Scientia Agricultura Sinica

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 0.

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Current Status and Future Prospective of Foxtail Millet Production and Seed Industry in China

LI ShunGuo, LIU Fei, LIU Meng, CHENG RuHong, XIA EnJun, DIAO XianMin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 459-470. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.001

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Originated from China, foxtail millet is the main crop in the development of dry land farming agriculture. Since the initiation of China Agricultural Research System (CARS) in 2008, a batch of breeding foxtail millet materials with herbicide resistance, improved commercial and cooking quality had been developed. The construction of Setaria reference genome, haplotype map and high-throughput transformation technology system in China greatly promote the original innovation ability of foxtail millet, a batch of new cultivars with semi-dwarf plant height and herbicide resistance have been developed which made it that mechanization of foxtail millet production became a reality. Combined with the development of cultivation technology of those new cultivars, the comprehensive foxtail millet production capacity of a single household has been increased by more than 20 times,the grain yield per unit has been increased by 90.8%, and the total yield has been increased by 85.7%. Foxtail millet is a fully market-oriented crop. In the past decade, the overall price has been on the rise, the industrial scale has been expanding, and the number of national geographical indication products has grown to 49, which forming a number of regional public brands and industrial advantage areas. With the development of foxtail millet production, the protection and transferring of variety rights are gradually increasing, and a number of foxtail millet seed industries are initiated. Under the background of rural development and healthy food strategy in China, foxtail millet brings new opportunities to the millet industry and seed industry; meanwhile, Foxtail millet production and seed industry in China are also facing many challenges, such as high seed propagation coefficient, lack of effective protection of variety right, need to be strengthened in scientific research and platform construction etc. In the future, the development of China's characteristic foxtail millet industry will boost rural revitalization and seed industry development. The ecological demand of seasonal fallow zone and groundwater recovery zone will promote the recovery growth of foxtail millet production area. The integration of seed industry, scientific research and industry is accelerating. The development direction of China's foxtail millet seed industry is to overcome major basic scientific problems, construct modern biological breeding technology system, cultivate breakthrough new varieties, and realize the integrated development of scientific research, seed industry and the foxtail millet industry. The development of millet seed industry in China must adhere to original innovation, industrial demand, service to main production areas, differential development and market dominant position. In the future, the China's foxtail millet industry and seed industry need to conquer the focus of the task: breakthrough new germplasm innovation, construction of high-efficiency breeding technology platform, cultivation of breakthrough new variety hybrids, construction of seed production technology specifications and improved seed breeding technology system, improvement of seed industry management and service capacity, layout optimization of seed production base, build the seed superior enterprises.

Current Status and Future Prospective of Sorghum Production and Seed Industry in China

LI ShunGuo,LIU Meng,LIU Fei,ZOU JianQiu,LU XiaoChun,DIAO XianMin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 471-482. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.002

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Sorghum is the fifth largest grain crop in the world and an important cereal crop in China. In the past 10 years since the launch of the industrial technology system, 277 breeding materials of dwarf, disease resistance, high amylopectin and low tannin have been identified and developed. The control genes of important traits of sorghum were cloned by using the whole genome association analysis of mutants and natural population. A total of 71 new varieties of sorghum for brewing were developed, which are suitable for mechanized operation and are resistant to dense dwarf stalks. The innovation and integration are suitable for light and simple cultivation techniques of sorghum in different regions. The planting area of sorghum increased by 26.8%, the total yield increased by 93.5%, and the yield per unit area increased by 52.7%. Driven by the transformation and upgrading of high-end liquor, with Moutai, Wuliangye Liquor, Fen Liquor and other well-known liquor enterprises as the core, the sorghum characteristic industry development mode of “brand + variety + origin + farmer” has been formed and remarkable income increasing effect has been achieved. Industrial development has boosted the protection and transfer of sorghum variety rights, and the joint breeding and industrial development oriented to the needs of industry and enterprises have promoted the steady development of sorghum seed enterprises. In the context of the new era of rural revitalization strategy and healthy China strategy, the characteristics of sorghum, such as drought resistance, flood resistance, salt and alkali resistance, combined use of grain and forage, and high light efficiency, have brought new opportunities to the development of sorghum industry and seed industry in China. At the same time, China's sorghum industry and seed industry are also facing many challenges, such as insufficient multi-use development, insufficient protection of seed right, insufficient ability of original innovation and insufficient support of industrial policies. In the future, the breeding of new sorghum varieties and the seed industry in China will be transformed from brewing to multi-use. Targeted breeding will be carried out in different suitable geographical environments according to the brewing process requirements of enterprises, and the sorghum planting in saline-alkali land, fallow areas and sickle-shaped areas will show a restorative growth. It is the future development goal of China's sorghum seed industry to establish a modern seed industry innovation system, promotion system and industrial system suitable for the development of China's sorghum industry and seed industry, and to build a seed industry chain operation mechanism that integrates the development of research institutes, seed enterprises, promotion departments and postpartum processing enterprises. In the future, the key task of sorghum seed industry and industry in China is to create key breeding materials with herbicide resistance, high starch, low tannin resistance, aphid resistance and other target traits. Carry out research on key technologies such as gene editing, marker assisted selection, whole genome selection, and efficient genetic transformation to build a modern and efficient breeding platform; select new varieties of sorghum for high-quality and special brewing, feed, forage, energy, broom use, etc.; establish databases for DNA fingerprint identification and key phenotypic traits of registered varieties; and lay out according to the ecological characteristics, resource endowment and layout of sorghum production areas optimize the industrial base and seed production base.

Current Status and Future Prospective of Sweetpotato Production and Seed Industry in China

WANG Xin,LI Qiang,CAO QingHe,MA DaiFu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 483-492. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.003

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Sweetpotato is considered as one of important crops for food, feed and industrial materials in the world. China is the largest sweetpotato producer in the world. This paper summarizes history, present situation, main achievement, problems of sweetpotato production and seed industry in China, analyzes the development trend of sweetpotato production and seed industry of the world, and puts forward the future development goal and task in China. At present, the sweetpotato production has developed steadily in China. The planting area tends to be stable, and the annual planting area is about 400 million hectares. The yield has steadily increased and reached to 1.96 times of the world average. The production has realized the transformation and upgrading from quantity to quality. The table use market is increasing continuously, and sweetpotato is well received. Snacks, healthy and functional foods are moderately developed. As the consumption increased, the benefit of sweetpotato planting is raised. The sweetpotato brand has been greatly developed. On the supports of China Agricultural Research System, Sweetpotato (CARS-SP), the molecular breeding platform of sweetpotato has been established, the genome sequencing of sweetpotato has been mainly completed, the high density molecular linkage map has been constructed, molecular markers and QTLs related to stem nematode resistance and starch content have been developed, and some important functional genes related to quality, disease resistance, salt tolerance and drought resistance have been discovered. The platform was constructed for diseases identification and varieties evaluation, and a set of new germplasm and varieties were created and released. More than 95% varieties planted in China were domestic. The national standard and industry standard of new sweetpotato varieties were established for DUS testing to standardize the seed and seedling market. The key technology research was completed for virus-free seed and seedling production. The cooperative innovation system was established to promote the reorganization of seed and seedling enterprises by combining producers, educators and researchers. There are still many problems in sweetpotato production and seed industry in China now. First is the number of excellent germplasm is small, which can’t meet the demand of breeding. Second is the lack of evaluation index of high quality varieties, and less specialized varieties to meet processing demand. The third is the less application of virus-free seed and seedlings, and the propagation technology and market of seed and seedling are not standardized. The fourth is small scale seed industry, weak support from government, and small number of regional seed and seedling enterprises to meet the needs of production. In the next 5-10 years, we should pay attention to construction platform of resource collection, evaluation and preservation, build up public service platform for sweetpotato breeding, release and demonstrate high-quality, high-yield and multi-resistance varieties, construct breeding-propagation-extension system, further extend the processing chain and improve industrial efficiency, and demonstrate varieties with high-quality starch, rich in dietary fiber, anthocyanin, carotene and polyphenols in the “One-Belt and One-Road” countries.

Current Status and Future Prospective of Food Legumes Production and Seed Industry in China

CHEN HongLin, TIAN Jing, ZHU ZhenDong, ZHANG YaoWen, CHEN QiaoMin, ZHOU SuMei, WANG LiXia, LIU YuJiao, HE YuHua, YIN FengXiang, WEI ShuHong, CHENG XuZhen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 493-503. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.004

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Food legumes play an important role in food composition, human health, and soil improvement in China, especially as the main source of protein in poverty-stricken area. With the deciphering of the genome of food legumes, the molecular genetic basis and molecular breeding of food legumes have been promoted. Since the establishment of China Agricultural Research System (CARS) in 2008, a number of cultivation techniques suitable for different regions were integrated, and many food legumes varieties with High yield, high quality, diseases and insects resistance, resistance to stresses and suitable for mechanized harvesting were bred, the research and application of green pest prevention and control technology produced a marked effect, the research on production machinery and technology had achieved initial effects, and the improvement of post-production processing technology and product innovation research promoted the quality and efficiency of the food legumes industry. With the demonstration and popularization of new food legume varieties and new technologies, the total yield and yield per unit area of food legumes increased significantly. In particular, the production of faba bean and pea were transformed from dry grain production to fresh vegetable production in the past 10 years. The planting area increased 21.1%, the yield per unit area increased 3.9%, and the total yield increased 36.8%. With the continuous expansion of the food legume industry scale, more food legumes are listed as geographical indication of China's agricultural products, and a number of agricultural enterprise brands are being forming. With the stimulation of the food legume industry, the number of variety rights protection and transfers is gradually increasing, and the food legume industry is emerging. With the improvement of people’s health awareness, domestic and foreign market demand is raising rapidly, the implementation of the rural vitalization strategy, the advancement of agricultural supply-side structural reform, and the development of the featured and advantageous industries in poor areas have brought new opportunities to the food legumes production and seed industry. However, the food legumes seed industry still has some problems, such as high production cost, low production efficiency, scientific research platform construction is still need to be strengthened, lack of elite varieties, and insufficient awareness of variety rights. On the basis of summarizing the present situation and problems of food legumes production and seed industry in China, this paper discusses the future development direction of food legumes production and seed industry.

Testing the Responses of Low Temperature Stress Routine to Low Temperature Stress at Jointing and Booting in Wheat

XIAO LiuJun,LIU LeiLei,QIU XiaoLei,TANG Liang,CAO WeiXing,ZHU Yan,LIU Bing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 504-521. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.005

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【Objective】Crop growth model is an essential approach for predicting and evaluating crop productivity under climate change. This study was conducted to clearly demonstrate the shortcomings of the existing models under low temperature stress, and provide instructions to improve the algorithms for simulating effects of low temperature stress on wheat productivity.【Method】The low temperature stress response routines from four famous wheat models, including CERES-Wheat from Michigan State University, CropSyst from Washington State University, WOFOST from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, and STICS from INRA in France, were integrated into the WheatGrow model. And then, the WheatGrow model was used to test and evaluate the responses of low temperatures stress routines in simulating effects of low temperature stress at jointing and booting stages on wheat leaf area index, stem biomass, aboveground biomass and grain yield, with detailed observed datasets from environment-controlled phytotron experiments under different temperature levels (lowest to -6℃) and durations (2 days, 4 days and 6 days) of low temperature stress at Nanjing (2012-2013) and Rugao (2013-2015) with two wheat cultivars (Yangmai16 and Xumai30).【Result】 The results showed that leaf area index, aboveground biomass, and grain yield were decreased significantly under low temperature stress during jointing and booting stages, and the reductions increased with the increasing duration of low temperature stress and the decreasing low temperature level. Wheat growth and grain yield were more sensitive to low temperature stress at booting than at jointing, and Yangmai16 were more sensitive to low temperature stress than Xumai30. The integration of four low-temperature stress algorithms improved the performance of the original WheatGrow model in simulating the dynamics of leaf area index, but the simulation errors were still large, and the simulation errors were larger under low temperature stress at booting stage than at jointing stage. All four low temperature stress routines underestimated the negative effects of low temperature stress on the accumulation of stem and aboveground biomass. Comparing the overall performance of the four low temperature stress routines, the low temperature stress routine from CropSyst model performed best in simulating the dynamics of leaf area index and aboveground biomass. For the simulation of stem biomass dynamic, the low temperature stress algorithm from the WOFOST model performed best among the four routines, especially under low temperature stress at booting. The low temperature stress algorithm from STICS is the best routine in the simulation of grain yield under low temperature stress, followed by CropSyst model. 【Conclusion】The integrated models with four low temperature stress algorithms were better than the original WheatGrow model in predicting aboveground biomass, stem biomass, leaf area index and grain yield, and the simulation error under weak low temperature conditions was smaller than that under strong low temperature conditions. However, there were large uncertainties in simulating the accumulation of stem biomass and simulating above-ground biomass under different durations of low temperature stress from all four low temperature algorithms, because none of the four low temperature stress routines considered the damaging effects of low temperature stress on stem biomass, dry matter partitioning, and the recovery and compensation effects after low temperature stress. As many parameters were introduced in the four low temperature stress algorithms, it was difficult for conducting model parameterization with existing algorithms, and this should be avoided in future model improvement. Our results were critical for improving the simulation of wheat growth and yield for wheat crop models under low temperature stress, and reducing the uncertainty in predicting crop productivity under climate change.

Effects of Fenlong Cultivation on Root Cell Structure and Enzyme of Respiratory Metabolic of Sugarcane

LI Hao,WEI BenHui,HUANG JinLing,LI ZhiGang,WANG LingQiang,LIANG XiaoYing,LI SuLi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 522-532. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.006

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【Objective】By exploring the root cellular physiological mechanism on sugarcane yield and sugar content under the new farming method of Fenlong, this paper provided a theoretical basis for the promotion of Fenlong cultivation technology.【Method】Guitang 42 was used as the tested sugarcane variety, the conventional rotary tillage (CK, the depth of ploughing was 25 cm) and Fenlong cultivation (the depth of ploughing was 40 cm) were carried out to investigate the soil available nutrient, agronomic characters, yield and sugar content, root vitality, cellular ultrastructure and the enzyme of respiratory metabolic of sugarcane root.【Result】(1) The alkaline N and available P of new plant of Fenlong cultivation were 8.7% and 17.9% significantly higher than those under CK, respectively, and the alkaline N and available P of ratoon cane were 10.4% and 25.6% significantly higher than those under CK, respectively. (2) The emergence rate and tillering rate of Fenlong were increased by 25.0% and 17.4%, respectively, and regenerated sugarcane increased by 30.6% and 11.7%, respectively. Compared with conventional cultivation, the plant height, stem diameter, single stem weight, effective stem and yield of new planting sugarcane under Fenlonng cultivation increased by 13.2%, 17.6%, 29.0%, 5.3% and 12.9%, respectively, and regenerated sugarcane with Fenlonng cultivation increased by 7.6%, 22.2%, 70.3%, 18.7% and 12.9%, respectively. (3) The length, diameter, volume, root tip number, surface area, fresh weight and dry weight of root under Fenlong cultivation were 20.9%-42.3%, 12.3%-71.0%, 33.3%-71.0%, 6.4%-61.6%, 21.8%-64.1%, 26.8%-64.4% and 32.6%-95.3% significantly greater under CK, respectively. (4) Under Fenlong cultivation conditions, root hair area and cells were longer, the root hair arrangement was looser and more orderly, the root tip cell wall was thickened, the cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body were more abundant, the number of mitochondria was more and the crest was clear, and the nuclear structure was more compact than those under CK. The root hair length, root hair density, total root hair length per unit area and the number of mitochondria in cells were 53.3%, 73.0%, 111.1% and 37.5% higher than those under CK, respectively. The Fenlong tillage ratoon sugarcane above indicators also increased by 38.9%, 95.9%, 82.6% and 53.8%, respectively, and the same index was significantly different among different cultivation methods. (5) The root activity of sugarcane with Fenlong cultivation in seedling stage, elongation stage and maturity stage with Fenlong cultivation were 1.29 times, 1.39 times and 1.25 times significantly higher than CK, respectively. (6) The activity of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase of sugarcane with Fenlong cultivation increased significantly at seedling stage and elongation stage. In the seedling stage, the activities of MDH? PPO and CytcA510 in newly planted sugarcane were 22.9%, 28.1% and 38.9% significantly higher than those under CK, and the indexes of ratoon cane were 23.0%, 20.3% and 27.7% significantly higher than those under CK, respectively. At the elongation stage, the activities of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and polyphenol oxidase of sugarcane with Fenlong cultivation were 21.2%, 41.8% and 33.7% significantly higher than those under CK, respectively; THE indexes of regenerated sugarcane were 27.4%, 26.8% and 53.3% higher than those of under CK, respectively; THE activities of MDH and PPO were significantly higher than those under CK.【Conclusion】 Fenlong cultivation of sugarcane could improve the soil available nutrient, improve the morphology and tissue cell structure of sugarcane roots, improve the activity of enzymes related to respiratory metabolism, thereby promoting the absorption of water and fertilizer by roots, facilitating growth and development on the ground, and increasing sugarcane yield and sugar content.

Green Control Techniques for Potato Tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella)

GAO YuLin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 533-535. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.007

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The Adaptive Analysis of Phthorimaea operculella to Different Potato Tuber Varieties

ZHANG MengDi,YAN JunJie,GAO YuLin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 536-546. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.008

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【Objective】Potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella) is an important pest on potatoes, which seriously affects the quality and value of potatoes. The objective of this study is to clarify the adaptability of P. operculella on different potato tuber varieties, and to provide a basis for screening resistant potato varieties and developing effective integrated pest management strategy.【Method】To evaluate the adaptability of P. operculella on different tuber varieties and screen the high natural-resistance tubers, in this study, four varieties (Xiabodi, Longshu No. 4, Longshu No. 12 and Kexin No. 17) which were planted in a large scale at present were selected as tested materials to determine the development and population parameters of P. operculella on different tuber varieties using an age-stage specific two-sex life table.【Result】There were significant differences in larval stage, pupal stage and female longevity of P. operculella feeding on different tuber varieties. Compared with those fed on Xiabodi, Longshu No. 4 and Longshu No. 12, those fed on Kexin No. 17 exhibited significantly longer larval stage (15.18 d) and pupal stage (8.10 d), and the female longevity (8.46 d) was shorter than the other three varieties. Moreover, the longevity of male was significantly higher than female in a same variety. The fecundity of P. operculella feeding on Xiabodi (235.06 eggs) and Longshu No. 4 (254.48 eggs) was significantly larger than that fed on Kexin No. 17 (165.71 eggs). In addition, there were significant differences among intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R₀) and mean generation time (T) of P. operculella feeding on different tuber varieties. The r, λ, R₀ values of P. operculella fed on Kexin No. 17 (r=0.108, λ=1.125, R₀=26.513) were significantly lower than those on the other three tuber varieties, and T value of P. operculella fed on Kexin No.17 (30.28) was significantly higher than those on the other three tuber varieties. Larvae feeding preference experiments showed that the larvae fed on Xiabodi and Longshu No. 4 in preference to Kexin No. 17. With the increase of age, the selectivity gradually decreased. 【Conclusion】There was a different adaptability of P. operculella among different potato tuber varieties. Xiabodi and Longshu No. 4 are the most suitable hosts, followed by Longshu No. 12, and Kexin No. 17 is the least suitable host. In areas where P. operculella is seriously damaged on potato field system, planting potato varieties with low adaptability can be selected as an important strategy for reducing population of P. operculella in the field.

Electroantennogram Responses of Phthorimaea operculella of Different Sexes and Mating States to Potato Volatiles

LI Xiang,ZHANG XiaoJiao,XIAO Chun,DONG WenXia

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 547-555. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.009

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【Objective】The objective of this study is find out the difference of electrophysiological responses of potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella) with different sexes and mating states to potato volatiles, and to provide a reference for the chemical ecological control of P. operculella.【Method】Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of virgin female, mated female and unmated male P. operculella to 16 volatile compounds (including 6 aliphatic compounds viz. 1-octen-3-ol,1-butanol, heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal, 4 aromatic compounds viz. phenethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde, acetophenone and methyl salicylate, and 6 terpenoids viz. α-pinene, p-cymene, (E)-β-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, (E)-β-farnesene and methyl jasmonate) released from potato tubers and plants were recorded, and the dose-responses to 6 compounds (including 1-octen-3-ol, heptanal, nonanal, acetophenone, methyl salicylate and (E)-β-ocimene) were also conducted.【Result】All the tested compounds could elicit EAG responses of P. operculella. Among them, the aliphatic alcohols elicited significantly greater EAG values in the virgin females and the unmated males, and aliphatic aldehydes elicited significantly greater EAG values in the mated females. However, the terpenoids elicited lower EAG values in all the tested P. operculella. At the dose of 1 000 μg, the same compound elicited varied antennal responses from the P. operculella with different sexes and mating states. Octanal, methyl salicylate and (E)-β-ocimene elicited stronger responses in virgin females than those in the mated females and the unmated males, while heptanal, nonanal and α-pinene elicited stronger responses in the mated females than those in the others. The compounds 1-octene-3-ol, phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetaldehyde elicited stronger responses in the males than those in the females. At the tested dose series (1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg), EAG responses of P. operculella at 3 physiological states to 6 individual compounds increased with the increase of stimulation dose, and were far from saturation thresholds. For the same compound at different doses, EAG responses of the mated females varied significantly.【Conclusion】The virgin females and the unmated males of P. operculella are more sensitive to aliphatic alcohols, and the mated females are more sensitive to aliphatic aldehydes. However, both the females and males are less sensitive to terpenoid compounds. Among the responses to the individual compound, the mated females are more sensitive to heptanal, nonanal and α-pinene than the virgin females and the unmated males, so are their responses to the same compound at different doses.

Chemical Synthesis View on Sex Pheromones of Potato Tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella)

CHEN Yang,ZHAO HongYi,YAN JunJie,HUANG Jian,GAO YuLin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 556-572. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.010

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Potato is one of the four staple crops in China together with wheat, rice and maize. It plays a key role in ensuring the national food security strategy, reasonably adjusting the agricultural planting structure, and implementing the poverty alleviation strategy. With the continuous expansion of potato planting area, the occurrence of diseases and insect pests in production and storage is becoming more and more serious. Potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella) is a major potato pest, which originated in America and quickly spread to all over the world. Prevention and control strategy of P. operculella mainly include agricultural, chemical and biological methods. With the increasing consciousness of environmental protection, the use of sustainable and ecological green prevention methods of P. operculella sex pheromone has attracted considerable attention of agricultural scientists, biologists and chemists, which provides the possibility to reduce the excessive use and dependence of chemical pesticides. The sex pheromones of P. operculella mainly contain two chemical structures: 4E, 7Z-tridecadiene-1-ol acetate (PTM1) and 4E, 7Z, 10Z-tridecatriene-1-ol acetate (PTM2). The discovery and structure determination process of these two sex pheromones is very tortuous. The chemical synthesis method of these two sex pheromones started in the 1970s, developed in the 1980s and 1990s, and only a few strategies were reported in the 21st century. This process witnessed the rapid development of modern organic synthetic chemistry. How to construct E and Z olefin accurately and efficiently is a challenge for synthesis of PTM1 and PTM2. The key steps of PTM1 synthetic strategy mainly include alkyne reduction or rearrangement reaction, conjugation ring opening, organosilicon induced Beckmann reaction, cross coupling reaction and so on. Up to now, only two cases were reported about the synthesis of PTM2. Due to the addition of a Z-type olefin bond in the structure, the two synthesis routes of PTM2 adopt coupling reaction to introduce diyne block, and then 7Z, 10Z-olefin was synthesis by catalytic hydrogenation reduction of diynes by Raney-Ni or Lindlar-Pd. However, most of the synthetic routes are lengthy, low selectivity of E/Z configuration, and complicated procedure. Developing a facile and efficient synthetic method of sex pheromone of P. operculella will provide the necessary material source for the wide application of green integrated prevention and control technology of P. operculella in the field. It will play a positive role in insect sex pheromone trapping technology as an important means of pest prevention and control.

Influences of Chemical and Physical Stimuli on Oviposition Behavior of Phthorimaea operculella

XIONG Yan,HAN Rui,HU ChunHua,WANG Jing,XIAO Chun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 573-582. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.011

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to determine the effect of combination of chemical and physical factors on oviposition behavior of potatoworm (Phthorimaea operculella), and to provide a basis for the development of behavior regulation technology of P. operculella.【Method】Tubers were treated with different methods: (1) soaked in heptanal, cineole solution and then dried, (2) wrapped with cotton gauze, or with cotton gauze loading tuber juice, respectively, then oviposition behavior parameters (including landing times, arresting time, ovipositor-probing times, amount of eggs) of mated females on the tubers were observed at the dark-phase (red light intensity: 1.0-1.5 lx) under the environment-controlled conditions of temperature (27±2)℃, relative humidity 50%-70%, and photoperiod 14L:10D.【Result】Females would arrest for longer time (arresting time), and more eggs would be deposited on the surface of the tubers when heptanal solution (0.5 mg·L^-1) was applied onto the surface of tubers, but the times of ovipositor-probing and landing did not increase significantly. Significant reduction in arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times, and more egg-deposition, were observed when heptanal solution at the concentration of 30 mg·L^-1 was applied to the tuber surface. More eggs were laid on the surfaces of tubers, and no significant change in oviposition behavior (arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times) occurred when cineole solution (6 mg·L^-1) was applied. Application of cineole solution at the higher concentration (30 mg·L^-1) would result in significant reduction in arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times, and in more egg deposition outside the tuber. When tubers were wrapped with cotton gauze, more eggs were deposited on the tubers, the times of landing and ovipositor-probing decreased significantly, but no significant difference in arresting time appeared. Similar oviposition behaviors were observed when tubers were wrapped with cotton gauze loading tuber juice. Compared with the blank control, the treatment (tubers + cotton gauze loading heptanal (0.5 mg·L^-1)) led to more eggs deposition and longer arresting time, and to significant reduction in times of ovipositor-probing and landing. Compared with the single use of heptanal (0.5 mg·L^-1), it could significantly reduce ovipositor-probing times and landing times, and at the same time, it could significantly increase the amount of eggs on the tuber and the total amount of eggs. Compared with the single use of cotton gauze, there was no significant difference in each index.【Conclusion】Heptanal can stimulate mated female P. operculella to oviposit in more intensive time. At the concentration of 30 mg·L^-1, heptanal will repel the females from the treated potato tuber; at the concentration of 0.5 mg·L^-1, heptanal will show an attractive effect on mated female moths. Cineole (30 mg·L^-1) only has repellent effect on moths, while wrapped with cotton gauze, cotton gauze soaked in tuber juice, cineole solution (6 mg·L^-1) only show stimulating effect on oviposition of females. These results indicate a co-attractive of combination of the chemical stimulus (0.5 mg·L^-1 heptanal) and the physical stimulus (cotton gauze).

Variations of Winter Wheat Nitrogen Harvest Index in Field Wheat Population

GAO ZhiYuan,XU JiLi,LIU Shuo,TIAN Hui,WANG ZhaoHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 583-595. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.012

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【Objective】 The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between nitrogen (N) harvest index (NHI) and yield, grain N concentration (GNC), grain harvest index (HI) and N content of different organs in wheat, and the variations of NHI among the wheat varieties with different plant heights, release years, and awn types were also investigated, so as to provide valuable information for breeding high-yield and N-efficient wheat cultivars. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in Luoyang and Nanyang of Henan Province, and Yangling of Shaanxi Province from the year 2018 to 2019. As many as 224 wheat varieties with different release years, plant heights and awn types were planted under field conditions. Augmented randomized complete block design was applied, and 14 blocks with five control wheat varieties in each block were established. Each of the wheat varieties was planted in 6 rows with a length of 3 m. Wheat samples were taken at maturity, and grain yield, N concentrations of stem, glume and grain were measured. NHIs for all the wheat varieties were calculated. 【Result】 NHI of the 224 wheat varieties ranged from 0.43 to 0.93, and the variation coefficients of NHI in Yangling was greater than those in the other two sites. Grain yield and HI were linearly correlated with NHI, and increased along with the increase of NHI. There was a significant negative correlation between NHI and straw and glume N content (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between NHI and GNC and total N absorption (P>0.05) in all the study sites. NHI of the wheat varieties released before 1970 or between 1970 and 1990 was significantly lower than that of the varieties released after 1990 (P<0.05). The wheat varieties released between 1990 and 2010 had similar NHI with the wheat varieties released after 2010 (P>0.05). The average NHI of the high stem wheat varieties was lower than that of the semi-dwarf or dwarf varieties, while the semi-dwarf wheat varieties had similar NHI with the dwarf wheat varieties. There was no significant difference between the NHI of the wheat varieties with awns and the varieties without awns (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】NHI varied among different wheat varieties, and the improving of NHI of wheat might be helpful in improving wheat yield or harvest index. NHI could be significantly influenced by the N content of straw and glume. Traditional breeding techniques have not further improved NHI of wheat since the year 1990. To keep a high NHI, the stalk of wheat cultivars should not be longer than 100 cm during breeding. Wheat awns did not significantly influence the NHI of wheat.

Synergistic Effects of Soil Moisture, Aggregate Stability and Organic Carbon Distribution on Wheat Yield Under No-Tillage Practice

ZHENG FengJun, WANG Xue, LI ShengPing, LIU XiaoTong, LIU ZhiPing, LU JinJing, WU XuePing, XI JiLong, ZHANG JianCheng, LI YongShan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 596-607. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.013

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【Objective】Based on an 8 year (2008-2015) long-term field experiment in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, the characteristics of stability and active organic carbon contents in soil dry aggregate, water use efficiency and winter wheat yield under no-tillage with straw mulching were studied, and the synergistic effect among soil moisture, the stability and organic carbon components of soil aggregates and wheat grain yield were analyzed, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the best tillage practice in the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in China.【Method】In this study, two tillage treatments in the long-term field experiment were selected, including CT-SP (convention tillage with straw plowing) and NT-SM (no-tillage with straw mulching). During the winter wheat harvest period, the soil aggregate fractions were measured by dry-sieving method, the contents soil organic carbon (SOC) and active organic carbon (dissolved organic carbon, DOC; easily oxidized organic carbon, EOC; microbial biomass carbon MBC) in soil dry aggregates were determined, and soil moisture (soil volumetric water content, θ_v; soil water storage before sowing, SA; soil water storage after harvesting, SB; water consumption during growing period, ET; precipitation use efficiency, PUE; water use efficiency, WUE) and crop yield were investigated too.【Result】(1) Compared with CT-SP treatment, NT-SM treatment significantly increased the proportions of aggregate 0.25-2 mm, the contents of macro-aggregates (R_0.25) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) by 13.9%, 8.8 % and 9.6%, respectively. (2) Compared with CT-SP treatment, the contents of SOC and MBC in bulk soil, >2 mm and 0.25-2 mm in NT-SM treatment, increased by 17.7% and 23.6%, 18.4% and 18.2%, 22.4% and 39.2%, respectively. The contribution rates of 0.25-2 mm soil aggregate-associated carbons to SOC and MBC increased by 18.4% and 28.4%, respectively. (3) Compared with CT-SP treatment, NT-SM treatment increased the SA, PUE, WUE and wheat yield by 17.7%, 8.92%, 14.98% and 8.92%, respectively, and the Pearson correlation coefficients between yield and SOC, WUE, R_0.25, MWD, GMD reached above 0.9. (4) By structural equation model analysis, it was found DOC and EOC affected MBC change by a synergistic in soil aggregates, and also the total effect of MBC content on SOC was 0.88, suggesting it was the dominant factor affecting SOC change. (5) The water storage, soil aggregate stability and SOC distribution affected wheat yield by a synergistic effect. Moreover, soil aggregates stability had a significant positive effect on winter wheat yield.【Conclusion】In the dry farming area of the Loess Plateau in China, the no-tillage with straw mulching could improve the stability of soil aggregates and the soil water environment, the contents of organic carbon and active organic carbon fractions in the topsoil, and increase soil carbon sequestration, water retention and crop yield.

Effects of Different Mulching Periods and Mulching Practices on Economic Return and Environment

MAO AnRan,ZHAO HuBing,YANG HuiMin,WANG Tao,CHEN XiuWen,LIANG WenJuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 608-618. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.014

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【Objective】 The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of different mulching periods (mulching during the summer fallow and the year-round mulching) and different mulching practices (ridge-furrow plastic mulching, whole field plastic mulching and straw mulching) on winter wheat yield, economic return and greenhouse gas emissions in dryland. 【Method】 The experiment was carried out from 2017 to 2019 in Yongshou Country, Shaanxi Province, which was a typical rainfed farming area of the Loess Plateau. The split plot design was employed with main plot of different mulching periods (mulching during the summer fallow and mulching over the year), and sub-plot of different mulching practices (ridge-furrow plastic mulching, whole field plastic mulching and straw mulching). Wheat yield, soil water storage and evapotranspiration during the winter wheat growing season and water use efficiency, economic profit and greenhouse gas emission intensity were analyzed. 【Result】 Compare to mulching practices during the summer fallow, the average yield of year-round mulching practices was increased by 9.5%. The average yield of annual straw mulching was 622 kg·hm^-2 higher than that of annual ridge-furrow plastic mulching, but there was no significant difference between the year-round straw mulching and year-round plastic film mulching. Compare to mulching practices during the summer fallow, the year-round mulching practices increased the evapotranspiration during the winter wheat growing season and water use efficiency by 5.6% and 4.0%, respectively. Compared to mulching practices during the summer fallow, the year-round mulching practices significantly increased the economic return of winter wheat by 17.8%, and the average net economic return was straw mulching>plastic film mulching>ridge-furrow plastic mulching among the year-round mulching practices. Moreover, compared to mulching practices during the summer fallow, the average greenhouse gas emission intensity of year-round mulching practices decreased of 11.0%, and the difference was significant. The lowest greenhouse gas emission intensity was in annual straw mulching. 【Conclusion】 Compared to mulching practices during the summer fallow, the year-round mulching practices could improve water use efficiency and evapotranspiration during the winter wheat growing season, thus improving the yield and economic returns of winter wheat, while reducing the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions. In all practices, the annual straw mulching had the best economic return and the lowest intensity of greenhouse gas emissions, which was suitable for popularization and application in dryland winter wheat production areas.

CmWRKY15-1 Regulates Resistance of Chrysanthemum White Rust Through Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway

BI MengMeng,LIU Di,GAO Ge,ZHU PengFang,MAO HongYu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 619-628. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.015

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【Objective】Chrysanthemum White Rust is one of the most important diseases of chrysanthemum, which seriously affects its ornamental quality. This study would provide theoretical reference for the molecular mechanism of Chrysanthemum White Rust through the preliminary analysis of the function of CmWRKY15-1.【Method】In this study, the overexpression and interference vector was constructed based on CmWRKY15-1 gene sequence, which were transformed into resistant cultivar Huangying by Agrobacterium mediated method. The function of CmWRKY15-1 gene in response to Chrysanthemum White Rust in salicylic acid signal pathway was explored by phenotype observation, disease index statistics, changes of endogenous SA content in transgenic plants, expression analysis of key genes of SA synthesis, pathogenesis-related genes and defense enzyme genes. 【Result】The OE-9 and the RNAi-4 strains were obtained after transformation. The disease index of RNAi-4 strain was 53.67 in phenotype identification and disease index investigation, and the resistant response was susceptible, but the phenotype of wild type plants had no change. Meanwhile, the content of endogenous Salicylic Acid (SA) in OE-9 lines increased, compared with WT after inoculation, while in RNAi-4 lines decreased. The overexpression and silencing of CmWRKY15-1 significantly changed SA content, which had a positive regulatory effect on SA accumulation. The expression of SA synthesis genes in OE-9, RNAi-4 and WT showed that the expression of ICS1 in OE-9 upregulated first and then down-regulated, and the highest expression was 3.8 times as much as that in WT. Whereas, the expression level of ICS1 in RNAi-4 decreased after inoculation and remained at a lower level. The PAL expression indicated an increasing trend, and the highest expression was 2.6 times as much as that of the control. PAL expression in RNAi-4 was down-regulated, basically consistent with the change of SA content, which further confirmed that CmWRKY15-1 was a novel regulator mediated by SA signal pathway in respond to Chrysanthemum White Rust. In addition, the analysis of the expression of disease resistance related genes in response to SA signal showed that the expression of these genes peaked at 40 h in OE-9. However, the PR5 was relatively delayed and peaked at 48 h, and their expression in RNAi-4 was significantly lower than that in WT and OE-9 except PR5. The overexpression of CmWRKY15-1 increased the transcription level of PR gene in SA signaling pathway. On the contrary, the silencing of CmWRKY15-1 reduced the expression of these genes.【Conclusion】Therefore, CmWRKY15-1 had a positive regulatory effect on resistance of Chrysanthemum White Rust, and it might respond to Chrysanthemum White Rust through the regulation of SA signal pathway.

Effects of Rootstock and Scion Interaction on Salt Tolerance of Grafted Chrysanthemum Seedlings

MENG Rui,LIU Ye,ZHAO Shuang,FANG WeiMin,JIANG JiaFu,CHEN SuMei,CHEN FaDi,GUAN ZhiYong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 629-642. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.016

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Artemisia annua grafted with chrysanthemum on the salt tolerance and its interaction between the rootstocks and scions. 【Method】The physiological indexes, including the content of Na⁺ and K⁺ in the leaves and stems of chrysanthemum cutting seedlings Zhongshan Yanhong (self-rooted seedlings), self-root grafted cutting seedlings (self-grafted seedlings) and Artemisia annua rootstock grafted cutting seedlings (hetero-root grafted seedlings), were measured under 120 mmol·L^-1NaCl stress. 【Result】Under NaCl stress, the damage symptom rate of hetero-root grafted seedling leaves was lower than that of self-rooted and self-grafted seedlings. The relative content of conductivity, malondialdehyde, and proline of hetero-root grafted seedlings were lower than those of self-rooted and self-grafted seedlings, and the content of chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) were higher than self-rooted and self-grafted seedlings. The content of Na⁺ and Na⁺/K⁺ ratios of the middle and lower leaves of the hetero-root grafted seedlings showed the lowest, followed by the self-grafted seedlings, and the highest index was recorded in the self-rooted seedlings. There was no significant difference in Na⁺ content between the upper leaves of self-grafted seedlings and hetero-root grafted seedlings; the Na⁺ content of the stems above the interface of hetero-root grafted seedlings was significantly lower than that of self-grafted and self-rooted seedlings, while there was no significant difference in the Na⁺ content of the upper stems of self-grafted and self-rooted seedlings; the Na⁺ concentration and Na⁺/K⁺ of Artemisia annua stem segments below the interface were twice fold than that of the stem segments of chrysanthemum.【Conclusion】The ion transported from self-grafted seedlings of chrysanthemum to the middle and lower leaves was significantly less than that of self-rooted seedlings. The results indicated that after grafting chrysanthemum with Artemisia annua as a rootstock, the higher Na⁺ enrichment capacity of rootstock reduced the accumulation of Na⁺ in the upper part of the grafting interface, while hetero-root grafted seedlings showed stronger photosynthetic performance and antioxidant enzyme activity. Therefore, the improvement of salt tolerance of hetero-root grafted seedlings with Artemisia annua as rootstock was the combined effect of rootstock healing leading to the reduction of ions transported upward to the leaves and the accumulation of Artemisia annua rootstock with more Na⁺ on the rootstock.

The Influence of Low-Temperature and Long-Time Cooking on the Quality of Pork Products

WANG JingFan,HUANG Feng,SHEN QingShan,WEN YanTao,GUO ZhiGang,JING XiaoLiang,ZHANG ChunHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 643-652. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.017

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-temperature and long-time (LTLT) cooking on water holding capacity (WHC) and tenderness of pork. It was expected to illustrate the potential mechanism for the change of moisture distribution, muscle fiber structure, and collagenolysis of the LTLT cooked pork, so as to provide a scientific basis for the actual industrial application. 【Method】The pork Longissmus dorsi was used as experimental material which was boiled at different low-temperature (55℃ and 60℃) for long-time (4 h, 8 h, and 24 h) respectively. The quality characteristics of LTLT cooked pork, including WHC, color and tenderness, were analyzed by cooking loss rate, area shrinkage, low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), color, and Warner-Bratzler shear force. The structural changes of myofibrils and connective tissue were observed by histological analysis. Then the surface hydrophobicity, collagen content, and its thermal solubility were analyzed.【Result】With the increasing of heating time and temperature, the influence of LTLT cooking on the quality of pork products and the protein denaturation increased. The muscle fiber structure was damaged during heating. Specifically, the cooking loss rate and area shrinkage ratio increased significantly (P<0.05); LF-NMR and MRI analysis demonstrated that the transverse relaxation time (T₂₂) and peak area (A₂₂) decreased markedly (P<0.05); the b* value increased (P<0.05). The shrinkage of myofibrils and collagen fibers in the perimysium dissolving occurred, the surface hydrophobicity enhanced significantly (P<0.05). The content of collagen decreased observably (P<0.05), while heat solubility increased. 【Conclusion】Compared with heating time, heating temperature had more significant effects on meat quality and protein denaturation, and these effects could be alleviated by extending the heating time. At different heating temperatures, the difference in the longitudinal shrinkage ratio was more significant, which might be caused by different denaturation of collagen, especially the insoluble collagen.

Establishment of a Novel Immunochromatographic Assay Based on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A Labeled by Pt-Pd Bimetal Nanoparticles

SUN YanYan,LI Xin,LIN Mi,LI FengSong,Bao YanFang,CHEN XiaHui,YANG Guang,ZENG QiaoYing,JIANG Tao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 653-661. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.018

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【Objective】A novel immunochromatographic test strip with peroxidase-like activity of Pt-Pd bimetal nanoparticles (NPs) as a marker (shortened as NPs test strip) was developed. The signal amplification was based on Pt-Pd bimetal NPs possessing high peroxidase-like activity toward 3, 3, 5, 5＇-tetramethylbenzidine, which could produce characteristic colored bands. It could not only improve the sensitivity of detection, but also completed a quantitative analysis of results with reader. This method provided a rapid and effective screening means for monitoring.【Method】Pt-Pd bimetal NPs were prepared by K₂Ptcl₄ and Na₂Pdcl₄, which were reduced by ascorbic acid (AA). The mixture was continuously sonicated in water bath. The purified antigen of FMDV serotype A was coupled with Pt-Pd bimetal NPs. The purified 146S particles of FMDV serotype A (FMDV-146S) and the antibodies against FMDV-146S (FMDV-146S-Ab) were blotted on nitrocellulose membrane as test line and control line, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and stability of this NPs test strip were assessed by testing known positive and negative FMDV serum and positive serum against other animals’ disease. Parallel tests of the positive FMDV serum by LPB-ELISA were performed.【Result】This established method could be accomplished qualitatively as well as semi-quantitative detection in 10 minutes, the sensitivity was up to 1:2⁸/test, and the linear range was from 1:2⁶/test-1:2⁹/test. The detection sensitivity for the serum positive for FMDV type A was 98%, and the detection sensitivity for FMDV-negative serum, serum positive for FMDV type O and type Asia 1 as well as sera positive for other common viral diseases in animals was 94.8%. The differences between batches were small. Test serum samples showed that the strip results were coincident with LPB-ELISA, R²=0.9112. 【Conclusion】An immunochromatographic assay based on Pt-Pd bimetal nanoparticles was established innovatively and applied to the detection of FMDV antibodies. The results demonstrated its high sensitivity, which was a 2⁴-fold increase as compared with the colloidal gold. In addition, this novel assay also displayed excellent maneuverability and reproducibility. The established method represented a new attempt in fast immunochromatographic assay and probably predicted an alternative and highly promising application of the alloy nanoparticles.

Prediction and Bioinformatics Analysis of BLV-miRNA Transboundary Regulation of Human Target Genes

WANG Yong,LI SiYan,HE SiRui,ZHANG Di,LIAN Shuai,WANG JianFa,WU Rui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2021, 54(3): 662-674. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.019

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【Objective】To assess risk of regulation of human-derived genes by miRNAs derived from bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the prospective research on the possible food safety problems and the possible impact on human health caused by BLV-miRNA were carried out, which would lay the foundation for the necessary research on the implementation of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) prevention and control measures in actual production in the future, and provide theoretical guidance for the study of the relationship between BLV and human diseases.【Method】 In this study, the mature sequence of BLV miRNAs was first queried using mirbase website, and the miRanda software was used to predict target genes. The predictive 10 miRNAs (BLV-miR-B1-3P,5P, BLV-miR-B2-3P, 5P, BLV-miR-B3-3P,5P, BLV-miR-B4-3P,5P, and BLV-miR-B5-3P,5P) were encoded by BLV. The top 10 candidate target genes of each BLV-miRNA score were selected for functional analysis, including a total of 88 duplicated genes. The candidate target genes co-regulated by multiple BLV miRNAs were verified by secondary prediction using RNAhybrid software, and their functions were analyzed. 【Result】The ten miRNAs encoded by BLV were predicted to obtain 1 630-16 383 target genes, respectively. After functional analysis of eighty-eight candidate target genes in the top ten, it was found that eighteen of them had no relevant functional reports. Thirty-six candidate target genes were related to the occurrence and development of neoplastic diseases. Two candidate target genes could regulate cell cycle. Sixteen candidate target genes were involved in the regulation of cell signal transduction. Fourteen candidate target genes played a role in the formation of structure/cytoskeleton proteins. The function of cell proliferation and apoptosis showed an antagonistic relationship and the genes that often promoting proliferation could also suppress apoptosis. A total of thirteen genes played a regulatory role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, the regulation of the thirteen candidate target genes on cell proliferation and apoptosis was bidirectional. However, it was not clear whether the regulation of BLV miRNA towards cells was more prone to proliferation or apoptosis, so further studies were still needed to discuss in depth. Two candidate target genes could regulate cell differentiation. The sixteen candidate target genes played a role in regulating cell migration/invasion function, again suggesting that BLV miRNA might have a more important correlation with neoplastic diseases. The seven candidate target genes might play an important role in the differentiation, migration and invasion of breast cells, suggesting that the study on the correlation between BLV and human breast cancer could be further discussed from the perspective of BLV miRNA. Two candidate target genotypes of BLV-B4-3P, Collagen 1 chain gene (COL1A1), had a regulatory effect on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In addition, candidate target genes that could be co-targeted by multiple BLV miRNAs belong to the mucin family (MUC5B, MUC12 and MUC16), and be expressed in the colon, influencing the formation of colon mucosa.【Conclusion】Exogenous BLV miRNA might transboundary regulate cell cycle signal transduction structure/cytoskeleton proliferation apoptosis differentiation migration/invasion related cell function related genes and destroy cell structure. The correlation between BLV miRNA and human breast cancer might be shown in the process of differentiation, migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. BLV-miR-B4-3p shared a seed sequence with miR 29a, which might affect the occurrence and development of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exogenous BLV miRNA had the target of inhibiting the expression of mucin genes, such as MUC5B, MUC12, and MUC16, through the destruction of intestinal mucosa formation to achieve transboundary regulation of human gene risk.

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