the Loess Plateau. 【Method】 Based on different soil types and land-use patterns, 96 soil samples in 8 depth classes（0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 100-120 and 120-140 cm）were collected from different regions on the Loess Plateau. The method of Bremner was used to test the soil organic N content.【Result】Even with the same land use pattern, the content of soil depth-specific total soil hydrolysable N and its components increased from north to south on the Loess Plateau. The proportion of organic N components within total hydrolysable N was stable. However, the proportion of total hydrolysable N in total soil N significantly decreased within 0-40 cm layers and remained stable below 40 cm. The content of four components significantly decreased within 0-40 cm, slightly decreased within 40-80 cm and remained stable below 80 cm. The percentage of organic N components in total hydrolysable N differed among soil types: amino acid-N (39.5%)＞ammonia N(32.3%)＞HUN fraction(25.7%)＞amino sugar-N(2.5%) in Ust-Sandiic Entisols; amino acid-N (36.0%)＞ammonia N (35.6%)＞HUN fraction (25.3%)＞amino sugar-N (3.1%) in Los-Orthic-Entisol; and ammonia N (50.6%)＞amino acid-N (29.0%)＞HUN fraction (17.5%)＞amino sugar-N (2.8%) in Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. Except amino sugar-N, all the soil organic N components within 0-40 cm in grassland were more than those in cropland; however, the inter-layer variation became smaller with the profiles.【Conclusion】From north to south of the Loess Plateau, the content of organic N and its different forms increased, the proportion of organic N component in total hydrolysable N was stable in the same layer under the same land-use patterns. However, the proportion of total hydrolysable N in total soil N decreased. Amino acid-N and ammonia N were the major forms of the soil organic N on the Loess Plateau. Land-use pattern had a great effect on the content and distribution of N. Both organic N and its components in grassland was more than that in cropland.

Mapping QTLs for Fruit-Associated Traits in Cucumis sativus L.

MIAO Han, GU Xing-Fang, ZHANG Sheng-Ping, ZHANG Zhong-Hua, HUANG San-Wen, WANG Ye, CHENG Zhou-Chao, ZHANG Ruo-Wei, MU Sheng-Qi, LI Man, ZHANG Zhen-Xian, FANG Zhi-Yuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5031-5040. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.008

Abstract ( 1222 )

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【Objective】As one of the important fruit vegetables, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) owns the characters of fructification which to be major focused in the study of breeding. Generally, the characters of fructification can be classified into two categories: related characters of production and fruit quality. These two major characters have a significant influence on the production and commercial production of cucumber. QTL mapping and analysis were conducted for fructification characters of cucumber in this study. While these results will be beneficial for understanding the genetic mechanism of fructification characters, they also can provide helpful information for molecular marker assisted selection of cucumber breeding for high yield, gene fine mapping and gene cloneing. 【Method】 A SSR linkage map of cucumber was constructed using 148 F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which originated from a narrow-cross between 9110Gt and 9930 in an experiment. Phenotypic data were investigated four times in various seasons. In this study, the multiple QTL model (MQM) method of software package MapQTL version 4.0 was used to map and analyze QTLs.【Result】Eighteen QTLs were detected for 8 commercial fruit characters: 3 for fruit lengths(Fl ), 1 for fruit stalk lengths(Fsl) , 1 for fruit diameter(Fd), 1 for fruit length / diameter ratio(Ldr) , 5 for fruit length / stalk ratio(Lsr), 4 for fruit spine color (Fsc), 1 for fruit spine density (Fsd), 2 for fruit warts size(Fws), 14 QTLs were detected for 4 traits of mature fruit for seed harvest (length, diameter, weight and color). These QTLs were practically mapped on chromosome 5 and 6, respectively. Twenty-four QTLs explained phenotypic variation more than 10%. Their LOD values varied between 3.53 and 42.21, which explained 8.4%-73.1% of the phenotypic variation. 【Conclusion】 A total of 32 QTLs were detected for 14 character of fructification. Fsc and Fws were found to be expressed consistently under four cropping seasons in a greenhouse cultivation environment. The tight linkage markers (SSR02697, SSR19256, SSR15818, SSR06003, SSR00116, SSR05321, SSR00004, SSR02309) can be used in gene fine mapping in cucumber.

Studies on the Nitrogen Metabolism in the Process of Dormancy and Germinating of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevine

FANG Yu-Lin, GENG Wan-Gang, SUN Wei, GAO Chun-Ying, ZHANG Ang, ZHAO Xian-Hua, MENG Jiang-Fei, ZHANG Zhen-Wen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5041-5049. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.009

Abstract ( 978 )

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【Objective】 The research is to study the nitrogen metabolism in Cabernet Sauvignon during the period of dormancy. 【Method】Taking Cabernet Sauvignon as experimental materials, this research was conducted to investigate the variation of nitrogenous compounds and relative enzymatic activity in the buds, phloem and xylem of one-year-old cane, and roots during the period of dormancy induction and release in Yangling region. Measure the indexes of the nitrides, total nitrogen, total protein, soluble protein content, nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activity, nitrate reductase activity, protease activity were determined, and the proteins in various grape organs at dormant phase were analyzed by using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.【Result】The contents of total nitrogen , protein and soluble protein in different parts of grape from high to low were buds＞roots＞phloem＞xylem，especially total nitrogen and protein in buds increased obviously. Contents of soluble proteins decreased gradually during the dormant induction, and increased gradually during the dormant release. Nitrate reductase activity of different dormant organs or tissues from high to low were buds＞roots＞phloem＞xylem. From dormancy to germinating stage, nitrate reductase（NR）activity generally decreased. In different organs of grapevine, glutamine synzyme activity in buds was maximal, during the period of deep dormancy, the glutamine synzyme activity was lowered to a minimum, the general trend of glutamine synzyme activity in buds was rising with two peaks during the dormant period. In the early dormancy, protease activity decreased with the deepening of sleep, and increased with the lifting of dormancy and germination (except buds). A large number of proteins emerged in the period of grape dormancy.【Conclusion】The buds, one-year old canes phloem, xylem and nitrogen compounds content, type and enzyme activity of the root changed before and after dormancy in the natural process of dormancy and germination.

Application of Stable Hydrogen Isotope in the Origin Traceability of Lamb Meat

SUN Shu-Min, GUO Bo-Li, WEI Yi-Min, FAN Ming-Tao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5050-5057. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.010

Abstract ( 876 )

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【Objective】 Stable hydrogen isotope analysis was investigated for its potential in classification of lamb meat samples according to their geographical origins, aiming to provide a basis for the establishment of traceability indicator system of lamb meat in China. 【Method】 The δ2H values of defatted lamb meat originating from three pastoral regions including Alxa League, Xilin Gol League and Hulunbuir City of Inner Mongolia, and two agricultural regions including Chongqing and Heze City were determined by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis were used to investigate the difference and the change of δ2H value in lamb meat depending on the geographical origin. Moreover, cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to find out the role of hydrogen isotope in the discrimination of geographical origin of lamb meat combined with carbon and nitrogen isotopes. 【Result】 There was a significant difference in δ2H value of defatted lamb meat from different regions, and the δ2H value in lamb meat was highly correlated with the δ2H value of their drinking water. The discriminant results showed that δ2H value could enhance the discrimination power of the combination of δ13C and δ15N for lamb meat, and the improved total correct classification rate was from 80.8% to 88.9%. 【Conclusion】 The stable hydrogen isotope can provide reliable origin information and can be used to trace and authenticate the geographical origin of lamb meat.

Advances in Research of the Effects of Assimilable Nitrogen on Formation of Aromatic Compounds in Wine Fermentation

HUI Zhu-Mei, LU Wan-Xiang , LIU Yan-Lin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5058-5066. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.011

Abstract ( 846 )

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Assimilable nitrogen is one of the important nutrient for yeast in wine fermentation. Low assimilable nitrogen content in grape must can not only causes yeast in low numbers and increases risk of sluggish or stuck fermentations, but also increases the production of higher alcohols, branched acids, branched acids esters, hydrogen sulfide and volatile thiols in alcohol fermentation, thus affecting wine sensory evaluation. The proper quantity of assimilable nitrogen in must can lead to the increase of medium chain fatty acid and medium chain fatty acid ester, and acetate esters content. However, productions of biogenic amines and ethyl carbamate are also associated with too high yeast-assimilable nitrogen (YAN). Recent progress in research of the effects of assimilable nitrogen on formation of aromatic compounds such as higher alcohols, esters, volatile fatty acids, volatile sulfur compounds and wine sensory evaluation were reviewed in this article.

Polymorphism Analysis of POU1F1 Promoter Regionand It’s Association with Growth Traits

SONG Cheng-Yi, ZHAO Qin, GAO Bo, WANG Xiao-Yan, WU Han, ZHOU Hui-Yun, JING Rong-Bin, MAO Jiu-De

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5067-5072. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.012

Abstract ( 670 )

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【Objective】 The aim of current study is to obtain the polymorphisms of POU1F1 promoter region, investigate the distribution of these polymorphisms among different pig breeds and detect it’s association with growth traits. 【Method】 PCR cloning, DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP techniques were applied to detect the polymorphisms of POU1F1 promoter region，and the general linear model was used to analyze it’s association with growth traits. 【Result】 Five polymorphism sites were identified in the 1.5 kb POU1F1 promoter region, and the frequency of A allele in the 5 bp insertion or deletion mutation was the highest in introduced pig breeds, moderate in bred breeds, and lowest in Chinese native breeds. The general linear model analysis indicated that this polymorphism site was significantly associated with growth traits. LSD showed that the pigs with AA genotype had higher body highness, body length, circumference and body weight at 6-month-old of age compared with that of AB and BB pigs, but the difference of body highness, circumference and body weight between AB and BB pigs was not significant, while the body length of AB pigs was significantly higher than that of BB pigs. 【Conclusion】 The A allele in 5bp insertion or deletion mutation site is favorable, and it could be useful in molecular marker assisted selection for growth traits.

Correlation Between the SCS and the Amount and Composition of Fatty Acids in Milk of Chinese Holstein

MAO Yong-Jiang, CHANG Ling-Ling, YANG Zhang-Ping, WU Hai-Tao, CHEN Ying, SHI Xue-Kui, LI Yun-Long, LIANG Xiang-Huan, YIN Zhao-Hua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5073-5082. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.013

Abstract ( 827 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the SCC and the amount and composition of fatty acids in milk of Chinese Holstein 【Method】 Mixed milk samples were collected in the morning, noon and at night from 121 Chinese Holstein cows that free of clinical mastitis, and the parity was two or three, day in milk was from 100 to 300. The amounts of fatty acid of milk were determined by gas chromatography. The effects of SCS on fat percentage and fatty acid composition of milk were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The SPSS software was used to analyze SCS and milk fatty acids composition of correlation and regression. 【Result】 Twenty-one fatty acids which are from C4 to C22 can be found out. Season had significant effects on the quantity and composition of fatty acids (P＜0.05), and the milking stage had minor effects on the quantity and composition of fatty acids. The effects of SCS on fat percentage and the amount of fatty acids were significant at 0.05 except eight fatty acids (C14：1, C16：1, C17：0, C18：0, C18：2n6c, C20：0, C20：3, C20：4 and PUFA). With the increasing of SCS in milk, fat percentage, the amount of total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, short chain FA, medium chain FA and long chain FA were decreasing. The SCS showed no significant effects on the relative amount of twenty-three FA including SFA, MUFA, PUFA, short chain FA, medium chain FA and long chain FA except four low content of FA (C11：0, C20：0, C20：3 and DHA). SCS a showed significant negative relationship with the amounts of SFA, MUFA, short chain FA, medium chain FA and long chain FA (P＜0.05), and a significant positive relationship with the relative amount of PUFA and long chain FA. SCS showed a significant negative relationship with the relative amount of SFA, short chain FA and medium chain FA (P＜0.05). Logarithm equations were optimum for the amount of total FA, SFA, MUFA, short chain FA, medium chain FA and long chain FA depending on SCS, and the fitness of the equations were above 0.9. Exponent equations were optimum for the relative amount of SFA depending on SCS, and the fitness of the equations were also above 0.9. The fitness of other equations with the relative amount of FA depending on SCS were below 0.9. 【Conclusion】These results have provided a useful foundation for the prediction and evaluation of FA through SCS.

Modulation of Dietry Vitamin E on Economic Characterization of Immunosupressed Laying Hens

PENG Bing-Yong, GAO Yu-Peng, WANG Chun-Jiang, ZHENG Hai-Zu, HUANG Fu-Yi-Fan, JI Jian-Xin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5083-5091. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.014

Abstract ( 724 )

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【Objective】The modulation of dietary vitamin E levels on immunosuppressed laying hens induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) was studied. 【Method】Two hundred and seventy Nick Red laying hens were randomly divided into 5 groups and each group had 3 replications with 18 birds. Laying hens from group Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ(birds treated with vitamin E) were fed diets supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg•kg-1 vitamin E, respectively, whereas group Ⅰ and Ⅱ received only the corn-soybean meal basal diets with 44.59 mg•kg-1 of vitamin E. Laying hens in group Ⅱ-Ⅳ(birds challenged with CTX) were injected in the thigh muscle with CTX at 80 body weight for 3 days, and that in groupⅠ(control group) were injected with the same amount of sterile saline. 【Result】Supplemental vitamin E significantly increased egg production, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility (P＜0.05). The relative weights of the spleen and thymus to the body weight, serum HI antibody titers to H5-AI, H9-AI and ND, plasma GSH-Px and SOD activities were greater in immunosuppressed birds fed supplemented vitamin E (P＜0.05), and the MDA concentration was least at 50 mg•kg-1 supplemental vitamin E, and further additions had negative effect (P＜0.05). Birds treated with CTX fed diets with supplemental 100 and 200 mg vitamin E/kg had greater plasma PGE2, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】The results showed that dietary vitamin E supplementation significantly attenuated immunosuppressive effect of CTX challenge in laying hens.

Analysis of the Differential Proteomics Between Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Sheep Sperm

LI Hong-Yan, ZHAO Xing-Xu, ZHANG Yong, HE Yu-Hui, YANG Yong-Xin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5092-5099. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.015

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【Objective】To investigate the differential proteins between fresh and frozen-thawed sheep sperm. 【Method】The current research presents the protein changes using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) after stained with commassie blue, differential proteins were detected by PDQuest 8.0 software and subjected to ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor HPLC system, and differential spots of protein were identified. 【Result】A search against protein sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases indicated that the differential fourteen proteins correspond to five proteins including putative heat shock protein 70.1, transcription factor AP-2-alpha, enolase, enolase1 and serum albumin precursor that protein content of putative heat shock protein 70.1, enolase, enolase1 were decreased and protein content of transcription factor AP-2-alpha was increased in frozen-thawed spermatozoa, serum albumin precursor was seminal plasma protein. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded there was a significant difference at protein level in sheep sperm during frozen and frozen-thawed. Differential proteins analysis may be useful to clarify the physiology state of sheep sperm during cryopreservation for further studies on sheep sperm proteomic and revealing the cryodamage mechanism of sperm cryopreservation.

Characteristics of Pathogenic and HA Antigenic Variation of H9N2 Subtybe Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from 1998 to 2008 in China

CHEN Lu, LIU Shou-Chuan, ZHAO Jun, WANG Chuan-Qing, WANG Ze-Lin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5100-5107. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.016

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【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to investigate the characteristics of pathogenic and antigenic variation of H9N2 subtybe avian influenza viruses isolated from 1998 to 2008 in China. 【Method】 The EID50, ELD50, MDT, ICPI, IVPI and the duration of shedding virus from infected 8-week-old SPF chickens of different H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolates were determined. The HI and VN activity of monoclonal antibody 2A4 and F6 on different H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolates were assayed and the HA genes of different antigenic reactive isolates were sequenced and analyzed. 【Result】 The determined pathogenicity suggested that the virulence of different isolates were different, thereinto, 3#, 12#, and 14# isolates showed higher pathogenicity than the others and could cause the death of SPF chickens. The 8-week-old SPF chickens infected by 3# or 12# isolate shed virus earlier and last for a longer time. 3 # and 12 # isolates showed specific response properties to monoclonal antibody 2A4 and F6. Monoclonal antibody 2A4 and F6 could inhibit the hemagglutinin activity of 3 # and 12 # isolates, however it could not neutralize the virus infection on CEF cells. HA sequence analysis showed that there was a single amino acid substitution of Ser (S)-to- Asn(N) at position 145 in the HA protein of 3 # and 12 # isolates, which led to the loss of reactivity to the monoclonal antibody 2A4 and F6 and the occurrence of a new potential glycosylation site NGT. The change of reactivity to the monoclonal antibody 2A4 and F6 suggests that the site (S145) is one of HA protein epitope of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza A virus. The new occurring potential glycoprotein site NGT in the HA protein of 3 # and 12 # isolates may cause the enhancing pathogenicity. 【Conclusion】 The results show that H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus isolates have the tendency to evolve, resulting to the occurrence of mutants which have higher virulence and variable antigenicity. The higher virulent mutants may cause death of chickens and lead to more economic loss. The antigenic mutants may evade the immunity, which pose a new challenge to the immune prevention for the H9N2 avian influenza.

Study on the Variation of Dnmts Expression During Follicular Theca Cells Maturation in Mouse

LIU Xiao-Ran, LI Dong-Dong, ZHONG You-Gang, SHI Ya-Ran, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG Song, LIU Lin, GAO Jian-Ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5108-5116. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.017

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【Objective】The variation of Dnmts expression during follicular theca cells maturation in mouse was studied, and its possible mechanisms were discussed. 【Method】 Ovary sections that made from mice on days post parturition 3, 5 and 8 (dpp3, dpp5, dpp8) were treated with H.E staining, then, the theca cells of primordial follicles, primary follicles, secondary follicles were observed and the proportions of each developmental stage follicles as well as the number of theca cells around primary and secondary follicle were counted. The transcriptional variation of theca cells maker gene CYP17A1 and Dnmts in dpp3, 5, and 8 ovaries were tested by semi-quantitative PCR. The protein Dnmt1 distribution in dpp3, 5, and 8 ovaries were observed through immunohistochemistry.【Result】“Shuttling cells” were found around primary follicles in dpp3 mice ovaries. With the lapse of time after birth, the proportion of primordial follicles in mice ovaries maintained reducing during post-neonatal dpp3, 5 and 8 (P＜0.01), while the proportion of secondary follicles maintained increasing (P＜0.01), the proportion of primary follicles had no statistical difference between dpp3 and dpp5, but it reduced at dpp8 (P＜0.05). Mean number of “Shuttling cell” around primary follicles was found no statistical difference between dpp3 and dpp5 (P＞0.05), and it increased at dpp8 (P＜0.05). Mean number of “Shuttling cell” around secondary follicles was found no statistical difference between dpp3 and dpp5 (P＞0.05)，and it increased at dpp8 (P＜0.01).The transcription level of CYP17A1 was extremely low at dpp3 and dpp5, and there was no statistical difference between the two stages (P＞0.05), but it up-regulated at dpp8 (P＜0.01). The transcriptional level of Dnmt1s continually up-regulated during dpp3, 5 and 8 (P＜0.01). The transcriptional level of Dnmt1o up-regulated at dpp5 (P＜0.05), and down-regulated at dpp8 (P＜0.01). Dnmt3a reached the highest transcription level at dpp5 (P＜0.01), and there was no statistical difference between dpp3 and dpp8 (P＞0.05). Immunohistochemistry staining of Dnmt1 showed that the granulosa cells stained positive in dpp5 and dpp8 ovaries, but it was negative at dpp3. Meanwhile, the “Shuttling cells” at dpp3 and dpp5 ovaries stained negative, but it was positive at dpp8.【Conclusion】The down-regulated transcription level of Dnmt3a may caused by theca cells maturation. The transcription and expression level of Dnmt1s maintained low before theca cells maturation and up-regulated after the maturation, which contribute to maintain the re-established methylation pattern during theca cells proliferation.

Economic Values of Bee Pollination to China’s Agriculture

LIU Peng-Fei, WU Jie, LI Hai-Yan, LIN Su-Wen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5117-5123. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.018

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【Objective】 Through studying on the relationship between bee pollination and agricultural production, the economic value of bee pollination to agriculture was estimated for making clear the situation of apiculture in agriculture and providing a theoretical support for development of apicultural support polices in China. 【Method】 A bee pollination dependence valuation method was used to assess the economic value of bee as pollinators of 36 crops during 2006-2008, and the honeybee pollination demand of agricultural production in China was also discussed. 【Result】 There was a significant role in promoting the development of agriculture in China. The average economic value of 2006-2008, contributed by bee pollination, was estimated at￥304.22 billion, which was equivalent to 76 times the value of apicultural production, 12.30% of the gross output value of agriculture in China. There was a great demand for honeybee pollination in agriculture production, only vegetables, fruits, cotton and other crops required 60-87.95 million colonies(15 frames honeybees colony) pollination in 2008. 【Conclusion】 Beekeeping industry is an important component of modern agriculture, bee pollination is essential for agricultural production and there is also a huge demand. Therefore we should pay attention to beekeeping industry, not only to improve the level of social cognition in the value of bee pollination, but also provide powerful policy measures to support the development of apiculture in China.

Analysis of Agricultural Technology Extension Efficiency in Super Rice Production

LU Xin-Ye , ZHU Xiao-Li, ZHOU Hong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5124-5219. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.019

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【Objective】 This paper analyzes the efficiency of technology extension in super rice’s each production links from the angle of input and output. 【Method】 Through decomposing the planting links of super rice, using the first-hand field data and applying super-efficiency DEA method, the key indicators of agricultural technology extension efficiency were established. 【Result】The results show that the model household’s production was efficient, while the production efficiency of non-model household was only 80% in average. The three time deviation indexes accounted for 15% on yield of the total impact. Through analyzing the relaxation variables, the analysis and quantitative description of degree of deviation of the non-effective indexes was made. 【Conclusion】 The promotion situation of super rice has an important influence on its output and efficiency. This study fully explained that agricultural technology extension efficiency in growing management not only affects the output, but also affects the cost of planting.

Study on Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt by Grafting

WEN Ting, LI Peng-Bo, JIANG Shu-Qin, PU Jian-Feng, WANG Yu-Mei, LIU Wen-Xin, HUA Jin-Ping

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(24): 5130-5136. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.24.020

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of grafting on cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt and to clarify the resistance mechanism of cultivated cotton species, which should be benefit to further understand the disease resistant mechanism and to breed new cotton resistant varieties. 【Method】 Six cotton varieties with different resistances to Verticillium wilt were selected based on previous research. Each variety was self and mutual grafted, and the direct sowing cotton was used as control. The disease occurrence and severity of direct sowing cotton varieties, self-grafted cotton lines and mutual grafting cotton lines were identified and compared in field trials. 【Result】 The disease index and incidence of direct sowing cotton varieties and their self-grafted cotton lines were not significantly different. The average disease index of materials with resistant island cotton varieties as scions were significantly lower than that of materials with resistant upland cotton varieties as scions, however, the average disease index of materials with upland cotton resistant varieties as rootstocks were significantly lower than that of materials with island cotton resistant varieties as rootstocks. And the tendency of disease incidence was the same as disease index.【Conclusion】The grafting operation doesn’t make any significant influence on cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. The resistance mechanism of the island cotton species is different to that of upland cotton species. The critical organism resistant to Verticillium wilt should be stem in the case of resistant island cotton varieties, but in the case of resistant upland cotton varieties the critical organism resistant to Verticillium wilt should be root.

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