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Table of Content

    01 February 2013, Volume 46 Issue 3
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Evaluation of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance of 23 Chinese Wheat Mini-Core Collections
    ZHAO Li-Na, REN Xiao-Di, HU Ya-Ya, ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Na, YANG Wen-Xiang, LIU Da-Qun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  441-450.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.001
    Abstract ( 673 )   PDF (651KB) ( 1010 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study was to determine the leaf rust resistance of 23 mini-core wheat accessions, and to detect the Lr genes related to resistance.【Method】 Resistance evaluation and resistance gene postulation of the 23 accessions were carried out with 12 Puccinia triticina races with different virulences at seedling and adult stages. A series of molecular markers linked to wheat leaf rust resistance genes were used for marker test of these accessions.【Result】The 23 accessions from wheat mini-core collections all showed good resistance except Chinese Spring and were postulated to carry some resistance genes. Lr34 and unknown Lr genes in Huoqiu, Laoqimai, Fengmai 11, Shanhongmai, Hongheshangtou, Fumai, Galaohan and Zhengyin 4. Lr34 was found in Chinese Spring. Lr1 and Lr34 were found in Jianmai and Xiaofoshou. Lr34 and Lr32 were identified in Tongjiabaxiaomai and Honghuamai. Lr10, Lr34, Lr16 and Lr32 were postulated in Kefeng 3. Lr1, Lr2c and Lr32 were found in Atlas 66. Lr1 and Lr17 were postulated in Yannong 15. Lr26, Lr16, Lr42 and LrZH84 were found in Baitiaoyu. Lr26 combined with suggested Lr14a in Muzongzhuoga. Lr1, Lr34 and Lr32 were postulated in Jinhuangmai. Lr26, Lr37, LrZH84 and maybe Lr15 were detected in Yunmai 34. Lr1 and Lr16 in Bainong 3217. Besides, Bailanghuimai and Shanmai may carry un-known resistance genes to wheat leaf rust.【Conclusion】The results indicated that the resistance genes in response to leaf rust disease were relatively richer in the 23 Chinese wheat mini-core collections, and the Chinese wheat mini-core collections could be applied in breeding programs for leaf rust resistance.
    Evaluation of Productivity and Stability of Soybean Cultivars in China’s Huang-Huai-Hai Region
    QIN Jun, YANG Chun-Yan, GU Feng, ZHANG Yao-Bin, FENG Yan, TANG Xiao-Dong, LIU Chang-You, ZHANG Meng-Chen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  451-462.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.002
    Abstract ( 704 )   PDF (756KB) ( 1034 )   Save
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    【Objective】The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors contributing to soybean yield, the cross interaction between gene and environment, and evaluation of productivity and stability of soybean cultivars in the Huang-Huai-Hai region in order to provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of soybean cultivars in production and breeding. 【Method】 GGE (genotype + genotype-by-environment interaction) biplot is a kind of software that would show the result of interaction between genotype and genotype-by-environment, in this study, 94 summer soybean cultivars were grown in controlled conditions for three years from 2008 to 2010. The growth and yield data were analyzed based on “environmental vector” view, “which-won-where” view and “mean VS. stability” view in GGE biplot. 【Result】 The result showed that the yields of these cultivars were unstable in the changing annual environment of the same region, There was a cross interaction between gene and environment. This study analyzed the factors relevant to soybean yield. The result showed that the yield was positively correlated with total seed weight per plant, seed number per plant, pod number per plant, and 100-seed-weight. Within the three years, among the high yield cultivars, the stability of Ji9-3L-2, Jidou17, Xudou10, Zhongzuo00-484, and 7651-1 ranked higher. 【Conclusion】Based on GGE biplot, this study identified the productivity and stability of the soybean cultivars in Huang-Huai-Hai Region. This study provides supportive evidence for future agriculture allocation and future soybean sowing plan. The total seed weight per plant is most closely correlated with yield, followed by seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, and pod number per plant.
    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Eco-physiological Characteristics and Super High Yield Formation Mechanism of Ordered Transplanting and Optimized Broadcasting Rice
    ZHANG Hong-Cheng, GUO Bao-Wei, CHEN Hou-Cun, ZHOU Xing-Tao, ZHANG Jun, ZHU Cong-Cong, CHEN Jing-Du, LI Gui-Yun, WU Zhong-Hua, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui, YANG Xiong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  463-475.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.003
    Abstract ( 617 )   PDF (642KB) ( 1253 )   Save
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    【Objective】The eco-physiological characteristics and mechanisms of ordered transplanting and broadcasting rice were studied to explore the means of super high yield for rice. 【Method】Three planting methods including ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) using dry-raising seedlings in plastic plates with mechanical transplanting (MT) were compared to investigate the eco-physiological characteristics and the super high yield formation mechanism in respects of seedling establishment, tillering, matter production and accumulation, root characteristics at late stages, population light transmittance characteristics, and stem lodging resistance. 【Result】Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice had better population starting point quality and earlier seedling establishment, and their LAI, leaf area duration, grain-leaf ratio, matter production, accumulation and translocation at each stage were all significantly or highly significantly superior to cast transplanting. Moreover, at late stages, they showed better population light transmittance and slower senescence, and maintained higher matter production and lodging resistance as well. 【Conclusion】With their higher population start point, earlier seedling establishment, and obvious growth superiority, ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice are capable of serving as the basis of rice super high cultivation.
    Evaluation of Drought Resistance and Analysis of Variation of Relevant Parameters at Seedling Stage of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
    XIE Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Xia, ZHANG Bing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  476-485.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.004
    Abstract ( 860 )   PDF (595KB) ( 1522 )   Save
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    【Objective】An experiment was conducted to investigate the ability of drought resistance at seedling stage of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), to explore the parameters and methods for screening of drought-resistant germplasm, and to provide the materials and a theoretical basis for drought-resistant breeding and cultivation.【Method】 Leaf relative water content, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protective enzyme activity in rapeseed were measured under drought stress on 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 d; Comprehensive drought-resistance coefficient, drought-resistance index, fuzzy clustering and grey correlation analysis were used to evaluate the drought tolerance; And the variation trend of relevant drought-resistance index was analyzed for ten rapeseed varieties. 【Result】 Different examined indexes showed different responses to drought stress, in which, the content of proline and POD activity were retarded, but the relative water content of leaves was sensitive in response to drought stress. According to the clustering result of drought-resistance measuration value (D value), the 10 tested varieties were divided into 3 groups including high, moderate and low drought resistance, respectively. The variation trend of relevant drought-resistance index showed that the decrease rate of leaf relative water content and leaf area became larger with the increase of degree and time of drought stress, but the contents of MDA, proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein and the relative activities of SOD and POD were overall ascendant. The relative value of MDA content was negatively correlated with drought resistance, while the increase rate of relative content of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein and the activity of POD were positively correlated with that of rapeseed varieties. 【Conclusion】 It is an effective way to evaluate the drought tolerance of rapeseed seedlings by using the combination method of comprehensive drought-resistance coefficient, drought-resistance index, fuzzy clustering and grey correlation analysis, which could reflect the relationship between different parameter traits and drought tolerance in rapeseed. Among the 10 tested varieties, the drought tolerance of 94005, Zhongshuang11 and Zhongshuang9 were better and more stable. The change of drought-resistance related parameters of rapeseed under continuous drought stress presented a certain regularity, which indicated the responses of rapeseed to drought stress and could lay a basis for the screening of rapeseed germplasm.
    Effects of Deficiency of N, P, or K on Growth Traits and Nutrient Uptakes of Sweetpotato at Early Growing Stage
    NING Yun-Wang, MA Hong-Bo, XU Xian-Ju, WANG Ji-Dong, ZHANG Hui, XU Jian-Ping, CHEN Jie, ZHANG Yong-Chun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  486-495.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.005
    Abstract ( 675 )   PDF (660KB) ( 1004 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of the study is to accumulate the information for sweetpotato diagonosis of deficiency of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), or potassium(K) nutrients.【Method】A pot experiment with two sweetpotato cultivars (Sushu11 with stolons and Sushu14 with half-erect stem), four treatments (CK, -N, -P, -K) and four duplicates was conducted. A sweetpotato seedling was planted in a pot which was filled with sand, and four pots from the same treatment were placed in a plastic turnover box which was filled with solution medium. The seedlings were precultured in distilled water for three days and 1/2Hogland solution for a week, and treatment began after three new leaves had germinated. Four weeks later, the apparent deficiency symptoms appeared and the whole plant was sampled. Growth traits, photosynthetic characters, biomass accumulation and allocation, contents of N, P, and K in various plant parts of sweetpotato were investigated. 【Result】N, P, or K deficiency significantly reduced the sweetpotato shoots and total biomass (P<0.01) compared with the CK treatment, where the greatest reduction occurred at the -N treatment (P<0.01), the following was the -K treatment and the third was the -P treatment (P<0.01). N, or K deficiency significantly reduced the sweetpotato roots biomass (P<0.01 or P<0.05), however there wasn’t changes in the -P treatment (P>0.05). N or P deficiency significantly reduced the sweetpotato dry weight ratio of shoot to root (P<0.01 or P<0.05), while there wasn’t changes in the -K treatment(P>0.05). Leaf area, leaf and branch number of a single plant significantly decreased under deficiency of N, P, or K (P<0.01), the largest decrement of that occurred at the -N treatment, which were significantly lower than that of the -P and -K treatment (P<0.01). Length of main stem of the two cultivars had a significant decrement in the -N treatment (P<0.01), however, that of the -P or the -K treatment were concerned with the sweetpotato varieties, which significantly decreased for Sushu11 (P<0.01) and had no changes for Sushu14 (P>0.05). SPADs value of the 6th-8th function leaves was significantly decreased under deficiency of N or K(P<0.01), however it was significantly increased under deficiency of P(P<0.01). Deficiency of N, P, or K could significantly decrease net photosynthetic rate(P<0.01), but had no effects on transpiration rate and intercellular CO2 concentration(P>0.05). Stomatal conductance significantly decreased under deficiency of N or K(P<0.05), however there weren’t changes under deficiency of P(P>0.05). Contents of corresponding N, P, or K in various parts of sweetpotato significantly decreased under the condition of the -N, -P, or -K treatments. N deficiency could significantly decrease K contents of aboveground plant(leaf, petiole, and stem)(P<0.01) and increase P content of roots (P<0.01). P deficiency could significantly decrease N contents of leaf and petiole, K contents of petiole and stem (P<0.01), however increase K content of roots (P<0.05). Under the condition of K deficiency, N and P contents of petiole significantly decreased(P<0.01), P content of leaves and roots significantly increased (P<0.01). According to the results of this experiment, contents of N, P, and K in leaves under the condition of normal growth were 25.0-44.8 mg•kg-1(average 34.9 mg•kg-1), 2.7-6.3 mg•kg-1 (average 4.2 mg•kg-1), and 17.4-32.7 mg•kg-1 (average 25.2 mg•kg-1 ), respectively. When contents of N, P, and K in leaves were 10.0 mg•kg-1, 1.3 mg•kg-1, and 5.1 mg•kg-1 respectively, the apparent deficiency symptoms occurred. 【Conclusion】The results could provide references for the sweetpotato diagnosis under deficiency of N, P, or K in early growing stage.
    PLANT PROTECTION
    Annotation and Comparative Analysis of the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes in Cotton Pathogen
    CHEN Jie-Yin, LIU Shao-Yan, LI Lei, DAI Xiao-Feng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  496-506.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.006
    Abstract ( 692 )   PDF (1007KB) ( 780 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to annotate and compare the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in seven cotton pathogens and two endophyte of Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis, and identify plant cell wall degrading enzymes in cotton pathogen.【Method】The core gene set of cotton pathogen and endophytes were selected with BLASTP methods and the phylogenetic tree of nine microorganisms was analyzed. The CAZymes of nine microorganism genomes were annotated with CAZymes database by BLASP method and the CAZymes were classified into different sub-families. All sub-families of plant cell wall degrading enzymes were compared between cotton pathogen and endophyte, and the expansion subfamilies in cotton pathogen were obtained. The phylogenetic tree of expansion sub-families was described by MEGA4.0 and the CAZymes response to pathogenicity or invasion were confirmed.【Result】The phylogenetic analysis of cotton pathogen showed that there was a difference in invasion characteristics between root and shoot. With the CAZymes annotation and comparison, the plant cell wall degrading enzymes of pectin, cellulose, starch and xylan were increased in cotton pathogen genome compared to endophyte, including the pectin degrading sub-families of GH35, GH78, GH105, PL1, PL3 and PL4, cellulose degrading sub-families of GH61 and CBM1, starch degrading sub-families of CBM20, and xylan degrading subfamilies of GH43. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed that the pectin degrading genes related to different pathogenicities and invasion were found in PL1 and PL3 sub-families.【Conclusion】Ten expansion sub-families of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in cotton pathogen were found and compared to endophyte which including GH35, GH43, GH61, GH78, GH105, PL1, PL3, PL4, CBM1 and CBM20. These results indicated that the expansion sub-families of pathogen play an important role in plant cell wall degrading and response to the pathogenicity and invasion characteristics.
    Effects of Application of Anaerobically Digested Slurry on Suppression of Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Blight and Soil Biological Characteristics
    CAO Yun, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, MA Yan, YANG Hao, FU Guang-Qing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  507-516.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.007
    Abstract ( 614 )   PDF (600KB) ( 986 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of application of anaerobically digested slurry (ADS) on reduction of the incidence of Phytophthora blight of chilli pepper and soil biological characteristics. The potential mechanisms of plant disease suppression by ADS application was also proposed. 【Method】 Three consecutive batches of pot experiment were carried out to study the control of Phytophthora blight of chilli pepper by substitution of 50% N input with raw pig slurry, raw dairy slurry, anaerobically digested pig and dairy slurry. The variations in activities of soil enzymes were analyzed. And the changes in soil microbial diversities and microbial structures were studied by PCR-DGGE.【Result】Application of anaerobically digested pig slurry resulted in the best control efficacy against pepper blight and the disease incidence rate was decreased by 79.3%, followed by combined application of anaerobically digested dairy slurry with chemical fertilizer (38.5% of control efficacy). Application of raw pig and dairy slurry had no significant suppressive effect on pepper blight. Plants treated by anaerobically digested pig and dairy slurry showed significantly higher shoot biomass of pepper plants than those treated by corresponding slurry and negative control. The fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activity, catalase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity of soil treated by anaerobically digested pig slurry were 3.44-fold, 66.7% and 76.7% higher than those of positive control, respectively. In addition, application of ADS significantly increased the numbers of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycete, and antagonistic microorganisms including Pseudomonas fluorescents and Tricoderma spp.. The PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal diversities in the ADS treatments were improved. 【Conclusion】 The combined application of anaerobically digested pig slurry with chemical fertilizer obtained great achievement in reducing pepper blight incidence and had immense potential in agricultural production. Regulation of microbial diversity in rhizosphere and improvement of soil fertility might be one of the possible mechanisms on disease suppression of pepper blight by ADS application.
    A RT-LAMP Assay for Detection of Citrus Tristeza Virus
    WANG Yong-Jiang, ZHOU Yan, LI Zhong-An, SU Hua-Nan, HUANG Ai-Jun, TANG Ke-Zhi, ZHOU Chang-Yong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  517-524.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.008
    Abstract ( 975 )   PDF (694KB) ( 1473 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to establish a quick and accurate detection technique of Citrus tristeza virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). 【Method】 According to published GenBank sequences, two pairs of primers were designed in the conserved region of CTV p25. The concentration of primers, reaction time and other conditions of RT-LAMP were optimized in order to improve specificity and sensitivity.【Result】 A rapid and specific RT-LAMP method for detection of CTV was established. Sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assay was 100-fold higher than a standard RT-PCR method. The RT-LAMP products were confirmed by digestion with Acc I restriction enzyme. Products amplified by RT-LAMP were visible to add SYBR Green I, suggesting that it can be used to detect CTV directly. 【Conclusion】The detection process can be speeded up by using RT-LAMP under routine conditions at low cost and high accuracy with simple facilities and can be used as an excellent method for CTV detection in both research institutions and rural areas.
    Development and Application of a Real-Time RT-PCR Approach for Quantification of CTV in Toxoptera citricida
    LI Ling-Di, ZHOU Chang-Yong, LI Zhong-An, TIAN Xiao, WANG Yong-Jiang, TANG Ke-Zhi, ZHOU Yan, LIU Jin-Xiang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  525-533.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.009
    Abstract ( 670 )   PDF (658KB) ( 772 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to develop a SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR assay to detect the Citrus tristeza virus in Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy). 【Method】A pair of primers HD-F/R were designed within highly conservative region of CP25, and the SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR detection system was established with optimized reaction condition. Analytical sensitivity and reproducibility were evaluated, respectively. Finally, the method was used to quantify CTV in single T. citricida. 【Result】The assay had a detection limit of 9.0 copies/μL and the sensitivity was 100 times higher than the conventional RT-PCR. The standard curve established by cRNA showed a fine linear relationship between threshold cycle and template concentration. The correlation coefficient of the standard curve was 0.998 and amplification efficiency was 104.7%. The variation coefficient of Ct value of diluted standard cRNA was less than 3.24%, indicating a good reproducibility. After 24 h acquisition access period, the estimate number of CTV targets in single T. citricida ranged from 2.5×103 to 1.24×106 copies. 【Conclusion】 The quantitative method was used for accurate determination of Citrus tristeza virus in T. citricida and could be a potential tool for studying the aphids-CTV-host interaction and CTV epidemiology.
    Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Meloidogyne enterolobii Directly from Infected Plants
    HE Xu-Feng, PENG Huan, DING Zhong, HE Wen-Ting, HUANG Wen-Kun, PENG De-Liang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  534-544.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.010
    Abstract ( 660 )   PDF (1368KB) ( 1140 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to establish a rapid diagnostic method for Meloidogyne enterolobii from the infected plants based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and to provide technical supports for monitoring and prevention of M. enterolobii. 【Method】 The LAMP specific primers were designed according to the distinction of ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences between M. enterolobii and other Meloidogyne spp.. The reaction conditions of LAMP, including the concentrations of Mg2+, dNTPs, betain and reaction times were optimized, and the specificity and sensitivity of the LAMP were testified. A rapid method for M. enterolobii from infected plants by LAMP was established on this basis. 【Result】 The optimum conditions for LAMP reaction could be carried out under the concentrations of 5.0 mmol•L-1 Mg2+ and 2.4 mmol•L-1 dNTPs, without betain and 45 minutes of reaction. The method developed in this paper was able to specifically detect M. enterolobii from 11 species of plant nematodes and to sensitivity detect DNA as low as 1/200000 nematode DNA. The sensitivity of LAMP reaction was 100 times higher than the conventional PCR method, which was capable of detecting M. enterolobii directly from the infected roots with 100% accuracy.【Conclusion】The rapid detection of M. enterolobii by LAMP assay targeted the ITS region of ribosomal DNA was built. The method is high specificity, sensitivity, and economic value, which makes it possible for quick and accurately detecting M. enterolobii from the infected plant tissue, and has higher actual application value.
    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Modeling the Effect of Rainfall and Irrigation on Nitrate Leaching and Crop Yield in Wheat-Maize Cropping System in North China Plain
    LI Gui-Hua, ZHANG Yan-Ping, HU Ke-Lin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  545-554.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.011
    Abstract ( 637 )   PDF (693KB) ( 1018 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objectives of the study are to quantify nitrate leaching and crop yield under different rainfall-year and irrigation methods and to provide information for improving farmer’ s practice under different types of rainfall-year. 【Method】Rainfall and irrigation is very important for water and nitrogen movement and crop yield in North China Plain. Therefore, 40-year (1966-2005) real climate data combined with the validated water and nitrogen management model were used to predict nitate leaching and crop yield under five irrigation methods, i.e. three times of irrigation (during winter, stem elongation and grain filling) in winter wheat season with amount of (A) no irrigation, (B) (50+50+50) mm, (C) (70+70+70) mm, (D) (90+90+90) mm,(E) (120+120+90) mm, and two times (seedling and milk-ripe stage) for summer maize with amount of (A′) no irrigation, (B′) (80+0) mm, (C′) (80+70) mm, (D′) (90+80) mm, (E′) (100+100) mm. 【Result】The simulated results showed that the grain yield increased with the enhancement of irrigation or rainfall during wheat season. About 87.2% of rainfall in all years was less than 200 mm, and the amount of nitrate leaching with irrigation method (D) was in the range of 0-30.9 kg N•hm-2. When rainfall was over 200 mm (12.8% of all years), irrigation method (C) was better as the level of nitrate leaching was low (0.06-41.2 kg N•hm-2) and crop yield was high. During summer maize season, crop yield also increased with the increase of rainfall until 600 mm. The irrigation methods (D’, C’ and B’) could be used based on the range of rainfall <250 mm (probability 17.9%), 250-450 mm (64.2% of all years) and >450 mm (17.9% of all years), respectively. The amount of nitrate leaching was in the range of 0-7.3 kg N•hm-2, 0-82.2 kg N•hm-2 (probability of N leaching belongs to grade I was 84.2%, and grade III was only 5.3%) and 0-61.6 kg N•hm-2 (probability of N leaching belongs to grade I was 86.8%, and grade III was only 2.6%), respectively. 【Conclusion】 Stochastic rainfall and its distribution in different seasons must be taken into farmer’s irrigation practices for keeping crop yields and mitigating N leaching in North China Plain. In normal-rainfall year, (D) and (C’) irrigation methods should be recommended in wheat and maize season, respectively.
    Changes in Weed Seed Bank Community of Agricultural Soils in Rice-Wheat Rotation Field Due to Long-Term Fertilization
    JIANG Min, SHEN Ming-Xing, SHI Lin-Lin, SHEN Xin-Ping, DAI Qi-Gen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  555-563.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.012
    Abstract ( 532 )   PDF (602KB) ( 863 )   Save
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    【Objective】Characterizing the long-term effect of fertilization on weed seed bank community will aid in developing sustainable weed management practices and promoting crop yield.【Method】Weed seed bank was measured within a long-term fertilization from 1980 in the Taihu Lake region. Inorganic fertilizer treatments were selected as follows: CK (no fertilizer), N (N fertilizer), NP (N plus P fertilizer), NK (N plus P fertilizer), PK (P plus K fertilizer) and NPK (N plus P and K fertilizers). Weed seed density and community surveys were conducted and bio-diversity indices including Simpson index, Shannon index, Richness index, Evenness index were also calculated, at the same time, redundancy analysis (RDA) and correlation analysis were executed to mining the relationship between fertilizer management and weed seed bank.【Result】Seed densities of Monochoriav aginalis, Lindernia procumbens, Ammannia baccifera, Polygonum lapathifolium, Eleocharis yokoscensis, and Cyperus were high and dominant in different treatments, these weeds did a lot of damage to the growth of crops. Most of the weed seed densities decreased when nitrogen fertilizer was applied, the density of E. yokoscensis decreased when phosphorus fertilizer was applied while the density of M. aginalis increased. The number of species and richness index of NPK treatment were the highest (P<0.05), but its evenness index, Shannon index and Simpson index were significantly lower than those of the other treatments.【Conclusion】Long-term fertilization had changed the weed seed bank community in local area. The seed density decreased significantly when nitrogen fertilizer was applied. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer had effects on the number of different weed species in the field.
    Correction of Kriging’s Smoothing Effect and Suitability of Selenium- Rich Tea Garden in Fenggang County of Guizhou Province
    DUAN Jian-Jun, LAI Fei, WANG Xiao-Li, ZHANG Chong-Yu, FENG Yue-Hua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  564-574.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.013
    Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (1490KB) ( 1101 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The smoothing effect of Ordinary Kriging, quantitative description and correction method, application of correction in selenium-rich tea garden suitable region in Fenggang county of Guizhou province were studied.【Method】Standard deviation and range smoothing rates were introduced to quantify smoothing effect. A quadratic regression equation based on minimum, average and maximum of measured values of sampling points and extracted values from interpolating surface to correct smoothing effect. And suitable region of selenium-rich tea garden by overlaying corrected surface was also done. 【Result】 The smoothing rates of range and standard deviation could describe the smoothing effect of Kriging in scope and variation of the data, respectively. The smoothing rates of range and standard deviation were 68.30% and 69.51% for pH and 65.33% and 60.00% for total Se. The smoothing rates of range and standard deviation were 0.00% and 6.10% for pH for corrected surface’s derived values and that were both 0.00% for total Se. The correction method developed in this paper could perfectly eliminate the smoothing effect, and ensure the unbiased estimate of the interpolation results. The suitable region of selenium-rich tea garden is 49.63 km2, which is 2.64% of the county, and which is mainly distributed in and around Tianba village, Yong’an town. 【Conclusion】The correct method developed this paper is simple, and the analyzed result of suitable region of selenium-rich tea garden based on the corrected Ordinary Kriging method is of good agreement with the actual situation.
    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang on Sensory Properties of Set Fermented Milk
    WANG Ji-Cheng, GUO Zhuang, QI Mu-Ge-Su-Du, ZHANG He-Ping, MENG He-Bi-Li-Ge
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  575-585.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.014
    Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (545KB) ( 766 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang on the sensory properties of set fermented milk.【Method】Probiotic L. casei Zhang was inoculated together with the S. thermophilus strains into pasteurized milk for fermentation. The fermentation was ended when the pH value of fermented milk reached 4.5. Then, sensory properties of the products were determined after storage at 4℃ for 1 d or 28 d.【Result】Sensory analysis showed that the score of glossiness, acetaldehyde, buttery, acceptance of flavor and odor attributes of the fermented milks produced by probiotic L. casei Zhang and S. thermophilus were higher than those produced by single starter culture. Meanwhile, the acceptance of flavor and odor attributes of all of the fermented milks decreased after 7 days, and the highest sensory score of the acceptance of texture and appearance attributes were observed after 14 days of refrigerated storage.【Conclusion】Probiotic L. casei Zhang could improve the overall sensory quality of fermented milk, meanwhile the storage time had effects on some sensory characteristics of fermented milk.
    Establishment and Test of Prediction Model for UHT Milk Shelf Life
    WANG Hui, SUN Qi, LIU Lu, ZHANG Shu-Wen, DUAN Yu-Quan, Lu Jia-Ping
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  586-594.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.015
    Abstract ( 602 )   PDF (619KB) ( 783 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to establish a forecasting model for predicting the shelf life of UHT milk. The model is based on somatic cell count, the number of psychrophilic bacteria, heat-stable protease activity of raw milk, preservation temperature of UHT milk and other indicators. 【Method】The quadratic orthogonal three-factor test and multiple linear stepwise regression method were used to design the experiment and to analyze the data. Boiling test and alcohol test are regarded as standard of shelf-life of UHT milk, and sensory score and determination of the degree of protein hydrolysis are regarded as a supplementary criterion. These methods were used to monitor variation of main quality of product, which were made of different qualities of raw milk by the UHT and deposited at different temperatures. 【Result】 Through the quadratic orthogonal rotatable design and analysis, SCC (X1), proteinase activity (X2) and temperature (X3) were used as independent variables, and the obtained equation is Y=53.94-3.46X1-6.56X2-3.52X3+0.89X12+2.67X22+0.19X32-2.75X1X2+1.50X1X3+2.0X2X3. The effect of three factors on shelf life was significant. Analysis of variance showed that the impact factors followed the order: X2(P=0.0002), X3(P=0.0160), X1(P=0.0173). Through multiple linear regression design, the obtained optimized model equation is Y=103.752+0.0297X1-0.0000597X2- 3.661X3-0.000316X5-0.469X6 (R=0.8870, R2=0.7867). 【Conclusion】 Equation can be used to forecast shelf life as the results of model tested and estimated successfully by t-test, F-test, D.W and MAPE, etc. The assessment standards of applicability of raw milk for UHT process was constructed.
    益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang对凝固型发酵乳质构和挥发性风味物质的影响
    QI Mu-Ge-Su-Du, GUO Zhuang, WANG Ji-Cheng, MENG He-Bi-Li-Ge, ZHANG He-Ping
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  595-605.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.016
    Abstract ( 570 )   PDF (788KB) ( 731 )   Save
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    【目的】评价益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang(L. casei Zhang)货架期内活菌数的变化及其对发酵乳物理特性和挥发性风味物质的影响。【方法】将2株 Streptococcus thermophilus(S. thermophilus)分别与益生菌L. casei Zhang复配发酵,发酵结束(pH 4.5)于4℃冷藏28 d,并对发酵乳各指标进行测定。【结果】4℃贮藏28 d时,发酵乳中益生菌L. casei Zhang活菌数没有显著性变化(P<0.05),且数量保持在108CFU/g以上;益生菌L. casei Zhang与S. thermophilus复配发酵有利于提高3-羟基-2-丁酮和己酸等挥发性风味物质的含量,同时短期贮藏过程中(1—7 d)可赋予产品较高的黏度、硬度、脆度、胶性和耐嚼性,随着贮藏时间的延长其对产品物理特性的影响随发酵用S. thermophilus菌株的不同而呈现不同的变化。【结论】4℃贮藏28 d过程中,益生菌L. casei Zhang具有非常好的稳定性,同时其与S. thermophilus复配发酵可赋予产品较好的质构和风味。
    Protective Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum C88 on H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Caco-2 Cells
    LI Sheng-Yu, LI Da, ZHAO Yu-Juan, ZHANG Xue, HUANG Li, ZHAO Yu-Jian, YANG Zhen-Nai
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  606-613.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.017
    Abstract ( 612 )   PDF (524KB) ( 694 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of L. plantarum C88 against H2O2 induced Caco-2 cell oxidative stress.【Method】In vitro methods simulating gastric and small intestine digestive processes, coupled with human colon carcinoma cells in oxidative stress, to hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 0.1 mmol•L-1 and 0.2 mmol•L-1 for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, are the valid tools to evaluate the antioxidant activity of L. plantarum C88. The free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant enzymes activitties in the cell culture supernatants and cell disruptions were measured.【Result】Compared with the oxidative stress group, L. plantarum C88 at 1011CFU/mL signi?cantly increased the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P<0.05) and the total antioxidation capacity (T-AOC) (P<0.05) in the cultured supernatants, the hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (P<0.05), the glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) (P<0.05) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the cell disruptions.【Conclusion】Results of the study suggested that L. plantarum C88 could protect the Caco-2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by renewing the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system.
    ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT
    Promoter Characterization of Sheep Dlx3 Gene and Association of Promoter Polymorphisms with Wool Quality Traits in Chinese Merino
    PEI Wen-Yu, YUN Jie, RONG En Guang, YANG Hua, WANG Zhi-Peng, WANG Shou-Zhi, LI Hui, WANG Ning
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  614-622.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.018
    Abstract ( 518 )   PDF (642KB) ( 627 )   Save
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    【Objective】Dlx3 gene is an important candidate gene for wool quality in sheep, but its function and transcriptional regulation are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to characterize sheep Dlx3 gene promoter and analyze the association of Dlx3 gene promoter polymorphisms with wool quality traits.【Method】 The 5′ flanking fragment of the sheep Dlx3 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned. Promoter activity was analyzed using the luciferase reporter gene system, and SNP was genotyped by PCR-RFLP. 【Result】Sequence analysis showed that the proximal promoter region of Dlx3 gene shared 23 transcription factor binding sites and a CpG island among human, mouse and sheep. Promoter activity analysis showed that sheep Dlx3 gene promoter was active in sheep embryonic fibroblasts. Promoter truncation mutation analysis showed that the -1 551 to -1 108 and -1 108 to -707 promoter regions had stronger promoter activity in vitro. Association analysis showed that SNP (G-1166A) was significantly associated with wool crimp.【Conclusion】Dlx3 gene promoter is active in sheep embryonic fibroblasts, and its proximal promoter region, not the distal promoter region, is conserved among human, mouse and sheep. The distal promoter region of Dlx3 gene has stronger promoter activity. The G-1166A is a potential marker of wool crimp for molecular marker-assisted selection in sheep.
    Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship Among Five Pony Populations of China
    XU Long-Xin, YANG Sheng-Lin, LI Ai-Ping, NIE Yu-Li, YANG Hai-Bing, DAI Yan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  623-629.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.019
    Abstract ( 551 )   PDF (649KB) ( 688 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In order to provide date and scientific basis for utilization and protection of biodiversity, diversity and phylogenetic relationships of five pony populations, 136 samples were studied. 【Method】 The PCR amplification and sequencing of mtDNA Cytb gene, the date analyzsis ways of biologic informatics were used. 【Result】 A total of 27 haplotypes were detected, and 40 polymorphic loci which account for 3.51% of the analyzed sites were found. The Yunnan and Guizhou populations had the highest haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.869) and nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.0435), respectively, whereas the Yuexi and Ningqiang populations had the lowest respectively, but not far from each population. Each branch of the phylogenetic tree and NETwork results all had the information of five pony populations.【Conclusion】The five pony populations had higher genetic diversity in all, the Yunnan, Guizhou and Debao ponies had relatively higher genetic diversity, but Yuexi and Nongqiang pony were low. the phylogenetic research suggested that extensive gene flow exists among the five pony populations, and this study has provided evidence for Chinese ponies having multiple maternal origins.
    mRNA Expression Level and Promoter Methylation of DDX4 Gene in Testes of Yak and Cattle-Yak
    ZHOU Yang, LUO Hua, LI Bo-Jiang, JIA Chao, XIE Zhuang, ZHAO Xing-Bo, ZHONG Jin-Cheng, LI Qi-Fa
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  630-638.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.020
    Abstract ( 732 )   PDF (872KB) ( 787 )   Save
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    【Objective】The study was aimed to investigate the expression levels and promoter methylation status of DDX4 gene in the testes of yak and cattle-yak. 【Method】Real-time PCR was employed to examine the expression levels in the testes of yak and cattle-yak. Clone sequencing was applied to acquire the promoter sequences of DDX4 gene of yak. The promoter methylation status of DDX4 gene in the testes of yak and cattle-yak was analyzed by using sodium bisulfite sequencing.【Result】The mRNA expression level of DDX4 gene in the testis of yak was significantly higher than that of cattle-yak (P<0.01). The length of the promoter sequences of the DDX4 gene was 1 370 bp, which included a core promoter (251 bp) and a CpG island (918 bp). The promoter methylation level of DDX4 gene in the testes of cattle-yaks (86.5%) was significantly higher than that in yak (67.0%) (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】Results of the study showed that the testicular expression level of DDX4 might be involved in cattle-yak male sterility, and the promoter hypermethylation was correlated to the lower expression of DDX4 in the testes of cattle-yak.
    Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Full-Length cDNA of H-FABP Gene in Lanzhou Fat-Tailed Sheep
    XU Hong-Wei, BAI Jia-Lin, FENG Yu-Lan, CAO Xin, CAI Yong, JIN Fang-Yuan, DA Xiao-Qiang, YANG Ju-Tian, ZANG Rong-Xin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  639-646.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.021
    Abstract ( 538 )   PDF (967KB) ( 737 )   Save
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    【Objective】To clone the full length cDNA of heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene in Lanzhou fat-tailed sheep for providing a theoretical basis to study its biological function and application in sheep. 【Method】 The 5′- and 3′- gene specific primers were designed according to the alignment of known cDNA sequences of H-FABP from mammals. Technique of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was employed to clone the full length cDNA of H-FABP gene in Lanzhou fat-tailed sheep. 【Results】 About 425 bp 5′-RACE cDNA and 231 bp 3′-RACE cDNA was obtained by 5′-RACE and 3′-RACE, respectively, using skeletal muscle RNA transcribed cDNA as template. Nest PCR was performed to clone 177 bp intermediate fragment. The full length cDNA of 748 bp H-FABP gene was spliced (GenBank Accession Number JQ780322). The open reading frame of sheep H-FABP gene is 402 bp in length, encoding a mature protein H-FABP of 133 amino acids and a resulting Mr=14 761. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H-FABP gene in Lanzhou fat-tailed sheep is more close to goat, Capra hircus. Alignment comparison indicated that nucleotide homology of H-FABP gene in sheep is more similar with mammals. However, the base transition from T to G in sixty-six of nucleotide sequence leading to the change from asparagines (N) to lysine (K) in twenty-second of amino acid sequence, which is different from other species. It is predicted that tertiary structure of H-FABP protein is very similar to H-FABP of C. hircus, having 2 α-helix, 10 antiparallel β-pleated sheets that form barrel. 【Conclusion】The full length cDNA of 748 bp H-FABP gene was first to be cloned by RACE. This finding may provide basic data for further studying the role of H-FABP gene in sheep.
    RESEARCH NOTES
    Effects of Deep Rotary-Subsoiling Tillage Method on Brown Physical Properties and Maize Growth in Northeast of China
    LI Hua, PANG Huan-Cheng, REN Tian-Zhi, LI Yi-Bing, WANG Ren, NIU Shi-Wei, AN Jing-Wen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(3):  647-656.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.022
    Abstract ( 611 )   PDF (684KB) ( 1005 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The feasibility of deep rotary-subsoiling tillage method in maize production was explored in northeast of China.【Method】The designed six tillage treatments were rotary tillage (R), subsoiling tillage (S), deep rotary-subsoiling 30 cm (DRS30), deep rotary-subsoiling 50 cm (DRS50), deep rotary-subsoiling 30 cm+plastic film mulching (DRS30P), deep rotary-subsoiling 50 cm+plastic film mulching (DRS50P). The effects of different tillage methods on some soil physical properties, maize root, spring maize growth and crop yield were measured in Changtu county of Liaoning province. R and S were set as the control.【Result】Deep rotary-subsoiling treatments could effectively break plow pan, significantly improved some soil physical properties. The soil bulk density of deep rotary-subsoiling treatments were lower than that of the control (including R and S). DRS50P treatment was the lowest and R treatment was the highest among treatments. Soil temperature and soil water content were higher in DRS50P and DRS30P treatments than other treatments. DRS50 and DRS30 treatments showed the lowest levels in soil water content at seedling stage, DRS50 and DRS30 were the higher than the control at other stages. Some soil physical properties in DRS50P and DRS30P, DRS50 and DRS30 treatments showed significant differences. Deep rotary-subsoiling treatments promoted the growth of maize root system. At jointing and milky stages, DRS50P and DRS30P treatments gained the highest amount of root number, root length, root volume and root shoot ratio, followed by DRS50 and DRS30 treatments. R treatment showed the lowest levels in the above parameters. At maturity stage, root length and root number in DRS50P and DRS30P treatments were the highest, root volume and root shoot ratio were the lower than other treatments. The differences of plant traits in DRS50P and DRS30P, DRS50 and DRS30 treatments were little. Deep rotary-subsoiling treatments promoted maize growth and development of shoot, and increased the yield of grain. DRS50P and DRS30P treatments evidently increased ear length, ear diameter, kernels per row and hundred-kernel weight. DRS50P treatment had the highest grain yield of 12 137.4 kg•hm-2, and grain yield of DRS30P treatment ranked the second places of 11 929.2 kg•hm-2. The differences between DRS50P and DRS30P showed no significant, but were significantly higher than that of other treatments. DRS50P and DRS30P treatments respectively increased yield by 23.0% and 20.8% than R treatment, by 14.1% and 12.1% than S treatment. 【Conclusion】In consideration of the comprehensive operation cost and power consumption, the DRS30P seems worth promoting.