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    16 December 2014, Volume 47 Issue 24
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES
    Construction of Genetic Map Using Genotyping Chips and QTL Analysis of Grain Weight
    CHEN Jian-sheng, CHEN Guang-feng, LI Qing-fang, ZHANG Han, SHI Cui-lan, SUN Cai-ling, DENG Zhi-ying, LIU Kai, GU Zhi-qun, TIAN Ji-chun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4769-4779.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.001
    Abstract ( 746 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (421KB) ( 1453 )   Save
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    【Objective】Wheat genetic map is a very useful resource for genome analysis and understanding of the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. High density genetic maps were constructed by combining the traditonal molecular markers and modern gene microarray technology in order to carry out QTL analysis of grain weight, to detect the major QTL, and to supply a basis and direction of exploration of CAPS markers for molecular-assistant breeding, which could also lay a foundation for fine mapping and excavation of grain weight genes. 【Method】 A RIL (recombinant inbred lines) population including 173 lines was analyzed using wheat 90K SNP array,DArt technology and traditional moleculer technology. High density genetic map was constructed. QTL mapping for 1000- grain weight was analyzed using QTL network 2.0. 【Result】 A genetic map of wheat covering 21 wheat chrosmes was constructed and it contains 6 241 polymorphism markers, including 6 001 SNP,256 DArT,27 SSR, covering 4875.29 cM, with an average interval distance of 0.77 cM. A, B and D chromsomes possess 2 390, 3 386, and 468 polymorphism markers, accounting for the proportion of 38.3%, 54.3%, and 7.5%, separately. The average interval distances of the markers were 0.80, 0.75 and 0.80 cM, respectively. QTL analysis of 1000-grain weight was processed under four environments. Total 9 QTL controlling 1000-grain weight were detected located on 1B, 4B, 5B, and 6A. Additive effect of QGW4B-17, QGW4B-5, QGW4B-2, QGW6A-344 and QGW6A-137 was more than 10%, which were considered as major QTL. Among them, QGW4B-17 was detected under several environments, and the phenotypic variation explained by which varied from 16% to 33% with its additive effect from 2.3 to 2.97 g. All the additive effects come from big kernel parent Shannong 01-35,single QTL could increase 1.09-2.97g for 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】A genetic map of wheat covering 21 wheat chrosmes was constructed with 6 241 polymorphism markers, with an average interval distance of 0.77 cM. Total 9 QTL controlling 1000-grain weight located on 1B, 4B, 5B, and 6A were detected. Additive effect ofQGW4B-17 was detected under several environments, and the phenotypic variation explained by which varied at 16%-33% with its additive effect at 2.3-2.97 g.
    Evaluation on the Classification Characteristics of National Registered Cotton Varieties in the Yangtze River Valley Based on GGE Biplot
    XU Nai-yin, LI Jian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4780-4789.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.002
    Abstract ( 457 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 443 )   Save
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    【Objective】By using the GGE biplot method, the classification and characteristics analysis of national registered varieties over 30 years recommended from the candidate cotton lines in cotton regional trials in the Yangtze River Valley (YaRV) facilitated us a historical perspective of cotton variety improvement progress to explore the evolution trend of cotton varieties’ type and the corresponding characteristics, and thus to provide theoretical guidelines for current decision making of cotton breeding target characters and cotton evaluation and recommendation for the official registration before commercial release.【Method】In accordance with the cultivar scoring criteria of national cotton registration standard, the corresponding weights were allocated to certain characters of yield and fiber quality, disease resistance, earliness, etc., to build a universal cotton variety evaluation index based on multiple traits. The “genotype vs. trait” view of GGE biplot was adopted to analyze the interaction pattern of 53 national registered cotton varieties in cotton regional trials in YaRV during 1981-2012 and 15 major characters including seed cotton yield, lint cotton yield, boll weight, boll numbers, lint percentage, seed index, fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire value, Fusarirum wilt index, Verticillium wilt index, pro-frost yielding rate, plant height, fruit branch number and evaluation index, and also to implement the classification and feature comparison of registered cotton cultivars. And then the cultivar types and features were evaluated. According to the shift of check cultivars in cotton regional trials in the past, the cotton regional trial datasets since 1981 were divided into five periods. The dynamics of cultivar type’s proportion and the evaluation index scores were evaluated across the five periods. 【Result】The “genotype vs. trait” view of GGE biplot analysis showed that there existed complicated relationships among cotton breeding target traits, which made it necessary to construct evaluation indices for comprehensive evaluation of cotton varieties. On the basis of cotton recommending criteria in national variety registration standard, a variety evaluation index in common was built as: EI = 0.40×(lint cotton yield ) + 0.13×(fiber strength ) + 0.09×(fiber length + micronaire value +Verticillium wilt) + 0.11×(Fusarium wilt) + 0.10×(pre-frost yielding rate). According to the interaction pattern of varieties and characters and their spatial relationships among varieties, 53 national registered varieties were divided into four varietal types with significant special characteristics, respectively. TypeⅠcluster was constituted of certain cultivars with “high yield, more boll numbers and moderate fiber quality”; type Ⅱ was of “high yield, big boll and high micronaire value”; type Ⅲ was of “superior fiber quality, moderate yield and small boll”; while type Ⅳ was weak in major characters and was named as “weak cultivars”. The ordination of variety types sorted by evaluation index was listed as typeⅠ> typeⅡ> type Ⅲ> type Ⅳ. The dynamic of cultivar types shift indicated that type Ⅳ varieties only appeared in “Simian 3” period and the before; type Ⅲ varieties existed in “Simian 3” and “Xiangzamian 2” periods; typeⅠvarieties commenced in “Simian 3” period, and its proportion was on the rise until the decline in “Ezamian 10” period; type Ⅱ varieties were selected firstly in “Xiangzamian 2” period, and the proportion showed a continuous trend up till now.【Conclusion】On the basis of the variety evaluation index and GGE biplot analysis method, 53 national registered varieties were efficiently divided into four variety types with distinct characteristics and historical traces in each. The conclusion of cotton variety improvement effect and development trend in past 30 years in YaRV reminded as that more attention should be paid to the improvement and evaluation of micronaire trait, so as to guide the simultaneous development of high yielding and fiber quality in cotton breeding and registration procedure in YaRV.
    Dynamic Monitoring of Spring Cold Damage of Double Cropping Rice in Southern China
    CHENG Yong-xiang, WANG Xiu-zhen, GUO Jian-ping, ZHAO Yan-xia, HUANG Jing-feng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4790-4804.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.003
    Abstract ( 418 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (8652KB) ( 393 )   Save
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    【Objective】Satellites and ground multi-source data were used in this study to achieve dynamic monitoring of cold damage of double cropping rice by combining with extraction result of double cropping rice planting area, dynamic development phase maps, daily mean temperature maps and monitoring index of cold damage. The result can provide technical supports for the agricultural production sectors to make quick response to cold damage and to reduce the loss of cold damage.【Method】Using daily mean temperature of 190 meteorological stations located in southern China from 1951 to 2011, the annual average accumulated temperature (≥10℃) was obtained for each station. According to correlativity between annual average accumulated temperature and geographical factors, the accumulated temperature prediction model was established, and according to the model, the spatial distribution map of accumulated temperature was obtained. Using accumulated temperature threshold of 5 300 ℃.d for double cropping rice production, the area that average accumulated temperature less than the value was removed from research area. The result was as accumulated temperature zone of double cropping rice. The 10 years distribution of grain crops was obtained by using the classification products of MODIS MCD12Q1 from 2001 to 2010. Finally, the information of double cropping rice planting area was extracted by calculating the intersection of accumulated temperature zone of double cropping rice and grains classification products of MODIS MCD12Q1. This research used development phase data of 167 agricultural experiment stations in southern China from 1981 to 2011, according to the correlation between many years average date of development phase and geographical factors, the regression fitting distribution map of development phase was obtained for double cropping early rice. On the basis of residual error correction of the fitting results, the maps of dynamic development phase were made by using two static maps before and after through EVNI + IDL programming. Multivariate regression model of daily mean temperature was established by using the correlation between AMSR_E_L2A 89 GHz bright temperature, geological factors and daily mean temperature of meteorological stations, as a result to complete the calculation of February 2010 to May daily mean temperature. 【Result】Using 90 meteorological stations observation data that were not involved in modeling to validate the accumulated temperature prediction model, and the results showed that there was no significant difference between estimated and measured values, the root mean square error is 289℃. The estimate accuracy can meet the needs of the research. By calculating the intersection between the accumulated temperature zone of double cropping rice and MODIS grains classification products, the extractive planting area of double cropping rice accounted for 29.26% of total of the study area. Through the steps, on the one hand, improved the use value of monitoring results of cold damage. On the other hand, can make the real-time monitoring of cold damage of double cropping rice be launched before haven't get the accurate planting location information about double cropping rice; Using observation data of 59 agricultural experiment stations that were not involved in modeling to validate development phase simulated results of double cropping early rice seeding and reviving period, the results indicated that the root mean square errors were, respectively, 5.68 days and 4.24 days between real and fitted many year average date of development phase. Model accuracy meets the requirements, the experimental results can be used to subsequent analysis; Daily mean temperature was obtained by hybrid modeling method, the method makes full use of the characteristics of microwave remote sensing, the data is affected little by the weather, and can overcome the south year-round cloudy weather conditions, root mean square error (RMSE) of simulative daily mean temperature is 1.69℃. Estimated precision of daily mean temperature was increased by 0.35℃ because of the addition of microwave data. Monitoring results for 2010 spring cold damage of double corpping rice highly corresponds to reported content of agricultural statistic department in time and space.【Conclusion】The method constructed by this paper can realize the large-scale synchronous monitoring of cold damage of double cropping rice. The method has universality. It can also be applied to large scale cold damage dynamic monitoring of other crops.
    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & ECOLOGY
    Risk Assessment and Zoning of the Main Meteorological Disasters for Maize in Northeast China
    GAO Xiao-rong, WANG Chun-yi, ZHANG Ji-quan, WEN Xu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4805-4820.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.004
    Abstract ( 485 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (5944KB) ( 731 )   Save
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    【Objective】Northeast China, one of China’s key grain production bases, witnessed unstable maize yield caused mainly by such meteorological disasters as chilling, drought and flood, and risk assessment of the main meteorological disasters threatening maize in Northeast China at different growth stages and the whole growth period will provide a scientific basis for regional agricultural production planning and meteorological disaster prevention and alleviation. 【Method】Based upon the theory of natural disaster risk and the formation mechanism of agro-meteorological disaster risk, the established risk assessment index system and the risk assessment model of growth stages and the whole growth period aiming at the main meteorological disasters threatening maize in Northeast China were used to assess four elements (hazard of the natural disasters as chilling, drought and flood, exposure and vulnerability of the disaster-affected body and the disaster prevention and mitigation capacity of human beings) at four growth stages, namely sowing to seven-leaf, seven-leaf to tasseling, tasseling to milky ripening and milky ripening to maturation. After that, risk of the main meteorological disasters in each growth stage and of the whole growth period was assessed and zoning of the assessment result was identified in the system cluster analysis. 【Result】 Generally the hazard of chilling damage increases from west to east and are in zonal distribution at each growth stage. In early stages, areas with medium or high values of the hazard of chilling are in Changbai Mountain area and Southeast Heilongjiang; at later stages, the areas with medium or high values of the hazard of chilling are mostly in Changbai Mountain area and southeast and north of Heilongjiang research area. Generally the hazard of drought increases from east to west or from southeast to northwest and are in zonal distribution at each growth stage. While the hazard of flood present obvious regional differences at each growth stage with Southeast Liaoning being an area easy to be affected by flood. Of the four growth stages, it is less likely to have flood at the stage of sowing to seven-leaf in the research area. At the subsequent three stages, the areas with high hazard of flood are mainly in Southeast Liaoning. At the stage of sowing to seven-leaf, the main meteorological disaster risk are in zonal distribution from northeast to southwest: areas with low or medium risk values are in central Northeast China while those with medium or high values are mostly in west and east of Northeast China. At the stage of seven-leaf to tasseling, the main meteorological disaster risk increases from northeast to southwest: areas with low or medium risk values are mainly in Heilongjiang and central and northeast of Jilin, while those with medium or high values are in the west of Northeast China, Southeast Jilin and south and east of Liaoning. At the stages of tasseling to milky ripening, milky ripening to maturation and even the whole growth period, the main meteorological disaster risk increases from east to west and the areas with medium or high risk values are mostly in the western part of Heilongjiang research area, west Jinlin and a large part of Liaoning. At the sowing to seven-leaf stage, the areas with high risk of the main meteorological disasters are in Qinggang, Dongning, Baicheng, Qian’an and Changbai, and most areas face medium risk. At the seven-leaf to tasseling stage, the high risk areas are in Southeast Liaoning’s Kuandian, Xiuyan and Zhuanghe; in the first two growth stages, the high risk regions are distributed sporadically or cover a relatively small area. In tasseling to milky ripening, milky ripening to maturation and the whole growth period, the high risk regions expand and are stretched in the west of Heilongjiang research area, west Jilin and east Liaoning’s Kuandian and Xiuyan.【Conclusion】The risk of the main meteorological disasters, namely chilling, drought and flood, threatening maize in Northeast China at each growth stage and of its whole growth period, are distributed in different patterns. At the first two growth stages, the high risk regions cover a relatively small area; at the last two growth stages and in the whole growth period, the high risk regions expand and are stretched in the west of Heilongjiang research area, west Jilin and east Liaoning’s Kuandian and Xiuyan.
    PLANT PROTECTION
    Screening of the Host Factors Interacting with CP of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus by Yeast Two-Hybrid System
    HE Yi-kun, ZHONG Min, HU Tong-le, WANG Shu-tong, DUAN Hao, DING Li, WANG Ya-nan, CAO Ke-qiang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4821-4829.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.005
    Abstract ( 415 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1487KB) ( 953 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to screen the host factors interacting with coat protein (CP) of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virusthe method of bioinformatics. 【Method】 Firstly, the bait vector of pGBKT7-CP was constructed and transformed into Y2H gold. The growth of the transformed yeast was assayed on the culture plate of SD/-Trp, SD/-Trp/-His and SD/-Trp/-Ade-X-α-Gal to make clear the self-activating effect of pGBKT7-CP. The plasmids of pGBKT7-CPand pGBKT7 were transformed into Y2H gold, the OD600 of which was tested by ultraviolet spectrophotometer at different stages. The effect of pGBKT7-CP on the yeast was analyzed. Secondly, the interactive proteins of CP were screened from cDNA library of Malus sylvestristhe interaction between host and virus was deduced based on gene annotation. 【Result】 The bait vector of pGBKT7-CP was constructed. The transformed yeast Y2H gold was able to grow on the plate of SD/-Trp, but not able to grow on the plate of SD/-Trp/-His and SD/-Trp/-Ade-X-α-Gal, which implied that the recombined plasmid had no ability to activate the reporter gene of His and Ade. The growth of pGBKT7-CPand the control was similar, which predicated that the recombined plasmid had no virulence to the yeast. Sixty-nine interactive factors were obtained, which were divided into 10 types of proteins based on their functions, including transcription factor activity, carbon fixation activity, cellular iron ion homeostasis, defense response, hydrolase activity, oxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity, photosystem II assembly and protein binding activity. Eight host genes (Malus 【Conclusion】According to the results, the function of the important proteins was analyzed. It was presumed that ACLSV CP interacting with BZIP, MYB transcription factors, pathogenesis-related protein (PR-5, PR-8, PR-10), which may regulate the host resistance to virus. CP interacting with photosystem II stability/assembly factor protein and iron-binding protein may affect the stability of photosystem and the formation of chlorophyll, thereby reducing photosynthesis. This will provide a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of chlorotic green leaf spot and tree decline caused by ACLSV.3-1, Malus 4-2, Malus 4q1, Malus 31-3, Malus 49q2, Malus 15-1, Malus 6-2, and Malus 91-4) may play a great role in the interaction between host and virus. cv. R12740-7A constructed early by yeast two-hybrid sequencing transformation. At last, the positive clones were selected from the culture plate of SD/-Ade/-His/-Leu/-Trp/X-α-Gal and sequenced. BLAST analysis was made for the host factors in the GenBank and the function in (ACLSV) by yeast two-hybrid system and analyze their function in the interaction between host and virus by

    Relationship Between Supercooling Capacity and Low Molecular Sugars and Polyols, and Amino Acids in Eggs of Oedaleus asiaticus
    LI Na, ZHOU Xiao-rong, PANG Bao-ping
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4830-4839.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.006
    Abstract ( 294 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (478KB) ( 472 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The band-winged grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus Bei-Bienko, is one of the most dominant and economically important grasshopper species in the steppe grasslands and farming-pastoral ecotone in northern China. This grasshopper is an univoltine species and overwinters as eggs in soil. The supercooling points and the contents of low molecular sugars and polyols, and amino acids in its eggs were examined at different developmental stages for understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms on its cold hardiness.【Method】Adult grasshoppers were collected from the Gegentala grassland, Siziwang Flag, and put into the oviposition cages and reared on fresh corn leaves. Egg pods were collected daily and put into plastic cups filled with soil, which were incubated at 25℃ to obtain the eggs in different developmental durations. Meanwhile, some egg pods were put into an incubator after oviposition and acclimated at 0℃ to get the eggs with different acclimation times. The supercooling points were measured by thermocouple method. Low molecular sugars and polyols, and amino acids were quantified by using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and automatic amino acid analyzer, respectively.【Result】 The supercooling points decreased gradually and the total contents of amino acids did not change significantly whereas the contents of low molecular sugars and polyols changed significantly along with the egg development at 25℃ from the first day to 120 d after oviposition. Seventeen amino acids were found, among which glutamate content was the highest (7.20-8.35 mg?100 mg-1), followed by aspartic acid, leucine, praline, tyrosine, valine and alanine, cystine and methionine was the least (0.51-0.88 mg?100 mg-1). The supercooling points had negative correlations with the contents of praline, alanine and glycine, whereas positive correlations with those of aspartic acid, cystine and leucine. All six kinds of low molecular sugars and polyols were detected and their contents were significantly different among different developmental stages. Glycerol was the most (56.14-160.00 μg·g-1), secondly trehalose (13.60-51.13 μg·g-1) and sorbitol (3.14-72.30 μg·g-1), thirdly myo-inositol (3.19-22.15 μg·g-1) and glucose (3.59-25.40 μg·g-1), and fructose was the least (1.28-11.33 μg·g-1). With the egg development, the contents of trehalose, glycerol, myo-inositol and sorbitol increased whereas glucose content decreased, and fructose content rose from oviposition to 90 d after oviposition and declined sharply 120 d after oviposition. There were significant negative correlations between the supercooling points and the contents of trehalose, glycerol, myo-inositol and sorbitol whereas a positive correlation with glucose content except fructose. The supercooling points of acclimated eggs after exposure to 0℃ for 30 d were not significantly different from those of non-acclimated eggs but significantly decreased 1.28℃ after exposure to 0℃ for 60 d, and glycerol content increased by 43.01% while glucose content declined by 73.54%. After exposure to 0℃ for 90 d, the supercooling points of acclimated eggs declined by 2.15℃, and the contents of glycerol and myo-inositol were significantly more than the control, increased by 43.39% and 36.18%, respectively, and glucose content decreased by 87.98%. Cold acclimation did not affect significantly the contents of trehalose, sorbitol and fructose.【Conclusion】With the egg development, the contents of four low molecular sugars and polyols (trehalose, glycerol, myo-inositol and sorbitol) and three amino acids (praline, alanine and glycine) rose, and the supercooling capacity increased. Cold acclimation induced the contents of glycerol and myo-inositol in eggs to increase significantly, and promoted their supercooling capacity.
    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Effects of Different Tillage Treatments and Rainfall Intensities on Soil Surface Roughness Under Simulated Condition
    LIANG Xin-lan, ZHAO Long-shan, WU Jia, WU Fa-qi
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4840-4849.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.007
    Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1517KB) ( 509 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objectives of this paper were to study the spatial distribution characteristics of soil surface elevations and roughness caused by the tillage treatments and to investigate the changes in soil surface elevations and roughness after rainfall, so as to deeply understand the effects of tillage treatments and rainfall intensities on spatial distribution of soil surface elevations and soil surface roughness (SSR). 【Method】 The experiment was arranged in completely randomized block design, with three replications for each treatment. The size of soil box was 2.0 m in length, 1.0 m in width and 0.5 m in depth. The gradient of soil box was 18%. The tillage treatments used were artificial shallow plowing (ASP), artificial deep plowing (ADP), contour plowing (CP), and no treatment (CK). Three rainfall intensities (60 mm·h-1, 90 mm·h-1 and 120 mm·h-1) were applied to conduct the rainfall, and rainfall duration was 90 minutes. Soil surface elevations in soil box were measured using a laser scanner before and after rainfall to analyze the changes of elevation and SSR. 【Result】 There was a significant difference in spatial distribution of elevations among these four tillage treatments. Statistical variance of surface elevations of CK was the lowest compared with ASP, ADP and CP, including the spatial distribution of elevation of CK was the highest concentration than the others. While statistical variance of surface elevations of CP was the highest compared with ASP, ADP and CK, suggesting the spatial distribution of surface elevations of CP was the most dispersion one. Spatial distribution of surface elevations of ASP and ADP were the median. Before the rain, the order of SSR value was CP>ADP>ASP>CK. This implied that deep ploughing treatment caused severer changes in SSR than shallow ploughing treatment. SSR value changed apparently after rainfall. And the changes of SSR aggravated as rainfall intensity increased under the same tillage treatment. After rainfall, SSR of CP, ADP and ASP were decreased compared to SSR of them before the rainfall. For one certain rainfall intensity, SSR decrease was the greatest for CP, the medium for ADP and the lowest for ASP. But SSR of CK increased a few rather than decreased under the same rainfall intensity condition. It increased 10.9%, 22.5% and 36.5% of 60, 90 and 120 mm·h-1 rainfall intensity, respectively. Although rainfall event changed SSR, the order of SSR was still CP>ADP>ASP>CK after rainfall. This suggests rainfall event changed the value of SSR but it did not change the spatial distribution characteristics of SSR. The effects of CP, ADP and ASP tillage treatments on SSR were dominated while the effects of rainfall on SSR were subordinated. Regression equations between change rate of SSR (ΔSSR) and rainfall intensity were obtained for each tillage treatment. 【Conclusion】 Tillage treatment was the most important factor to form soil surface roughness on sloping farmland. The spatial heterogeneity of SSR caused by tillage treatments was as follows: different tillage activities caused different soil surface disturbance and led to different soil surface spatial structural and distribution patterns. Rainfall increased SSR of CK while decreased SSR of ASP, ADP and CP. The greater initial SSR value was, the more significant SSR value changed. The change of SSR severed as rainfall intensity increased under the same tillage treatment. However, the influence of ASP, ADP and CP tillage treatments on SSR were stronger than influence of rainfall on SSR.
    Spatial Distribution of the Collapsing Alluvial Soil Physical Properties in Southeastern Hubei
    DENG Yu-song, DING Shu-wen, CAI Chong-fa, Lü Guo-an, XIA Dong, ZHU Yun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4850-4857.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.008
    Abstract ( 289 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (359KB) ( 504 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this paper is to study the compositions of soil particles of the collapsing alluvial fan, bulk density, soil porosity, soil water-holding capacity, the organic matter, and to analyze the relationship among them. The spatial variation law of dilapidated granite alluvial fan farmland soil physical properties was also studied which is not only benefit to agricultural land-use planning, but also provide a theoretical basis for soil improvement of the collapsing alluvial fan farmland, thus, it has a profound effect on agriculture and forestry production in mountainous areas. 【Method】 In this paper, laboratory analysis and field survey methods were adopted to study the small watershed ridge collapse Tongcheng County alluvial fan of farmland. Both paddy and upland land use patterns of alluvial fan were selected, at the same time, soil physical properties of 4 areas in the farmland including the top, middle, margin of the alluvial fan and control trial which is outside the alluvial fan were collected, the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis method was adopted to explore the intrinsic link age between various indicators to understand effect of collapse mound on alluvial fan farmland. 【Result】Collapsing erosion causes serious alluvial fan farmland soil desertification and soil structural deterioration. Coarse alluvial fan farmland particulate matter (gravel and sand) were more than 75.89% compared with the control area on average, soil fine particulate matter (silt and clay) reduced by 39.13% on average compared to the control area. Soil organic matter content was reduced, soil organic matter content in alluvial fan soil reduced by 58.70% compared with the control area on average; bulk density increases, relative to the control area increased an average by 0.25 g·cm-3; soil porosity were less than the control area, and saturation and capillary water holding capacity were significantly lower in the control area. Meanwhile, along the edge of the alluvial fan to fan roof, gravel and sand content in soil showed a gradual increase, while the silt and clay content gradually reduced, bulk density increased, soil porosity reduced, water holding capacity gradually weakened, organic matter gradually decreased. Correlation analysis showed that the soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated (R=-0.907 **) with organic matter content; soil bulk density, soil porosity and soil water retention characteristics showed a significant negative correlation; total porosity, capillary porosity and soil water retention characteristics showed a highly significant positive correlation. There was no clear correlation between the non-capillary porosity and various physical properties. Each grain class size of soil and soil bulk density and soil water holding capacity index showed a significant or very significant correlation with the total porosity and capillary porosity.【Conclusion】After collapsing erosion occurred in alluvial fan farmland soil particles, organic matter, soil bulk density, porosity and water holding capacity as the representative soil physical properties showed a serious degradation. In addition, the collapse of the post alluvial fan farmland soil physical properties and spatial variation existed, the nearer the top fan, the worse the soil physical structures. There was linkage between the alluvial fan of farmland soil indicators closely linked, especially the relationship between soil particles and other physical indicators, highlighting the improvement of alluvial fan aspects of soil particles from the soil is workable, such as take-off indigenous soil structure and deep plowing method can effectively improve erosion. The result has provided a basis for understanding of farmland soil physical properties of alluvial fan soil, thus laying a foundation for the improvement of soil structure of the collapsing alluvial fan soil, which is important for agricultural production and economic efficiency of agriculture.
    Several Conservation Practices Influencing the Hydrologic Processes and Drought of the Red Soil Sloping Farmland
    LIN Li-rong, CHEN Jia-zhou, WANG Feng, DENG Sheng-hua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4858-4867.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.009
    Abstract ( 427 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (434KB) ( 485 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In subtropical China, agricultural production of the red soil sloping land is limited by water erosion and seasonal drought. The hydrological relationships between water erosion and seasonal drought are not well understood. The objective of this study was to explore how field commonly used conservation practices influence the hydrologic processes in rainy and dry seasons and the soil and crop water stress in the red soil sloping land, and to provide a theoretical basis for selecting more pertinent field management practices. 【Method】 From 2008 to 2010, a field experiment was conducted in Xianning, Hubei. The zonal soil was red soils (Ultisols), developed from the Quaternary red clay. The experiment field is a typical low hill with a slope of 8°. Four treatments were used in the experiment plots, including no-conservation practice or control treatment (CK), grass strip (GS), application of polyacrylamide on the soil surface (PAM), and mulching the soil surface with rice straw (SM). Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., Baisha 1018) and maize (Zea mays L., Denghai 3632) were planted in the first and the next two years, respectively. The surface runoff amounts, sediment yields, soil water storages, soil and crop drought, and crop yields among the four treatments were studied. 【Result】 When rainfall amounts were close, surface runoff amounts and sediment yields generally increased with the rising rainfall intensities. As a whole, surface runoff amounts and sediment yields were in the same declining order of CK>PAM>GS>SM, indicating the four treatments reduced water erosion by different degrees. Compared with the CK, the three conversation practices reduced surface runoff amounts and sediment yields by about 36.6% and 52.7% on average, respectively, with more significant decreases in the sediment yields. Soil water storage dynamics in the 0-45 cm depth were obviously different between the rainy and dry seasons. In general, the water storages rose up in rainy seasons, while gradually reduced during dry seasons. In addition, the differences among the four treatments turned to be smaller and smaller in persistent rainfalls, however they became larger and larger during rain free periods. Both in rainy and dry seasons, the SM had the highest soil water storage and the least fluctuation, followed by the PAM. GS and CK had close water storages. Values of soil drought degree (D) in the 0-15 cm depth gradually increased during the continuous drought in dry seasons. Both in the two years, D values were in the declining order of CK>GS>PAM>SM, suggesting that soil drought degrees in the four treatments declined in turn. Under the influences of climate, crop growing periods and conversation practices, the increases in stress degree day (SDD) and the variability in differences among treatments appeared obvious periodicity. In the whole dry season, values of SDD were all in the reducing order of CK>GS>SM and PAM, showing that crop water stresses in the four treatments reduced in sequence. SM and PAM had larger crop yields than GS and CK. Compared to the CK, the GS, PAM and SM separately increased peanut yields by 19.3%, 33.0%, and 27.3% in 2008. While in 2009, the GS reduced maize yield by 0.5% and the PAM and SM separately increased maize yields by 17.1% and 36.3%. Different conversation practices had different kinds of impacts on the drought. For example, the GS didn’t greatly relieve soil and crop drought for its water consumption. The PAM reduced soil and crop drought mainly by reducing the loss of evaporation. The SM markedly increased soil water storage in rainy seasons, and greatly reduced soil moisture loss in dry seasons, and therefore significantly alleviated soil and crop drought. 【Conclusion】When applied in the red soil sloping farmland, all the three conservation practices of GS, PAM, and SM could reduce water erosion and alleviated seasonal drought in different ways, with different characteristics and degrees. In rainy seasons, the three conservation practices reduced surface runoff amount and increased soil water storage only by limited volumes. The function in increasing the soil water storage in the rainy season was smaller than that in alleviating the soil and crop water stress in the dry season.
    HORTICULTURE
    Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis of MdGSTU1 Gene Encoding a Resistance-Related Glutathione Transferase from Apple
    AN Xiu-hong1, XU Kai1, LI En-mao1, LI Zhuang1, LI Min1, LIU Zhi2, CHENG Cun-gang1
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4868-4877.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.010
    Abstract ( 414 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (4177KB) ( 727 )   Save
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    【Objective】MdGSTU1 gene was amplified from apple (Malus domestica Borkh) by RT-PCR. The transcriptional level of MdGSTU1 in different tissues and under various treatments were determined to identify the resistant function of MdGSTU1 .【Method】ESTs derived from suppression subtractive hybridization were blasted in NCBI and one EST fragment associated with apple ring rot was separated. This EST was found to be a GST gene by blasting in apple genome database. The primers were designed to amplify the ORF and 3'UTR of this gene; subsequently, the phylogenetic tree of the GST proteins, including MdGSTU1 and the GST family proteins from Arabidopsis, was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method of MEGA 5.0 software. In addition, the protein molecular weight and isoelectric point were predicted with DNAMAN software, and the full length amino acid sequences were analyzed between MdGSTU1 and the GSTU subfamily proteins of Arabidopsis. The expression level of MdGSTU1 gene was detected in different tissues and under NaCl, PEG and Alternaria mali Roberts treatments using RT-PCR. Finally, the promoter of MdGSTU1 gene was cloned and the cis-acting regulatory elements were analyzed through PlantCARE database. 【Result】An apple gene encoding a putative glutathione transferase was obtained from a resistance-related EST to apple ring rot. The amplified sequence of this gene contains a 666 bp coding sequence, which encodes a protein of 221 amino acid residues. The calculated molecular mass is 25.41 kDa, with the isoelectric point 5.28. The phylogenetic relationship of this gene is closer with Arabidopsis tau type GST family, so it was named MdGSTU1. Sequence analysis showed that MdGSTU1 protein contains conserved glutathione S-transferase N- and C-terminal domain. RT-PCR results showed that the MdGSTU1 gene was expressed in all tissues tested. However, its expression level varied with tissue type, and the highest transcriptional level occurred in root, compared with other tissues including stem, leaf, ?ower and fruit. Furthermore, the level of MdGSTU1 transcript was markedly induced by 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl and 20% PEG, and the highest value was reached at 1 h. In addition, MdGSTU1 was also induced by Alternaria mali Roberts and the highest expression level of MdGSTU1 was appeared at 8 h after treatment. Promoter analysis revealed that there are multiple putative cis-acting elements that are involved in abscisic acid responsiveness, anaerobic induction, gibberellin- responsiveness, salicylic acid responsiveness, MeJA-responsiveness, and defense and stress responsiveness, and some MYB binding site were also found in the promoter of MdGSTU1 gene. 【Conclusion】MdGSTU1 belongs to a tau class GST family and both biotic and abiotic stresses could induce its expression.gene
    Inheritance Tendency of Sugar and Acid Contents in the Reciprocal Cross Progenies’ Fruits of Southern × Northern High Bush Blueberry (Vaccinium)
    LIU You-chun, WEI Yong-xiang, WANG Xing-dong, LIU Cheng, JIANG Ming-san, ZHANG Duo, YUAN Xing-fu, TAO Cheng-guang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4878-4885.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.011
    Abstract ( 380 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (890KB) ( 757 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of present study is to analyze the effects of parents on inheritance of sugar and acid contents in blueberry fruit, to provide a basis for selecting parents in cross breeding. 【Method】 Sugar and acid contents of southern high bush blueberry ‘Sapphire’ ( high sugar and high acid type), northern high bush blueberry ‘Berkeley’ (middle sugar and low acid type) and their reciprocal cross progenies were investigated with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. 【Result】 Fructose and glucose were the major components of sugar, while citric acid and tartaric acid were the major components of acid. The reciprocal populations exhibited a wide phenotypic variation in fructose, glucose, total sugar, tartaric acid, citric acid and total acid contents where the coefficient of variation (CV) of sugar and acid contents were more than 15% and 30%, respectively, and the range of acid contents was higher than that of sugar contents, indicating that there was a bigger selecting potential for acid content. Mean sugar and acid contents of reciprocal cross progenies were lower than mid-parental values, showing a tendency of depression. The mean sugar contents of progenies inclined to low sugar parent, while the mean acid contents inclined to paternal parent value. The individual and total sugar contents presented a normal distribution, implying sugar contents are quantitative traits and controlled by polygenenes, while individual and total acid presented a skewed distribution, implying acid contents are quantitative traits and may be controlled by both major gene and polygenes. The broad sense heritability (H2) of fructose, glucose, total sugar, citric acid and total acid contents were ranged from 0.66 to 0.86, in which the highest was fructose (0.84 and 0.86 in the reciprocal populations, respectively), indicating that the variations of these traits mainly resulted from inheritance, and they were mainly affected by additive effect, while the H2 of tartaric acid was the lowest (0.22 and 0.30 in the reciprocal populations, respectively), indicating that the variation of tartaric acid is greatly affected by environment factors. 【Conclusion】 The blueberry reciprocal populations exhibited a wide phenotypic variation in both sugar and acid contents, mean sugar and acid contents of progenies were lower than mid-parental values. The sugars contents presented a normal distribution, and were the quantitative traits and controlled by polygenenes. The mean sugar contents of progenies come close to low sugar parent, there exists maternal inheritance on the sugar contents, while the mean acid contents come close to paternal value and were mainly affected by paternal parent.
    Changes of Anatomical Structure of Xylem Vessels in Stalk During Huping Jujube Fruit Development and Its Relation of Fruit Cracking
    DING Gai-xiu, WANG Bao-ming, WANG Xiao-yuan, CANG Guo-ying, CHEN Xiao-bin, NIU Xing-yan, JI Wei, ZHANG Peng-fei, WEN Peng-fei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4886-4894.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.012
    Abstract ( 456 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (6883KB) ( 478 )   Save
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    【Objective】In order to provide a reliable evidence for better understanding the mechanism of fruit cracking, the changes of anatomical structure and the transport efficiency of xylem vessels in stalk during Huping jujube development were studied. 【Method】 The soil water content was measured and the Huping jujube was irrigated by quantitative calculation at white-ripe stage. The soil water content of irrigation treatment and CK were kept of (80%±5)% and (20%±5)% by controlling irrigation. The cracking rates were investigated before and after rainfall, and the crack length more than 5 mm and lost business values was considered as fruit cracking. The sampling was finished at young fruit stage, white-ripe stage, part-red stage and full-red stage, respectively. The changes of transport efficiency of vessels in secondary branches, shedding shoot and stalk were studied by magenta tracer. In order to find out the changes of anatomical structure of vessels in stalk during the fruit development, the stalk were sampled and fixed in FAA fixative, conventional methods of embedding, making slices, fast green and safranin staining. 【Result】 The cracking rate of CK and irrigation treatment were 2.60% and 2.58%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between CK and irrigation treatment before rainfall. The rapid increasing of cracking rate was occurred after rainfall, and the cracking rates of CK and irrigation treatment were 42.9% and 40.80%, respectively, while there was no significant difference between the two treatments. The results of magenta tracer showed that the speed of magenta solution transport depend on fruit developmental periods, while it could be transported to the shedding shoot at any stage of fruit development. During the young fruit stage, magenta solution could be transported into the fruit in 5 minutes, and the quantity and distribution were increased with the soaking time, while it would take 40 minutes at the white stage, and it was nearly couldn’t be seen at part-red stage and full-red stage fruit. The above results indicated that the stalk maybe the main obstacle of magenta solution transport. During the fruit development, the percentage of the normal vessels reduced from 97.22% at young fruit stage to 34.95% at white stage, and the percentage reduced to 13% rapidly at part-red stage and full-red stage. The results of paraffin slice indicated that there were breakage, degeneration and blocking appeared in xylem vessels of stalk at white stage, and it kept getting worse during the fruit development. While the blocking was observed at part-red stage, and they were increased in numbers and extent at full-red stage.【Conclusion】All the results of this study suggested that the breakage, degeneration, malformation, and blocking in xylem vessels of stalk were appeared at the late development stage of Huping jujube, and the transport efficiency of xylem vessels was decreased or lost, which results in the transport blocking of water absorbed by root through “root-stem-secondary branch-shedding-stalk-fruit”. Endogenous water can’t cause a lot of fruit cracking.
    ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE
    The Biological Identification of FABP4 Transgenic Cattle
    ZHAO Jing-xian, LI Juan, YAN Xing-rong, NI He-min, CHEN Yan, ZHANG Lu-pei, GAO Hui-jiang, XU Shang-zhong, LI Jun-ya1, GAO Xue
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4895-4903.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.013
    Abstract ( 344 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1667KB) ( 520 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to identify 3 transgenic beifers cattle by testing mRNA and protein expression of exogenous FABP4 gene, so as to provide a scientific basis for the further study of the safety of genetically modified cattle. 【Method】 The bovine FABP4 gene was modified, which was obtained from GenBank (accession No. NM_174314), to form an exogenous FABP4 gene by the degeneracy of synonymous codon. Then the pEGFP-C1-FABP4 eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and transferred into recipient cows by somatic cell nuclear transfer and embryo transfer technology. The No.1 and 2 transgenic animals were born on July 19, 2012 and No.3 individual was on August 1, 2012, but No.1 individual was dead on July 20, 2012. The tissue samples of No.1 transgenic individual and blood samples of No.2&3 transgenic individual and Bos Taurus at 8, 10, 12 and, 14 months were collected for identification. The RT-PCR was used to detect whether the transgenic individuals are positive or not. The fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of the exogenous FABP4 gene in different tissues of No.1 transgenic individual. Expression trend of exogenous, endogenous FABP4 gene of No.2&3 and Bos taurus individuals at 8, 10, 12 and, 14 months and difference of mRNA expression of FABP4 gene between transgenic and non-transgenic animals were analyzed. Moreover, the protein expression of exogenous FABP4 gene in transgenic cattle was detected by Western Blot.ResultThe results showed that three transgenic animals were all positive, because the production of exogenous FABP4 gene, which is 205 bp size, was detected in transgenic cattle, but pregnant cow and negative control didn′t have. The mRNA expressions of exogenous FABP4 gene were observed in different tissues of No.1 transgenic individual. The expressions of this gene in fat tissue and longissimus were significantly higher than other tissues, and it was the lowest in lung. With months changing, exogenous FABP4 gene expression of No.3 transgenic individual was higher than No.2′s and it presented an earlier increase and later decrease trend. The exogenous FABP4 gene expression level of No.2 individual rose from 8th to 12th month, and then it began to decline slightly. However, expression level of No.3 individual rose from 8th to 10th month, and then decreased gradually. The expression levels of endogenous FABP4 gene in transgenic and non-transgenic cattle displayed that it gradually declined by month in non-transgenic animals, but increased in transgenic one, and the expression level of transgenic cattle was lower than non-transgenic animal. It showed that the exogenous FABP4 gene had inhibition effect on the expression of endogenous FABP4 gene. The superposition expressions of exogenous and endogenous FABP4 gene demonstrated that entire FABP4 expression of transgenic individual was greatly higher than non-transgenic one. The result of protein expression was in close agreement with the result of mRNA expression. In addition to the lung, other tissues of No.1 individual all expressed FABP4 protein, and the expression of the longissimus was the highest. The protein expression level of No.3 individual was higher than No.2.【Conclusion】Three FABP4 transgenic animals were successfully acquired and exogenous FABP4 gene could be expressed normally in the transgenic animal′s body. The FABP4 expression of transgenic individual increased greatly than non-transgenic one. The exogenous FABP4 gene inhibits the expression of endogenous FABP4 gene in transgenic individual.
    Effects of Artemisinine on the Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Nitrogen Recycling Rate in Goats
    WANG Hong-rong, QIN Tao, WANG Chao
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2014, 47(24):  4904-4914.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.24.014
    Abstract ( 378 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (406KB) ( 450 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Artemisinine is a kind of plant(Artemisia apiacea) extracts which is a potential feed additive to manipulate the rumen fermentation pattern in the future. The main purpose of this study was to search a novel rumen regulating agent and reveal its consequences of manipulation in the rumen. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of artemisinine on the rumen fermentation parameters and nitrogen recycling rate between protozoa and bacteria in the rumen. 【Method】 Four Xuhui goats fitted with rumen cannula were used in the experiment. Animals were randomly assigned into four dietary treatments (adding 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% artemisinine in diets, respectively) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. All animals were kept in individual pen and fed with ad libitum diet consisted of grinded corn, soybean meal and Chinese ryegrass hay mainly and had free access to clean drinking water. Protozoa engulf bacteria rate and ruminal nitrogen recycling were determined by a novel fluorescence-labeled bacteria technique dyed with 5-([4,6-Dichlorotriazin-2-yl]amino) fluorescein hydrochloride.【Results】The results showed that the extent of pH ranged from 6.85 to 7.16. The addition of artemisinine could decrease the concentration of NH3-N concentration effectively; the consequences of ammonia concentration for 0.4% and 0.6% artemisinine treatments were significantly lower than that of the control group. It was shown that acetate, propionate as well as total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration in the rumen were dramatically improved by adding artemisinine, and the ratio of acetate to propionate for artemisinine treatment groups was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). With the increasing addition of artemisinine, bacterial protein yields tended to increase, and bacterial protein yield of the highest 0.6% group was very significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.01). Additionally, compared to the control group, no significant influence was detected in ruminal peptide nitrogen concentration. Additionally, artemisinine led to an increase of bacterial density, and a decrease of protozoal density. It was further observed that, the engulfing rate of rumen protozoa on bacteria was altered by artemisinine, and they were, 320.11cells/(cell h), 313.94cells/(cell h), 305.00cells/(cell h), 278.14cells/(cell h)for A, B, C, D, respectively. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded that artemisinine was more effective at 0.6% DM proportion of diet. It could decrease ammonia concentration and influence on ruminal fermentation pattern accordingly. The addition of artemisinine in diet could drop the total protozoal density and alter protozoa genus profile in the rumen, where the percentage of Entodinium was decreased, and that of Diplodinium and Isotricha were increased. With adding at 0.6% artemisinine, the rate of microbial protein recycling was increased by decreasing engulfing bacteria rate of protozoa in the rumen of goats and dietary protein efficiency was improved potentially.