Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Functional Characterization of the Plasma Intrinsic Protein Gene OsPIP2;6 in Rice

LI Rong-1, NIU Xiang-Li-2, MIAO Yan-Wen-1, XIONG Fang-Jie-1, LIU Yong-Sheng-12

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3079-3086. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.001

Abstract ( 518 )

PDF (633KB) ( 1037 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The current study aims to investigate the functional significance of a rice aquaporin (OsPIP2;6) by analyzing the phenotypic alteration resulting from overexpressing OsPIP2;6 in responses to stressed conditions.【Method】The overexpression vector of 35S::pHB-OsPIP2;6 was constructed and introduced into rice cv. Nipponbare by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation .The phenotypic analysis and molecular detection of transgenic plants were performed to verify the function of OsPIP2;6. 【Result】 Real-time PCR indicated that OsPIP2;6 was regulated by gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and the expression levels of OsPIP2;6 in transgenic lines were significantly increased. There was no obvious difference in growth between transgenic plants and wild type under normal condition. The performance of T2 transgenic seedlings revealed that OsPIP2;6 overexpression lines showed increased growth rates under stresses condition. 【Conclusion】 The phenotype of overexpressing OsPIP2;6 lines suggested a role of OsPIP2;6 in resistance to draught, waterlogging, and salt stress.

Cloning of Choline Monooxygenase (CMO) Gene and Expression Analysis of the Key Glycine Betaine Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)

CAO Hong-Li-12, YUE Chuan-12, HAO Xin-Yuan-13, WANG Xin-Chao-1, YANG Ya-Jun-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3087-3096. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.002

Abstract ( 477 )

PDF (626KB) ( 611 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 Choline monooxygenase gene (CMO), one of the key enzyme genes in biosynthesize pathway of glycine betaine (GB) in plant, was cloned from tea plant (Camellia sinensis). The expression patterns of CsCMO and the other GB biosynthesis-related gene, CsBADH (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase), under different abiotic stresses and in different cold resistant cultivars were analyzed. And the contents of GB under different abiotic stresses in tea plant were detected. 【Method】 The full-length cDNA of CsCMO was isolated using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) combined with RACE techniques from tea plant, and the bioinformatic characteristics were analyzed using online software. The expression profiles of CsCMO and CsBADH and the contents of GB were determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method and ultraviolet spectrophotometer techniques, respectively. 【Result】 The obtained cDNA of CsCMO was 1 558 bp in length with GenBank accession number JX050146, containing a 1 305 bp open reading frame (ORF) which encoded 434 amino acid residues. The CsCMO shared more than 50% amino acid sequence similarity with that of other plants. It was targeted in chloroplast and contained two consensus domains of Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster and sites for mononuclear nonheme Fe. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CsCMO had the closest genetic relationship with Lycium barbarum. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expressions of CsCMO and CsBADH were up-regulated by cold (4℃), salt (NaCl) and abscisic acid (ABA) during 96 h treatment, but they displayed different patterns under these stresses. The expression level of two genes induced by NaCl was more dramatically than other treatment. The further experiments showed that the level of CsBADH was generally higher than CsCMO in different cold tolerance cultivars, and the cultivars which had stronger cold hardiness had higher expression level of CsCMO and CsBADH than that of the cultivars which had weaker cold hardiness. The accumulation of GB was induced by abiotic stress, such as cold (4℃), salt (250 mmol•L-1 of NaCl) and ABA (100 mmol•L-1), and cold-tolerance cultivars contained higher GB levels than cold-sensitive. 【Conclusion】 CsCMO was cloned from tea plant. The expression levels of CsCMO and CsBADH were up-regulated, especially under salt stress, and the contents of GB were accumulated under cold, salt and ABA stress. The results indicated that GB had close relationship with above three stresses resistance in tea plant.

Research Advances and the Development Direction of Key Techniques for Agriculture Addressing Climate Change in China

CHEN Zhao-Bo-1, DONG Wen-1, HUO Zhi-Guo-2, ZHANG Zheng-Bin-3, CHEN Xia-4, LI Mao-Song-5, YANG Xiao-Guang-6, CHEN Yin-Ji-4

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3097-3104. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.003

Abstract ( 501 )

PDF (532KB) ( 1290 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

It is a global and important issue in the study of China’s agricultural sustainable development counting with the frequent extreme climate disasters. China has adopted a positive policy to address climate change in agriculture and scientific measures to ensure the rapid growth of grain and national economy. With the specific analysis of the fact that climate change impacts on agriculture, and the research progresses in the field of agriculture and other relevant projects of the main National Science and Technology Programs which were in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change in 2006 to 2010 were summarized and analyzed. It was found that there are opportunities and challenges of climate change on agricultural development. And the key technologies of mitigation and adaptation to climate change which developed and implemented by the Chinese government played a key role to deal with climate change. The assessment models and methods on agricultural impact in China were also established. And the direction of addressing climate change in China agricultural science and technology development in the future were put forward in this paper.

Planting Distribution of Spring Maize and Its Productivity Under RCP4.5 Scenario in Northeast China in 2011—2050

HU Ya-南12, LIU Ying-Jie-34

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3105-3114. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.004

Abstract ( 511 )

PDF (635KB) ( 867 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The study was aiming at the response of planting suitable areas for spring maize，its growth period and production to climate change. 【Method】 Based on the daily climate data of RCP4.5 scenario calculated by the regional climate model RegCM4 in Northeast China in 2011-2050, the empirical frequency method was used to predict the changes of planting area under 80% guaranteed rate for early maturity, mid-maturity and late maturity spring maize varieties, combined with crop model DSSAT4.5 to evaluate the changes of growth period and yield, and the planting suitability at the area expanded by climate change for late maturity spring maize in Heilongjiang province in the future. 【Result】 The ≥10℃ accumulated temperature showed an increasing trend in Northeast China. The planting northern boundary of different maize varieties will be moved northward or eastward at different degrees and the probable cultivation region will be larger than before. It is suitable for late maturity variety to grow at the expanded region in Heilongjiang province in 2011-2050. The impact of climate change on reproduction growth period is going to be bigger than the vegetation growth period for late maturity variety in this following 40 years in the original planting area, which was existed in 1981-2010 in Heilongjiang province, and the whole growth period will be shortened by 2-11 days. Meanwhile, the changes of yield in the future compared with present level will have a significant spatial difference. Yield change range will be both in ±20% with considering the CO2 fertilizer effect or not, but the yield of the considered one is higher. 【Conclusion】Planting suitability of the expanded region due to climate change needs to be evaluated with many factors contained for maize. The whole growth stage change of maize is mainly caused by the shortened reproduction growth of maize. The effects of CO2 concentration enrichment in air will counterbalance a part of disadvantage of increased temperature for maize yield.

Progress and Perspectives in Research of Chitin Triggered Immunity in Plant

TIAN Yi-12, KANG Guo-Dong-1, ZHANG Cai-Xia-1, ZHANG Li-Yi-1, HAO Yu-Jin-2, CONG Pei-Hua-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3115-3124. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.005

Abstract ( 564 )

PDF (714KB) ( 1415 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Fungal diseases are the most serious plant diseases, and about 70%-80% plant diseases are caused by fungi worldwide. Chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, is a typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern. When plant is attacked by fungal pathogens, the pattern recognition receptors located on the plasma membrane can recognize chitin and chitin oligosaccharide and trigger plant innate immunity. In recent years, the plant chitin receptors have been successfully identified. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism of interactions between chitin and its receptors and how the chitin triggered innate immunity were studied intensively. To comprehensively, systemically introduce the history, research status and development trend of chitin triggered immunity, the chitin recognition mechanism, signal transduction and fungal pathogen suppressing chitin triggered innate immunity were summarized. Additionally, research directions of chitin triggered immunity were discussed.

Detection and Molecular Variation of Potato virus Y CP Gene in China

GAO Fang-Luan-1, SHEN Jian-Guo-2, SHI Feng-Yang-1, FANG Zhi-Guo-1, XIE Lian-Hui-1, ZHAN Jia-Sui-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3125-3133. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.006

Abstract ( 631 )

PDF (724KB) ( 877 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The objectives of this study are to investigate the occurrence of Potato virus Y (PVY) disease in China, to develop fast and accurate PVY detection methods and to understand sequence variations in PVY CP gene.【Method】ELISA method was used to detect the infected leaf samples randomly collected from 14 provinces (municipalities) in China during 2011 and 2012. A subsample of the infected leaves was examined using a transmission electron microscope. CP gene of PVY was amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a pair of degenerate primers designed from the conserved regions of published CP gene sequences. Sequence variation was analyzed and phylogenetic tree was re-constructed using Bayesian inference method.【Result】ELISA revealed that 220 out of the 691 samples assayed were infected with PVY. The pin-wheel inclusion bodies were visualized clearly under the transmission electron microscope in the subsamples of ELISA-positive leaves. RT-PCR amplifications of the 14 ELISA-positive subsamples randomly selected from different provinces (municipalities) all generated an expected fragment of ≈800 bp in size. CP genes in the selected 14 subsamples shared more than 88% nucleotide identity with the reported sequences in other PVY strains. Among the 14 CP gene sequences in the subsamples, 29 polymorphic sites were detected, including 6 parsimony informative and 23 singleton variable sites. Some of the sequence variations were geography-specific. Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees revealed that 14 PVY isolates were in the same branch with reference PVYN:O strains, suggesting that the 14 PVY isolates analyzed in this study shared high homology with PVYN:O strain.【Conclusion】CP gene in PVY is highly conserved but some geographical variation in sequences exists. The results reported in this manuscript provide useful insights in understanding the evolution of PVY, the epidemiology and control of PVY disease in potato.

Effect of Soil-Water Conditions on Survival Rate and Morphological Plasticity of Clonal Plant Mikania micrantha H.B. Kunth

XU Gao-Feng, SHEN Shi-Cai, ZHANG Fu-Dou, LI Tian-Lin, ZHANG Yu-Hua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3134-3141. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.007

Abstract ( 470 )

PDF (537KB) ( 608 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The objective of this study is to research the morphological plasticity on clonal reproduction and plant morphologic characters under different water conditions of Mikania micrantha H. B. Kunth which is considered one of the most invasive and destructive species in the world, and to strengthen capability in early warning and control. 【Method】Soil-water conditions on drought and flood were simulated in the artificial climate box, and the survival rate on different phytomers of clonal plant M. micrantha were tested, then in a greenhouse, four types of soil-water conditions of low, medium, high and flood were simulated, respectively, and morphological characteristics, biomass accumulation and biomass allocation patterns were measured. 【Result】In addition to the internode and adventitious roots, soil water content had a significant effect on survival rate of vegetative phytomers of M. micrantha, and the survival rate of different vegetative phytomers was different at the same soil water content. When the soil water content was 12.5%, the survival rate of adventitious root + node, adventitious root + root stock + node was significantly higher than others, while the leaf could not live. Then as the soil-water content increased, clonal reproducibility of vegetative phytomers of M. micrantha was gradually strengthened. At the drowned conditions, when the water depth at 1cm, the internode, node, adventitious root, adventitious root+ node could not live, but the survival rate of other phytomers was more than 80%. All the vegetative phytomers of M. micrantha couldn’t survive at the water depth 6 cm. As the soil water content increased, the main stem length, total branch length, leaf area and internode length of M. micrantha increased. Branch number reached peak in high soil water content, but no significant difference with other treatments. In medium soil water content, stem node reached maximum, then gradually decreased with soil water content increase. Biomass accumulations and allocation of above-ground, stem and leaf increased with soil water content increase. In medium soil water content, biomass allocation of stem reached the maximum. Underground biomass reached maximum in the highest soil water content, but decrease in the drowned conditions, but the allocation of underground biomass decreased with soil moisture content increase. 【Conclusion】 Soil-water conditions had an obvious effect on clonal reproduction ability and morphological plasticity characteristics of M. micrantha, and it could clonal reproduction and growth in the drought (12.5% water content of the soil) and flood (the water depth at 1 cm) conditions, but it could not survive in the water depth 6 cm.

Development of 40% Fluopicolide•Pyraclostrobin Suspension Concentrate and Its Controlling Efficacy to Potato Late Blight in the Field

ZHANG Peng-12, WANG Wen-Qiao-1, HUANG Qi-Liang-2, MENG Run-Jie-1, ZHAO Jian-Jiang-1, MA Zhi-Qiang-1, HAN Xiu-Ying-1, ZHANG Xiao-Feng-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3142-3150. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.008

Abstract ( 603 )

PDF (591KB) ( 774 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The objective of this study is to screen the optimum ratio of the mixtures of fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin which has a high inhibitory activity to Phytophthora infestans and processed it into aqueous suspension concentrate (SC), and to evaluate the control efficacy of the SC sample to potato late blight in the field. 【Method】 The inhibitory activity of the mixtures of fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin at different mixing ratios against P. infestans was determined by leaf disc test and the synergistic ratios were calculated according to Wadley formula. The combination with higher synergistic interactions was screened and wetting-dispersing agents were selected by flowing point test and viscosity curve. The samples with different contents of adjuvants were processed by wet grinding. The rheological feature of the samples was adjusted and the formulation was optimized step by step. The sample was processed by wet grinding and the control efficacy was tested to potato late blight in the field after the final formula was determined.【Result】 Synergistic interactions against P. infestans of the mixtures of fluopicolide (F) and pyraclostrobin (P) were found at the ratio of 10﹕1 and 1﹕4 (F﹕P) and the synergism ratios were 1.56 and 1.66, respectively. The optimal formulus of 40% fluopicolide•pyraclostrobin SC was established as follows: fluopicolide≥8%, pyraclostrobin≥32%, 1% Terwet1004, 2% Tersperse2700, 2% Morwet D425, 0.5% magnesium aluminosilicate, 4% glycol, 3% SAG630, water≤47.5%. The control efficacy of the sample of 40% fluopicolide•pyraclostrobin SC applied at the doses of 480, 360, and 288 g a.i./hm2 against potato late blight in the field was 94.38%, 92.20%, and 88.22%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Fluopicolide and pyraclostrobin used in combinations had synergistic interactions against P. infestans in some degree. The sample of 40% fluopicolide•pyraclostrobin SC was processed based on the selected formula had small particle size, high suspensibility and good storage stability and exhibited excellent efficacy in controlling potato late blight in the field.

Assessment of Surface Soil Fertility and Its Spatial Variability in Yanqing Basin, Beijing, China

YE Hui-Chun-1, ZHANG Shi-Wen-2, HUANG Yuan-Fang-1, WANG Sheng-Tao-3

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3151-3160. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.009

Abstract ( 593 )

PDF (953KB) ( 895 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 Evaluating and studying on soil fertility evaluation and its spatial variability can provide a scientific basis for a solid foundation for scientific fertilization and agricultural structure adjustment.【Method】This paper proposed an evaluation index system which included microelement indexes based on former soil fertility evaluation only consider conventional nutrient indexes. Principal component analysis and membership function were used for assessing soil fertility and its spatial variability was analyzed by using geostatistics method.【Result】The results showed that the contribution rates for integrated fertility of soil conventional nutrient indexes and microelement indexes were 0.63 and 0.37, respectively. The soil integrated fertility index (IFI) in the study area was 0.22-0.97 with the average value of 0.53. The geostatistical trend analysis of IFI presented a one-order (linear) global trend and the semi-variance analysis of the residuals showed weak degree of spatial autocorrelation. The overall spatial distribution trends of soil fertility in Yanqing Basin was mainly affected by organic matter and total N. But in the local area, the micronutrients such as available Cu and available Zn played a leading role. Both fertility levels for single available microelement and soil integrated fertility of vegetable fields were higher than orchards and grain crop fields.【Conclusion】Therefore, bringing the microelement indexes into evaluation index system as same as conventional nutrient indexes is practicable and necessary, and geostatistical method can reveal satisfactorily the spatial variation pattern of soil fertility.

The Development and Contribution of Nitrogenous Fertilizer in China and Challenges Faced by the Country

ZHANG Wei-Feng, MA Lin, HUANG Gao-Qiang, WU Liang, CHEN Xin-Ping, ZHANG Fu-Suo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.010

Abstract ( 790 )

PDF (814KB) ( 1586 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】Nitrogen is essential to human life, environment quality and ecosystem sustainability; Chemical fertilizer is becoming a dominant source of human’s nitrogen supply, therefore, its role and development strategy are core issues for China’s sustainability. 【Method】This study analyzed the sources of nitrogen in ecosystem, its contribution to crop production and protein production, and nitrogen balance through food chain model. Finally, This study drafted a strategy for nitrogen fertilizer development from fertilizer production to field consumption. 【Result】After half a century development, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production and consumption have both ranked the first in the world since 1991, and in the past two decades (1990-2009) 61% of the world’s increase of nitrogen production and 52% of the world’s increase of nitrogen consumption occurred in China. Results of this study show that 72% of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystem, and about 56% of human protein consumption come from nitrogen fertilizer. According to its role in crop yield improvement, a kilogram of nitrogen fertilizer is equivalent to 0.016 hm2 cultivated land, and per capita cultivated land area increased by 6.5-fold through technologies innovation including N fertilizer between 1960 and 2009. This is why China survived 20% of world’s population by using 10% of world’s land and 21% of world’s irrigated area. Currently, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production exceeds its consumption, and nitrogen fertilizer application rate exceeds crop demand for maximum yield. The nitrogen surplus in agro-ecosystem is more than 175 kg•hm-2, which has been a main factor of environmental pollution. 【Conclusion】Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer management has to be transformed from solely high yield to both high yield and high resources use efficiency. The strategy is to balance nitrogen input and output in crop land, to update fertilizer products, to improve energy use efficiency in fertilizer production.

Differential Expression Genes of ‘Dangshansuli’ Pear Russet Mutant Screened with DDRT-PCR

HENG Wei, CHENG Xiu-Yun, JIA Bing, LIU Pu, LIU Li, YE Zhen-Feng, ZHU Li-Wu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3172-3179. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.011

Abstract ( 397 )

PDF (601KB) ( 534 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The objective of this experiment is to study the formation mechanism of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear russet mutant. 【Method】 The peels of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear and its mutant ‘Xiusu’ on 110 d after full bloom were used to screen the differential expression genes with mRNA differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). 【Result】 Based on the function annotation, the key differential genes related with russet formation were confirmed with real-time PCR on 90, 110, 120, 140 and 150 d. The results showed that 63 differential genes were screened with 60 high quality and 3 low quality genes, including alpha-tubulin, N-methyltransferase, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase-like, calmodulin-binding protein kinase, vacuolar H+-PPase and so on. The expressions of α-tubulin gene in the pericarp of ‘Xiusu’ were higher than those in ‘Dangshansuli’ pear at different stages, and expecially on the 90 d and 110 d after full bloom with 5 times and 3 times, respectively. On the 90 d and 110 d after full bloom, the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase gene in the pericarp of ‘Xiusu’ were slightly higher than those in ‘Dangshansuli’ pear, while the expressions of Ca2+/CaM gene in the pericarp of ‘Xiusu’ were distinctly lower than those in ‘Dangshansuli’ pear during 120-150 d after full bloom. The expression of mannose-6-phosphate isomerase gene in the pericarp of ‘Dangshansuli’ pear and ‘Xiusu’ showed no distinct difference except 130 d after full bloom. 【Conclusion】 These results indicated that the pericarp of russet mutant was lignified with α-tubulin accumulation regulated with the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase gene.

Effects of Different Mulching on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions and Soil Microbial Community of Apple Orchard in Loess Plateau

ZHANG Lin-Sen-1, LIU Fu-Ting-1, ZHANG Yong-Wang-1, LI Xue-Wei-1, LI Bing-Zhi-1, XU Sheng-Rong-1, GU Jie-2, HAN Ming-Yu-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3180-3190. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.012

Abstract ( 538 )

PDF (613KB) ( 804 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of soil total organic carbon, labile organic carbon and soil microbial community under different mulching treatments for one to three years in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau. 【Method】Long-term orchard experiments were carried out, and soil samples were taken from 0-100 cm soil layers to study the effects of different mulching treatments on various soil organic carbon fractions and soil microbial community. The experiment consists of three mulching treatments: straw mulching, black plastic-film mulching, and bare tillage. 【Result】Compared with bare tillage, straw mulching significantly increased soil total organic carbon contents, particulate organic carbon contents, light fraction organic carbon contents, dissolved organic carbon contents and readily oxidizable organic carbon content in 0-60 cm soil layers, and increased with the increased years of coverage in one to three years, in which soil total organic carbon contents increased by 1.9 g•kg-1 per year in 0-20 cm soil layers. But the microbial biomass carbon contents tended to decrease with the increased years of coverage. In the black plastic-film mulching treatment, soil total organic carbon contents were less than the control, but labile organic carbon contents were higher than the control. Soil total organic carbon contents and labile organic carbon contents both decreased with the increased years of coverage, soil total organic carbon contents decreased by 0.91 g•kg-1 in 0-20 cm soil layers after three years. The results showed that AWCD, Shannon index (H) and Richness index (S) in the straw mulching and plastic-film mulching treatments were higher than the bare tillage, and also decreased with the increased years of coverage. The plastic-film mulching decreased significantly. 【Conclusion】Straw mulching could improve soil organic carbon contents while black plastic-film mulching reduced soil organic carbon contents. Two mulching treatments both increased the diversities of soil microbial community, the utilization rate of carbon source, richness of soil microbial community, and also decreased with the increased years of coverage. But the black plastic-film mulching treatments showed more obviously.

Preparation and Identification of Polyclonal Antibody of One Pen a1 Epitope Peptide

ZHAO Jie-1, GAO Mei-Xu-1, PAN Jia-Rong-2, WANG Zhi-Dong-1, LAN Li-Ping-1, SUI Ke-1, XU Shu-Ting-1, LIU Chao-Chao-1, MOU Hui-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3191-3198. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.013

Abstract ( 509 )

PDF (550KB) ( 811 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The study was conducted to develop a new method to identify and detect the shrimp allergic protein.【Method】 Pen a 1 is the main allergic protein of shrimp, and one of its five epitope peptides was chosen and synthesized using Fmoc Method, which site in Pen a 1 was 85-105. The peptide was conjugated to keyhole limpet (KLH) and bovine serum (BSA) by glutaric dialdehyde method to get artificial immune and coating antigen, respectively. The New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with the peptide-KLH to get the antibody, and the binding ratio of artificial antigens was detected by Ellman reagent. The ic-ELISA was conducted to determine the inhibition ratio between the peptide with the antiserum. Western blot was conducted among four different protein samples to identify the specificity of the antibody to Pen a 1.【Result】The binding ratios of the artificial immune and the coating antigen were 12﹕1 and 8﹕1, respectively. The titers of the antibody reached 1.024×106, and the IC50 and the IC10 between the antibody and the peptide were 0.4324 μg•mL-1 and 0.0004 μg•mL-1, respectively. Western blot result demonstrated that the antibody could identify the allergic protein of Metapenaeus ensis (Pen a 1).【Conclusion】Antibody prepared with synthetic peptide is credible and sensitive enough for analysis and detection of targeted allergic protein.

Factors Affecting the Measure of the in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Feeds Using Simulative Digestion System

CHEN Liang, ZHANG Hong-Fu, GAO Li-Xiang, ZHAO Feng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3199-3205. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.014

Abstract ( 494 )

PDF (557KB) ( 623 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the factors on the in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) of feeds using Simulative Digestion System. It would provide a method for meaning the DMD of feeds using Simulative Digestion System. 【Method】 A single factor completely randomized design with 6 treatments was adopted and each treatment contained 5 replicates with 1 digestion tube per replicate. The treatments 1-2, 3-4 and 5-6 were used to determine the effects of a preliminary method of dialysis tube, removing of the oil and fat from undigested residues, and running direction of peristaltic pump on the DMD of corn, soybean meal and wheat bran, respectively.【Result】 No significant differences were revealed on the DMD of feeds using two preliminary methods of dialysis tube (P＞0.05). Removing of the oil and fat from undigested residues, the DMD of corn, soybean meal and wheat bran were increased by 3%, and the in vitro ether extract digestibility of feeds was more than 90% (P＜0.05), but the in vitro digestibility of other nutrients was not affected by this method (P＞0.05). The DMD of feeds was different in the pushing and pulling method of running direction of peristaltic pump (P＜0.05). Although the DMD of feeds was less in the pushing method than in pulling, the results with well accuracy and precision were obtained in pushing method. 【Conclusion】The removing of the oil and fat from undigested residues and the pushing direction of peristaltic pump are suitable for the determination of DMD of feeds using Simulative Digestion System. The preliminary of dialysis tube in two methods did not significantly affect the DMD of feeds.

Effect of Different Levels of Vitamin D3 on Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus and Immune Function of Yangzhou Goslings

TIAN Xiao-Xiao, WANG Zhi-Yue, YANG Hai-Ming, CAO Yu-Juan, SUN Hong-Nuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3206-3211. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.015

Abstract ( 488 )

PDF (500KB) ( 505 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The objective of this study is to study the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) on metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and immune function of Yangzhou goslings.【Method】Three hundred 28-day-old healthy male Yangzhou geese with similar live weight were randomly allocated into 5 treatments. Six replicates per group of 10 geese for each replicate were designed. The control group was fed with a basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed with the experimental diets wich added 500 IU•kg-1, 1 000 IU•kg-1, 2 000 IU•kg-1 and 4 000 IU•kg-1 vitamin D3, respectively, until 10 weeks of age. 【Result】 Adding 1 000 IU•kg-1 vitamin D3 in a basal diet significantly increased serum calcium content, tibia calcium content, tibia strength and serum immunoglobulin IgG content of 10-week-old Yangzhou geese (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, serum calcium content was very significantly increased when adding 2 000 IU•kg-1 vitamin D3 (P＜0.01), and thymus index and serum interleukin-4 content were significantly increased at the same vitamin D3 supplemental level (P＜0.05). There were no significant effects on phosphorus content and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity in serum with different vitamin D3 supplemental levels (P＞0.05).【Conclusion】Optimal diet vitamin D3 supplementation (1 000-2 000 IU•kg-1) could increase the metabolism of calcium and the immune function of Yangzhou goslings.

The Apoptosis of Bovine Primary Mammary Epithelial Cells Induced by Staphylococcus aureus

CUI Xin-Jie, HU Qing-Liang, LI Yi-Ping, TAO Lin, XIU Lei, LIU Bing-Chun, CHEN Yuan, WANG Xiao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3212-3219. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.016

Abstract ( 466 )

PDF (797KB) ( 659 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to observe if apoptosis of the primary bovine mammary epithelial cells could be induced by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. 【Method】Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells were separated from fresh milk and evaluated by RT-PCR and protein assaies of keratin8. After infection, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Annexin V/PI staining were used to evaluate the apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells, and the apoptosis ratios were calculated. The expression of caspase 3 and caspase 8 were detected by RT-PCR. 【Result】 The cells’ shape looked like typical paving stones and keratin 8 was also detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Bovine mammary epithelial cells were round shrink aged with the apoptosis morphologies, and the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 8 was up-regulated after infection. 【Conclusion】S. aureus could induce apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells, and the apoptosis pathway could be associated with caspase 3 and caspase 8.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Activity of AI-2 of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

BAI Hao-1, 2 , HAN Xian-Gan-1, LIU Lei-1, QI Ke-Zong-2, LIU Hai-Wen-1, DING Chan-1, YU Sheng-Qing-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3220-3226. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.017

Abstract ( 419 )

PDF (736KB) ( 531 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 In this study, the relationship between the transcription level of luxS and pfs and AI-2 production in different growth phases and culture conditions were analyzed. 【Method】 AI-2 activity in different growth phases and culture conditions was measured using the V. harveyi bioluminescence assay.The levels of luxS and pfs mRNA were analyzed using real-time PCR. 【Result】 The results showed that the level of AI-2 was consistent with the level of luxS mRNA in different growth phases. AI-2 production and luxS mRNA by APEC was increased by supplementation of glucose, maltose, and NaCl, while the addition of sucrose was decreased. The transcription level of luxS was correlated to the level of AI-2 production, while the transcription level of pfs did not correlate with the level of AI-2 production. 【Conclusion】 The level of transcription of luxS is highly correlated with the level of AI-2 production,while the level of transcription of pfs does not correlate with the level of AI-2 production. Glucose, maltose and NaCl accelerate the synthesis of AI-2.

Temporal and Spatial Changes in Crop Patterns of Binxian County in Heilongjiang Province

ZHANG Li, WU Wen-Bin, YANG Peng, TANG Hua-Jun, ZHOU Qing-Bo, LI Zheng-Guo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3227-3237. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.018

Abstract ( 541 )

PDF (2628KB) ( 659 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 Crop choice analysis from the individual farmer’s perspective requires a fundamental exploration on spatial-temporal characteristics of local crop pattern dynamics. This study primarily investigated such characteristics at Binxian County in order to provide insights to the subsequent driving force analysis of crop structure and pattern dynamics. 【Method】 By using Binxian County Statistical Dataset 1996-2000, mathematical statistics and GIS-based spatial analysis methods were adopted to explore the spatial-temporal characteristics of major grain crops and cash crops in the local agricultural land system. 【Result】Analysis shows that the total cropland sowing area increased by 22.86% from 1996 to 2010, which is mainly contributed by the increase of grain crops. The sowing area of grain crops expanded by 32.80%, while the cash crops shrank by 52.84%. The ratio of grain crops to cash crops raised from 88:12 to 96:4. Maize area received a steadily increase by 73.82%, while by contrast, soybean and rice decreased by 1.05% and 29.78%, respectively. Although maize area distributed uniformly across the county, soybean area mainly distributed at the southeast and rice area mainly located at the north and west of the region. 【Conclusion】 The exploration on spatial-temporal characteristics of local crop pattern dynamics is necessary for the subsequent driving force analysis and it will help to provide scientific ways to adjust crop structure and to increase grain productivity.

Impact of Natural-Environmental Factors on the Crop Choices of Households — A Case Study in Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province

LIU Zhen-Huan, YANG Peng, WU Wen-Bin, LI Zheng-Guo, TANG Peng-Qin, LI Zhi-Peng, YU Qiang-Yi, XIA Tian, TANG Hua-Jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3238-3247. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.019

Abstract ( 482 )

PDF (566KB) ( 565 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 How famers change crops to adapt to climate and natural disasters, were studied in this paper in order to provides a basis for government policy-making.【Method】Questionnaire method was used to sample the perception of natural environmental change and crop choice of household. All of 384 farmers were being interviewed by a household face-to-face interview in Binxian County, Northeast China. Frequency method was used to analyze the impact of perception of climate change and natural disasters on famers’ crop choice in the past 30 years.【Result】The results show that climate change, frequency of natural disasters and crop yield could significantly affect famer crop choice. In famers’ attitude, crop yield was the first important factor when they changed crop, followed by climate change, less importance of the frequency of natural disasters. However, the importance of climate change and natural disasters will be improved when they change rice to maize because of crop growth closed to natural environment factor. Replacement of crop types and varieties and adjustment of farming season were the more popular behavior that farmers adapt to natural environmental factors. The trends of farmers perception of the natural environmental change were the same with the actual trends, it affect famers to take the initiative to change the type of crop.【Conclusion】In order to improve famers adaption to natural environmental change, the government should improve farmers active adaptive behavior, guide the famers to improve the ability to response to climate change and natural disasters, and more high-level regional agriculture planning and policy guidance are also needed in the future.

Impact Mechanism of Socio-Economic Factors on the Crop Choices of Households in Northeast China—A Case Study in Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province

SHI Shu-Qin-1, LI Zheng-Guo-2, TANG Hua-Jun-2, YANG Peng-2, WU Wen-Bin-2, TIAN Yuan-Yuan-1, XIA Tian-2, LIU Zhen-Huan-2, YU Qiang-Yi-2

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3248-3256. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.020

Abstract ( 408 )

PDF (652KB) ( 431 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 The objective of this research is to explore the impact mechanisms of socio-economic factors on the crops choices of households, and to provide a basis for optimization of cropping structure and policy-making. 【Method】 Taking Binxian County in Heilongjiang province as the study area, this study randomly conducted face-to-face interviews on 384 households, and used statistical frequency method provided by SPSS software to investigate the impacts of socio-economic factors including production inputs, net income of crops, crop sale, agriculture technology popularization and agricultural policy on the farming initiative and crop choice. 【Result】 The results showed that to a greater extent, increase of crops net income, the promotion of new varieties and new technologies as well as agricultural subsidies and guidance policies, can greatly promote the farming initiative. Crop net income is the primary factor affecting farmer’s crop choices, followed by agricultural subsidies and guide policy. 【Conclusion】Several ways such as increasing infrastructure investment, raising crop prices, stabilizing purchasing channels, increasing investment in agricultural R & D and services, can be considered to improve farming initiative, optimize cropping structure and increase farmers income.

Influencing Mechanism of Family Attributes on Choosing Crops —A Case Study in Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province

XIA Tian, WU Wen-Bin, TANG Hua-Jun, ZHOU Qing-Bo, YANG Peng, LI Zheng-Guo, LIU Zhen-Huan, YU Qiang-Yi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3257-3265. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.021

Abstract ( 448 )

PDF (679KB) ( 509 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】As an important basis for agricultural policy adjustment, famers choice crops is always concerned by scholars. Based on the survey data on farmers, the influence of famers’ family attributes on their choice of crops were studied. The article aims to quantify the influence mechanism and guide famer’s direction to adjustment of choice of crops. 【Method】Binxian County of China’s Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area. There are 3 typical and representative towns containing 384 households famers were selected for investigation and research. The questionnaire data were standardized and imported into SPSS statistical analysis system. By using the univariate and multivariate analysis, the influence of famers’ family attributes on choices of planting rice, wheat, maize, soybeans and other crops were studied. 【Result】The result of analysis showed that the major factors affecting famers choosing planting crops are famers’ age, education level, family labor force, family size, land types, and so on. These factors on famers respectively to choose and change crops have the significant effect. 【Conclusion】 The actual process of crops planting was impacted by the amount of work to grow crops, the level of agricultural knowledge needed to grow crops, planting environmental requirements or capital investment output ratio and other factors. These factors led to rural households attribute corresponding attribute factors for famers choice behavior directly.

An Agent-Based Model for Simulating Crop Pattern Dynamics at a Regional Scale: Model Framework

YU Qiang-Yi, WU Wen-Bin, TANG Hua-Jun, YANG Peng, LI Zheng-Guo, XIA Tian, LIU Zhen-Huan, ZHOU Qing-Bo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3266-3276. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.022

Abstract ( 429 )

PDF (964KB) ( 911 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 Crop pattern is a key element in agricultural land systems other than land use and land cover. Crop pattern dynamics take place very frequently, but they are not always easily observable, making many difficulties for analysis. In this paper the authors are trying to conceptualize an agent-based model to simulate crop pattern dynamics at a regional scale (CroPaDy). 【Method】Both of the conceptual model and the computational model of CroPaDy are designed strictly following the ODD Protocol proposed by Grimm et al. (2010) and the Generalized Framework for Parameterization of ABM proposed by Smajgl et al., (2011). 【Result】 The conceptual model of CroPaDy is designed as a closed-loop comprised by driving forces, decision making processes, and consequences. In driving force analysis, the authors focus on the internal and external factors that influencing farmer’s decision-making instead of the macro level biophysical–socioeconomic drivers for land use and land cover change. The state variables are set to be updated annually, incorporating feedbacks in any decision-making circle. The computational model links three sub-models named agents generating module, agent simplifying and classifying module, and agent decision-making module, respectively. Common methods including Monte Carlo and Utility Function are used in model parameterization. In addition, factor analysis is applied for replacing cluster analysis in forming farmer typologies. 【Conclusion】 The authors conceptualize the framework of CroPaDy model to present the interactions between human actors and their environment in agricultural land systems. Crop pattern dynamics, therefore, can be modeled by capturing farmer’s crop choice. However, due to the limited page space, model validation and the scenarios-based application are subjected to a series of companion papers that are about to be submitted independently.

Molecular Cloning of Sugarcane Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and Its Expression Analysis

WANG Sheng-1, ZHANG Bao-Qing-1, HUANG Xing-12, FAN Yan-Jiao-1, YANG Li-Tao-1, LI Yang-Rui-12

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3277-3284. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.023

Abstract ( 395 )

PDF (566KB) ( 621 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clone the full-length cDNA of a key enzyme gene Cu/Zn-SOD related to superoxide anion removal in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), investigate its sequence characteristics and analyze its expression in different organs and under different stresses. 【Method】 The Cu/Zn-SOD gene cDNA sequence was cloned from the leaves of sugarcane variety GT28 using RT-PCR techniques. The bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the putative amino acid sequence, and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) method was used to study the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD gene in different tissues and under different stresses. 【Result】 The full-length cDNA of Cu/Zn-SOD (GenBank accession number: JQ958328) in sugarcane was cloned. The sequence included an open reading frame of 456 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 151 amino acids, which was clustered in the same phylogenetic branch of the Cu/Zn-SODs of gramineae. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the Cu/Zn-SOD expressed in root, stem and leaf of sugarcane plant, belonging to constitutive expression, but showing the highest in leaf. The Cu/Zn-SOD expression could be induced under the treatments of polyethylene glycol (PEG), H2O2, low temperature and NaCl stresses, but the expression models were different depending on the regulation mechanisms. 【Conclusion】 The gene Cu/Zn-SOD was cloned, and it mainly expressed in the green tissue in sugarcane plant. Its copper- zinc superoxide dismutase functional areas are highly conservative, and is possibly associated with osmotic stress resistance of sugarcane.

Screening of Microsatellite Markers in Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)

GAO Li-Zhi-1, LIU Ying-Hong-1, WAN Xuan-Wu-12, WANG Jia-1, HONG Feng-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3285-3292. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.024

Abstract ( 510 )

PDF (607KB) ( 544 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】The objective of the study is to screen some highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for research on the population genetic structure of Chinese citrus fly (Bactrocera minax).【Method】Thirty-three pairs of microsatellite primers were selected from B. dorsalis, B. papayae, B. cucurbitae and B. cacuminata, which belonged to the same genus with B. minax. Then these primers were firstly screened through agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR amplification product and rescreened through modified polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At last, the allele frequency, polymorphism information content, effective number of alleles and so on were used for analysis.【Result】There were only 12 pairs of microsatellite primers amid 33 pairs that could amplify the genomes of B. minax specifically, and the homologous rate was 36.4%. Twenty-three alleles were detected at the six microsatellite sites in B. minax, and the average number of alleles was 3.83. The average polymorphism information content of the six microsatellite primers was 0.2248, the highest was 0.4105, and the lowest was 0.0869. 【Conclusion】The screened 6 microsatellite primers of B. minax showed a good polymorphism, and could be used in the subsequent research.

Effects of Water on Dry Matter Accumulation and Nutrition Absorption of Tomato Seedling Under Sub-Low Temperature

XU Fei-1, LI Jian-Ming-12, WU Pu-Te-12, ZHANG Da-Long-1, ZHAO Zhi-Hua-1, LI Jun-1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(15): 3293-3304. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.15.025

Abstract ( 436 )

PDF (737KB) ( 1167 )

Save

References | Related Articles | Metrics

【Objective】 This study aims at discovering the effects of water on nitrogen and potassium nutrient absorption and distribution by tomato seedling growing at sub-low temperature, so as to provide a theoretical basis for nutrient management of greenhouse tomato cultivation in winter. 【Method】 With potted tomato plants in greenhouse as the experiment materials, and with the plants under normal temperature (18-30℃) and 100%ET as control treatment, the influences of supplement 60%, 80%, 100% and 120% of ET of irrigation amount on the nutrition absorption and the influence of the distribution in tomato under sub-low temperature (4-20℃) in greenhouse were investigated. 【Result】 Compared with the control treatment, dry matter accumulation in root, stem and leaf of tomato seedlings decreased with the decrease of ET water under sub-low temperature, and the longer the treatment time, the more reduction. The distribution proportion of dry matter in leaf decreased, but that in the stem and root increased. Under sub-low temperature the total content of N and K in tomato seedlings was lower than the control, the amount of N element reduced when the supplementary water dropped. The amount of K element was the highest with 100% ET of irrigation amount. The sub-low temperature increased the N content but reduced the K content in leaf, stem, and root. N content in the roots and stem reduced with the supplementary of water. N content in the leaf was the highest when 100% ET of irrigation amount was supplied, while that in the root and stem was the highest when 60% ET of irrigation amount was supplied. When the water supplied was less than 80% ET under low temperature, the accumulation of N in root, stem and leaf decreased significantly. As the treatment time prolonged, the distribution rate of N in the leaf was reduced, while that in the root and stem increased. When the growth time prolonged, the distribution rate of K in leaf decreased first but then rose. The distribution rate in root was larger than that in the control treatment, and rose when the supplementary water reduced. Under sub-low temperature, leaf water potential was the highest when 100% ET of water was supplied. 【Conclusion】 Under the sub-low temperature condition, supplying 100% ET water favors dry matter accumulation and absorption of nitrogen and potassium by tomato seedling. Total nitrogen is influenced greatly by water amount and total K is influenced greatly by temperature.

Table of Content