Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Evaluation on genetic diversity of major rice varieties in China

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 649-654 .

Abstract ( 1405 )

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To reveal their genetic relationship on the molecular level of the major rice varieties and parental lines of hybrid rice in China, amplification of DNA from all 63 tested lines are successfully made using a set of 24 SSR (Simple sequence repeats) primer pairs located along 12 chromosomes in rice, with two pairs on each chromosomes, we detected a total of 135 alleles, whose number of per primer pairs ranged from 2 to 9, with an average 5.6, and FP（Polymorphisms frequency）values between 0.486-0.840, with an average of 0.682. Cluster analysis showed that indica subspecies include maintainer lines (lines that can maintain male sterile, group Ⅰ) and restorer lines (lines that can restorer male sterile, group II), which separately distributed in South China and the Changjiang River area, whereas Group Ⅲ corresponded to the japonica subspecies were also divided into two subgroups（GⅢ-1 and GⅢ-2）, which grown in North China and Jiangsu-Zhejiang provinces respectively. This indicated that geographic distribution is one of the major characteristics of rice varieties. The average genetic similarity of the indica varieties/lines (0.388) was significantly lower than that of japonica varieties (0.638), showing a higher level of genetic diversity of indica. Also restorer lines have a higher genetic diversity than maintainer lines. On the basis of the data we conclude that the genetic relationship constructed by SSR markers was identical and more accurate, compared with that by the pedigree analysis.

Study of dwarfing sources of wheat with the method of near isogenic lines

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 655-654 .

Abstract ( 1218 )

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Using near isogenic lines, 12 dominant and semi-dominant dwarfing genes were incorporated into 4 medium or tall statured wheat varieties (F1B4 recurrent paternal parents), thus establishing 4 sets of near isogenic lines of dwarfing genes. A two-factor comparative experiment with these near isogenic lines was conducted in non-competitive populations to study the effects of dwarfing genes and the genetic background of the recurrent paternal parents on the main agronomic characters of these near isogenic lines. The results showed that while reducing the plant height of the recurrent paternal parents, the dominant and semi-dominant dwarfing genes delayed their heading and slightly reduced their 1000-seed-weight. Dwarfing sources (genotypes) with a plant height of less than 50 cm are difficult to be directly used in plant breeding due to their low biomass production, and the utilization of the genetic background of medium or tall statured recurrent paternal parents had only limited results of enhancing the phenotypic plant height of the dwarfing varieties, the range of height increment being less than 10 cm. However, the present study has demonstrated again that dominant dwarfing genes, which are ultra-dwarfing, are liable to develop by mutation into a group of multiple alleles with plant height enhanced to different extents and some may have a height close to the ideal plant height for wheat breeding. As a major mutation occurs in the dominant dwarfing genes accompanied by enhanced plant height, the agronomic characters improved accordingly. Grain weight per plant increased by 0.19 g when plant height increased by 1 cm. When the plant height of a semi-dominant dwarfing variety increased to about 60 cm, its grain yield per plant may be similar to or event higher than the per-plant yield of the medium or tall statured recurrent paternal parents. Hence they can be directly used as innovative dwarfing sources in dwarfing breeding of wheat. Based on an evaluation of the genetic resources, we recommend that SW07, SW05, YD-Dwarf, SW02 and Rht21 selected in our experiment as innovative dwarfing sources be directly employed in wheat breeding. It is argued that strengthening the study and utilization of semi-dominant dwarfing sources will facilitate wheat gene design and dwarfing breeding in the post-green revolution era.

Genetic Variation in Fifty-Three Maize Inbred Lines in Relation to Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 665-676 .

Abstract ( 1780 )

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Abstract: In the study, the genetic variation in 53 maize inbred lines in relation to drought tolerance was characterized using leaf relative moisture content, leaf water conservation, MDA content and seedling survival rate. Fifty-three inbred lines were evaluated for drought responses in greenhouse under water-stressed and well-watered conditions during 2005 in Beijing, China. The evaluation resulted in identification of 13 drought-tolerant, 16 moderately tolerant and 24 susceptible inbred lines, respectively. Under water-stressed condition, drought tolerant lines were found to show higher relative moisture contents, water conservation and lower MDA contents, while the cases reversed for drought susceptible lines. Leaf relative moisture content and water conservation were two important traits indicating drought responses at seedling stage in maize. The diversity at DNA level was investigated by 63 SSR markers. The total number of alleles was 245, and a mean polymorphism information content was 0.596. The UPGMA analysis showed that 53 inbreds could be classified into 6 subgroups (Lancaster, BSSS, PA, Luda Red Cob, Sipingtou and PB), which were generally consistent to their known pedigree records and breeder’s experiences. Comprehensive differences were observed on the mean of leaf relative moisture contents, leaf water conservation and seedling survival rate among the six sub-groups with relatively high level for BSSS, Sipingtou and PB. These three sub-groups were identified as the important sources of drought tolerance. Twenty-one SSR marker alleles were significantly associated with drought tolerance, which could be employed for evaluating the inbred lines of maize to drought responses at DNA level.

QTL Analysis of Oil Content and Hull Content in Brassica napus L.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 677-684 .

Abstract ( 1495 )

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Abstract：【Objective】Constructing the linkage map of Brassica napus L. and mapping the QTL of oil content and hull content. 【Method】F2:6 RIL population with 188 lines, crossed by GH06 as female parent and Youyan 2 as male parent，were used as mapping Population. The SRAP、SSR、AFLP and TRAP markers were used to construct the linkage map, and the composite interval mapping (CIM) was used to identify quantitative trait loci associated with oil content and hull content.【Result】300 markers were integrated into 19 groups with software JoinMap3.0. It covered 1248.5cM with a mean marker interval of 4.16cM. Eight QTL were found for oil content with the phenotypic variance explained of 5.95％～9.47％; Two for hull content with the phenotypic variance explained of 6.91％and 6.05％respectively. 【Conclusion】It was confirmed that SRAP marker was a good marker system for the construction of linkage map. The hull content has a great effect on the oil content.

The Study of Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata(ASTICM) Standard Framework and its Register System

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 685-692 .

Abstract ( 1546 )

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【Objective】Establish the Agricultural Scientific and Technical Information Core Metadata (ASTICM) standard and its expand principle, develop the register system based on ASTICM.【Method】Study the policy and methods of DC, SDBCM and AgMES, take the proposed elements of the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) as a starting point, to confirm the related metadata elements and the expand principle. Analyze the requirement of a great number of users of agricultural information, and develop the register system with the thought of soft engineering. 【Result】Confirm 75 metadata elements, 5 expand principles and 7 application profile creation methods, and developed a register system based on B/S mode. 【Conclusion】The ASTICM framework and its register system support the search, sharing, integration exchange and other application effectively.

Study on Maize leaf morphological modeling and mesh simplification of surface

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 693-697 .

Abstract ( 1198 )

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The method of morphological modeling of maize leaf based on Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) interpolation combining with multi-line segment splitting algorithms and controllable mesh simplification of triangular surface was introduced. A group of three-dimensional data points used from a scanning device, the crop leaf crooked surface with third-dimension effect was constructed stepped by vector calculation, crooked surface control points resulted by interpolation calculation and etc. According to leaf morphological characteristic, leaf surface mesh amount was simplified by inverse operation of multi-line segment splitting algorithm, and mesh amount declined with available maintenance of surface characteristics. This method was used to calculate visualization and light distribution and the result showed that calculation effect could be improved clearly when calculation error was not increased remarkable. The method could reflect model details and provided the solution to harmonize the relation between visual effect and calculation efficiency of crop morphological model.

Maize Disease Identifying System Based Image Recognition

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 698-703 .

Abstract ( 1719 )

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【Objective】 The recognition and diagnosis of main maize leaf disease is introduced by the technique of image recognition in the paper. 【Method】 It adopts threshold method to do image segmentation, and uses area-marking method calculating the num of disease as well as wiping off redundancy dots. And then it uses Freeman link code to calculate form feather. 【Result】The research presents the exclusive feather of main maize leaf disease and confirms the flow of disease diagnosis. The results indicate that the precision of six kinds of maize disease recognition is higher than 80%. 【Conclusion】 It shows that this method is available for recognizing maize disease. And it also provides technique support for the automatic recognition of maize disease by compiling the system with reasonable process flow.

Classification of Field Cotton Grade Based on Sampling Using Machine Vision

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 704-711 .

Abstract ( 1291 )

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In order to assess the quality of seed cottons objectively, sorting classifiers were designed based on machine vision technologies to grade 305 seed cottons with 7 grades based on their size and adjusted colors according to Chinese government grading standards. Fisher-criterion based canonical discriminants show that size and impurity contributed much more for cotton grades, and the distances among high-grades centroids were long while the ones among low-grades centroids were short. Total samples were divided into the train set and the test set. Cross-validation and Bayes-criterion based classifiers selections on the train set show that various classifiers were selected on 10-fold validation set with accuracies from 75% to 93%, and the approximate optimized classifiers were selected according to their average accuracy of 83%. Classifier performances evaluations on the test set show that the optimized classifiers can classify cottons into 7 grade categories with an accuracy of nearly 88%, and the high-grades cottons from 1 to 3 can be discriminated with an accurary of 100%. It is feasible to classify cotton grades using machine vision technologies and it helps to improve the yield of high-quality cottons.

Chemical Interactions between Plant and Other Organisms: A Potential Strategy for Pest Management

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 712-720 .

Abstract ( 1224 )

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There are chemical interactions manipulated by plant secondary metabolites between plant and other organisms, which act as plant chemical defense on pests in cropping ecosystems. Under herbivore, infestation and competition, plants may trigger the defense mechanism producing and releasing allelochemicals to resist or inhibit the pests. Furthermore, the chemical mechanism of plant defense may be induced under pest stress. Recent studies have showed that there are manipulating interactions through allelochemicals in tri-trophic systems that include the host plant, herbivore, and parasitoid or predator. Besides allelopathy between crops and weeds, chemical recognition and information transfer may occur among inter-and intra-plant species. Clarification of chemical interactions between plant and other organisms not only widen the insight of species interactions, but also develop new strategy for pest control. This paper reviewed prospects for application in plant protection using chemical interactions between plant and other organisms.

IMMUNE DETECTION OF FUSARIUM TOXINS-- Establishment of Indirect Competitive ELISA of Deoxynivalenol (DON)

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 721-726 .

Abstract ( 1370 )

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This paper reported the preparation of antibody of Fusarium toxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) and establishment of indirect ELISA for DON. The optimal concentration of mice serum dilutions and the coated antigen required to observe an absorbance of 1.0 in the indirect competitive ELISA were 1/1600 and 1/1500 respectively. Color development in the assay was inhibited 50% by 63μg DON/ml, 114μg 3-Ac-DON/mL and more than 1000μg T-2/mL respectively. The Cross-reactivity to DON, 3-Ac-DON and T-2 of the antiserum were 100%, 55.2% and less than 6.3%. The effect of methanol concentration on the reaction between the antiserum and DON was studied. The result showed that the assay could be performed satisfactorily using an extraction solvent consisting of less than 10% methanol. Meanwhile, indirect competitive ELISA for detection of DON in wheat seeds was developed with the antibody. The range for detection of DON was 0.1-100μg/ml and the minimum detected concentration was 0.1μg/mL. Recoveries averaged 82%-93% with a coefficient of variation of 4.65%-21.3%. Analysis of 4 samples for DON exhibited positive results.

Population Genetics of Phytophthora infeseans:Ⅱ—Characteristics of Mating Type,Metalaxyl Sensitivity, Mitochondrial DNA Halpotype and Replacing of Populations in Yunnan During 2000 to 2003

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 727-734 .

Abstract ( 1100 )

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It is necessary for late blight disease control to characterize populations of phytophthora infestans. The characteristics of mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity and mtDNA haplotype of P.infestans isolates collected from 32 potato and tomato production regions in Yunnan were analyzed. The result showed that the A2 mating type and self-fertility isolates were rare on potato, average 3.4％and 4.4％respectively, which were detected at only 4 sites. Only were A1 mating type isolates collected from tomato detected and the composition of mating type had been changed dramatically in Yunnan since 2002. In vitro tests of sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl showed that insensitive and sensitive isolates occurred on potato and tomato and the ratio of insensitive and sensitive ones was 22.6％and 77.4％respectively. The ratio of resistant isolates from tomato was higher than that from potato. Three mtDNA haplotypes Ⅰa,Ⅱa andⅠb were detected from P.infestans populations in Yunnan. Both Ⅰa and Ⅱa haplotypes of P.infestans collected from potato were the ‘new’ populations and the former predominated, dispersing in all potato production regions.Ⅰa and Ⅰb haplotypes from tomato isolates showed that the “old” and “new” populations of P.infestans coexisted. The result of mtDNA haplotypes revealed that replacement of P.infestans had occurred. Migration and rare sexual reproduction may play an important role on variation and replacement of P.infestans populations in Yunnan.

Recovery and Characterization of Nitrate Nonutilizing Mutants of JS399-19-resistant Fusarium graminearum

Yu Chen ChangJun Chen JianXin Wang LiHua Jin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 735-740 .

Abstract ( 1244 )

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Fifty nitrate nonutilizing(nit) mutants were recovered from 3 JS399-19-resistant mutants of Fusarium graminearum cultured on MMC media. Some biological properties,such as growth rate , cultural characters, conidial production , sexual reproduction ability and pathogenicity were compared between JS399-19-resistant nit mutants and their parental isolates.The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth rate, cultural characters and pathogenicity between JS399-19-resistant nit mutants and their parental isolates.But the conidiophore production and the sexual reproduction ability changed more or less.The results also indicated that there was no cross resistance toward chlorate and JS399-19 in Fusarium graminearum,and the resistance could be inherited independently.therefore,the nit can be used as a genetic marker for the research in the genetics of the resistance to JS399-19 in Fusarium graminearum.

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmland of Oasis in The Middle of Hexi Corridor Region

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 741-748 .

Abstract ( 1746 )

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Abstract: Soil aggregate composition and stability is closely related to soil quality, soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. In this study, forty-nine soil samples at the 0-10cm surface layer were collected from four soil groups (i.e. Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland of oasis in the middle of Hexi Corridor region. Some selected soil physical and chemical properties were determined, and the composition of dry-seived and wet sieved aggregates, dry mean weight diameter (DMWD) and percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) were analyzed. Soil particle size distribution is dominant in sand fine sand fraction in most of soils with exception of Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52g kg-1 on average, and range from 4.75 g kg-1 for Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 for Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high Calcium carbonate（CaCO3）concentration and range from 84.7 g kg-1 to 164.8 g kg-1, which increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of >0.25mm dry aggregates range from 65.2% for Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% for Ustic Cambosols, and large dry aggregates (>5mm) are dominant in all soils. The DMWD averages in 3.2-5.5mm. The mass of >0.25mm water-stable aggregate is 23.8%-45.4%. PAD is 52.4%-66.8%. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are favorable for controlling soil erosion by wind. However, the stability of aggregate for all soils is low and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are significant positively correlated with soil properties, such as soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability are more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, returning cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation, and applying organic manure is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, mitigate soil erosion by wind and enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.

Potassium Fixation and Their Affecting Factors of Three Typical Soils Under Long-Term Potassium Fertilization in China

Hui-Min ZHANG Ming－Gang XU Jia-Long LU Xiao-Gang TONG

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 749-756 .

Abstract ( 1407 )

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【Objective】Effect of long-term potassium (K) fertilization on K fixation by soils under different cropping systems and climates was studied. 【Method】Samples taken from the NP and NPK treatments in three typical soils (viz., gray desert soil, fluvo-aquic soil and purple soil) were analysed for changes in K fixation and their affecting factors by the methods of simulating in laboratory and X-ray diffraction under long-term K fertilization. 【Result】When added K ranging from 0.4 to 4.0 g/L, the K fixation capacity and K fixation rate of purple soil in which hydromica content was low decreased significantly in NPK treatment, the decline value ranging from 91 to 559 mg/kg and 14% to 23％, while decreased slightly in fluvo-aquic soil in which hydromica content was abundant, the decline value ranging from 35 to 274 mg/kg and 6% to 8％, and remained unchanged in gray desert soil in which hydromica content was very abundant in the same treatment, compared with the NP treatment, respectively. The contents of SOC, CEC and <0.002 mm clay in tree soils remained unchanged under long-term K fertilization, while the slow available K content and K+ saturation increased ranging from 11.3 to 349.9 mg/kg and 11％ to 65％, respectively.【Conclusion】Long-term K fertilization arrested the transformation of hydromica into mixed-layered mica-smectite component and then K fixation capacity decreased. Besides, the increase of the slow available K content and K+ saturation induced the decrease of the K fixation capacity.

The influence of fertilization on acid hydrolysable organic nitrogen fractions and microbial biomass nitrogen in paddy soil

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 757-764 .

Abstract ( 1179 )

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Soil samples from two long-term fertilization experiments carried out on the paddy soil in subtropical area of China for 17 years were measured. The soil samples were collected from the plough layers of different fertilizer treatments. Soil organic nitrogen fractions and microbial biomass nitrogen were studied. Results showed that long-term fertilization increased the soil organic nitrogen fractions in topsoil of paddy soil. The application of chemical fertilizers combined manure or straw could significantly increased the content of soil total N、available N、microbial biomass N and acid hydrolysable N, but had no apparent effects on non-hydrolysable N. The content of the different fractions of acid hydrolysable N varied with different treatments. Compared with the check, application of manure or straw with chemical fertilizers greatly increased the contents of amino acid N, ammonium N, amino sugar N while the contents of hydrolysable unidentified nitrogen (HUN) were decreased after long-term fertilization. Of the total N in the soils studied 69%-89% was acid hydrolysable N. The results showed a very significant positive correlation between microbial biomass N and acid hydrolysable N after fertilizer application. The soil microbial biomass N was also closely related with the amino acid N, amino sugar N and ammonium N. There was no significant correlation of microbial biomass N with HUN. It was concluded that application of organic manures along with chemical fertilizers is an effective way of maintaining the quantity and quality of soil organic N and the size of the microbial biomass. The traditional use of manures should therefore be promoted in order to maintain long-term soil productivity even where chemical fertilizers are being used to achieve high yields.

Dynamics \resource and supplying charecteristic of soil microbial biomass nitrogen under application manure with fertilizer

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 765-772 .

Abstract ( 1572 )

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Dynamic Study on Assessments of County’s Sustainable Development Based on Ecological Footprint Model: a Case Study of Aluke’rqin Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 773-781 .

Abstract ( 1238 )

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【Objective】As China’s basic regional unit characterized with regional, spatial and administrational independence, assessments of county’s (county-level region’s) sustainable development is a matter of importance. 【Method】The paper took Aluke’rqin Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as a studied example and assessed its developmental history with time-series data from 1982 to 2003, by applying Ecological Footprint (EF) Model which is a natural capital accounting in biophysical units and a useful indicator for measuring the pressure imposed by humanity on natural capital. 【Result】The calculated results showed that: the EF per person increased at a speed of 6.01% per year from 1982 to 2003, from 1.19ghm2 in 1982 to 4.05ghm2 in 2003; the county faced the ecological deficit of 1.47ghm2 in 2003, but in 1982 there was an ecological reserve of 0.58 ghm2; also there existed structural asymmetric between demand for and supply of bio-productive areas; and ecological footprints per 104yuan (GDP) had no significant change from 1982 to 2003, which was 20.6ghm2 in 2003 and also higher than that average value (EF per 104yuan GDP in 1999) of China, Western China and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, etc.. 【Conclusion】Then conclusion was drawn as follows: human activities in Aluke’rqin Banner had exceeded the biosphere capacity; the county had suffered from ecological overshoot and severe depletion of natural resources. Obviously the way of development of Aluke’rqin Banner was unsustainable.

Physical Mapping of the 25S rDNA and 5S rDNA to Chinese Cabbage Metaphase Chromosome

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 782-787 .

Abstract ( 1310 )

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With the help of fluorescene in situ hybridization（FISH）, in the paper, we have located and analyzed the sites of the 25S and 5S rDNA on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis). The results indicated that there were five pairs of signs detected for 25S rDNA, each at 1S, 2L, 3L, 4L and 10S(satellites) corresponding with the major characters of karyotype, and the signal intensity of the chromosomes were #10>#2>#3和#4>#1. The signal of 5S rDNA was located on 2L, 9S and 20S. in this study, the connection beween the signal location and the satellites and the heterochromatin was discussed.

Protective Effect of Anthocynin on Photosynthetic Appararus of Tomato (L. esculentum Mill.) Seedling Leaves exposed to low temperature and low light

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 788-793 .

Abstract ( 1102 )

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The difference of leaf anthocyanin content between tomato seedlings grown under sulfur lamp and xenon lamp, and the difference between WT and photomorphogenetic mutant phyB1phyB2 were taken advantage to study if anthocyanin could act as a protectant for photosynthetic apparatus exposed to low temperature and low light. Chlorophyll fluorescence was chosen as the approach to assess the extent of photosynthesis apparatus photodamage. The results indicated that, exposure to low temperature and low light (5oC, 100 μmol photons m-2 s-1) markedly inhibited PSⅡ activity, but slightly affected PSI activity. After treatment for 3h, PSⅡ Fv/Fm in tomato leaves grown under sulfur lamps and under xenon lamp decreased to 76.3% and 63.3% of pretreatment, respectively; Similarly, Fv/Fm decreased to 64.3% of pretreatment for WT seedlings and 53.7% for phyB1phyB2 seedlings. After tomato plants grown under sulfur lamp or that of widetype was not able to accumulate anthocyanin, no significant difference was observed in Fv/Fm between plants grown under different light environment or between the two genetypes after treatment with low temperature and low light. It indicated that anthocyanin protected photosynthesis apparatus in the stress environment.

Biological Responses of Vitis vinifera cv. Malvasia to Different Rootstocks and Irrigation Methods

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 794-799 .

Abstract ( 1138 )

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Biological response of the sane grape cultivar grafted by different rootstocs to the different irrigation metods were studied, which provided biological basement for spreading and using resistant rootstocks and saving-water irrigation. Biological effects of 1/2 divided root irrigation on M/420A、M/3309C and M/110Rwere studied by simulating soil boxes with controlled alternate irrigation for half part of rootzone, controlled fixed irrigation for half part of rootzone,and conventional irrigation for whole root zone, and the grafted graoe had been anatomized after the leaf falled. The results showed controlled alternate irrigation remarkably promoted the growth of current-grew roots , new roots numbers, the surface area and volume of effective roots and roots length of the three kinds cultivar/rootstock, however restricted the growth of new shoots compared with conventional irrigation. Then root-shoot ratio of M/3309C、M/420A and M/110R increased 41.18%、23.68% and37.5%. Under controlled fixed irrigation, the growth and length of new roots in dry zone remarkably decreased, M/3309C which drought-resistent was lower reduced especially most compared with CK, and reduced 67.67%,then induced total mass of new roots and growth of new shoots decreased sharply. The prolonged growth of shoot internodes were restricted under controlled alternate irrigation and controlled fixed irrigation, M/110R reduced a little which the base shoot internodes reduced 7.37% and 23.74% respectively and the top shoot internodes reduced 9.72% and 19.75% respectively. The research indicated different cultivar/rootstocks had obvious distinction to adapt to water stress, alternation irrigation contributed to increase roots growth of grape, improve the ability of drought-resistent.

Molecular Cloning and Ontogenetic Expression of SSTR2 mRNA in Colorectum of Broiler Chicken

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 807-814 .

Abstract ( 1274 )

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Methods: The sequence amplification and 3＇race of chicken SSTR2 was conducted by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and RACE; The ontogenetic expression of SSTR2 mRNA in colorectum of Arbor Acre (AA) chicken and yellow–feathered chicken was studied by relative quantitative RT-PCR. Results: The length of chicken SSTR2 mRNA was 2311bp from ATG to Poly (A) and the nucleotide sequence in ORF of AA chicken was completely same with that of electronic clone; the sequence homology was 81.0% and 79.5% identical with that of human and rat, respectively. The protein translated by the nucleotide sequence in the ORF composed by 371 amino acids while the protein of human and rat were composed by 369 amino acids. Comparison with the chicken SSTR2 amino acid sequence revealed 87.1% and 86.3% identity with human and rat, respectively. The SSTR2 mRNA expression abundance of AA chicken on 30d was significantly higher than that on other time points (P＜0.05) while the expression abundance had no significant difference on 2d, 16d, 44d and 58d (P＞0.05). The SSTR2 mRNA expression level of yellow-feathered chicken on 16d was significantly higher than that on 30d, 44d and 58d (P＜0.05) and there was no difference between 2d, 30d, 44d and 58d (P＞0.05). SSTR2 mRNA abundance of AA chicken was significantly higher than that of yellow-feathered chicken on 30d, 44d and 58d (P＜0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that the homology of SSTR2 is high between species; AA chicken has the different ontogenetic expression of SSTR2 mRNA with the yellow-feathered chicken in colerectum and the expression abundance of AA chicken is significant higher than that of yellow-feathered chicken during the anaphase of growth.

The study on applying haplotype to Detect QTL

Sen Zhang Hui Li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 815-820 .

Abstract ( 1052 )

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Linkage disequilibrium has been extensively applied in the gene mapping and QTL detection. Present study analyzed the superiority and investigated the applied strategy of haplotype analysis in the QTL detection. Genotype data, releasing early this year, of 69 markers from Y chromosome and 269 human being individuals was sampled from databank. Haplotypes were then constructed and one hypothetic QTL locus was given. Capture efficiency of the QTL by haplotype method was investigated. In low degree of linkage disequilibrium, the result showed that the capture efficiency of QTL was zero when analyzing the flanking markers using single marker analysis method. When two, three and four flanking markers were used for haplotype analysis, the efficiency to capture the QTL was 33.3%, 66.7%, and 71.4%, respectively. For the QTL detection, the association analysis based on haplotype was significantly more powerful than the analysis based on single marker. This study will benefit to the research that use haplotype analysis method to detect QTL.

Protective Efficacy and Immunologic Mechanism of the Recombinant Subunit Vaccine against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Mice

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 821-827 .

Abstract ( 1407 )

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The study was focused on the comparison of protective efficacy between inactive vaccine (trial group I)and two recombinant subunit vaccines against serotype 1and serotype 2 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in mice, with one containing recombinant ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII and OMP(trial group II) and the other containing recombinant ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, ApxIV, OMP and Apfa(trial group III). Then immunologic mechanism was determined preliminarily in mice on basis of humoral immunity and cell immunity. The BALB/c mouse were vaccinated at days 0 and 14 and 28, and then challenged with serotype 1（5×109cfu） and serotype 2 （5×1010cfu）intranasally at day 35. The results suggested that trial group II had a higher antibody level to four antigens and IL-2 production than others (P<0.05) .It had a slightly higher lymphocytes proliferation than others (P>0.05). The protective efficacy against serotype 1of trial group II （9/10） was obviously better than trial group I（6/10）, trial group III(5/10)and control group（0/10）, and the protective efficacy against serotype 2 of that (no lung lesion) was obviously better than others( typical lung lesion)., which demonstrated that antibody level had a positive correlation to protective efficacy. The study revealed that the recombinant subunit vaccine containing ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII and OMP provided significantly crossing protection by stimulating humoral immunity and cell immunity simutaneously.

Enhancement effect of CpG DNA on the somatostatin DNA vaccine in mice

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 834-841 .

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Abstract: To investigate the immune effect of CpG DNA on DNA vaccine against somatostatin (SS), experimental mice at the age of 20 days were immunized with somatostatin eukaryotic expression plasmid pES/2SS with different adjuvant, such as the synthetic CpG- ODN, the pE-CpG plasmid, E.coli DNA and the crude liposome in the current study. The antibody against SS level and the spleen lymphocyte proliferation were detected by ELISA and MTT colorimetric assay , the concentration of GH and IGF-Ⅰwere detected by RIA assay. The results showed that the antibody against SS level , spleen lymphocyte proliferation activity and the concentrations of GH and IGF-Ⅰin the groups of CpGDNA combined the DNA vaccine was significantly increased compared with the group immunized with DNA vaccine alone. Our results suggest that the recombinant somatostatin expression plasmid can stimulate animal to produce antibody against SS, CpGDNA as adjuvant can enhance the immune effect of DNA vaccine against SS and influence the concentration of GH and IGF-Ⅰ

Secretive expression of insect antifungal peptide genes in Pichia pastoris and activity detection of expressive products

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 842-849 .

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The antifungal peptides drosomycin (Drs) and its isoform drosomycin-like C (Drs-lC) from Drosophila melanogaster and thanatin from Podisus maculiventris have broad and potent activity to filamentous fungi. The secretive expression of these antifungal peptide genes in yeast will provide the possibility to use their expressive products as protective regents on fruit, vegetable, food and agricultural products directly. The three genes of drs, Drs-lC and thanatin were cloned into pPICZα, a secretive vector of yeast. The recombinant vectors which were named pPICZαA-drs、pPICZαA-Drs-lC and pPICZα-Thanatin were integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris by electric transformation method. The recombinant Pichia pastoris was induced to express antifungal peptide by methanol. The expressive products of the three recombinant showed antifungal activity to 5 of 6 tested fungi species and the expressive product of thanatin also had strong activity to the tested bacteria.

Molecular cytogenetic analysis on uniculm wheat germplasm from variety Fukuho X Agropyron cristatum

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 850-854 .

Abstract ( 1080 )

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Six uniculm plant lines, which had many natural tillers but only the main stem could come into being spike, were found from the offspring of hybridizations of the variety Fukuho and A. cristatum. The result of GISH showed these uniculm plant lines belonged to the translation lines between two couple wheat chromosomes and A. cristatum chromosomes. Total six translational markers were detected by using SSR analysis in them, which showed that a few chromosome sequences were translated from A. cristatum to Fukuho. The F1 plants of the uniculm wheat X the natural variety Jing 4841 were all natural in modality, but the ratio between natural plants and not was 3:1 in the F2 generation. This showed that the gene which decided the earing number was recessive single gene.

Studies on the Effect of Weak Light on the Ultrastructure Characteristics of Peach（Prunus persica （L.）Batsch）Leaf

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 855-863 .

Abstract ( 1567 )

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The leaf characteristics and microstructure of chloroplast of peach in solar greenhouse were studied. The result showed that as the light is weaker, the total chlorophyll content，chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content increased; at the same time, the ratio of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased. The chlorophyll content of the young leaves is higher than those younger and older ones whether that is under shade condition or under natural condition. The chlorophyll content of NJN is highest among those different peach breed. With the shade degree aggravated, the number of chloroplast per cell in palisesade tissue increased, and the grana lamella is thicker; the amyloid number of younger leaves augmented, while it is reversed in young leaves. As for NJN, the grana number of younger leaves in sponge tissue was cut down when shaded, but there is little difference of the grana number of younger leaves in sponge tissue between Maixiang and Qingfeng. When shaded, the length of the cell in palisesade tissue was shorter compare with those under nature light.

Development of a Gas Chromatography Method for the Determination of Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol Residues In Edible Tissues of Swine

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2007, 40(4): 864-868 .

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Abstract：A Gas Chromatography method was developed to simultaneously determine chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol residues in edible tissues of swine, The residues were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned up by C18 solid phase extraction cartridge. Residues were reacted with BSTFA-TMCS（99:1）at 70℃ for 30min and then evaporated to dryness by nitrogen. The final solution were analysed by Gas Chromatography. The limits of detection of chloramphenicol in liver and muscle of swine are 0.5μg/kg and the limits of quantification are 1.0μg/kg, The limits of detection of thiamphenicol in liver and muscle of swine are 1.0μg/kg and the limits of quantification are 2.0μg/kg. The samples are fortified with chloramphenicol in the range of 1~4μg/kg and with thiamphenicol in the range of 2~8μg/kg, The recoveries are in the range of 70%～81% and the correlation coefficient are less than 16%. The calibration curves of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are linear (R2>0.998) in the range of 10μg/L～640μg/L. The method is simple and accurate enough to determine the residues of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol in edible tissues of swine.

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