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    15 December 2010, Volume 43 Issue 24
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    QTL Mapping for Heterosis of Yield Traits in Rice#br#
    CHEN Shen-guang,SHEN Xi-hong,CAO Li-yong,ZHAN Xiao-deng,FENG Yue,WU Wei-ming,CHENG Shi-hua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  4983-4990 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.001
    Abstract ( 913 )   PDF (229KB) ( 1031 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In experiments, the heterosis QTL for yield traits was detected and the genetic basis of heterosis in rice was studied by method of QTL mapping. 【Method】 A backcross (BC1) population derived from XQZB/RILs was developed to observe the heterosis of six yield traits in two location trials. QTLs for six yield traits were determined using Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5 with composite interval mapping. 【Result】 Heterosis of majority yield traits were stronger. As the results indicated, a total of 20 significant heterosis QTLs for six yield traits were detected distributing on rice chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 10, including three heterosis QTLs for grain yield (GYD) per plant, two heterosis QTLs for number of panicle (NP) per plant, six heterosis QTLs for total number of spikelet per panicle (TNSP), four heterosis QTLs for number of filled grain per panicle (NFGP), four heterosis QTLs for spikelet fertility (SF) and one heterosis QTL for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), respectively. The phenotypic variance explained by a single heterosis QTL ranged from 4.90% to 12.85%. 【Conclusion】 A total of 20 significant heterosis QTLs for six yield traits were detected and five heterosis QTLs among them were stable expression in two trials, included qHNP-3, qHTNSP-7, qHNFGPH-7, qHSF-7, qHTGWT-3. In the checked 20 heterosis QTLs, 13 of them were also checked in the RIL population, the degree of overlap were bigger up to 65%. It is suggested that additive effects also play an important role for yield heterosis.

    Quantitative Trait Loci for Dough Alveogram Characters in Cultivated Wheat
    TIAN Bin,ZHU Zhan-ling,LIU Bin,XIE Quan-gang,TIAN Ji-chun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  4991-4999 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.002
    Abstract ( 792 )   PDF (497KB) ( 660 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Genetic bases of alveogram characters were analyzed by a doubled haploid (DH) population. 【Method】 QTLs for dough tenacity, dough extensibility, dough strength, swelling index and elasticity index of alveogram characters were evaluated in the three different environments by using a doubled haploid (DH) population lines derived from a cross between two elite Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3/Yumai 57 (Triticum aestivum L.). A genetic linkage map containing 323 sites.【Result】 Seventeen additive QTLs and 7 pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected in three different environments, which were distributed on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 1D, 7D and 5A. QTLs (QDten4B, QDext4B, and QSin4B) were detected for dough tenacity, dough extensibility and swelling index on the Xwmc48-Xbarc1096 interval of chromosome 4B, which had the opposite direction of additive effects. The Xwmc93-GluD1 interval on chromosome 1D had the same direction of additive effects on swelling index, dough strength and elasticity index with high contribution of 3.19%, 17.74%, 28.28%, the sites were QSin1D, QDstren1D, and QEin1D respectively, and the favorable alleles were contributed by Yumai 57. For the seven epistatic QTLs, the epistatic effects were not significant and without epistatic × environment interactions. 【Conclusion】 Both additive effects and epistatic effects were important genetic bases of alveogram characters, and many different traits of alveogram shared the same QTL in some chromosome segments, which showed tight linkages or pleiotropisms.

    Proteomic Analyses of the Early Pollen-Silk Interaction in Maize
    LIU Huai-hua,WANG Li-wen,LIU Nan,LIU Xu,MA Xia,NING Li-hua,ZHANG Hua,CUI De-zhou,JIANG Chuan,CHEN Hua-bang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5000-5008 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.003
    Abstract ( 1042 )   PDF (751KB) ( 941 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this project was to study the early pollen-silk interaction in maize through proteomic analysis. 【Method】 Inbred line Ga25 was pollinated and total silk proteins were extracted after 1 h and 2 h pollination. Total proteins were extracted by TCA/acetone, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and analysed through MALDI-TOF-MS mass spectrometry. 【Result】 Compared with the pollen/silk proteome after 1 h pollination, the proteome after 2 h pollination contained 28 differentially expressed proteins, including 6 specifically expressed ones, 19 up-regulated and 3 down-regulated ones. And 23 of them were identified homologous to known proteins in various databases by MALDI-TOF-MS and MASCOT analysis. The predicted functions of the 23 proteins were related to cell wall biosynthesis (21.4%), defense/stress responses (17.9%), cellular organization, protein fate, protein synthesis and transcription. 【Conclusion】 The pollen/silk proteome profiles were different between the 1 h and 2 h pollination intervals. The majority of differentially expressed proteins were up-regulated; down-regulated and speciafically expressed proteins were also found in the 2 h pollination proteome profile. Secretory peroxidase, expansin, pectin methylesterase inhibitor, glutathione S-transferase and unknown protein 4 may play important roles in early pollen-silk interactions in maize.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Iron Fertilizers on Distribution of Zinc and Iron, Quality and Yield of Rice Grain
    FU Li-cheng,WANG Ren-min,MENG Jie,WAN Ji-li
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5009-5018 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.004
    Abstract ( 975 )   PDF (569KB) ( 834 )   Save
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    【Objective】 A field experiment was conducted on rice to evaluate the effect of Zn and Fe foliar fertilization on the concentration of these micronutrients, yield, quality and zinc-iron partitioning in plant. 【Method】 Two varieties Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 were used. Yield, nutrients concentration and quality of rice were determined. 【Result】 The results indicated that different interactions of zinc and iron had significant effects on yield, harvest index, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. The optimal combination of fertilization for yield was Zn1Fe1. Under the optimal application condition, yield of Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 could be significantly increased by 4.5% and5.6%. Under the foliar application condition, amylase content of rice was significantly lower than the control. Phytic acid content of two varieties was significantly lower than others under the Zn2Fe0. Different combinations of fertilizer also had significant effects on grain zinc and iron contents. The optimal combination of fertilization for enhancing zinc was Zn2Fe0. Under the Zn2Fe0 condition, zinc content of Liangyoupeijiu and Jiahua1 was increased by 69.75% and 41.65%. The two varieties had significant difference in distribution of iron. For Liangyoupeijiu, the optimal combination of fertilization for improving iron content of rice was Zn2Fe2, but for Jiahua1, it was Zn0Fe2. When the concentration of zinc sulfate was increased from 0 to 0.2%, the zinc contents in brown rice of Liangyoupeijiu were increased, while that in grain hull was increased and much higher than that in brown rice, and for Jiahua1, the zinc content in grain hull was higher too. With the increase of fertilization, more zinc and iron distributed in grain hull and panicle structures. 【Conclusion】 The results indicate that appropriate combined fertilization management can increase micronutrients content in grains and improve nutrition quality of rice.

    Study on the Absorption, Accumulation and Distribution of Copper in Super-High-Yielding Winter Wheat
    DANG Hong-kai,LI Rui-qi,ZHANG Xin-wen,SUN Ya-hui,LI Yan-ming
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5019-5027 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.005
    Abstract ( 738 )   PDF (298KB) ( 638 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study was to clarify the characteristics of copper nutrition in winter wheat cultivated under super-high-yielding (≥9 000 kg•hm-2) conditions. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted in Gaocheng County, Hebei Province during 2005-2006 winter wheat growing period. Four winter wheat cultivars, Temai 1, Shimai 12, Shixin 531 and Shixin 828, were used as experimental materials. Plant materials were collected from the plots at each growing stage and used to determinate copper concentrations in laboratory. 【Result】 The main results showed that the concentration of Cu in various above-ground organs of wheat ranged from 5.5 to 18.8 mg•kg-1 at different growing stages. The concentration of Cu in leaf blade was always higher comparing with those in other organs during the growing period, but the organ with the highest Cu concentration changed with the growth center at different growing stages. The accumulation amount of Cu in leaf blades was the highest among all organs during early and middle growing period, and the distribution percentage of Cu in leaf blades was more than 55% of the total accumulation in wheat plants before booting stage, higher than those in other organs. However, the accumulation amount of Cu in grains was the highest at maturity, when the distribution percentage of Cu in grains was 33.7%-37.7%. The accumulation intensity of Cu during middle growing period (double ridge to anthesis) was the highest, and then that during late growing period (anthesis to maturity), with that during early growing period (seedling emergence to double ridge) the lowest. The total accumulation of Cu in wheat plants during its life span was 144.8-163.8 g•hm-2. The amount of Cu required for the formation of 100 kg grain yield was 1.7 g. The Cu accumulated in grains at maturity was depended more on the absorption after anthesis than on the redistribution from vegetative organs, which was only 17.1% of the total Cu in grains. 【Conclusion】 According to the characteristics of Cu absorption and accumulation, Cu should mainly be applied as seed dressing or basal dressing, so as to accelerate the early growth and Cu absorption of wheat. Besides, foliar application should also be applied during mid-late growing periods to assure the supply of Cu during key absorption periods under insufficient early application.

    Effects of Ridge and Furrow Rainfall Harvesting on Growth Characteristics and Quality of Medicago sativa in Dryland
    KOU Jiang-tao,SHI Shang-li,CAI Zhuo-shan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5028-5036 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.006
    Abstract ( 1173 )   PDF (268KB) ( 714 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting system was used to plant Medicago sativa, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the planting of Medicago sativa in semiarid areas of Loess Plateau of northwestern China, where annual rainfall ranges from 250 mm to 350 mm.【Method】 The experiment was carried out in Yongdeng County, Gansu Province. Two treatments were used in the experiment: ridge membrane, rainfall harvesting area, and earth ridge, planting area, and the effect of various ridge and furrow width ratios as well as mulching methods on the growing and quality of dry farmed M. sativa were studied to select the optimum rainfall harvesting treatment. 【Result】 The results showed that ridges covered with plastic film were evidently superior to ridges compacted with soil. MR60 was found to be the best in all treatments: the emergence rate, survival rate and overwintering rate of M. sativa increased by 16.01%, 16.03% and 18.25% compared with the control group (CK), respectively. The growth rate and regeneration rate increased by 65.30% and 56.41% compared with the control group (CK), respectively. The shoot height, branches and hay yield increased by 65.12%, 29.04% and 238.20% compared with the control group (CK), respectively. The stem-leaf ratio decreased by 22.45% compared with the control group (CK). The crude protein (CP) and crude extract (EE) increased by 29.82% and 9.31% compared with the control group (CK), respectively. The crude ash (CA) decreased by 14.54% compared with control group (CK). No significant difference was found between crude fiber (CF) and the control group (CK). 【Conclusion】 Emergence rate, survival rate and overwintering rate of M. sativa increased by covering ridges with plastic film in experimental and similar areas, meanwhile, plant growth, yield and quality of hay were also significantly promoted, thus realizing the dual goals of high yield and high quality.
    PLANT PROTECTION
    Analysis of Expression Sequence Tags During Incompatible Interaction Between Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) and TcLr19 Using a cDNA Library
    CHEN Yu-ting,CHEN Yun-fang,LI Shu-feng,YANG Wen-xiang,LIU Da-qun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5037-5045 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.007
    Abstract ( 707 )   PDF (545KB) ( 497 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to develop an EST database of wheat infected by avirulent Puccinia triticina isolate and provide a base for understanding the wheat resistant mechanism to the pathogen at the molecular level. 【Method】The positive clones of TcLr19 cDNA library from wheat leaves induced by P. triticina were picked up randomly for sequencing, and the qualified expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were annotated. The functional classification of all ESTs was established based on the database entry giving the best E-value using the Bevan's classification categories. The expression profiles of two signal transduction genes and three disease/defence genes were analyzed by normalization with Actin.【Result】 Seven hundred and fifty-six clones of the cDNA library were sequenced randomly, and 649 qualified ESTs were acquired and clusterted into 472 unisequences. All ESTs were classified, 25.2% of these genes were similar to genes encoding proteins with unknown functions, and 21.0% genes shared high homology with genes involved in energy metabolism and photosynthesis. And 17.8% of the genes with functions related to disease defence and signal transduction, and those in the remaining groups to genes involved in transcription, transport processes, protein metabolism, etc, respectively. The results of RT-PCR showed that the transcripts of the selected genes were different at different time points of wheat leaves after inoculated with the pathogen, and the expression patterns of each gene were inconsistent in wheat leaves. 【Conclusion】The putative calcium-transporting ATPase, glutathione-S-transferase, putative protein kinase Pti1, NBS-LRR disease resistance protein homologue, Chaperone protein DnaJ, etc., were supposed to involve in the process of the incompatible interaction between wheat TcLr19 and the P. triticina race. The cDNA library is useful for identifying the functional genes involved in the wheat-leaf rust incompatible interaction, and thus laying a foundation for establiment of a new database for studying leaf rust pathogenesis genes and wheat defense genes.

    Cloning and Analysis of Gene CaRKNIF2 Isolated from Capsicum annuum Induced by Meloigogyne incognita
    ZHENG Jing-yuan,ZOU Xue-xiao,MAO Zhen-chuan,CHEN Guo-hua,XIE Bing-yan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5046-5054 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.008
    Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (859KB) ( 736 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of the study was to clarify the characterization and expression of one WRKY transcription factor in pepper (Capsicum annuum L. HDA149) during the incompatible interaction between HDA149 and Meloidogyne incognita. 【Method】The combination of RACE and RT-PCR was used to clone the cDNA of a WRKY transcription factor named CaRKNIF2 from pepper inoculated with nematode, and the coding sequences of DNA were amplified with specific primers designed according to the cDNA sequence, copy number of the gene was identified by Southern blot, and the gene expression in various tissue and in different time points after inoculation with nematode were analysed by real-time RT-PCR. 【Result】 The cDNA of CaRKNIF2 (GenBank Accession No: GQ253367) containing an open reading frame of 1 662 bp and encoding 553 amino residues was cloned from pepper. The genome DNA length of CaRKNIF2 was 2 530 bp, and contained 5 introns and 6 exons. CaRKNIF2 was a single copy gene in genome identified by Southern blot. The real-time RT-PCR revealed that the gene expressed tissue-specific with the expression level was the highest in tissue of root tips after inoculation with M. incognita. The expression level of gene CaRKNIF2 in root tips of pepper was increased gradually from 3 to 12 h after inoculation with M. incognita and reached a peak at 12 h. The relative gene expression level at 12 h after nematode inoculation was 3.1 times higher than that of the control. 【Conclusion】 The expression of CaRNIF2 was up-regulated by the nematode inoculation, which implied that the gene might play an important role in the process of incompatible interaction between M. incognita and C. annuum variant HDA149 mediated by resistant gene Me3.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

    Effect of Super Absorbent Polymer on the Ponding Infiltration Characteristics of Soil Water

    BAI Wen-bo,LI Mao-song,ZHAO Hong-rui,LIU Bu-chun,WU Yong-feng,SONG Ji-qing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5055-5062 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.009
    Abstract ( 969 )   PDF (404KB) ( 874 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Field infiltration process is one of the bases of water-saving agricultural development. The effects of super absorbent polymers (SAPs) on the characteristics of soil infiltration were studied. 【Method】 The cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate and stable infiltration rate during the ponding infiltration process were investigated. Two types of SAPs, JP and BF, with layered and mixed application concentrations of 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, were compared in a field experiment. 【Result】 The influences of JP and BF on cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate were stable and consistent. Layered application could increase infiltration capacity of soil, but this increasing effect was limited, and would be restricted when the concentrations of SAPs were larger than the critical values, which were 0.2% for JP, and 0.4% for BF. Moreover, the inhibitory effect would be more obvious in the even larger concentration of SAP. Whereas, mixed application could lead soil cumulative infiltration to be 1.1-2.1 times larger than the control within 120 min, and the increasing effect had positive correlation with the applied concentration. 【Conclusion】 The effects of SAPs on soil infiltration capacity had close relations with its water absorbency and swelling characters under the conditions of this experiment.

    Effects of Root Layer Regulation on Reducing Soil Nitrate Accumulation by Catch Crops in Greenhouse Vegetable Production System
    JI Yan-zhi,LIU Chen-chen,JU Xiao-tang,ZHANG Li-juan,FENG Wan-zhong,LIU Shu-qing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5063-5072 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.010
    Abstract ( 750 )   PDF (322KB) ( 714 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In a field plot experiment, three measures including conventional cultivation, root layer regulation agent and straw retention were used to reduce soil nitrate accumulation in catch crop of sweet corn (Zea mays L.). 【Method】 Four treatments of conventional cultivation, soil conditioner , straw returning to soil and fallow field were designed. 【Result】 At the condition of this experiment, the above ground biomass of the treatment of soil conditioner was the highest among the three treatments, and N uptake were not significantly different from that of the treatment of straw returning to soil, but N uptake of the treatments of soil conditioner and straw returning to soil was significantly higher than that of the treatment of conventional cultivation. NO3--N reduction of 0-100 cm soil layer was significantly higher than that of 100-200 cm. The residual NO3--N of 0-100 cm of the two kinds of root layer regulation measures was significantly lower than that of conventional cultivation, but the residual nitrate of 100-200 cm was similar among the three treatments. Fallow led to high residual NO3--N and serious leaching. Root density and root dry weight under the conditions of straw returning to soil and soil conditioner in 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm were higher than that of conventional cultivation, the root length density was very significantly correlated with NO3--N reduction. The NO3--N leakage under the conditions of soil conditioner and straw retention in 100 cm depth was 68.4% and 52.6% less than conventional cultivation respectively. 【Conclusion】 In high NO3--N accumulation soil, the soil conditioner and straw returning to soil are effective measures to reduce NO3--N accumulation with catch crops planting.

    HORTICULTURE
    Genetic Analysis of Seedling Growth Rate of Cucumber Under Low Temperature and Weak Light Conditions
    YAN Shi-jiang,SI Long-ting,MA Zhi-guo,YANG Jia-ming,ZHANG Ji-ning,ZHANG Jian-jun,LIU Jie
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5073-5078 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.011
    Abstract ( 957 )   PDF (285KB) ( 1096 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Heredity of chilling tolerance was analyzed in Cucumis sativus L. by carrying on low-temperature treatments. 【Method】 In low-temperature treatments,i. e. 12/8℃ in day/night, with 7.5 hours every day, and light intensity at 30 μmol•m-2•s-1 (or 2 klx) for 14 days, 9507, 9517 and their combinations BC1, BC2, F1, F2 and so on 6 generations, with different growth rates were used in experiment. The host gene - multi gene blending inheritance model method was used to study the genetic rule of growth rate, and estimate the genetic parameters. 【Result】 The growth rate heredity was controlled by 2 pairs of additive – dominant- major gene + additive - dominant multi-genes, and the 2 pairs of host genes additive effect were the same, the dominant effect was slightly different, the total additive effect was very big. The main gene + multi- gene heredity rate occupied an extremely large superiority, and the environment variance had very influence on phenotypic variance. 【Conclusion】 Under the low temperature condition environment plays a very little role in the heredity of growth rate and it is suitable for the selection in early generation.

    Development of EST-Derived SSR Markers for Pear and Evaluation of Their Application in Pear Genetic Diversity Analysis
    WANG Xi-cheng,JIANG Shu-ling,SHANGGUAN Ling-fei,CAO Yu-fen,QIAO Yu-shan,ZHANG Zhen,FANG Jing-gui
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5079-5087 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.012
    Abstract ( 725 )   PDF (389KB) ( 1086 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The object of this study was to analyze the SSR distribution in ESTs of pear and develop new EST-derived SSR markers, and application of EST-SSR markers in pear genetic analysis was also validated. 【Method】 All the 1 293 EST sequences of pear were obtained from NCBI. These sequences were screened by using MISA software to search for SSR motifs. Forty-eight pairs of primers were designed by the software Primer3.0 Plus. The PCR products of these primers were detected by PAGE and some of them were recovered for sequencing. 【Result】 The results showed that 92 SSRs were identified from the 82 pear EST sequences. The dinucleotide,trinucleotide and hexanucleotide repeats were the dominant types with the frequency of 48.91%, 17.39% and 17.39%, respectively. Among the 48 EST-SSR primers, 31 amplified distinct bands and expected products, and 27 were polymorphic. There were 83.87% of the PCR products contained the SSR markers. The dendrogram showed that 16 pear cultivars were obviously classified into 2 groups, including the Asian pear and the European pear. 【Conclusion】 Due to the high efficiency of developing SSR markers from pear ESTs, this method will be of great importance in pear genetic analysis.

    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Comparative Analysis of the Anthocyanin Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Seed Coats from Different Black Soybean Germplasm Resources
    ZHANG Fang-xuan,ZHANG Ming-wei,ZHANG Rui-fen,LIU Zhang-xiong,WEI Zhen-cheng, QIU Li-juan,YANG Chun-ying,ZHANG Yan,TANG Xiao-jun,DENG Yuan-yuan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5088-5099 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.013
    Abstract ( 1010 )   PDF (373KB) ( 917 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The anthocyanins profiles and antioxidant activity of seed coats from different black soybean varieties were investigated. 【Method】 Crude extract solution of black soybean seed coats anthocyanins of 60 varieties was obtained by soaking seed coats in acidified methanol. External standards were used to determine the composition and content of anthocyanins in each variety by HPLC gradient elution method. The oxygen radical scavenging capacities expressed as ORAC values of black soybean varieties were also evaluated. 【Result】 Six anthocyanins were found totally in 60 black soybean varieties including delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3- glucoside. All the 6 components were detected in 44 varieties of the black soybean, and only 4 or 5 anthocyanins were detectable in the other 16 varieties. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was the predominant anthocyanin in all the analyzed varieties. Total contents of anthocyanins and each component showed significant differences between varieties. Total anthocyanins content and ORAC in various black soybean varieties were highly different with the ranges of 98.8-2 132.5 mg/100g and 212.5-1 834.6 μmol TE/g, respectively. A significant correlation was found between anthocyanin concentration and ORAC values (r=0.62, P<0.001). Sixty black soybean varieties were divided into three groups by K-means clustering analysis, which showed divers levels of nutritional or bioactive traits.【Conclusion】The components of anthocyanins in different black soybean varieties were similar, but things were different when it came to the content of individual anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are most significant antioxidant components in black soybean seed coats.

    Advances in Research of Glycosidically Bound Aroma Compounds in Fruits
    FAN Gang,WANG Ke-xing,PAN Si-yi
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5100-5111 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.014
    Abstract ( 720 )   PDF (569KB) ( 1162 )   Save
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    Glycosidically bound aroma compounds are non-volatile and odourless glycosides in fruits. Studies on these compounds in fruits with some released methods are important in enhancing the total aroma quality of fruits and their processed products. In this paper, the glycosidically bound aroma compounds in fruits were introduced. In addition, the extraction and analysis methods of bound aroma compounds in fruits, the bound aroma compounds in different fruits and the chemical composition of the bound aroma compounds were summarized. The problems and development trend in the future of bound aroma compounds in fruits were discussed.

    Identification of A Microorganism Strain Isolated from the Corn Sausage by 16S rDNA Sequence Analysis and Optimization of Preservative Mixture
    HUANG Xian-qing,WANG Yu-fen,ZHAO Gai-ming,XIE Hua,GAO Xiao-ping,SUN Ling-xia,LI Miao-yun1,ZHANG Qiu-hui1,ZHAO Guang-hui
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5112-5120 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.015
    Abstract ( 787 )   PDF (580KB) ( 690 )   Save
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    【Objective】 A microorganism strain ym11 causing corn sausage to corrupt and become soft and sticky was isolated from the surface of corn sausage in order to construct control technology to assure safety of corn sausage. Authenticate and optimization of preservatives were studied with the ym11 stain. 【Method】 The microorganism stain was identified by using the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and different preservatives were determined by MICs and optimization of preservatives mixture was also studied. 【Result】 The result indicated that it was Bacillus subtilis and homologous similarity was 97%. It was more sensitive to nisin, polylysine, ethylparaben, whose MICs were 39mg•L-1, 39 mg•L-1, 125 mg•L-1, respectively. Optimization result showed that ym11 in the medium could be reduced two logs when the concentrations of nisin, polylysine, and ethylparaben were 11.30 mg•L-1, 10.90 mg•L-1, and 4.80 mg•L-1, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The ym11 strain belongs to Bacillus subtilis. It can be sterilized effectively by using preservatives mixture.

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Analysis of Texture Features Based on Beef Marbling Standards (BMS) Images
    XIE Yuan-cheng,XU Huan-liang,XIE Zhuang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5121-5128 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.016
    Abstract ( 944 )   PDF (548KB) ( 924 )   Save
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    【Objective】Image processing has become one of the primary means of automatic detection of beef quality. This paper is a study on how to describe BMS (beef marbling standards) based on image texture features. 【Method】 Based on Japanese, American and Australian BMS grading images, linear regression was used to analyze the internal relationship between texture features and BMS.【Result】Four image texture features including contrast, correlation, energy and consistency, could be extracted after color gradient processing and LBP processing, and can be used to describe three different national BMS. One of the features, energy feature, was not sensitive to the beef grade image difference, so it can be used as the common feature among the three BMS.【Conclusion】The linear regression prediction model, based on LBP texture features, can be used as a reasonable basis of evaluation of BMS.

    Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of Myostain and Myogenin Genes and Their Association Analysis with Carcass Traits in Hu Sheep
    SUN Wei,WANG Peng,DING Jia-tong,MA Yue-hui,GUAN Wei-jun ,CHU Ming-xing,LI Bi-chun,WU Wen-zhong,CHEN Ling
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5129-5136 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.017
    Abstract ( 927 )   PDF (318KB) ( 895 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study was to discuss developmental changes of gene expression of myostain (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG) and their association analysis with carcass traits , and the relationship of the expression level between MSTN gene and MyoG gene in Hu sheep. 【Method】The developmental changes of gene expression of MSTN and MyoG on the early growth of Hu sheep were detected by RT-PCR analysis.【Result】MSTN gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep was the lowest at 2 days old, and tended to increase with the increasing age before 60 days, but after 60 days tended to decrease with increasing age. The MyoG gene expression in muscle of male sheep was the lowest at 2 days old, and tended to increase with the increasing age before 30 days, and after 30 days the expression first tended to decrease before 120 days(for male)or before 90 days (for female), and then tended to increase with the increasing age. Among most of different stages there were significant differences or extreme significant difference for MSTN and MyoG gene in males and females of Hu sheep. There was a significant or extremely significant difference between male and female in most of different stages. The expression level of the MSTN and MyoG genes all showed a positive correlation with liveweight, carcass weight and net meat weight, but only MSTN showed a significant relationship with net meat weight (0.01<P<0.05). MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG.(P<0.01). 【Conclusion】The age and gender played a very important role in the expression of sheep muscle. MSTN and MyoG genes showed a similar variation pattern for the male and female. Both of MSTN and MyoG gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep did not always tend to increase or decrease with the increasing age. MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG gene on the early growth of Hu sheep.
    VETERINARY SCIENCE
    Effect of Rutin Supplementation on Lactation Performance and Serum Parameters in Lactating Chinese Holstein Cows
    GUO Xu-dong,DIAO Qi-yu,TU Yang,YAN Gui-long,ZHANG Nai-feng,DENG Kai-dong,JU Cui-fang,ZHAO Guo-qi,WANG Yue-ying,GU Xiao-wei,Lü Zong-you,WANG Xin-jian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5137-5146 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.018
    Abstract ( 860 )   PDF (420KB) ( 496 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This study was designed to investigate the effects of rutin supplementation on milk yield, serum parameters and lactation-related hormones in lactating Chinese Holstein cows, and subsequently to offer reference data of optimum dosage of rutin for improving their lactation performance. 【Methods】 Twenty cows in their peak lactation were randomly divided into 4 groups and each was offered a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg rutin?kg-1of diet. The trial was 11 weeks, including an adaption period of one week and a ten-week experimental period. Milk yields were recorded every other day, and milk composition and vein blood samples were analyzed on the 5th, 35th and 65th days. Choose the best group and control group (0.0 mg?kg-1)to test serum biochemical indexes, immune indexes and lactation-related hormones. 【Results】 Compared with the control group, the cows receiving 3.0 and 4.5 mg?rutin kg-1 had significantly higher milk yields (P<0.05). No significant difference in milk yield was detected between the cow receiving 1.5 mg?rutin kg-1 and control group (P>0.05). The milk fat content of the cows receiving 1.5 or 3.0 mg?rutin kg-1 was lower than that of control group (P<0.05). No significant difference in the milk fat content was observed between the cows offered 4.5 mg?rutin kg-1 and control group (P>0.05). The contents of milk protein, lactose and milk non-fat solid matter did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05). The serum lysozyme content of the group treated with 3.0 mg?rutin kg-1 was higher than that of control group (P<0.05), while the urea nitrogen on the 35th and 65th days was lower than the 5th day (P<0.05). This treatment group, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levele from 22.88(IU?L-1)in 5th up to 25.38(IU?L-1)in 65th, the prolactin level reached 13.94 ng?ml-1 from 12.19 ng?ml-1, increased by 14.36%. The serum concentration of IgG, TP, ALB, GLU, Cort, AST and ALP in the cows receiving 3.0 mg?rutin kg-1 did not differ from that of control group (P>0.05). The serum concentration of estrogen (E2) and progestin (P) did not differ significantly among the treatments (P>0.05), but the serum progesterone showed an upward trend in rutin-supplemented cows compared with control. 【Conclusions】Dietary rutin improved the production performance of lactating Chinese Holstein cows with maintained milk quality, decreased blood urea nitrogen and increased serum lysozyme contents. The appropriate dosage for rutin supplementation was 3.0 mg?kg-1 diet.
    Immunolocalization and Expression Analysis of Endothelin Receptor in Sheep Skin of Different Hair Color
    GENG Jian-jun1,SUN Le-tian2,MU Xiao-li1,ZHANG Jie1,JIANG Jun-bing,ZHANG Ying1,LI Hong-quan1,DONG Chang-sheng1
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(24):  5147-5154 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.24.019
    Abstract ( 692 )   PDF (597KB) ( 906 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of this experiment is to study the expression and immunolocalization of endothelin receptor A and B in sheep skin, to compare the expression quantity in different colors, and to explore the function of EDNR in the process of coat color formation.【Method】The mRNA and protein expression level of EDNR in sheep skin of different colors were examined by real-time quantitative PCR , western blot and immunohistochemistry.【Result】 The EDNR A and B genes were expressed in sheep skin reliably. The expressive quantity of EDNR A gene in the black sheep skin tissue was 1.2649 times than that in white one, and the same quantity of EDNR B gene in black was 1.8248 times than that in white. By western blot there appeared EDNR proteins in total protein extracted from skin tissue, and there was no significantly difference in EDNR A between black and white skin (P>0.05), but there was higher level of EDNR B in black skin than that in white one (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistrial results showed that there was an expression of EDNR protein in black and white epidemic and hair follicle sheath cells of black and white skin tissue. Furthermore, by optical density analysis, the expression of EDNR A was higher in every cell of black skin than that in white one. There was also a higher level of EDNR B in dermal papilla cells and epidemic cells of black skin tissue than that in white ones (P>0.05). However, there was no significant difference of EDNR B in hair follicle sheath cells of black and white skin tissue. 【Conclusion】 Results showed that EDNR is involved in the process of coat color formation, and a difference in the functional efficiency of the two receptors is existed.