Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Progress of Genetic Research on Seed Trace Elements Content in Rice

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1947-1955 .

Abstract ( 1257 )

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Deficiency of trace elements nutrient is very prevalent in the world population. Under this situation, functional rice breeding for human micronutrients perspective has been the hot spot among international rice researches. In this paper, current researches on the genetic difference and environment influence of rice trace elements content, especially on the inheritance, genetice relationship and molecular mechanism of rice trace elements content, and the identification, screening and prebreeding of rice germplasm with high trace elements content were reviewed. The strategy of related researches on functional rice for high trace elements content was discussed furthermore.

QTL Mapping for Slow Mildewing Resistance in Chinese Wheat Cultivar Bainong 64

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1956-1961 .

Abstract ( 1366 )

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Powdery mildew is one of the most serious wheat diseases in China. Identification of slow mildewing resistance genes and their closely linked molecular markers is very important for developing wheat cultivars with durable resistance. An F2:3 population with 218 lines derived from the cross between Bainong 64 and Jingshuang 16 were sown with three replicates in Beijing and Anyang, Henan Province. Inoculation was carried out with the isolate E20 of B. graminis f. sp. tritici before stem elongation, and disease severity to powdery mildew was scored for 4 times until the leaves were physiologically mature in Beijing during 2003-04 and 2004-05 cropping seasons. In Anyang, disease was evaluated around May 18, in 2004-05 cropping season under natural inoculation. A total of 100 SSR markers and 58 AFLP markers were used to construct a linkage map, covering 3114 cM of wheat linkage groups except chromosome 1D. With the method of composite interval mapping (CIM), three QTLs were found on chromosomes 2B, 2D and 4D, in which the QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 2D were detected across two environments, accounting for 9.6%~11.3% and 21.2%~26.1% of phenotypic variance, respectively. The QTLs showed additive and partially dominant effect and the additive effects were derived from the resistant parent Bainong 64. The molecular markers identified in this study will certainly benefit for marker-assisted selection and pyramiding of resistance genes to powdery mildew in wheat breeding programs.

Genetic diversity of the Progeny of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Irradiated byγ Ray with SSR Markers

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1967-1976 .

Abstract ( 1453 )

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The genetic diversity of 74 mutagenic progenies M5 of 3 cotton varieties, Arcot-1, Su9108 and J11, irradiated by γ-ray were analyzed with 39 polymorphism SSR primer pairs. The results are as follows. Polymorphic loci of SSR markers which can detected among the mutagenic progeny M5 of 3 cotton varieties accounted for 51.3%, 48.7% and 66.7% to the total respectively, and the averages of diversity indexes (H') among the mutagenic progeny M5 of 3 cotton varieties were 0.997, 0.648, 1.187 respectively. The variance range of genetic similarity coefficient of SSR markers among the mutagenic progeny M5 of 3 cotton varieties and its original CK were 0.6515～0.9697，0.6970～1.000，0.5524～08095 respectively, and the averages were 0.8637, 0.9206, 0.6818. The pair similarity coefficient that was higher or equal to 8.000 was more than 60.0% for the mutagenic progenies M5 of two varieties (Arcot-1 and Su9108). The pair similarity coefficient that less than 7.000, was 62.5% for the mutagenic progenies M5 of J11. The analysis of molecular markers indicated that abundant genetic variation can result and genetic base in original varieties can be broadened from theγ-ray radiation. The study also clarified that the radiation of different cotton varieties resulted in the different variation, and provided detective method and theoretic base for germplasm enhancement by usingγ-ray radiation.

The Study on Transgenic in wheatgrasses (Agropyron cristatum х A.desertorum cv.‘Hycrest-Mengnong’) and Obtained Transgenic Plants by Co-transformation

XiuWen Huo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1977-1983 .

Abstract ( 1289 )

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The transgenic wheatgrasses were investigated in the case of a hybrid wheatgrass (A. cristatum х A. desertorum cv. ‘Hycrest-Mengnong’). Based on the established regeneration system, the p5CS gene, which regulates the last step of proline synthesis in plant, was transformed into wheatgrass with phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) conferring herbicide resistance as selecting gene. The transformation was conducted through microprojectile bombardment of callus derived from immature inflorescence by co-transformation. The obtained transgenic plants can provide the new germplasm resource for wheatgrass genetically improvement.The results of PCR and Southen analysis displayed that the exogenous p5CS gene had integrated into the genome of transgenic wheatgrass.The assay of RT-PCR showed the transgenic p5CS had expressed at transcript level.The transgenic frequencies of p5CS gene were 0.11%.

Innovating rice farming system, ensuring food and environments safety

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1984-1991 .

Abstract ( 1817 )

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Abstracts: The authors point out that the main achievements in rice cultivation area within rent 50 years are mainly on the following aspects: The utilize of functional gene associated with innovation work of agronomy and physiology drove rice development. The rice planting area 、rice grain yield per unit and total yield output were increased 12% 、226% and 265% respectively since liberation. The increase of the total rice yield was mainly result from the increment of grain yield per unit. After considering the fragility of fresh water resource and insufficient plowland of our country, the authors looked back to 60’ of 20 century and noticed that some negative effects from “Green revolution” based on the use of semi-dwarf gene. Water was pumped out immoderately to irrigate paddy field for high yield. Excess agrochemicals and chemical fertilizer were poured to rice field. Drainage water containing chemicals from paddy was flowed to the water system and polluted the environments. Therefore the authors of this paper pointed out that it is time to reform those rice farming activities for sustaining agriculture and protect our environments from deterioration. After nearly ten years research, a new rice farming system was released. The technique was named as Non-flooding Rice Farming in Irrigated Rice Field (NFRF). Rice was cultivated just as dry-land crop such as wheat. The technical components of the NFRF were as planting green manure 、planting super-hybrid rice、direct seeding and non-flooding irrigation. Results from the demonstrations in Zhejiang province those years showed that the benefits from the NFRF was not only in water saving and yield enhancement, but also in labor saving and environmental safety. As the irrigated rice field was mainly distributed in southern part of china where the water for irrigation is sufficient, its area and water consumption occupied 85% of the total rice area and nearly 50% of total fresh water respectively, so water saving rice framing among those areas is much important in food security and environment safety. The practice of the NFRF in those areas will play positive effects on “Water transfer from the south to north” project. As china is a big country with big population、less plowland and less water, we have to face a challenge for food and environment security. The authors suggest that further breakthroughs of rice farming technique will come from rice breeding supported with rice biology advancements, by releasing new combinations with drought resistance、high nitrogen-absorbing efficiency and good grain quality.

Characterization of Nitrogen Uptake and Dry Matter Production

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 1992-2000 .

Abstract ( 1366 )

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Under deficient-N condition, the yield and nitrogen use efficiency were all the highest in the wheat varieties with high-N efficiency (H), then in the varieties with mid-N efficiency (M), and the lowest in the varieties with low-N efficiency among all tested varieties (L). H also had the highest spike number per planting area and correlated with the grain yield and N efficiency significantly, indicating the spike number per planting area has important effects on yield and N efficiency of wheat varieties under deficient-N condition. There were no obvious differences in total nitrogen concentration of plant among the tested varieties. At spiking stage and maturity stage, the accumulative nitrogen amount of plant was the highest in H, then in M, and the lowest in L, showing that the nitrogen absorption capability of plant at mid- growth to late- growth stage has important influence on the grain yield and N efficiency under deficient-N condition. The plant height, stem number of population, leaf area index (LAI), dry weight of population (PDW), NO3- content and nitrate reductase (NR) activity of leaf at each growth spring stage were all the highest in H, then in M and the lowest in L. So was the canopy growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and photosynthetic potential (Pp) at each spring growth phase. There were little differences on nitrite reductase (NIR) activity and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity among tested varieties. The study indicated that it is the important physiological factor for the high-N efficiency variety to have a higher absorption capability of nitrogen and better growth and development traits of plant. Under sufficient-N condition, it was not always the same on yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake and day matter production as those under deficient-N condition.

The Influence of Rice-duck Intergrowth on Aquatic Community in Rice Fields

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2001-2008 .

Abstract ( 1274 )

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Through the experiment with rice-duck intergrowth in rice field, the species, number and biomass analysis of the algae and the aquatic animals were made. The result shows that, there were 39 algal genera and 33 aquatic animals’ genera in the water of these test fields, and the highest genera were in the control field. In the four field, waterhead field, control field, 4-duck field and 6-duck field, the highest algal density was taken in the control field, which the number was 6.075×106ind/L, and the difference was significant. The highest algal biomass was in 4 duck field, and the difference wasn’t significant. The quantitative dominant algal genera were Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, which accounted for 38.96%, 29.45% and 23.58% of the total algal amount, respectively, while the biomass dominant algae genera were Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta, accounting for 48.23% and 26.72% of total biological quality, respectively. In the water of the rice-duck symbiosis paddy, the dominance of Chlorophyta declined, and that of Euglenophyta and Cyanophyta increased. Both the number and biomass of aquatic animals decrease with an order of waterhead field, control field, 4-duck field and 6-duck field, but the difference wasn’t significant. The quantitative dominant aquatic animals’ genus was Protozoa, while the biomass dominant aquatic animals’ genus was Conchostraco. The highest biodiversity index of algae was in the waterhead and the 4-duck field, which the Shannon-Weiner index was both 2.03, and that of aquatic animals was in the 6-duck field, which the Shannon-Weiner index was 1.765. The conclusion was that the nature attribute of ecosystem with rice-duck intergrowth was increased.

Identification and Distribution of SMV Strains in Huang-Huai Valleys

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2009-2015 .

Abstract ( 1355 )

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In 2001-2002, 591 diseased specimens of soybean leaves collected from Huang-Huai Valleys were purified, then from them fifty SMV isolates were acquired by using direct tissue blotting immunoassay (DTBIA). Based on their response to ten differential hosts screened by Wang et al., seven SMV strain groups, SC-3 ~ SC-9, were identified and a new strain group SC-10 was discovered. The analysis of the data in present study (2001-2002) combined with those from Wang and Yang (1998-2000) showed that in Huang-Huai Valleys (Henan, Shandong, north Anhui and north Jiangsu) nine strain groups among SC-1~SC-10, except SC-2, existed with the major ones being SC-3 and SC-7 accounting for 29.21% and 23.60%, respectively, and second ones being SC-4 and SC-8 accounting for 10.11% and 8.99%, respectively. In Henan there were seven strain groups with SC-3、SC-4 as major ones and SC-5、SC-7as second ones; in Shandong, four ones with SC-3 as major one and SC-8 as second one; in north Anhui, seven ones with SC-7 and SC-9 as major ones and SC-10 as second one; in north Jiangsu, eight ones with SC-3 and SC-7 as major ones and SC-8 as second one. As for the individual strain groups, SC-3 and SC-4 existed in all the four provinces, SC-5, SC-6 and SC-7 in Henan, north Anhui and north Jiangsu, SC-1 and SC-8 in Henan, Shandong and north Jiangsu, SC-9 only in north Anhui, SC-10 only in north Anhui and north Jiangsu, while SC-2 was not found in Huang-Huai Valleys.

Occurrence and a new vector，Ceratovacuna lanigera，of sugarcane yellow leaf virus in south China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2023-2027 .

Abstract ( 1451 )

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Sugarcane yellow leaf disease caused by Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) was found in several sugarcane growing area in South China. Field investigation revealed that both Succharum officinarum for fruit and S. hybrid for sugar production were infected. The cultivars show yellow leaf symptom included Badila (Red Stalk and Yellow Stalk), ROC16、ROC22、ROC25、YT93-159、127Q、Q174、YT8388 and HOCP91-555. The percentage of diseased plant was 0.5-10% in most fields with the highest figure of 80% occasionally. Sequencing of viral CP coding region (591bp) amplified by RT-PCR showed 100% nucleotide identity between most SCYLV isolates collected from South China and SCYLV B1 strain isolated from Brazil (with a few exception bearing 1-3 nucleotides difference). Ceratovacuna lanigera, the predominant aphids species on sugarcane in South China was verified as a new vector for SCYLV. A nested-RT-PCR technique was established for SCYLV detection from individual viruliferous aphids and plants in early stage of infection. About 80% adult aphids feeding on sugarcane plants with yellow leaf symptom for over 2 weeks showed SCYLV positive by this technique. In addition to the capacity of transmission SCYLV between sugarcane plants efficiently, Ceratovacuna lanigera could transmit SCYLV to sorghum, rice and maize seedlings with efficiency of 100%(9/9),75%(6/8) and 50%（4/8）respectively while 15 viruliferous aphids were inoculated for each plant. SCYLV was not transmitted to wheat and banana by Ceratovacuna lanigera in this study.

Molecular detection of Colletetrichum orbiculare

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2028-2035 .

Abstract ( 1174 )

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A duplex PCR was developed to detect the pathogenic fungus Colletetrichum orbiculare caused watermelon anthracnose in diseased leaves and fruits. Based on the differences of 24 ITS DNA sequences of Colletetrichum spp gained from GeneBank, a couple of specific primers of CY1/CY2 (CY1: 5’-CTTTGTGAACATACCTAACC-3’; CY2: 5’-GGTTTTACGGCAGGAGTG-3’) was synthesized. The CY1/CY2 primers amplified only a single PCR band of 442bp from C. orbiculare and C. lindemuthianum and no PCR band from other species. And then, using RAPD patterns, a C. orbiculare associated RAPD band was cloned, sequenced and used to design specific primers of RB/RC (RB：5’-GCTGTCACTTTGTGGTGTG-3’; RC：5’-TGTCGTAGCCCATCTTGTC-3’) for this species. The RB/RC primers can identify C. orbiculare from C. lindemuthianum with the 216bp PCR band. A duplex PCR method, combining primers CY1/CY2 and RB/RC, was used to detect Colletetrichum orbiculare. The detection sensitivity with the two couples of primers was 1pg of genomic DNA. The PCR-based methods could be used for the accurate identification of C. orbiculare and its rapid detection on the watermelon in growth stage and postharvest.

The changes of soil microbial biomass P and C/P with adding different quantities of inorganic P

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2036-2041 .

Abstract ( 1355 )

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Soil microbial biomass P(SMBp) is an important resource of plant P nutrition. It changes widely and is influenced by soil conditions. Following additions of different quantities of KH232PO4 (0，10，20，40，80，240 mg P kg-1 soil) together with glucose (5000 mg C kg-1)and urea (200 mg N kg-1 soil), the soils were incubated at 25℃ for 30d. Soil microbial biomass C and P were determined at 2，6，12，18，30d. The purpose was to investigate the influence of inorganic P on soil microbial biomass P and C/P. The results showed that the added phosphates had no significant impact on soil microbial biomass C (SMBc). However, the added P was soon absorbed and accumulated by soil microbial biomass. At the second day, more than half of soil microbial biomass P was contributed by the added inorganic P. When soil Olsen-P was lower than 50 mg kg-1, soil microbial biomass P increased by about 0.65 mg kg-1 soil with increasing 1 mg kg-1 Olsen-P. In contrary, the ratio of soil microbial biomass C to P decreased with increasing soil Olsen-P.

Effect of Nitrogen Application on the Nutritive Values of Whole Plant for Feeding in Spring-sown and Summer-sown Maize Relay-cropping System

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2042-2047 .

Abstract ( 1138 )

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【Objective】An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of relay intercropping of spring-sown maize and summer-sown maize on dry matter yield and nutritive values of whole-crop forage at different nitrogen level compared with sole cropping.【Method】The effects of relay intercropping at different nitrogen levels on dry matter yield, crude protein yields and crude fat yields of the spring-sown maize, summer-sown maize, and the whole year were studied in a randomized block design. And the reasons of these effects were analyzed from the changes of nitrogen uptake and field microclimate.【Result】Relay intercrops were higher in the annual yields of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat than either spring-sown maize or summer-sown maize grown as sole crops. The land equivalent ratios of crude protein yield of whole-crop for N1 (187.5 kg•ha-1) and N2 (375 kg•ha-1) were 1.54 and 1.77, respectively. And the land equivalent ratios of crude fat yield of whole-crop for N1 and N2 were 1.39 and 2.55, respectively. In general, the dry matter yield and nutritive values of relay intercrops were lower than those of sole crops. But at N2, the crude fat yield of spring-sown maize in relay intercropping system was higher than that of sole cropping; and no significant differences were observed between the crude protein yield of summer-sown maize relay intercropping and that of sole cropping. The nitrogen uptake of relay intercrops were lower than that of sole crops, but increased with nitrogen applied more quickly. 【Conclusion】 Compared with sole cropping, relay intercropping of spring-sown maize and summer-sown maize can increase the annual nutritive values, which are mainly resulted from nitrogen uptake and field microclimate. In the relay intercropping system, the nutritive values of spring-sown maize are affected greater, while those of summer-sown maize are affected less, because of their different growth stages in coexistence. Increased the application of nitrogen can relax the competition in relay intercropping system, and improve the yield and nutritive values of whole-crop forage.

Characteristics and Performance of A New Water-Absorbent Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2048-2055 .

Abstract ( 1091 )

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It’s inevitable trend to study water-absorbent slow release fertilizers (WASRF) incorporated fertilizer and water all in one. The characteristics and performance of water-absorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizer(WASRNF) prepared by chemical polymerization. The results indicate that water absorbency and nitrogen analysis of WASRNF is 103g/g and 30%, respectively, and WASRNF exhibits approximately neutral in pH and has very low salt index. The interpret of Infrared spectroscopy(IR) show that WASRN is copolymer of nitrogen fertilizer and water-absorbent material by hydrogen bond association, and there are many hydrophilic groups in WASRNF, which is chemical mechanism to absorb and retain water in it themselves. The results of WASRNF soaked in water indicate that WASRNF is gel swelled and not dissolved in water. The results of SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscopy) show that there exist whole heterogenous and locally homogenous, physical void and miroscopic network structure in WASNF, which is physical structure to absorb and retain water in it themselves. The results of DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and TGA(Thermogravimetry analysis) indicate that the water retained in WASRNF exist free and freezing free water state, account for more than 95% water retained in WASRNF, and non freezing water less than 5% water retained in WASRNF. The results of 7 day’s solution rate show that WASRNF exhibits the function which delay release of nitrogen in it, and is a new WASRNF.

Effects on Controlled Root-Divided Alternative Irrigation on Soil Microorganism

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2056-2062 .

Abstract ( 1090 )

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The effects of soil microorganisms and biodiversity were investigated in a pot experiment of maize, with the treatment of watering conventionally whole root zone, the treatment of only watering fixed half part of root zone and the treatment of watering alternatively the two half parts of total root zone. Results showed that the condition of soil water content and ventilation were ameliorated in the treatment of low-grade deficit irrigation by the same irrigation way. It's benefit of the multiplying of soil microorganism. Because of the root zone in the treatment of alternative irrigation be kept in alternately dry and moist, at the time of providing the humidity that the life activity need, make soil intermittent to be kept in nicer ventilate condition, provided the beneficial existence condition for the soil microorganism, the obviously superiority of alternative irrigation was displayed in different irrigation ways.

Effect of Suboptimal Temperature for Long Time and Low Temperature for Short Time under Low Light Intensity on Stomatal Characteristics and Chloroplast Ultrastructure of Cucumber Seedlings

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2063-2068 .

Abstract ( 1401 )

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Abstract: The effect of suboptimal temperature for 7d（Ⅰ）and low temperature for 3d (Ⅱ) under low light intensity on stomatal characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure of cucumber leaves were studied for research the difference between suboptimal temperature for long time and low temperature for short time under low light intensity on photosynthetic mechanism of cucumber leaveve. The result showed that the stomatal conductance (Gs) and Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of treatmentⅠdecreased. The Gs of treatment Ⅱ reduced remarkably, while the Ci raised. When the condition improved, the Gs and Ci of treatmentⅠascended. The Gs of treatment Ⅱ increasd, but Ci decreased. Most stomata of treatmentⅠ were closed, and the stomatal aperture were minished obviously. But that of treatment Ⅱ showed a marked increase over CK. It suggested that the decrease in Pn of treatmentⅠwas closly related with the reduction in size of stomatal aperture, while that of Ⅱ was mainly caused by factors of CO2 assimilation. The number and size of starch grains of treatmentⅠdecreased remarkably, but little changes was observed in treatment Ⅱ. It indicated that the carbohydrate of treatmentⅠreduced, the matter transportation of treatment Ⅱwas restricted.

Effect of Different Photon Flux Density on the Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Peach Trees in Protected Culture

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2069-2075 .

Abstract ( 1242 )

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Two-year-old “chunjie” peach tree as materials , the changes of the characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated through shading in protected culture. The result showed: the light compensation point(LCP)、light saturation point(LSP)、CO2 saturation point(CSP)、CO2 compensation point(CCP)、Rubisco activity 、apparent quantum yield (AQY)、photoresperition、Glycolic acid oxidase activity and carboxylation efficiency(CE) reduced with the reduction of photo flux intensity; but the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid increased under low light environment. The diurnal changes of φPSⅡ、Fo and Fv/Fm were different apparently, and the diurnal changes of φPSⅡ and Fv/Fm of the two low light trentments were stable and had high values, but the full sunlight treatment changed sharply; the diurnal changes of Fo values of three treatments were similar.

The effects of ultra dry treatment and storage condition on vigor and physiological changes of the Salvia splendens seeds

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2076-2082 .

Abstract ( 1059 )

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Salvia splendens seeds were taken as the experimental material, the moisture of the seeds was reduced from 8.9％ to 4.5%、3.4%、3.0%、2.7% and2.2% respectively by silicon gel in a closed condition. The seeds were stored at different temperature after ultra dry, some physiological changes were investigated as well, such as the germination rate, vitality index, electric conductivity and the activity of dehydralase. The results suggested that the seeds with 3.4 ~ 4.5% moisture content had a good vitality and germination rate after storage.

Design and development of quality traceability system of the high middle-grade beef production’s entire processes of Qinchuan cattle

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2083-2088 .

Abstract ( 1145 )

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Abstract: Using Visual Basic6.0 object-oriented programming technology with SQL Server 2000 large-scale relations databases technology and animal identification methods, such as the ear tag, division meat number and corresponding EAN/UCC code technology, to Qinchuan cattle high middle-grade beef raising ,processing and, the sale carries on the entire process quality tracing, which guarantee the beef cattle production is safe ,high quality, highly effective and the response mechanism of Qinchuan Cattle is established quickly and effectively to trace quality problems which maybe appear in beef production and selling links. It can defend consumer’s legitimate rights and interests and provide technical supports for international production of beef safety in our country, to the beef production, sells the quality question which in various links possibly appears carries on fast traces, defends consumer's legitimate rights and interests, provides the technical strut for our country beef safety in production internationalization. Key Words:Qinchuan Cattle；Producing；Quality Tracing；Information Management System

Enzymatic Catalyzed Transesterification of Tung oil

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2089-2094 .

Abstract ( 1006 )

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The products of transesterification reaction of tung oil are mainly eleostearic acid methyl esters which not only can be used as a kind of renewable energy-biodiesel, but also an important chemical material. Immobilized enzyme was used to catalyze the transesterification reaction of Tung seed oil and methanol in this article. NOVO435 lipase was catalyst, and the response Surface methodology was used to optimize the transesterification reaction conversion of tung oil in non-solvent systems. The optimized reaction condition was found: rotation rate is 200rpm、the molar ratio of methanol and oil is 2.2:1、reaction temperature is 43℃、the mass ratio of catalyst and oil is 14% (based on the weight of oil), and after reacting for 18h, about 67.5% of the oil conversed to its corresponding methyl esters (the academic conversion is 73.3%). The esters conversion of tung oil was decreased by 6% after the lipase being used for 120h, and the lipase was washed by organic solvents after each reaction. Theoretically the molar ratio of methanol and the oil is 3:1, but methanol cannot be inserted in one time, and if the methanol was inserted by two steps, and about 85% conversion was gotten after 36h of reaction

The Correlation Analysis of Microsatellite DNA Marks for Some Production Performances in Meat Sheep

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2095-2100 .

Abstract ( 1459 )

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The amplified fragment length polymorphism of ten linkage microsatellite DNA loci in four and six chrosome according to the sheep linkage map and reports were detected in 162 meat sheep of Chinese Merino. By the multicomarison for weight of different genotypes in ten microsatellite loci and F test for the relativity of microsatellite markers with weight traits, the results showed that close linkage OARHH35 and BMS648 had a significantly positive correlation with weight (P<0.05). There is weight QTL and probably ob gene . BM9058(131/149)、BM4621(149/181)、BM4311(119/119)、OARJMP8(131/145)、OARHH35(123/155)and BMS648(176/208)had a significant difference in weigh.

Improvement of marbling grade in Chinese beef grading standard

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2101-2106 .

Abstract ( 1362 )

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Features representing count and area densities of marbling were extracted from the marbling images. The linear model including sum marbling area, large marbling flecks density, middle marbling flecks density, and marbling distribution was made to predict marbling grade (R2=0.8415). Based on the prediction model and statistical data of features of marbling image, marbling grade was adjusted from four-point to seven-point rating scales. Sum marbling area from 1 to 7 point was 14%, 11%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 0.5% of the ribeye area, respectively.

Structural adaptability of yak lung

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2107-2113 .

Abstract ( 1417 )

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Fine structure of the yak lung was examined by microscopy and trans electro-microscopy, and then, the relationship between the morphological features and the adaptability to lower-oxygen was analyzed. The lobuli pulmonum occurred obviously. Most of the alveoli wall composed by type I alveolar cells which had gaps on it clearly. The arithmetic and conciliate averages of the air-blood barrier thickness were 0.53±0.10µm and 0.44±0.07µm respectively, which were notabilitly smaller than that of other smaller livestock. Those can facilitate the dispersion of oxygen through the barrier. The rate of muscle-layer thickness to outer diameter of the blood vessel was 5.00±0.93%, being similar as the camel house but smaller than the cow and bull, which can reduce pulmonary artery high pressure. There were lots of elastic fibres in pulmonary pleura, interlobular connective tissue, alveolar septa, the walls of different bronchus and blood vessels， which formed a complete elastic system in favor of the lung dilating and shrinking. Goblet cells that distributed not only in different bronchi but also in bronchioles, were good for dry air passing through the tract. These structural features were obtained by yaks as a result of their living in lower-oxygen on Qingzang Plateau from generation to generation.

Establishment of a risk assessment framework for analysis of the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2114-2117 .

Abstract ( 1104 )

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In order to assess the spread risks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, a risk assessment framework was built on the thorough analysis of many related risk factors. In the process, analytic hierarchy process was used as the basic method in weighting the risk factors. The completed framework includes risk factor system, standards for risk assessment, weights of risk factors, integrated assessment methods and data collection.

Modality Structure and Distributed the law of nNOSPositive Neurons in Rabbit Brain

XunHe Yin,,,,,

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2118-2123 .

Abstract ( 1320 )

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The study，using SABC Immune histochemistry technique，was designed for observing the modality，structure and distributed the law of Neuronal Nitric oxide Synthase (nNOS ) positive neurons in rabbit brain. The results showed：①The nNOS positive neurons appeared deep brown which had most in the Cytoplasm and the cell nucleus were more lighter；the neuron cell bodies had all kinds of types，such as triangle，round，ellipse，shuttle and so on；the neuron protruding had one or more；the most positive nerve fibres were brown bunch of pearls kind，some nNOS postive fibres were netted. ② The nNOS positive neurons and nerve fibres were distributed in every area of rabbit brain. And they were widely distributed in cerebral cortex，cerebellum，hypothalamus，mesencephalon and pons. But there were even fewer in medulla . ③Basically，the nNOS positive neurons of the young rabbit had developed to the adult rabbit's level. It developed from maturation to caducity gradually with age. To two years old(aged rabbit), the nNOS positive neurons appeared senescence obviously，including the reducing of density, weakening of expression intensity，decrease of the first born tuber number and shortening of the longest born tuber length etc. The results indicated that nNOS positive neurons and the NO which nNOS positive neurons catalyzed did most use in the nervous system and the nerve adjusting and controlling.

Analysis of SSR fingerprints in the introduced silkworm germplasm

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2124-2131 .

Abstract ( 1410 )

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35 SSR markers were used to construct 96 silkworm races fingerprints, including 47 European monovoltine races, 13 Japanese monovoltine races, 1 Japanese bivoltine races and 35 Chinese bivoltine races. All of the SSR markers were polymorphic and unambiguously separated silkworm strains from each other. A total of 467 alleles were detected with a mean value of 13.34 alleles/locus (range 3-28). The mean polymorphism index content (PIC) was 0.71 (range 0.299-0.919). UPGMA cluster analysis of Nei’s genetic distance grouped silkworm strains based on their origin. The results indicated that SSR markers are an efficient tool for fingerprinting cultivars and conducting genetic-diversity studies in the silkworm.

Marker-Assisted Selection for Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) Resistance Genes Bph14 and Bph15 in Rice

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2132-2137 .

Abstract ( 1478 )

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【OBJECTIVE】Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a serious sucking insect pest of rice. Resistance to BPH is an important breeding objective in rice improvement programs.【METHOD】Bph14 and Bph15 have been identified in an introgression line B5 and mapped on chromosome 3 and chromosome 4, respectively. SSR markers MRG2329 linked to Bph14, and MS5 to Bph15, were used to select for some homozygous lines in a segregating population that derived from a cross between B5 and elite restores, 9311 and 1826. The resistance level to BPH of 38 lines was determined by using the mass seedling screening test.【RESULTS】The results indicated that 92.31% of 26 Bph14-single introgression lines showed moderate resistance to high resistance, 6 Bph15-single introgression lines showed resistance or high resistance and 6 pyramid lines (Bph14/Bph15) showed high resistance to BPH insects.【CONCLUSION】The survey revealed that marker-assisted selection is an efficient way for Bph14 and Bph15 selection in rice breeding programs.

cDNA Cloning of Taxadiene Synthase that Functions

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2138-2146 .

Abstract ( 1563 )

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Total RNA was extracted from Taxus chinensis var. mairei callus. According to taxadiene synthase sequence of Taxus chinensis, two primer pairs were designed. The 5’- terminal 1201 bp cDNA fragment and the 3’- terminal 1388 bp cDNA fragment of taxadiene synthase were isolated by RT-PCR. The two cDNA fragments were cloned into pGEM-T vector and transformed to E. coli DH5α. After the 5’- terminal fragment was confirmed by digesting with XbaⅠand BglⅡand the 3’- terminal fragment with BglⅡand SacⅠ, they were sequenced and proved to be taxadiene synthase. The two fragments were ligated together and gave a 2589 bp cDNA fragment, encoding 862 amino acid residues. The taxadiene synthase of T. chinensis var. mairei most closely resembles the one of T. chinensis (98% identity). The two fragments and pCAMBIA1300 vector were ligated and transformed into E. coli DH5α. After digested with XbaⅠand SacⅠ, the two fragments were proved to be successfully ligated and inserted into pCAMBIA1300, which was prepared for being transformed into the cells.

The Yield Response of Chinese Cabbage to Phosphate Fertilizer and Organic Manure and Effect on Soil Phosphorus Pool

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2147-2153 .

Abstract ( 1423 )

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The yield response of Chinese cabbage to phosphate fertilizer and organic manure was studied in pot experiment for two years. The effect of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure on plant total P content and different soil phosphorus pool were also investigated. Results showed that application of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure significantly increased the yield of Chinese cabbage. Application of phosphate fertilizer at rates of 150-600 mg·kg-1 gave an yield increase of 14.9%-21.5% of Chinese cabbage; there was no significant difference at the rate of 150, 300, 600 mg·kg-1 phosphate fertilizer. Application of organic manure at rates of 33.3-133.2 g·ka-1 gave an yield increase of 18.2%-25.9% of Chinese cabbage; there was no significant yield response to phosphate fertilizer after applying organic manure. The plant total P content of Chinese cabbage was increased gradually with the increase of the rate of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure; Phosphorus was absorbed luxuriously with excessively applying phosphate fertilizer and organic manure. The content of Olsen-P, soil water-soluble P, biological available-P were increased with the increase of phosphate fertilizer and organic manure, Organic phosphorus was increased with the increase of organic manure. Soil Olsen-P was linearly correlated with water-soluble P and biological available-P, but there was no significant correlation between Olsen-P and Organic-P.

TOMSIM Simulation and Validation of Synchronous Leaf Pruning in Greenhouse Tomato

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2154-2158 .

Abstract ( 1362 )

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Abstract：Effect of synchronous leaf pruning on production and distribution of dry matter in greenhouse tomato cultivar ‘Capita’ was investigated by both a TOMSIM simulation and a greenhouse experiment. The results indicated that the values between simulation study and greenhouse experiment were fitted very well. With synchronous leaf pruning, on one hand, LAI and growth rate were significantly decreased, which resulted in a significant reduction in total plant dry weight per square meter; on the other hand, the vegetative sink strength was decreased and the distribution of dry matter allocated to generative sinks was favored, which resulted in a significant increment in the cumulative fraction of dry matter allocated to the fruits and compensated for the reduction in fruit dry weight resulted from that in total plant dry weight per square meter. Plant density has no significant influence on the cumulative fraction of dry matter allocated to the fruits. LAI was increased by increased plant density. Fruit dry weight per square meter was significantly improved in leaf pruning & increased plant density.

Comparative study on Analysis and Fitting of Tibetan Chicken Growth Curve

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(10): 2159- .

Abstract ( 1082 )

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The growth curve of Tibetan chicken from 0 to 16 weeks old was analyzed and fitted with three kinds of nonlinear models (Gompertz, Logistic, von Bertalanffy).The result showed that the growth curves could be well fitted with three models, but the Gompertz model had the best effect on fitting with the growth curves. Analyzing the fitting parameters of the Gompertz, we found the adult body weight of cock is higher than the hen notably, but the growth inflexion of cock (13.20 weeks) is late to the hen (11.27 weeks).

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