Table of Content

10 June 2007, Volume 40 Issue 6

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES

The Genetic Differentiation of Dongxiang Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and Its Implications for In-Situ Conservation

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1085-1093 . 

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Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon, Griff.) distributes at 28ì14N in Dongxiang County, Jiangxi Province, where is recognized to be the northernmost habitats for O. rufipogon populations in China, as well as in the World. Nine populations with total 3 hm2 distribution area were found in Dongxiang County during 1970s. However, due to expanding agricultural activities, only 2 populations named Anjiashan and Shuitaoshu were remained at present. To study the genetic diversity of the populations, 30 pairs of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) primers were used to amplify the selected samples and POPGENE ver1.31 statistic software was applied to cluster the SSR data. The results indicated that the genetic diversity indices within and between populations were 0.4120 (HS) and 0.0564 (DST) respectively，and the coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) was 0.1219, meaning that the genetic variability between populations was low. The cluster analysis also showed that Shuitaoshu population is one branch of Anjiashan population, inferring that the two natural populations were once from a large population. For Anjiashan population, 3 sub-populations were formed because of the construction of the in-situ facilities (brick walls) in 1985. The same methods were also applied to analyze the genetic diversity of the sub-populations in Anjiashan population. The results showed that the coefficient of genetic differentiation (GST) was only 0.0975, the sub-populations still belonged to the same population but gene differentiation actually happened. Though the brick walls have played significant roles for the conservation of wild rice in Dongxiang, it caused the genetic differentiation among 3 sub-populations. Therefore, two aspects should be considered during designing in-situ conservation strategies for Dongxiang wild rice: (i) Anjiashan population should be effectively conserved first, and (ii) the brick wall built in 1985 should be removed and the original ecosystem should be recovered for Anjiashan population.

Breeding of Near-isogenic Line CBB30 and Molecular Mapping of Xa30(t)，a New Resistance Gene to Bacterial Blight in Rice

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1094-1100 . 

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Abstract： Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most serious diseases in rice. Host resistance is thought to be a sound approach to control BB. A new bacterial blight resistance germplasm (Y238) was identified from the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon and the resistance locus was transferred to the susceptible Indica rice variety JG30 by cross, backcross and self-cross to BC6F3 generation. The resistance locus was tentatively designated as Xa30（t）. A BC6F2 population was used for molecular mapping of Xa30（t）. Inoculation test of the BC6F2 population at adult stage with the Philippine strain PXO99 of Xoo showed that the segregation ratio between resistant and susceptible plants was 3:1, indicating that a dominant locus controls the resistance. Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) was adopted to survey 343 PCR-based SSR, EST and STS molecular markers located on the twelve rice chromosomes and results showed that four markers, RM1341, V88, C189 and 03STS, displayed polymorphism between the susceptible-pool and resistance-pool. By analyzing the 303 individuals of the BC6F2 population with the mentioned four markers together with their resistance phenotypes, the gene Xa30（t）was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11. Linkage analysis revealed that RM1341, V88, C189 and 03STS located on the same side of Xa30（t）, with genetic distances of 11.4cM, 11.4cM , 4.4 cM and 2.0 cM respectively.

Isolation and Characterization of NPR1 homolog Gene TiNH1 in Thinopyrum intermedium

Zeng-yan ZHANG

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1101-1107 . 

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Drought resistant evaluations of commonly used parents and their derived varieties

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1108-1117 . 

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With the established physiological evaluation techniques for drought resistance, thirty-eight commonly used parents and their derived varieties of sugarcane were classified into three groups by cluster and discriminate analysis. Guitang 11 with highly resistance to drought can derive drought-resistance cultivars such as YunZhe 89-351 and Guitang 89-5. The drought resistance in the derived varieties from CP72-1210 and ROC1 with moderate resistance will be dependent on another parent, Yuetang 93-159, Funong95-1702 and Funong 91-4621 derived from the other drought resistant parents (Yuenong 73-204 and Zhan74-141) performed to be resistant to drought, Funong 91-4710 and Funong 94-0403 derived from the water susceptible parents (Ke 5 and Mintang 69-243) to be lowly resistant to drought. The water susceptible parents Xuan 15 and its derived varieties Mintang 88-103 and Mintang 92-505 were all sensitive to water stress, Two Miscanthus clones, Funong 81-745, Ya73-512 and Ya90-33 were resistant to water stress.

Construction of a Brassica napus L. linkage map using SRAP, SSR and AFLP markers

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1118-1126 . 

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A genetic linkage map of Brassica napus was constructed using 143 SSR, 118 AFLP, and 137 SRAP markers based on an F2 population of 184 individuals, which was developed by crossing “SI-1300” and “Eagle”. These markers were aligned in 21 linkage groups (LGs), and the map covered 1949.8 cM with an average marker interval of 4.9 cM. The public microsatellites (SSR markers) contributed to establish the links between the map of Parkin et al. and ours. Our results showed that most of LGs were aligned with the standard map except LG 20 and LG 21，and the distribution of markers on all LGs were uniform except N7 based on the analysis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. However, the distorted markers were mainly cluster in LGs, and eight segregation distortion regions on seven LGs were detected. In addition, the results showed that SRAP markers may be a better type of markers than AFLP in map construction. In conclusion, according to the analysis of the marker distribution on LG, the map coverage and the marker density, the linkage map constructed in this study was of enough quality .Threrefore, this map will be a fine platform for the location of QTLs, studies on heterosis, and using the information of others.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Spatial Distribution of Leaf N Content and Spad Value and Dselectioon of Suitable Leaf for N Diagnosis with SPAD-502 in Rice

GangHua Li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1127-1134 . 

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Abstract: 【Objective】 Investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of leaf nitrogen (N) and SPAD value, and determine the best leaf position for N diagnosis in rice with SPAD meter. 【Method】Based on the rice pot experiment involving five varieties (four were Japonica, one was Indica) and two N treatments and field experiment with different N treatments, the spatial differences of N and Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) in the four upper fully expanded leaves and their relationships with whole leaf and plant N concentration were investigated. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation (CV) of SPAD values at different leaf position was also compared. 【Result】Leaf N/ Chlorophyll content and SPAD value at different leaf position differed obviously, increasing N rates increased leaf N, chlorophyll content and SPAD value, and decreased the difference between different leaves. The fourth and third leaf from the top were more sensitive to N than the upper two leaves. The SPAD value of the third leaf from the top was most correlated with whole leaf and plant N concentration among the top four leaves at all growth stages. While the CV of SPAD value of the third leaf from the top was smallest at fore-and-aft spike differentiation under optimal N level. 【Conclusion】The third leaf from the top was the most ideal indicator when using SPAD value or leaf color difference to diagnose N status and make N fertilization recommendation at panicle initiation stage in rice.

Genetics of Grain Filling Rate in Different Growth Stages of Superior and Inferior Grains in Rice

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1135-1141 . 

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Zhu`s genetic model of endosperm characters and statistical approaches of conditional genetic variances were used to analyze the genetic regulations of grain-filling rate for inferior and superior grains of rice including three NPT sterile lines and two restoring lines with NC-Ⅱdesign. The results showed that for the superior grains, VG was the main variance component, highest in the early stage. Endosperm effect was the major form in the early stage, and cytoplasmic and maternal effects were more important in the middle and late stages. The active time for each conditional variance component was VA（t∣t-1）in the early and middle stages, VC（t∣t-1） in the middle and late stages , VAm（t∣t-1） in the whole filling stage and VDm（t∣t-1） mainly in the early stage. For the inferior grains, only in the middle stage VG was more than VGE, and the main variance component was also from endosperm variances. This result indicated that the inferior grains were more likely to be influenced by environments. The expressing characters of gene effects were? VD（t∣t-1） and VAm（t∣t-1））expressing significantly in the early stage and VAm（t∣t-1） being more important; VAm（t∣t-1） being less than VAmE（t∣t-1）. In the middle stage , VA（t∣t-1）became the most important variance and VAm（t∣t-1）was the second. In the late stage VCE（t∣t-1）became the main variance component. The results between conditional variance analysis and variances analysis of inferior grains were conflicting.

Damaged Starch and It’s Relationship with Wheat Flour Whiteness and Quality

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1142-1149 . 

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The damaged starch has great effect on wheat flour whiteness and its quality. But most of the high whiteness wheat varieties are soft wheat; few are medium and hard wheat. It based the research on the 56 wheat varieties cultivated in Huanghuai winter wheat zone, the results showed: the damaged starch was significantly positively related with protein content, Farinograph water absorption (r=0.497, 0.684), and positively correlated with glutenin swelling index, Farinograph development time and volorimeter value (r=0.309, 0.310, 0.286), but negatively related with flour whiteness (r=0.673). Through the multiple digressions analysis, the damaged starch has great contribution to dough water absorption, glutenin swelling index and volorimeter value. For the dough water absorption, the protein content, damaged starch content, and insoluble glutenin content are very important. With the GGEbiplot software, it selected the varieties such as Mianyang 26, Gaoyou 511, Xiza 5, Xinong 88, Zhengmai 002, Xinong 2611, Xinong 1718, Yigao 1, Shaannong 757, which can be used as the high whiteness wheat varieties for breeding, and also they can be served as the good quality wheat materials for industry processing.

Analysis on the photosynthesis and volatile components from the leaves of different Houttuyniae chemotypes at different growth stages

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1150-1158 . 

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The diurnal variation of photosynthesis for the leaves of two different Houttuyniae chemotypes at different growth stages had been studied under the natural conditions, as well as their volatile chemical constituents were separated and identified by GC-MS. The results were as follows: The curve of diurnal variations of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) tended to be typical “single peak” type at seedling stage and “double peak” type at flowering stage. Tr diurnal variation curve of both stage s were “single peak” type. The numbers of chemical constituent were much more in Myrcene chemotype’s and at seedling stage than those in Decanal chemotype’s at flowering stage, respectively. However, the total contents of common and major chemical constituent were lower in Myrcene chemotype’s and at seedling stage than those in Decanal chemotype’s at flowering stage, respectively. Furthermore, there were extremely significant differences among some major chemical constituents in different accessions at different growth stages. In conclusion, different Houttuyniae chemotypes at different growth stages showed certain differences on photosynthesis and volatile chemical constituents. The result also indicated that there were no significant difference between Houttuynia emeiensis and Houttuynia cordata in both photosynthesis and their volatile chemical constituents.

PLANT PROTECTION

Comparative analysis of activation of nitric oxide generation and induction of defense gene expression by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and X. oryzae pv. oryzae of rice suspension-cultured cells

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1159-1165 . 

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Abstract：【Objective】To elucidate a key role for nitric oxide (NO) played during rice-Xanthomonas spp interactions by triggering hypersensitive cell death (HCD) and inducing defense genes.【Method】NO production and defense gene expression in rice suspension-cultured cells was compared after inoculations with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a non-host bacterial pathogen and X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen of rice. 【Result】NO burst, activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), expression of NO synthesis-related genes (nos and nr) and defense-related genes (pal, pox and gst) was found to be significantly induced by Xcv, not by Xoo. Application of NO scavenger PTIO or co-inoculation of Xcv with Xoo resulted in the significant suppression of Xcv-induced gene expression.【Conclusion】Xcv induces defense gene expression and HCD of rice suspension cultures through a NO-dependent signal pathway, whereas Xoo inhibits NO-mediated defense gene expression and HCD by suppressing NO production and detoxifying NO.

Cloning of a gene encoding elicitin from Phytophthora capsici and bioacitivity of prokaryotic expression of the gene

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1166-1173 . 

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Elicitin is an extracellular elicitor protein form Phytophthora species induced hypersensitive response in the genus Nicotiana. A cDNA with length of 357 bp encoding capsicin, was amplified from Phytophthora capsici by reverse transcript PCR (RT-PCR) based on high homology of elicitin genes from various Phytophthora spp. The gene codes a predicted 118 amino acids protein containing a 20-amino acid signal peptide of that is processed before secretion and with a calculated pI of 4.2. By compared with published 14 elicitin sequences of Phytophthhora spp in Genbank, capsicin belongs to α-elicitin. Southern blot analysis indicated that capsicin genes occur at least two copies in P. capsici. Bacterial expression of the cloned elicitin gene as translational funsion protein yielded a biologically active protein capable of inducing a hypersensitive response in wile-type tobacco, suggesting that Phytophthora-specific posttranslational modifications of elicitin are not required for its activity. The elicitor induced HR of a consistent shape and size on tobacco plants expressing the bacterial gene nahG. Salicylate hydroxylase is encodec by nahG and inactivates SA by converting it into catechol. The mutant NahG does not accumulate SA. HR appears to be mediated by a SA-independent signaling pathway. And elicitin treatment resulted in enhanced resistance of wild-type tobacco plants to infection by black shank fungus, P. nicotianae, and TMV. And the capsicin could induce expression of an SAR marker gene encoding PR-1a was suppressed in NahG plants. These results indicate that SA mediates SAR but not HR in tobacco treated with capsicin. During plant-elicitor interactions, HR and SAR may be regulated by distinct signal pathways, or SA may function as an intermediate signal upstream of SAR but downstream of HR, and HR may not be a direct defense mechanism against pathogen infection.

Study on the Species and Dynamics Evolution of INA Bacterial Population in Apricot trees in Beijing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1174-1180 . 

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【Objective】 Investigating the species of ice nucleation active bacteria (INA bacteria) and their distribution and dynamics evolution throughout the whole year plays an important role in preventing from or alleviating late frost damage on the yield in apricot. 【Method】 The species of INA bacteria and their distribution were studied on 27 apricot cultivars of Prunus armeniaca and on P. ansu while dynamics evolution throughout the whole year was investigate on ‘Yubada’ in an orchard in Haidian District. The species of INA bacteria were identified based their morphological characteristic and physiological and bio-chemical response, and the ice nucleation activity was determined based on Vali method. 【Result and conclusion】Twenty-two strains of INA bacteria, isolated from apricot trees in Beijing, were identified as three species belonging to two genera：10 strains of Pseudomonas syringae.pv.syringae，9 strains of Pantoea agglomerans，3 strains of Pantoea ananas pv.uredovora, accounting for 45.5%，40.9%，13.6% of total amount，respectively. P. agglomerans was first discovered as a kind of INA bacteria on apricot trees. The distribution and frequency of INA bacteria varied with geographic position, ecological conditions, and organs of apricots. There were three peaks of INA bacteria population throughout the year during flowering (end of March to beginning of April)，rapid fruit growth (May to beginning of June) and early stage of overwintering in December.

Effects of insect-resistant cry1Ac/sck transgenic rice on the key non-target pests in paddy fields and evaluating the ecological safety

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1181-1189 . 

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【Objective】To study the effects of resistant –insects transgenic rice on the key non-target pests in paddy fields. 【Method】The effects of three rice lines (MSA, MSB and MSA4) and three hybrid rice lines (21S/MSB, II-32A/MSB and KF6-304) of transgenic rice with a fused double genes of cry1Ac and sck (cry1Ac/sck rice) on the key non-target pests in paddy fields were investigated and the ecological safety of these cry1Ac/sck rice were evaluated in Sha County, Fujian Province in 2002 and in Xiangtan County, Huana Province in 2003, 2004, respectively.【Result】The significant differences in the fecundity of white back planthopper, Sogatella urcifera were not found between cry1Ac/sck rice MSA、MSB、21S/MSB、II-32A/MSB plots and their control, furthermore, both MSA4 and KF6-304 significant decreased the fecundity of S. urcifera during seedling. Whereas all six cry1Ac/sck rice lines sometimes increased or decreased the number of individuals of S. urcifera and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in the temporal dynamic, in most cases, there were no significant differences between cry1Ac/sck rice plots and their controls, and the situations in total quantity were similar. Both 21S/MSB and II-32A/MSB stimulated the populations of leafhoppers, however, there were no significant differences between other cry1Ac/sck rice plots and their controls and only a lower total quantity of leafhoppers in paddy fields. MSA and MSB showed high resistance to Pachydiplosis oryzae and decreased the number of shallot tracts and rate of rice clusters with shallot tracts at mid-stage of rice growth whereas these two cry1Ac/sck rice plots have the trends to increase the number of shallot tracts in null ramifications of rice before harvesing.【Result】 The results suggest that cry1Ac/sck rice lines, MSA, MSB, MSA4, 21S/MSB, II-32A/MSB and KF6-304 have not significant negative effects on key non-target pests in paddy fields.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION

Prescription Map Generation System of Precision Agriculture Based on Knowledge Model and WebGIS

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1190-1197 . 

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According to the result of soil sampling and test, soil properties map can be achieved by interpolation. After that, a prescription map can be generated to conduct variable-rate fertilization. This process is the core of precision agriculture. It can not only save fertilizer, but also improve economic and environment benefit. The system which is based on Geography Information System (GIS) can: 1) interpolate soil properties map by Kriging method; 2) integrate yield, meteorological data and soil data into a database; 3) couple GIS with knowledge model, such as crop potential productivity and balanced fertilization model; 4) generate prescription map and transmit by Web. The study constructs the basic frame and process flow of precision agriculture based on knowledge model and WebGIS, improves the rationality and reliability of prescription map, implement to generate and release a prescription by Web, and make it easy to achieve a prescription map.

Effects of Alteration for Cropping System in Paddy field on Crops Growth and Soil Nutrient Content

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1198-1205 . 

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【Objective】 This paper was to explore the effects of cropping system in paddy field of red soil on the crops growth and soil nutrient change, and to provide with effective mode for cropping system reform under bad irrigation condition. 【Method】Through located field experiments, effects of different cropping systems of paddy soil including Pasture, Paddy-Upland Rotation, Upland Cropping et al on crop growth, yield and economic benefit was studied, and the change of soil organic matter and nutrient content was investigated.【Results】The results showed that crop yield and economic benefit were all increased as well as the ratio of output/ input according to the calculation with different crops’ price in present market. The yield under Paddy-Upland Rotation was increased by 51.3%, 31.7%, 16.3% respectively, comparing to that of control (Rice-Rice-Astragali), Pasture, Upland Cropping treatments. The greatest economic benefit occurred under Paddy-Upland Rotation, whose yield was increased by 34.7%、21.4% and 2.2% comparing to that of that of control (Rice-Rice- Astragali), Pasture, Upland Cropping treatments. Comparing to that of control, the economic benefit under Pasture, Upland Cropping treatments was increased by 11.0% and 31.8% respectively. The ratio of output/input under Pasture, Paddy-Upland Rotation, Upland Cropping treatments was enhanced 0.9, 0.6 and 0.3, repectively, when compared with that of control. It is good to plant pasture for improving soil fertility since soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus were all increased. However, the content of available nitrogen, total potassium, available potassium was reduced in certain degree for all the treatments, which indicated that it is necessary to increase nitrogen, especially potassium input under this field experiment fertilization level. 【Conclusion】Under the status of present paddy fertility of red soil regions, climate and crops cultivation and management, it is feasible to alter the cropping system of paddy fields with bad irrigation condition. In order to increase crops yield, to obtain considerable economic benefit, and to better regulate agricultural structure, it is suggested that to adopt such cropping system as Pasture and Paddy-Upland Rotation.

Effects of Plastic-film Mulching and Nitrogen Application on Forage Maize In Agriculture–animal Husbandry Ecotone of North China

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1206-1213 . 

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Abstract: 【Objective】To counter the actual problem of forage shortage and bad quality existed in agriculture–animal husbandry ecotone of North China, the research was done in order to produce the forage that was economized water, high yield and quality through plastic-film mulching and nitrogen application on productive forage Maize; 【Method】Field experiment combining with laboratory experimental estimation and analysis; 【Result】By plastic-film mulching the maize biomass was increased by 23.8%, and simultaneity the nutritive matter capacity was improved effectively; Plastic-film mulching remodeled the maize field water consumption scheduling law, and increased the water use efficiency; nitrogen application promoted to co-improve the forage maize biomass and nutritive quality, and that the increase ratio of nutritive matter (percentage and yield) was double by biomass. Nitrogen application 200 kg·hm-2 in the field without film mulching and 300 kg·hm-2 in the field with film was the most seemly to ensure forage maize high yield and quality, and to keep the available nitrogen in the soil balance; 【Conclusion】Plastic-film mulching and nitrogen application is a effective technique that it can produce forage with high yield and quality, relieve the contradiction between animal and forage, and improve ecology recovery and economy development of the region.

The effect of agricultural land use on the quality of shallow groundwater in karst rocky desertification area

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1214-1221 . 

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This paper focused on the changes of chemical composition of shallow groundwater in the process of agricultural land use and its the effect on the quality of shallow groundwater by investing the soils and sampling groundwater and runoff in karst rocky desertification areas of Guizhou province. The results showed that under the order of ecological pattern from forest ecological system, forest-agriculture ecological system, dry farming ecological system to complex agriculture ecological system, the contents of HCO3−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+ , Na+, K+, NO3−, Cl−, NH4+, PO43−, Pb in the groundwater of karst rocky desertification areas were significantly taken place to change, which the contents of NH4+, Pb, Cd were obviously increased in the regions with lower index of planting crops and the contents of SO42− , NO3−, NH4+, Pb, Cd , Cr were丂significantly enhanced in the regions with higher index of planting crops so to impact on the quality of groundwater. In the process of agricultural land use, the mainly factors of impacting on the quality of groundwater were the structures of planting crops and fertilizing level in those areas, which with increasing of planting crop index and fertilizing levels, the quantities of NO3−, PO43− from agricultural soil to water body were obviously enhanced so to potentially effect on the quality of groundwater. Thus, developing agricultural productions must pay attention to protect groundwater resource in karst areas.

HORTICULTURE

Changes of Aroma Components in‘Hongdeng’Sweet Cherry

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1222-1228 . 

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【Objective】The aroma components have an important effect on fruit quality, this article is to study the changes of aroma components in sweet cherry during fruit development. 【Method】The aroma components present in sweet cherry fruit during four different developmental stages were collected using head-space solid phase microextraction(HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatograph-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The four stages include green stage, color stage ,commercial stage, and ripe stage. 【Result】The aromatic components behaved differently during the fruit developmental period. Aldehydes, alcohols and esters were the major constituents in the sample extracts. A total 20 compounds were identified in the mature green stage, 27 from commercial stage, 27 from color stage and 27 from tree ripe stage respectly. C6 aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes are the main aldehydes in the sweet cherry fruit, the maximum of C6 aldehydes were found at color stage, and decrease as ripening proceeded, but still remain high concentration at commercial stage and ripe stage. The aromatic aldehydes (Benzaldehyde) increase as ripening proceeded, and the maximum was found at ripe stage. Alcohols of sweet cherry fruit include C5, C6 alcohols, aromatic alcohols and alcohols. C5 alcohol(1-Pentanol) increase as ripening proceeded; the maximum of (E)- 2-Hexen-1-ol were found at commercial stage, but decreased at ripe stage. Benzyl Alcohol increase as ripening proceeded, but the presence of phenylethyl alcohol was not detectable until the commercial stage. Alcohol was only found at ripe stage. Some esters were also found such as Ethyl Acetate, Butanoic acid, ethyl este, Hexanoic acid, ethyl ester, which increased as fruit ripened.【Conclusion】The aroma component of the sweet cherry started to form drastically at color stage, and the main aroma has been formed at commercial stage, then turn bad at ripe stage, which provides a theoretical basis for the sweet cherry timing harvest.

Simulation of Development and Growth of Greenhouse Single Flower Cut Chrysanthemum I. Simulation of Development and Prediction of Harvest Date

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1229-1235 . 

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【OBJECTIVE】In order to optimize the climate control for greenhouse cut chrysanthemum production, a simulation model for predicting single flower cut chrysanthemum development and harvest date was developed. 【METHOD】 Based on the effects of temperature and radiation on chrysanthemum development, the concept of physiological accumulated product of thermal effectiveness and PAR (PTEP) is proposed and used to predict cut chrysanthemum development stages. Experiments with different varieties, cutting dates and plant densities were carried out in greenhouses to collect data to develop and validate the model. 【RESULTS】The results show that the simulated results agree well with the observed ones. Based on the 1:1 line, the root mean squared error (RMSE) from cutting to planting, short-day, bud showing and harvest stage were, respectively, 2.27, 2.92, 1.22 and 3.19 days. Compared with the model based on the Growth Degree Days (GDD), the prediction accuracy of the model developed in this study is significantly higher than that of the GDD based model (RMSE is 3.00、12.54、12.50 and 15.58 days, respectively, from cutting to planting, short-day, bud showing and harvest stages). 【CONCLUSION】 It can be concluded that the model developed in this study can give satisfactory prediction of single flower cut chrysanthemum development and harvest date and can be used for decision making for the optimization of the climate control for greenhouse cut chrysanthemum production

Assessment of Genetic relationships of Tagetes inbred lines using ISSR markers and morphological traits

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1236-1241 . 

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【Objective】Assessment of genetic distance of the parents was essential work to ensure the heterosis of F1 seeds. In order to select the right lines for crossing of Tagetes plant, 【Method】the genetic relationship of 18 inbred lines of Tagetes was analyzed with ISSR markers and morphological traits. 【Result】With 10 ISSR primers, 138 polymorphic loci were detected out of 145 loci in total. Although the results obtained by ISSR and morphological traits were generally similar, there were some differences. 【Conclusion】ISSR markers could provide genetic basis for select inbred lines as crossing parents of Tagetes according to the genetic distances.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT

The Effect of Supplementation With Vegetable Oilseed On Bovine Milk-fatty acids

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1248-1253 . 

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[Object] This study was conducted to research the effects of dietary supplementation with vegetable oilseeds on bovine milk quality. [Method] Forty Chinese holstein dairy cows were arranged following treatments ( eg. control, and whole full fat soybean, mix-oilseeds with whole cottonseed and soybean and expand soybean, D expand soybean) with a factor completely randomized block, and what change do the fatty acids improve in bovine milk. [Result] CLA percent is the highest in the expand soybean group(P＜0.05). The fatty acids content of high inductive cholesterol disease was decreased with oilseeds supplementation(P＜0.05).[Conclusion] Bovine milk quality was improved with oilseed supplementation, and △9-desatuase activity is relative to ratio of c9t11CLA and t11C18:1 than others.

The Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Chicken Lmbr1 Intron with Chicken Polydactyl

Yanqun Huang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1254-1259 . 

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【OBJECTIVE】Lmbr1 is the key candidate gene underlying human and mouse preaxial polydactyly(PPD), the mapping result of chicken polydactyl and comparative genomic analysis of polydacytlous traits among other species shows that lmbr1 should be the potential critical candidate gene of chicken PPD;【METHOD】Here we conduct the cloning of chicken lmbr1 intron 13, the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms(SNPs) analysis, the sequence conservation among several species ,the halpotype distribution and the association of gene polymorphisms with toe phenotype with direct sequencing and PCR-SSCP methods in resource population established by polydactlous silkies and four-toed White Plymouth Rock broiler ;【RESULTS】4 SNPs were detected from Silkies and White Plymouth Rock from these region；and it was found that PCR-SSCP genotypes of intron 13 were significantly associated with chicken toe phenotype;【CONCLUSION】 it shows that the variations of lmbr1 intron 13 were tightly linked with the special site underlying chicken polydactlous mutant ,which means that lmbr1 should be the key candidate gene of chicken polydactyl, so the next step work should be to further detect the gene polymorphisms in whole genomic level of lmbr1 and its surrounding genes .

The Effect Of Maternal Undernutrition During Late Pregnancy On Ovine Fetal Growth And Development

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1260-1264 . 

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This study investigated the effect of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the fetal growth. 100 mongolia ewes allocated to three groups，which were oestrus at scheduled time and become pregnant, were given 0.175 MJME/kgw-0.75d -1 (Restricted Group 1 ;R1), 0.33 MJME/kgw-0.75d-1(Restricted Group 2;R2), and voluntary intake（control group ;CG） respectively during late pregnancy (90-150 d). The results indicated that during feed restriction period(late pregnancy) maternal undernutrition have significant effects on the lamb birth weight（p<0.01）and the average fetal growth rate（p<0.01） of restricted groups, and restricted the body length（p<0.01） and thoracic girth (p<0·01) of R1.The fetal lung（p<0.01）、spleen（p<0.01）、abomasum（p<0.01）、heart （p<0.05） and liver（p<0.05）weight were lighter in R1 than in control group animals， whilst in R2 only the weight of lung（p<0.01）、spleen（p<0.01）was lighter although the weight of other organs expressed a trend to decrease. The fetal brain weight in underfed were not restricted. When expressed as a rate of body weght, the spleen weights in restricted groups were still lighter （p<0.01） than in control group animals, but fetal brain weight in R1 was heavier than in control group（p<0.01）.In a word, maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy have effects on the fetal growth and development.

Study on Activity and Gene Expression of Phosphodiesterase in Porcine Neutrophils

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1265-1270 . 

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Abstract:【OBJECTIVE】to study the main types and activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) existed in porcine neutrophils through the examination of PDE gene expression, activity and selective inhibitor experiments for the investigation of relation between PDE distribution, activity change, adjustment on cAMP and cGMP content and neutrophil function;【METHOD】PDE gene expression was detected by RT-PCR, and PDE activity was calculated by cylic nucleotides content change examined with HPLC before and after the PDE reaction;【RESULTS】mRNAs of PDE1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 5A, 7A, 7B, 8A, 8B, 9A, 11A were expressed in porcine neutrophils, and selective inhibitor experiments indicated PDE4 and PDE5 were respectively the main types to hydrolyze cAMP and cGMP; cAMP/cGMP-PDE in the extent of 10 µL ~ 40 µL had a good linear correlation with its activity (r＝0.9929, 0.9992);【CONCLUSION】there are at least 15 PDE types existed in porcine neutrophils, in which PDE4 and PDE5 are the two main types; PDE volume has a good linear correlation with its activity, to some extent, which supply the base for the choose herbal regulators of neutrophil function of PDE type.

Effect of Hypoxia on the Ca2+ Concentration in Broiler’s Cardiac Muscle Cell

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1271-1275 . 

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The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of hypoxia on the Ca2+ concentration in broiler’s Cardiac Muscle Cell (CMC) . The concentration of Ca2+ in the CMC was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The results showed that hypoxia could significantly increase intracellular Ca2+ of CMC (CMC: normal oxgen:99.3±13.1, hypoxia:129.4±24.3,p<0.01.). The Ca2+ antagonist (nifedipine, Nif; verapamil, Ver) can significantly restrain the Ca2+ influx across the cell membrane of CMC treated by hypoxia (CMC: hypoxia + Ver:100.9±28.2, hypoxia＋Nif:107.6±27.7, p<0.01). Hypoxia is the important cause of ascites syndrome（AS）, myocardial hypertrophy is the typical pathological change .The results suggest that the transmembrane movement of Ca2+ in the CMC maybe play an important role in the development of AS .

Profile Analysis of the Proteome of the Eggs of the Higher Royal Jelly Producing Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1276-1287 . 

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【Objective】The protein composition of the egg development of the higher producing royal jelly bees (Apis mellifera L.) were investigated. 【Method】This pioneer study was to separate and quantify proteins of the eggs of the higher producing royal jelly worker bees (Apis mellifera L.) by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis along with their three days development.【Result】The results showed that 160, 195 and 176 proteins with wide rang of molecular weight (17-80KDa) and relatively narrow scope of pI (4.00-8.40) could be detected on day1, day2 and day3 respectively during the developmental process of the egg. Meanwhile 44 protein spots were constantly detected along with the egg development, among them 36 percent were in up trend along with the egg development, 14 percent were in down trend along with the development of the egg, and 39 percent were of the largest expressed volume on day 2. In addition, the specific proteins were expressed on day 1, day 2 and day 3 (89, 77, 80 respectively). Besides the coexistent and specific proteins, 24 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 2 but silenced on day 3, 49 proteins were expressed on day 2 and day 3 but silenced on day 1, only 3 proteins were expressed on day 1 and day 3 but silenced on day 2.【Conclusion】The result indicates that the egg development is a sequential and complex gene controlled process, while the eggs of day 2 express the most active. The coexistent proteins suggest that it is conservative and indispensable for this event. The specific proteins suggest that the different developmental stage need specific proteins to regulate.

RESEARCH NOTES

Studies of the Yield Combining ability of the Quality Protein Maize Inbreds and Four Temperate Representing Inbreds of Chinese Major Heterotic Groups

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1288-1296 . 

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24 quality protein maize (QPM) inbreds were crossed with 4 temperate normal elite maize inbreds, which represents 4 major heterotic groups in China, by NCⅡ mating design in the study. The 96 crosses were evaluated in three different environments in Yunnan province for grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine combining ability between quality protein maize inbreds and temperate normal maize inbreds. The results indicated that a high yield general combining ability(GCA)of the inbred lines YML761, CML171, CML172, Zhongxi096/o2, YML411, YML024 and YML042 have been observed and these inbred lines will be predominant lines in maize breeding and commercial production in China. 24 Inbred lines were classified four heterotic group , i.e. Lancaster (YML411, YML042, CA307, YML065 and YML401), Ludahonggu(CML165, CML166, YML761, Zhongxi096/o2, Chang631/o2, YML011 and YML872), Tangsipingtou(CML171, CML161, CML172, Qi205, CA10139, YML330, 8129) and Reid (CML163, CML170, H152, Chang709/o2 and YML024).

Spatial Variability of Soil total nitrogen in different Scales and their nested Simulation

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1297-1302 . 

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Along with the development of research on soil spatial variation and precision agricultural practice, scale effect of soil nutrition performs obviously, which is promoted bottleneck in research and practicce on accurate agriculture. In this research, it is sampled by nested scenario in Houhu farm in Jianghan Plain; the variation of soil total nitrogen (TN) is simulated by using geostatistics in scale of 400, 100 and 50 meters separately; effect of scale on TN variation is analyzed; the simulating method under multi-scale data is put forward; and the spatial distribution of TN is described in this region. The research result shows that, data in three scale(400m, 100m, 50m) are all agree with normal distribution; spherical model fit best for semi-variogram; in different scale, TN varies under different driving factors, which leads to the appearance of scale effect; the estimation, through multi-scale simulation, is more accurate than traditional method, which isn’t limited by nested distance(100m, 50m in this research); furthermore, the standard error is only 1/3-1/2 of the original method in local area; the degree that the precision improved relates to the concert of scale distance. The simulation of soil nutrition by nested kriging method, is more reliable and concrete, which can offer scientific basis for formulation and implementation of the precision agricultural scheme in Jianghan Plain in China

Study on the Relationship Between the Anatomical Structure of Shoots and Growth Vigor of Juglans regia L.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(6):  1303-1308 . 

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The six years walnut（Juglans regia L）cultivars and three years seedlings were used as material to study the relationship between the anatomical structure of shoots and growth vigor of walnut in the same year. The results indicated that the anatomical structure of shoots of different walnut cultivars had insignificant correlation with the growth vigor. But the anatomical structure of shoots of different walnut seedlings had significant correlation with the growth vigor. The rate of wood/Transverse area had positive significant correlation with the increment of tree height, tree height and trunk girth. The rate of Wood/ Bark had positive correlation significantly with the increment of tree height and tree height.The Pith area had strikingly negative relationship with tree height and trunk girth. The bark area had strikingly with the increment of tree height . The vessel density had insignificant correlation with the growth vigor.