Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Development and Study of Japonica Male Sterile Lines Integrating Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Photosensitive Genic Male Sterility

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1289-1294 .

Abstract ( 1403 )

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It is the fact that high temperature induces seed set of the BT type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and low temperature induces seed set of the photo-sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS). By crossing the CMS line with the PGMS japonica line with maintainer gene, the photo-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS) lines, 2308SA and 2310SA, were bred. Because of integrating PGMS and CMS genes, the sterility of PCMS japonica is controlled by two group of male sterile genes. The results of observation on the fertility of plants by different sowing times showed: 1. Under the conditions of natural long-day photoperiod and over 35℃, the PGMS gene regulated the sterility of PCMS japonica. The higher the temperature, the lower the pollen fertility and bagged seed set of PCMS japonica, which avoided the effect of high temperature inducing the seed set of CMS. 2. When long-day photoperiod and between 35℃ and the critical sterility inducing temperature of PGMS, both PGMS and CMS gene controlled sterility of PCMS japonica, and they so which exhibit stable characters. 3. Under the critical sterility inducing temperature or short-day photoperiod and the highest daily temperature (<32℃), the BT type of CMS gene regulated the sterility of PCMS so that the PGMS gene would render the male sterility insusceptible to occasional cool summer days when this PCMS line adopted for hybrid seed production develops into panicle differetiation stage. Moreover, the fertility restoration, seed production and combining ability of PCMS japonica in order to utilize it better in future were also studied.

Validation of SSR Marker Assisted Selection for Polyphenol Oxidase Activities in Common Wheat

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1295-1299 .

Abstract ( 1207 )

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is highly related to undesirable brown discoloration of wheat-based end products such as noodles. It is important to identify molecular markers associated with PPO activities for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for wheat quality improvement. A total of 203 Chinese winter wheat cultivars and lines were analyzed to investigate the correlation of PPO activities with a SSR（simple sequence repeat）marker Xgwm312. The results indicated that a fragment with 198 bp is apparently correlated with high PPO activities in wheat grain. The marker Xgwm312 can be used for MAS for PPO activities.

Sequence Analysis of a Hotspot Region in the Chloroplast Genome of T. aestivum and Aegilops Species

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1300-1305 .

Abstract ( 1266 )

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The nucleotide sequences of the hotspot region in the chloroplast genomes were determined in Ae. speltoides and Ae. ovata, and compared with the corresponding sequences in T. aestivum, Ae. crassa 4× and Ae. squarrosa. The total number of nucleotides between a stop codon of rbcL gene and a HindIII site in cemA gene were 2 808 and 2 810 bp in Ae. speltoides and Ae. ovata. Compared with the Ae. crassa 4x, a 791 bp deletion in both of Ae. speltoides and T. aestivum, and a 793 bp deletion in Ae. ovata were identified, respectively. The deleted segment in Ae. ovata is 2 base (TT) longer than that of T. aestivum and Ae. speltoides. This result suggests that the deletion in Ae. ovata occurred independently with that of T. aestivum and Ae. Speltoides. The size and position of a large deletion in Ae. speltoides is identical to that of T. aestivum, this strongly supports the previous conclusion that Ae. speltoides is a donor species of a chloroplast genome to common wheat. In addition to the large segment deletions, a total of 7 insertion/deletion and 15 substitution mutations were observed in the hotspot region. The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.

Establishment and Application of Breeding Technology System on Millet Target Character Gene Bank

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1306-1311 .

Abstract ( 1106 )

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The way of target character gene bank breeding is a new way of conventional breeding, which is introduced by the authors' my institute in order to improve initiative and purposefulness. It has combined germplasm innovation and breeding selection of new varieties. On the basis of classification of parental material, using the sterility line as tool, the authors' has constructed different target character gene banks, and has developed transgression breeding and innovation in germplasm utilizing the additive effect of gene in the gene bank and has used gene recombination and interaction of gene and gene mutation to develop combination breeding and improve variety and breed new varieties. They have combined all the innovated good characters in all the gene banks to develop new variety with good synthetic characters. The reserch institute of Millet Crops in Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science innovated a set of pre maturity, super-prematurity materials using this method, and has developed many good new varieties with synthetic characters. These varieties showed prominent in national millet variety test and variety test. Four super-prematurity lines were developed, which could maturate normally at Ba-shang District in Hebei Provience. So the forbidden zone for millet breeding is broken through. Among the four lines, super-prematurity No.1 has sweet-straw, multi-spike and high crude protein. Super-prematurity No.2 has well-off iron, high crude protein and high crude fat. Key words: Millet; Target character gene bank; Breeding system

Construction and Analysis of Soybean Genetic Map Using Recombinant Inbred Line of Charleston × Dongnong 594

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1312-1316 .

Abstract ( 1194 )

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F2:10 RIL population with 154 lines, crossed by Charleston as female parent and Dongnong 594 as male parent were used in this experiment. One hundred and sixty-four SSR primers were screened with the two parents and amplified on the 154 lines. A new soybean molecular genetic map, named NEAUSRI-GMS, was constructed by Mapmaker. The total length of the soybean genetic map is 1913.5 cM, and the average distance among markers is 11.89 cM. The length of linkage group varied from 0.4 cM to 309.5 cM, and the markers on the linkage group varied from 2 to 28. The distribution of SSR markers on every linkage group is not even. High density region of markers existed on linkage group A1, C2, and D1a. Compared with 5 soybean genetic maps constructed at home and abroad, NEAUSRI-GMS has high homologous with the public genetic map abroad.

Segregation Analysis Method for Detecting Major Gene

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1317-1323 .

Abstract ( 1209 )

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Based on the quantitative genetic model for endosperm traits, a new segregation analysis method for detecting major gene controlling endosperm traits was proposed, which includes major gene detection and its effect and variation estimation. The segregation ratios and genetic effect of major gene as well as model residual error caused by polygenes and environments were estimated by the maximum likelihood method implemented via EM algorithm. Major gene effects were tested with the likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic. An example of the amylose content (AC) for P1, P2 and F2 endosperm generations in rice cross IR50×CP231 was used for the illustration. The results indicate that the genetic difference of AC in this cross refers to only one major gene. The major gene shows no first dominance effect. The additive effect and the second dominance effect of this major gene were estimated as 5.37 and 6.85, respectively. The genetic standard deviation caused by this major gene is about two times of the genetic standard deviation of the polygenes.

ntioxidations and Their Correlations with Total Flavonid and Anthocyanin Contents in Different Black Rice Varieties

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1324-1331 .

Abstract ( 1630 )

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The antioxidations and their correlations with total flavonid and anthocyanin contents in different black rice varieties were studied. The results indicated that a significant difference in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), scavenging free radical capacity (SFRC), total flavonid and anthocyanin contents existed among 242 black rice varieties. Comparisons of TAC, SFRC, total flavonid and anthocyanin contents of different black rice types showed that the difference between black rice and white rice, indica one and japonica one, and nonglutinous one and glutinous one was significant at 0.01 levels, respectively. This showed that the TAC, SFRC, total flavonid and anthocyanin contents of japonica type were higher than those of indica one, and nonglutinous type were higher than glutinous one. According to the fast clustering procedure, 242 black rice varieties could be clustered into 10 clusters, 184 indica rice varieties into 10 clusters, and 58 japonica rice varieties into 6 clusters. Most significant (P<0.01) correlations existed between TAC and total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and between SFRC and total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents of black rice, respectively. This shows that the antioxidation of black rice is closely correlated with its active compositions of flavonoid and anthocyanin.

Relationship of Grain Protein Content and Relevant Quality Traits to Canopy Reflectance Spectra in Wheat

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1332-1338 .

Abstract ( 977 )

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Quantitative relationships of grain protein content and relevant quality traits to canopy reflectance spectra and plant nitrogen status in wheat were investigated in the experiments under varied nitrogen conditions. The results showed that grain protein content, sedimentation value and falling number could be predicted by canopy reflectance spectra during filling. Monitoring of gliadin and glutenin contents in grains by canopy reflectance spectra at maturity showed high reliability. There were high correlations between grain protein content and leaf nitrogen content at 14 days after anthesis (mid-filling stage), and the latter could be well estimated by the ratio vegetation index RVI (1220, 710) at this stage. Therefore, the reflectance spectra at mid-filling could be used to monitor grain protein content indirectly. These results suggest two approaches to monitor grain protein content and relative quality traits in wheat: direct prediction based on reflectance spectra during filling and indirect estimation based on leaf nitrogen content at mid-filling stage.

Physiological Effect of Uniconazole Waterless-Dressed Seeds on Root and Leaf of Wheat

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1339-1345 .

Abstract ( 1106 )

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For a better understanding of the yield-increasing mechanism of wheat with uniconazole, the physiological effects of uniconazole (S-3307) waterless-dressed seeds on root and leaf of wheat were studied with different varieties and nitrogen levels in traditional field experiments and soil column culture. The results showed that S-3307 increased root vigor, which resulted in the absorption of 32P increased by 20.2% and the proportions of 32P distributed to tiller increased by 570% over the control. S-3307 also significantly increased the area of top leaf, improved the photosynthetic capacity of leaf, promoted the assimilatory ability of leaf by 25.9% as compared with the control, and distributed more 14C assimilates to roots and tiller nodes. At the later stage, S-3307 increased SOD activity, reduced MDA content in root and leaf. It is concluded that the best concentration of S-3307 is 20 mg per kg seeds.

Analysis of Glucosinolate Components and Profiles in Brassica napus

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1346-1352 .

Abstract ( 1862 )

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The contents of glucosinolates components of 499 rapeseed accessions collected widely in China were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that progoitrin and gluconapin were the main components in high and middle glucosinolate rapeseed, with the percentage of 81.16% and 73.92%. 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin and gluconasturtin were the main components in low glucosinolate rapeseed, with the contents of 7.36 ?mol·g-1 and 4.38 ?mol·g-1, and the percentage reached as high as 51.52%. Coefficient Variability and the effect of individual glucosinolate on total glucosinolate content were analyzed. Progoitrin and gluconapin were the dominant and stable components in double high rapeseed, while their content and percentage were highly reduced in double low rapeseed. 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin concentration was from 7.98 ?mol·g-1 to 6.04 ?mol·g-1, and it was the dominant component in low glucosinolate rapeseed. Gluconasturtin in low glucosinolate rapeseed was much higher than that in double high rapeseed. The possible ways for further reduction of total glucosinolates in rapeseed breeding was discussed.

The Transcript Accumulation of Phenylalanine Ammonialyase Gene in Rice Suspension-Cultured Cells Treated by Zhongshengmycin

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1353-1357 .

Abstract ( 1142 )

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The transcript accumulation of phenylalanine ammonialyase gene of the suspension-cultured cells in the near-isogenic rice lines, which were treated by Zhongshengmycin, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), and Zhongshengmycin+ Xoo, respectively, was studied. The results showed that these different treatments could induce the transcript accumulation of phenylalanine ammonialyase gene in the rice suspension-cultured cells at different degrees. CBB4, the resistant rice line to Xoo, the transcript accumulation of the enzyme gene was induced at 3 h after treating with Zhongshengmycin, and inducing transcript lasted to 48 h in largely. Although the transcript accumulation was induced at 3 h after inoculating Xoo, reached the peak at 6 h and inducing transcript lasted to 48 h, the transcript accumulation was less. For Shennong 1033, the susceptible rice line to Xoo, the transcript accumulation of phenylalanine ammonialyase gene was induced from 3 h to 48 h after treating with Zhongshengmycin. While the inducing transcript was only accumulated at 12 h to 24 h after inoculating Xoo. The inducing degree and mode of transcript accumulation of phenylalanine ammonialyase gene treated with Zhongshengmycin+ Xoo were similar to Zhongshengmycin treatment.

Effect of Plant Activator Protein on the Transcription of Defense-Related Genes in Rice Seedlings

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1358-1363 .

Abstract ( 1330 )

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Rice seedlings sprayed with plant activator protein, a novel proteinaceous elicitor originated from Alternaria spp., developed increased resistance to rice blast after 5 days. Enzymatic activities of phenyalanine ammonialyase (PAL), 1,3- -glucanases and chitnases in rice leaves were enhanced in a similar manner, reached a peak on the 7th, 5th and 9th day, respectively. The protein also led to the transcription activation of defense gene NPR1 and EIN2 since the 1st day, transcription repression of CTR1 after 3 days, but had no effect on transcription level of defense gene PR4, which seemed to indicate that salicylic acid ( SA) and ethylene (Et) signal pathway may mediate the resistance plant activator protein induced.

Molecular Markers of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr45 Based on AFLP

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1364-1368 .

Abstract ( 1259 )

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AFLP technology was employed to isolate wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr45. Sixty primer pairs were screened, of which two primer pairs, P-AGG/M-GAG and P-ACA/M-GGT, displayed polymorphsim in the population of TcLr45, Thatcher, and their F2 generation. Two markers were found tightly linked to Lr45. One links to the Lr45 locus with a distance of 0.6 cM, and the other with a distance of 1.3 cM. The fragement of 261 bp was 86 percent the same as a part of the original sequence of Vulgare HortI gene, and the 105 bp was 96 percent compared with a part of the triticum monococcum phosphatidylserine decarboxylase gene. Both of them included an open reading frame (ORF).

Inheritance Analysis and Mapping QTLs Related to Cotton Worm Resistance in Soybeans

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1369-1372 .

Abstract ( 1254 )

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This study employed the soybean Recombinant Inbred Lines(RIL) which involved 133 lines from Wan82-178×Tongshanbopihuangdoujia as experimental materials. Larval weight of cotton worm (Prodenia litura (L.) Fabricius) was examined in as index of resistance. The inheritance of soybean resistance to cotton worm was estimated by major gene plus polygene mixed model, the result indicated that resistance was controlled by two major genes plus polygene, and the heritability value of major genes is 89.85%. Based on the linkage map constructed with SSR markers of this RIL population, two QTLs related to the trait were mapped on linkage group wt-11 and wt-12, and the position were 5.51cM and 11.51cM, respectively. The QTLs’ additive effects were –0.0619 and –0.0419 and explained 17.22％ and 8.60％ of the total variation of the larval weight, respectively.

The Effect of the Mycotoxin of α,β-dehydrocurvularin from Curvularia eragrostidis on PS II in Digitaria sanguinalis

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1373-1378 .

Abstract ( 2593 )

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Curvularia eragrostidis strain QZ2000, a potential biocontrol candidate for large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop], produced a mycotoxin with herbicidal activity, which was identified as α,β-dehydrocurvularin. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in isolated thylakoids from large crabgrass was investigated. The electron transport activities of the photosystem II (PS II) in isolated thylakoids was significantly inhibited by the mycotoxin. At a concentration of 0.688 mmol·L-1, the electron transport rate of PS II was reduced by 19.37%. The mycotoxin had a little effect on the electron transport rate of the photosystemⅠ (PSⅠ). When the detached leaves were treated with mycotoxin (0.516 mmol·L-1) for 24 h, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP, qN, Fm values of large crabgrass declined significantly, but Fo values increased considerably. In the experiment, the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter suggested that the mycotoxin was similar as herbicides atrazine, simazine, and diuron with inhibitory activities on the PS II, namely, the mycotoxin may damage the PS II reaction center and blocks the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor (QA). These results indicate that the mode of action of mycotoxin might be the damage of PS II reaction center and inhibition of the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor (QA), which resulted in the inhibition in electron transport between PS II reaction center and QA or between QA and the second electron acceptor (QB). Sequentially photophosphorylation and carbon assimilation were inhibited and metabolism of large crabgrass was disturbed. The decrease of qN value suggested that mycotoxin caused the accumulation of reductive electron acceptor and increased the production of the free radicals. This could be the cause of the damage of PS II reaction center.

Remobilization of Nitrate in Rice Leaf Vacuoles Measured with Double-Barrelled Nitrate-Selective Microelectrodes

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1379-1385 .

Abstract ( 1503 )

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Remobilization of nitrate in leaf vacuoles of crops is closely related to nitrogen use efficiency of crop. Double-barrelled nitrate selective microelectrodes were used to measure the nitrate activity in leaf cytosol and leaf vacuoles of different rice cultivars in either nitrate supply or deprivation conditions. The results obtained are listed as follows. (1) The nitrate concentration in tissue of rice plants showed no significant changes during the period of nitrate supply, but it decreased gradually after deprivation of nitrate. (2) Different situations emerged in individual leaf cells where nitrate activity of vacuoles decreased significantly while the nitrate activity of cytosol was almost unchanged when nitrate was removed. (3) Nitrate activities in cytosol and in vacuoles in leaves of Yangdao6 were higher than those of Nongken57, moreover, nitrate released from the leaf vacuole of Yangdao 6 at different times of nitrate deprivation was faster than Nongken57. It is concluded that nitrate stored in leaf vacuoles serves as a buffer for nitrogen utilization in cytosol and thus can increase the nitrogen use efficiency in plant itself.

Zinc Fractions and Availability in the Soil of the Loess Plateau After Long-Term Continuous Application of Zinc Fertilizer

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1386-1393 .

Abstract ( 1450 )

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Based on the long-term location experiments, the chemical characteristics of zinc under the condition of 17 years' continuous application of zinc fertilizer were studied by using a sequential extraction technique. The results showed that zinc has accumulated in soils after continuous application of zinc fertilizer for 17 years. The total and DTPA extractable zinc in 0-60 cm soil were higher in zinc treated soil than that in the control. In addition, after long-term application of zinc fertilizer, zinc has accumulated in surface soil and transported to deep soil. In soil zinc fractions, mineral bonded zinc accounts for 95.57%-99.11% of total zinc and organic matter loosely bonded zinc accounts for 0.82%-3.58% of total zinc. Zinc fractions studied in the experiments all increased in zinc fertilizer treatment compared with the control. The result also suggested that most zinc added to soils has entered into soil minerals and little has entered into soil solutions or combined with soil organic matter, carbonate or manganese oxides. The correlation and principle component analysis suggested that the exchangeable zinc, the organic matter loosely bonded zinc and the carbonate bonded zinc could indicate the availability zinc in soils, respectively. Long-term application of zinc fertilizer also improved the nutrient condition of wheat, which accelerated the absorption of zinc by wheat. The zinc contents and uptake amounts in each organ of winter wheat was higher in zinc treatment than that in the control.

Study on Humic Acids in the Soil Applied with Corn Stalk by Spectroscopy Measurements

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1394-1400 .

Abstract ( 1135 )

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Spectroscopy measurements (Fourier transform infrared differential spectroscopy, Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) were performed to study the humic acids in the soil applied with corn stalk. The results showed that after incorporation of corn stalks into the soil, the soil humic acid (HA) changed significantly at different stages. During the first 60 days, new HAs were formed by polymerization and seems to be similar to that of initial HAs from composting corn stalk, some little molecular organic matters also reacted with soil HAs and turned into parts of soil HAs. After 60 days of the corn stalk residue incorporation , new HAs were formed by polymerization of decomposed lignin molecules, some methylenes transformed into methyls and methoxyls since 90th day. Application of corn stalk resulted in the increase of aliphatic components in soil HAs, the decrease in aromatic components of soil HAs and the suppression in oxidation degree of soil HAs. The average molecular weight of soil HAs also declined due to the application of corn stalk.

Effects of Application of Nitrogen, Potassium and Glycinebetaine on Alleviation of Water Stress in Summer Maize

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1401-1407 .

Abstract ( 1389 )

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A pot experiment was conducted under water stressed and adequate water-supplied conditions with two genetype varieties (Shandan9 and Shandan911) to study the effects of nitrogen, potassium and glycinebetaine on their dry matter and grain yields as well as water use efficiency at different stages for revealing the function of these factors in increase of plant resistance to drought or dryness. Results showed that with water stress, dry matter and grain yields were significantly reduced. However, the response of the two varieties to the stress was different: Shandan9 was higher in dry matter and grain yields, and therefore could be regarded as a drought-resistant variety while Shandan911 was not so. Application of nitrogen, potassium and glycinebetaine raised dry matter and grain yields to different levels, and thus alleviated the water stress and increased water use efficiency. The effects were higher on Shandan911 than on Shandan9. Under water-stressed conditions, application of N fertilizer, either at low rate or at high rate, significantly increased dry matter, grain yields and water use efficiency, and significant difference between N rates was found for Shandan911, but no such effect for Shandan9. However, with adequate water supply, the effects of N fertilization were obviously decreased, showing that in addition to supplying nutrient, it has functions in increasing drought-resistance of a crop. Potassium and glycinebetaine exhibited more obvious function in increase of dry matter and grain yields as well as water use efficiency under water stressed conditions while such effects were obviously declined, and even vanished, with adequate water supply, indicating the important contribution of these factors in increase of drought-resistance ability of a crop.

Methodology Study on County Medium- large-scale Classification of Agricultural Land Using Method of Land Type Division

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1408-1413 .

Abstract ( 957 )

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Based on the definition of land from FAO, Agricultural Land is more far-ranging conception than that of soil, and agricultural land is the part of land used for agricultural action. The classification system can be classified into three types, that is land type, land subtype and land use synthesis using ideal thought of small unit classification in systemic classification of land type in Wanbailin district of Taiyuan city in this paper. Those methods solved theory in land classification, as well as solved the actual puzzle of minimum evaluation unit that perplexing classification of agricultural land. Wanbailin district of Taiyuan city in the verge of loess plateau were classified into 10 land type, 42 land subtype and 309 land use synthesis by using object oriented code technique of land resource. With GIS supporting, a 1:35000 land type map was set up. This method established the theoretic base and methods of classification of agricultural land using the concept of land type.

The Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System for Different Genotypes of Tagetes patula L.

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1414-1417 .

Abstract ( 1461 )

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In order to test the regeneration ability of different explants, the leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls of T. patula'Little Hero Golden' were cultured on 4 kinds of media, MS + NAA 0.5 mg·L-1+ BA 1.0 mg·L-1, MS + NAA 1.0mg·L-1 + BA 2.0 mg·L-1, MS + NAA 1.5 mg·L-1 + BA 2.0 mg·L-1 and MS + IAA 3.0 mg·L-1 + BA 2.5 mg·L-1. The results showed that the regeneration ability of leaves was higher than that of cotyledons and hypocotyls. The leaves were then cultured on 9 kinds of MS media with different combinations of NAA and BA, and the highest regeneration frequency was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg·L-1NAA and 1.0 mg·L-1 BA, and the regeneration rate was up to 75%. The medium was tested for other 4 genotypes, and all the lines were successfully regenerated with frequencies from 70% to 85%. All the regenerated plantlets developed into complete plants of normal morphological characteristics.

Effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) on Ripening and Senescence of Strawberry

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1418-1424 .

Abstract ( 1018 )

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Using sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a nitric oxide (NO) donor, the effects of different concentrations of nitric oxide treatment on physiological index of post-harvest strawberry (Fengxiang), including ethylene production rate, respiration rate, vitamin C (Vc), soluble protein, the rate of water loss, rot and relative conductivity, and the activities of relevant enzymes from the fruit, including SOD, CAT and POD, were investigated. The results showed that NO resulting from 5 μmol·L-1 SNP aqueous solution obviously inhibited ethylene production rate, respiration rate, the increase of rot rate and relative membrane permeability and delayed the decrease of the ratio of soluble solids/acids, vitamin C and soluble proteins. The activity of CAT obviously increased during the storage and the decrease of activity of SOD was delayed during the later storage for the strawberry treated with 5 μmol·L-1 SNP aqueous solution. But the activity of POD from strawberry after treatment was lower than that of control fruit. NO resulting from 10 μmol·L-1 SNP aqueous solution injured slightly the fruit. The effect of NO from 1 μmol·L-1 SNP aqueous solution on delaying senescence of strawberries was not distinct. These have proved the relationship between inhibition of NO on senescence of fruit, and opened up the mechanism that NO protected the structural integrity of cell wall.

Analysis of Genes of Rosa multiflora 'Inermis4' Expressed in Response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens Infection

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1425-1430 .

Abstract ( 980 )

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Rosa multiflora 'Inermis 4' is a crown gall disease resistant ecotype. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was utilized to identify the host genes that were differentially expressed in the host-pathogen interactions. In vitro cultured shoots inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens were used as "tester" and needle pricking shoots as "driver". Subtractive cDNA library was constructed, which enriched for resistance-related genes to A. tumefaciens. Ninety-two cDNA clones were sequenced after differential screening through cDNA macroarray. After removing redundant and bacteria cDNA fragments, 53 unique cDNA clones were obtained. The putative function of these genes involved in:（1）cell division and growth and chaperones;（2）defense/stress, signaling, hormone regulation;（3）primary and secondary metabolism. Ten clones were designated as unknowns, these clones had either substantial similarity to genes with unknown functions, or only low similarity matches to GenBank database sequences. Furthermore, the probable molecular mechanism of R. multiflora 'Inermis 4' resistance to crown gall development was discussed according to the sequencing and blasting results.

Relationship Between the Tolerance to Water Deficit Stress and Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) in Petal of Cut Rose Samantha

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1431-1438 .

Abstract ( 1144 )

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To investigate the relationship between the tolerance to water deficit stress and superoxide dismutases in postharvest cut rose, Samantha (Bridal Pink × Seedling), a cultivar with strong tolerance to water deficit, was pulsed with 12 h DDTC pretreatment and subjected to 12-48 h water deficit stress under controlled conditions, i.e. relative humidity of 35%-40%,12 h /12 h photoperiod with photosynthetic photon flux density of 80 E·m-2·s-1, and 20℃, then vased for observation. The results showed that SOD activity in petals was remarkably inhibited pulsed with 20 mmol·L-1 DDTC pretreatment and flower tolerance to water deficit was obviously decreased, which was evidenced by the obvious increase of bentneck rate, the significant decrease of rewater water recovery rate and flower water potential, and the dramatic shortness (reduction) of vase life. Three types of SOD were observed in the petals of control at the earlier stages of flowering, and FeSOD had three isoforms, Cu/ZnSOD two isoforms, and MnSOD one isoform, respectively. The turn of mobility of them was Cu/ZnSOD>FeSOD>MnSOD; and bands activity was FeSOD>Cu/ZnSOD>MnSOD. By water deficit stress, three new bands named as FeSOD4－6 were induced, and MnSOD disappeared simultaneously. However, the newly induced bands by water deficit stress mentioned above were inhibited by DDTC pretreatment. It is presumed that the tolerance to water deficit is highly related to SOD activity, and to newly induced FeSOD4－6 in the petals of postharvest cut rose Samantha.

Expression of Potato sAGP Gene and Its Effects on Contents of Starch and Reducing Sugar of Transgenic Potato Tubers

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1439-1446 .

Abstract ( 920 )

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sAGP gene with sense and antisense orientation under the control of CaMV 35S promoter were introduced into potato cultivars E-potato 3 and N552-potato by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, aiming to elucidate the effects of sAGP gene on regulating metabolism of starch-sugar in potato tubers. The PCR amplification and Southern blot analysis proved the integration of sAGP into potato genome, and the Northern hybridization showed a normal transcription of the transformed gene. Although 4 out of transgenic lines with sense sAGP orientation showed conflict results, the AGPase activity and starch content of the tubers of the other 19 lines increased averagely by 25% and 5%-6%, respectively, and reducing sugar content decreased by around 20%, while lines A8, C1 and C5 had significant difference to the corresponding control. With the antisense transformation, all the 15 derived lines showed average decline in both AGPase activity and starch content by almost 27% and increase in reducing sugar content by about 36%. Among them, lines B5, B6, B8 and D7 were significantly different with the control. The present results suggested that sAGP may directly relate to AGPase activity that could regulate, to a certain extent, starch-sugar metabolism of potato tubers. Therefore increase in sAGP expression could be an efficient approach to improve the processing quality of potato tubers.

The Soil Microbe Populations and Enzyme Activities in Helio-Greenhouse of Beijing Suburbs

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1447-1452 .

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The study was undertaken to investigate the soil microbe populations and enzyme activities in the helio-greenhouse of Beijing suburbs. The soil microbe populations and enzyme activities in soil of 0-20 cm depth were higher than that of 20-40 cm depth and that in January were higher than that in May in the helio-greenhouse, especially in 0-20 cm soil surface layer. The most soil microbe populations and enzyme activities in the helio-greenhouse increased with the increase of cultivation year. There were significant correlations among the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, so were also true among the enzyme activities of soil acidic, neutral, alkaline phosphatase and urease. Positive relationships between soil enzymes (except catalase) and fungi were also observed. The soil microbe status and enzymes activities and their influencing factors were discussed.

Amino Acid Metabolism in the Mammary Gland of the Lactating Ruminants

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1453-1457 .

Abstract ( 1412 )

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Mammary gland is the main site to synthesize milk. To improve the conversion efficiency of dietary nutrients (energy and protein) into milk and increase the yield of milk and protein content, it is necessary to clarify amino acid metabolism in the mammary gland. In this article, the authors have reviewed the supply of amino acid, uptake of amino acid by mammary gland, metabolism of amino acid by udder, and effect of energy on milk protein synthesis, thus providing a basis for further study and maniputation of output of milk.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Ions Absorption and Transportation and Plant Growth of Tall Fescue

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1458-1465 .

Abstract ( 1252 )

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The absorption and transportation of inorganic ions and growth of Tall Fescue were studied in a hydroponics experiment. The results showed that, (1) NaCl stress reduced the number of K+ contents, K+/ Na+ and Ca2+/ Na+ ratios in shoots and roots, and dry weights of Tall Fescue, but increased Na+ and Cl- contents, and enhanced the selectivity of Cl--Na+ and K+-Na+; (2) The increments of Na+ and Cl- contents in shoot were higher than those in roots, the increment of Cl- contents were more than that of Na+ contents, and the Cl-/ Na+ ratios were almost 1.6 in shoots and about 0.8 in roots; (3) NaCl stress time affected the K+ and Na+ contents significantly and reduced the transportation selectivity ratios of K+ and Na+, but NaCl concentration mainly influenced the absorption ratios of K+ and Na+; (4) NaCl stress inhibited the growth of shoots more severely than that of roots, and the stress effect of Cl- was more significant than that of Na+.

Comparative Research on Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates from Poultry in Different Areas of China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1466-1473 .

Abstract ( 1060 )

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Two hundred and forty one strains of Escherichia coli were collected from 349 samples isolated from 292 cloacas, 29 feed and water, 28 dust and padding in recent years (107 strains from Northeast,107 from South China,12 from central China,15 from North China). The percentage of isolation is 69.1%. There are 67 types of serogroup are distributed in various areas. Each serogroup owns 1-2 strains. Some areas have preponderant groups and others do not. The drug resistance of bacteria is so serious that it shows multi-drug-resistance and varies in different areas. The strains resistant to 10-19 drugs account for the majority. The highest percentage of resistance is Nalidixic (88.1%) on the whole. The percentage of resistance of others ranked as follows: Tetracycline 85.7%, Sulfamethoxazole 81.0%, Trimethoprim-sulfamethpxazole 77.1%, Ampicillin 76.2%, Amoxilline 74.3%, Streplomycin 66.2%, Fluoroquinolones 57.1%-66.7%, Chloramphenicol 52.9%, Gentamicin 39.0%, Kanamycin 36.2%. The bacteria are sensitive to Cefalexin, Amoxilline-clavulanic acid , Amikacin and Florfenicol. The drug resistance is more severe in the chicken farm using the same drugs. This study indicates the characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from avian in different areas of China. It will be a basis for studying drug-resistant mechanism and restricting the use of antimicrobial in the poultry industry.

Multiple Interval Mapping for Whole Cocoon Weight and Related Economically Important Traits QTL in Silkworm (Bombyx mori)

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1474-1479 .

Abstract ( 1238 )

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A backcrossed population (BC1) derived from a cross between C100 and Dazao was obtained. It was the first time for the QTLs of the economically important traits of whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, ratio of cocoon shell and weight of pupae and so on to be analyzed by the Multiple Interval Mapping software WinQTLCart2.0. And totally 40 QTLs were detected and contributed in 21 groups based on the constructed linkage map. According to the mapping results, 2, 2, 3, and 2 major QTLs explained over 20% of the total phenotypic variations, while there were four QTLs as qCW-19, qSW-2, qCSR-4 and qPW-23 explained more than 30% of which. All of the above QTLs were detected for whole cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, ratio of cocoon shell and weight of pupae, respectively. Correlated traits QTLs often share the same location. Furthermore, most of the detected QTL were closed to one-side marker. By using the very closed markers, the authors have aggregated positive QTLs and built a basis for molecular marker assisted selection and breeding.

The Effect of Moisture Content on Storage Life of Rice Seeds

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1480-1486 .

Abstract ( 1168 )

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Japonica rice (Xingshi) and indica rice (Guizao 2) seeds were used to investigate the vigor and some physiological indexes after stored at -20℃ and ambient temperature（25℃）for five years. The results showed that moderate drying could prolong the storage life of rice seeds. The indica rice (Guizao 2) seeds had strong ultra-dring tolerance. When moisture content fell to 2.4%, the vigor index of Guizao 2 seeds, compared with that of 5.8%, had no obvious change. On the contrary, the vigor index of Xingshi seeds decreased rapidly. The study also indicated that there were positive correlations between the antioxidation system, soluble proteins, heat shock proteins and vigor index. The content of abscisic acid (ABA) and phospholipase activity increased continuously during dehydration. The content of soluble proteins of Xingshi was more than that of Guizao 2, which might be a key reason for that Xingshi seeds are not tolerant to ultra-drying.

Study on Effects of Long-Term Application of Chloride-Contained Fertilizer to Vegetables on Related Soil Properties

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1487-1494 .

Abstract ( 995 )

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Twenty-one different kinds of vegetable crops were planted on two plots for 11years. Long-term fixed experiments for the 11-year continuous application of ammonium chloride were carried on two plots. The results indicated that soil pH decreased by 0.42-0.45 unit compared with the starting value after 11 years of application of ammonium chloride. There was a high negative correlation between soil pH and soil chloride content in 0-20 cm depth soil layer in chloride-contained fertilizer treatment. No correlation between soil pH and soil chloride content in the non chloride-contained fertilizer treatment was found. Total 9 702 kg·ha-1 chloride were input within 11 years for 20 crops but 76.6% and 74.7% of total input chloride were leached under 60 cm depth soil layer in two experiments, respectively. The 17.2% and 18.1% of total input chloride，respectively, were taken away by vegetable crops. The chloride residue rates were 6.2% and 7.2% in 0-60 cm depth soil layer, respectively. Soil chloride contents were much higher in treatments of ammonium chloride than in treatments of non chloride-contained fertilizer. The varied range of chloride contents in the topsoil was large especially in the salt accumulative period in different years. Most of the soil chloride contents were under 100 mg·kg-1 and the varied range was small in the treatments of no chloride-contained fertilizer in 11 years. There was no increasing trend of chloride ion in the soil with the increased ammonium chloride application year by year.

omparative Studies on GRA6 Gene of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1495-1500 .

Abstract ( 1058 )

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Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protozoan infecting a variety of hosts with a worldwide distribution. The objective of the present project is to study the genotypes of T. gondii strains from different hosts and geographical locations in China employing the technique of PCR-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) utilizing the dense granule antigen GRA6 gene as genetic markers. Partial GRA6 sequence was amplified from strains ZS (human), SH (human), CN (pig), QH (sheep) and RH of T. gondii, the amplicons were digested with restriction enzyme Mse I, and then the digestion fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two different restriction profiles were observed among the five strains, with strains RH, SH and CN having identical banding patterns, whereas strains QH and ZS having a different banding pattern. Sequence analyses revealed that strains RH, SH and CN had almost identical GRA6 sequences and the same locations for two Mse I restriction sites, whereas strains QH and ZS had another type, almost identical sequences and the same locations for two Mse I restriction sites, consistent with results of PCR-RFLP analysis. Based on the results of PCR-RFLP and sequence comparison, strains RH, SH and CN were considered to represent genotype I of T. gondii, whereas strains QH and ZS represent genotype II of T. gondii, consistent with their virulence in mice. The results indicated that at least two different genotypes of T. gondii were present in China. These findings should have important implications for studying the molecular epidemiology, molecular ecology and population genetic structures of T. gondii strains from different hosts and geographic locations in China and elsewhere.

Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Two cDNA Fragments of Pheromone Binding Protein in Male Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2005, 38(07): 1501-1504 .

Abstract ( 1322 )

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By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method with a pair of degenerate primers, two cDNA fragments of pheromone binding protein（PBP）gene, SexigPBP1 and SexigPBP2, were cloned and sequenced from the antennae of male Spodoptera exigua. SexigPBP1 and SexigPBP2 contained 275 bp and 281 bp, and with deduced amino acid sequences of 92 residues and 94 residues, respectively. The sequence analysis indicated that the deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA fragments shared high identity with PBPs gene sequences from other previously reported insects.

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