Loading...

Table of Content

    01 July 2022, Volume 55 Issue 13
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Genome-Wide Association Study of Ear Related Traits in Maize Hybrids
    LI Ting,DONG Yuan,ZHANG Jun,FENG ZhiQian,WANG YaPeng,HAO YinChuan,ZHANG XingHua,XUE JiQuan,XU ShuTu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2485-2499.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.001
    Abstract ( 568 )   HTML ( 88 )   PDF (4472KB) ( 324 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】Ear traits are important components of grain yield in maize. Dissecting their genetic basis and mining significant SNPs using genome-wide association study (GWAS) can provide references for cloning functional genes and breeding high-yield maize varieties. 【Method】A total of 115 superior inbred lines from Shaan A group and Shaan B group, as well as four domestic backbone lines were selected as parents. Based on NCⅡ genetic design, an association population consisting of 442 hybrids was constructed, which was planted in two different environments to collect phenotype data of ear traits. Meanwhile, all parental lines were sequenced by the tunable genotyping by sequencing (tGBS) protocols. According to the genotype of inbred lines, altogether 19 461 high-quality SNPs were inferred in the association population. Then, GWAS was performed using 19 461 SNPs and phenotype data by three models including additive, dominance and epistasis, respectively. Combining with the transcriptome data of maize ear related tissues in the public database and the annotation information of genes, candidate genes were predicted. 【Result】Phenotypic data analysis showed that eight ear traits followed a continuous distribution, and there were 3.78%-45.25% of phenotypic variation. Analysis of variance indicated that environment and genotype effects reached an extremely significant level (P<0.001), and the range of broad-sense heritability was from 54.15% to 68.89%. And there were significantly positive or negative correlations among ear traits of hybrids. In total, 16, 3, 79 significant SNPs/pairs were identified under additive, dominant, and epistatic models, respectively. The significant loci detected by the three models cumulatively explained 38.21%-60.69% of the phenotypic variation of each trait. The cumulative phenotypic variation of significant SNP detected by additive model and epistatic model was 0.00-41.26% and 15.18%-45.36%, respectively. Effect analysis of significant SNPs identified by additive and dominant models showed most SNPs with additive or partial dominance effects, and only two with over-dominance effects. Further, only seven single-SNPs and five interaction pairs explained more than 5% of the phenotypic variation, and 17 candidate genes were predicted based on the SNP locations and gene expression information. 【Conclusion】Ear traits of maize hybrids were mainly affected by additive and epistasis effects, but less by dominance effects. Multiple SNPs identified by additive and dominant models showed additive and partially dominance effects, and aggregating favorable alleles of these SNPs could improve the target traits.

    QTL Mapping for Traits Related to Seed Number Per Pod in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    HAO Jing,LI XiuKun,CUI ShunLi,DENG HongTao,HOU MingYu,LIU YingRu,YANG XinLei,MU GuoJun,LIU LiFeng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2500-2508.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.002
    Abstract ( 362 )   HTML ( 46 )   PDF (1382KB) ( 165 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important vegetable oil and cash crop. High yield is always the predominant objective in peanut breeding and determined by seed number per unit area and seed weight. Seed number per unit area is produced by planting density per unit area×number of pods per plant×number of seeds per pod. Therefore, the genetic dissection of the number of seeds per pod is helpful to explore the gene/locus related to this trait, which provides an important theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of yield in peanut.【Method】A RIL population, derived from Silihong×Jinonghei 3, were planted at Qingyuan experimental station of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding city, Hebei province in 2018(E1) and 2020(E2). Phenotypic values of traits associated with the number of one seed pods per plant, two seeds pods per plant and multiple pods per plant were investigated at harvest stage. By using the genetic linkage map constructed by laboratory of Peanut innovation team, Hebei Agricultural University and software of QTL Icimapping V4.1(the Inclusive composite interval Mapping (ICIM)), QTL mapping for the number of seeds per pod was carried out under two environments.【Result】The results showed that the rates of one seed pods per plant and two seeds pods per plant were normal distribution, while the rate of multiple pods per plant was skewed normal distribution. A total of 11 QTLs were detected for the three traits, which could explain the phenotypic variation of 4.66%-22.34% and the additive effects of -9.35-9.42. Among of them, 5 QTLs for the rate of multiple pods per plant with explained 3.19% to 22.34% of phenotypic variation were obtained. The additive effect of one QTL from Jinonghei 3 was negative (-4.77), while the additive effect of the other four QTLs from Silihong was positive (3.59-9.42). Two QTLs for the rate of one seed pods per plant were mapped with explained 4.97%-6.43% of phenotypic variation. The additive effects of the two QTLs from Jinonghei 3 were negative (-4.45 and -4.54). Four QTLs for the rate of two seed pods per plant were located with explained 4.97%-6.43% of phenotypic variation. The additive effects of the four QTLs from Jinonghei 3 were negative (-9.35--3.84). Among of these QTLs, 6 QTLs were major QTLs, of which qRMSPA05 was repeatedly detected, and the heritable phenotypic variation was 16.58%-17.34%, and the additive effect was 7.69-8.12.【Conclusion】Six major QTLs and one major stable QTL for multiple pods per plant were identified, which will be helpful for improving the yield traits in peanut. The results can be used as important candidate segments for genetic improvement, and molecular marker assisted selection and fine mapping.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Effects of NaCl Stress on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Seedlings of Japonica Rice Germplasm with Different Salt Tolerances
    ZHU ChunYan,SONG JiaWei,BAI TianLiang,WANG Na,MA ShuaiGuo,PU ZhengFei,DONG Yan,LÜ JianDong,LI Jie,TIAN RongRong,LUO ChengKe,ZHANG YinXia,MA TianLi,LI PeiFu,TIAN Lei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2509-2525.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.003
    Abstract ( 355 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1881KB) ( 229 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can reflect the damage degrees and stress resistance of the plant photosynthetic machinery under salt stress. In this study, the analysis of effects of salt stress on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of japonica rice with different salt tolerances was performed to reveal its induced kinetic characteristics and preliminarily elucidate the mechanism of OsHCF222 and OsABCI7 regulating salt tolerance of japonica rice at seedling stage, so as to provide a theoretical foundation for screening and breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties.【Method】Eight salt-tolerant and eight salt-sensitive japonica rice germplasm accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured for these materials after treatment using 0 mmol·L-1 or 125 mmol·L-1 NaCl for 3 or 6 days. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to screen the key indexes for salt tolerance, and a comprehensive evaluation of japonica rice germplasm was carried out with membership functions and weighted standard deviation coefficient method. The resulting salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive germplasm were used to analyze the relative expressions of OsHCF222 and OsABCI7, two chlorophyll fluorescence related genes. 【Result】Compared with the control (CK, 0 mmol·L-1 NaCl for 3 days or 6 days), the salt stress treatment (125 mmol·L-1 NaCl 3 days or 6 days) significantly reduced the maximal fluorescence (Fm) and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) of japonica rice germplasm. For salt tolerant germplasm accessions, the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) and coefficient of non-photochemical quenching of variable fluorescence (qN) decreased significantly at 3 days after salt stress, while the initial fluorescence yield (Fo) increased significantly at 6 days after salt stress. The photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and qN of the salt-sensitive germplasm accessions decreased significantly on the 3rd day after salt stress treatment, while the indexes including yield (Y), NPQ and photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) decreased significantly on the 3rd and 6th day after salt stress treatment. Under salt stress, Fm, Fv/Fm, Y, NPQ and ETR were positively correlated with salt tolerance score (STS), and there were significant differences between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive japonica rice germplasm accessions. PCA with eight chlorophyll fluorescence parameters revealed two major components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 88.018%. Five key indexes, including Fm, Fv/Fm, Y, NPQ and ETR, were selected based on the loading of each component. The 16 accessions were subsequently assigned to salt tolerant and salt sensitive groups by cluster analysis. A comprehensive evaluation value D (DCF) of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics under salt stress was obtained by using membership function combined with the index weight method, and then the ranking of the 16 accessions was obtained. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves of salt-tolerant Cigalon and Bertone, salt-sensitive Xinzhu8 and Sachiminori under salt stress and CK were created using the Kinetic model. Under CK condition, the four japonica rice germplasm accessions showed similar curve shapes with a large slope and the occurrence time of P peak was basically the same. Under the salt stress treatment, peak P, peak M and the curve slope of salt-sensitive accessions decreased rapidly, while the salt-tolerant accessions still maintained high P peak and curve slope. Through quantitative real-time PCR analysis of OsHCF222 and OsABCI7 in Cigalon and Sachiminori at different times under NaCl stress, the dynamic changes and correlation between leaf chlorophyll content and five key chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the potential role of the two genes in salt tolerance of japonica rice were preliminarily clarified. 【Conclusion】Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of japonica rice germplasm with different salt tolerances responded differently to salt stress. Fm, Fv/Fm, Y, NPQ and ETR were closely related to salt tolerance in rice. The expression levels of OsHCF222 and OsABCI7 directly affected the salt tolerance of japonica rice germplasm at seedling stage. In salt-tolerant japonica rice, NPQ and Fv/Fm played as key indexes, while Fm might play an important role in salt-sensitive japonica rice.

    Effects of Polyaspartic Acid with Different Molecular Weights on Root Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat
    LIU Yuan,YUAN Liang,ZHANG ShuiQin,ZHAO BingQiang,LI YanTing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2526-2537.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.004
    Abstract ( 364 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (672KB) ( 153 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】 Polyaspartic acid (PASP) is a polymer of aspartic acid (ASP) with molecular weight ranging from 1000 to hundreds of thousands. Owing to its function in promoting crop growth and nutrient uptake, PASP has been widely used in agriculture, while its structure and application effect varied when its molecular weight changed. Therefore, in this study, the structural characteristics of PASP with different molecular weights were analyzed by using infrared spectroscopy, and the effects of it on wheat root growth and nutrient uptake in hydroponic experiments were investigated to clarify the characteristics and efficiency-enhanced mechanism of PASP with different molecular weights, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application for PASP in the development of new efficiency-enhanced fertilizer and agricultural production.【Method】A hydroponic experiment was carried out by using Hoagland nutrition solution and wheat (Jimai 22). Four kinds of test materials, including aspartic acid (ASP), PASP with low molecular weight (<1 kDa, PAL), PASP with medium molecular weight (3-5 kDa, PAM), and PASP with high molecular weight (>10 kDa, PAH), were separately added into the cultural solution in ratio of 10 mg·L-1, 25 mg·L-1 and 50 mg·L-1, and the treatment only with Hoagland nutrient solution was set as the control group (CK). Thus, there were a total of 13 treatments, and each treatment was repeated four times. After 20-day growth, the wheat seedlings were harvested to determine shoot dry matter weight, root dry matter weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as root morphology, root absorption area, root activity.Result】(1) The structure of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights was different. With the increase of molecular weight of polyaspartic acid, the content of peptide bond increased gradually, and the content of carboxyl group increased first and then decreased, among which, PAH had the highest peptide bond content, and PAM had the highest carboxyl group content. (2) The addition of PASP with different molecular weights could significantly improve the dry matter weight of wheat. The total dry matter weight of wheat was shown in the descending order: PAM>PAH>PAL≈ASP. Compared with CK, PASP increased the dry weight of wheat root by 11.90%-19.06%. Compared with CK, at the additive amount of 10 mg·L-1, 25 mg·L-1 and 50 mg·L-1, the total dry weight of wheat treated by PAM increased by 9.13%, 23.36% and 20.54%, respectively. (3) Polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights could optimize wheat root morphology and increase total absorption area, active absorption area and root activity. PAM had a better performance than other PASP treatment. (4) The addition of PASP with different molecular weights could promote the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the greatest promotion was obtained with PAM addition, followed by PAH addition. As for the treatments with the same material, the total uptake of nutrients was the highest at 50 mg·L-1 of PASP addition. When 50 mg·L-1 of PAM addition, the total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium significantly increased by 16.88%, 25.97% and 21.61% than that of CK, respectively, and that 50 mg·L-1 of PAH addition significantly increased by 16.28%, 23.36% and 18.16% than CK, respectively. (5) Correlation analysis showed that the contents of peptide bond and carboxyl group of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights were significantly positively correlated with total dry matter weight, total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as total root length and total root absorption area. The dry matter weight and nutrient uptake of wheat were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with root surface area, total absorption area, active absorption area, and root activity.【Conclusion】Polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights could promote wheat growth, optimize root morphology, increase root absorption area and root activity, further promote nutrient uptake. The structure of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights was different. With the increase of molecular weight of polyaspartic acid, the content of peptide bond increased gradually, and the content of carboxyl group increased first and then decreased. The content of peptide bond and carboxyl group of polyaspartic acid was positively correlated with wheat growth and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake. Under the conditions of this experiment, PASP with molecular weight of 3-5 kDa had the best performance on wheat root growth and nutrient uptake, followed by polyaspartic acid with molecular weight greater than 10 kDa. As for different additive amounts, PASP with high dosage (50 mg·L-1) showed a more significant promoting effect on wheat growth and total nutrient uptake, while that with medium dosage (25 mg·L-1) had the best performance on wheat root growth and root nutrient uptake.

    Identification and Evaluation of Drought Resistance of Wheat Varieties Based on Thermal Infrared Image
    MENG Yu,WEN PengFei,DING ZhiQiang,TIAN WenZhong,ZHANG XuePin,HE Li,DUAN JianZhao,LIU WanDai,FENG Wei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2538-2551.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.005
    Abstract ( 342 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (2033KB) ( 168 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The information related to the temperature parameters of different genotypes of wheat canopy were analyzed to explore the indicators and methods for rapid and efficient screening of drought-resistant varieties of winter wheat, so as to provide a reference basis for the screening of drought-resistant varieties of winter wheat.【Method】In this study, the canopy thermal infrared images of 10 wheat varieties with different drought resistance under drought stress were obtained and extracted canopy temperature characteristic parameters by using temperature frequency histogram and other analysis methods, and the quantitative relationship between temperature characteristic parameters and drought resistance index were clarified, and then the effectiveness of canopy temperature characteristic parameters on screening drought-resistant varieties of winter wheat were analyzed.【Result】The grading criteria based on the yield drought resistance index (DRI) classified the measured wheat varieties into four drought resistance categories. The stronger the drought resistance, the more stable the maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), plant water content (PWC), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and seed yield. The characteristic parameters of canopy temperature based on thermal infrared images were extracted, indicating the stronger the drought resistance of wheat, the smaller variability in canopy temperature and the less dispersion in canopy temperature. The yield DRI showed highly significant positive correlation with the deviation between crop canopy temperature and ambient temperature (CTD) at the jointing, booting and flowering stages with the correlation coefficient r=0.79-0.84, while the standard deviation of canopy temperature (CTSD), coefficient of variation (CTCV), water stress index (CWSI) and relative canopy temperature difference (CRTD) were significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.56- -0.78). The regression model of yield DRI was built based on canopy temperature characteristic parameters of a single growth period, and the estimation accuracy was r2=0.73-0.87, with the highest accuracy of the prediction model at the jointing stage. And the prediction model of yield DRI was constructed based on the combination of relevant canopy temperature parameters CTD, CTCV, and CTSD CWSI of three growth periods, and the accuracy of prediction was significantly higher (r2=0.95) than that based on a single growth period.【Conclusion】 Thermal infrared images can be used for early identification and rapid evaluation of drought resistance of wheat varieties, which is of great significance for promoting efficient and water-saving crop production.

    PLANT PROTECTION
    Cloning and Expression Profiling of Gustatory Receptor Genes BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 in Bemisia tabaci
    QU Cheng,WANG Ran,LI FengQi,LUO Chen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2552-2561.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.006
    Abstract ( 268 )   HTML ( 41 )   PDF (4217KB) ( 108 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】Bemisia tabaci is an important agricultural and invasive pest worldwide. Although B. tabaci has many host plants, there are differences in the tropism of B. tabaci to these different hosts. The gustatory receptor genes (GRs) play an important role in its feeding selection and other behaviors. The objective of this study is to clone the two gustatory receptor genes (GR1 and GR2) of B. tabaci, and clarify their expression profiles at different developmental stages and in different adult tissues, so as to provide a theoretical basis for further functional study of the two gustatory receptor genes.【Method】The gustatory receptor genes were screened from the adult head transcriptome of B. tabaci. The open reading frame (ORF) of two gustatory receptor genes was cloned by nest PCR, and the two genes were named BtabGR1 and BtabGR2, respectively. Encoded amino acid sequence features and structure characteristics of BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 were analyzed by multiple bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic tree between BtabGR1, BtabGR2 and other Hemiptera insects GRs was constructed using neighbor-joining method. The expression levels of the two genes at different developmental stages (egg, 1-4 instar nymphs, female and male adults), in different adult tissues (head, thorax, abdomen, leg) were detected by qRT-PCR.【Result】The cDNA sequences of BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 (GenBank accession number: OL845904 and OL845905) were obtained. The complete ORFs of these two genes are 1 287 and 1 344 bp in length, encoding 428 and 447 amino acids with the predicted molecular weight of 48.54 and 51.50 kD, the isoelectric point of 8.85 and 8.74, 4 and 6 transmembrane domains. Amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 were closely related to the GR28b and GR43a-like genes of other Hemiptera insects. Developmental stages expression results showed that BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 were expressed at different developmental stages of B. tabaci. The expression level of BtabGR1 in female and male adults was higher than that in other developmental stages, while BtabGR2 was highly expressed in the egg. Tissue expression results showed that BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 were expressed in different tissues of adult B. tabaci, and the two genes were both highly expressed in the head of adults.【Conclusion】BtabGR1 and BtabGR2 have the typical characteristics of insect gustatory receptor genes, and both of them are highly expressed in the head of B. tabaci adults. It is speculated that these two genes play an important role in host plant adaptation of B. tabaci, and can be used as potential targets for novel control measures of B. tabaci.

    Expression and Function Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Genes in Plutella xylostella with Different Chlorantraniliprole Resistance
    YIN Fei,LI ZhenYu,SAMINA Shabbir,LIN QingSheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2562-2571.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.007
    Abstract ( 264 )   HTML ( 38 )   PDF (1824KB) ( 95 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The Plutella xylostella is a global pest of cruciferous plants. The objective of this study is to identify the key cytochrome P450 genes involved in chlorantraniliprole metabolic regulation in P. xylostella, and to provide a basis for understanding the resistance mechanism concerning chlorantraniliprole in different resistance levels of P. xylostella.【Method】The resistance of the 3rd instar larvae of different P. xylostella populations to chlorantraniliprole was determined using the leaf dip method. On the strength of insectbase database and P. xylostella genome database together with transcriptome sequencing data, 52 relevant cytochrome P450 genes were screened. MEGA5.10 software was used to analyze the evolution of 52 cytochrome P450 genes, and CYP3 and CYP4 family P450 genes closely related to insecticide resistance were obtained. The expression levels of genes in CYP3 and CYP4 families were compared in HZ, HZY, LZ, DS and ZLT populations by qRT-PCR. The RNA interference experiments through injection were used to verify the function of CYP6BF1V4, which was significantly up-regulated in the resistant population of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole. 【Result】 The leaf dip bioassays showed that the populations of LZ and HZ were at medium level of resistance, while ZLT, DS and HZY populations were at high level of resistance. Phylogenetic tree analysis of 52 cytochrome P450s showed that ten genes from the CYP4 family and 28 genes from the CYP3 family potentially associated with insecticide resistance. The expression levels of two CYP4 family genes in the resistant induced population, HZ and HZY, were significantly higher than those in the susceptible population. Among the genes of CYP3 family, the expression levels of four genes were positively correlated with the resistance of P. xylostella. The expression levels of eight genes in P. xylostella with medium resistance were higher than those with high resistance. Six genes were up-regulated in all resistant field populations, among which four genes were CYP6 family genes (CYP6BF1V4, CYP6BF1V3, CYP6f1 and CYP6B6) and two genes were CYP9 family genes (CYP9G2-1 and CYP9G2-2). The expression of CYP6BF1V4 was the highest, and it was 3.5-6.3 times higher in the resistant populations than that in sensitive populations. The results of RNAi showed that knockdown of CYP6BF1V4 could significantly increase the sensitivity of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole.【Conclusion】CYP6BF1V4, CYP6BF1V3, CYP6f1, CYP6B6, CYP9G2-1 and CYP9G2-2 may help regulate the expression of multifunctional oxidases, thus accelerating the metabolize of chlorantraniliprole and enhancing the resistance of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Geostatistical Characteristics of Soil Data from National Soil Survey Works in China
    ZHANG WeiLi,FU BoJie,XU AiGuo,YANG Peng,CHEN Tao,ZHANG RenLian,SHI Zhou,WU WenBin,LI JianBing,JI HongJie,LIU Feng,LEI QiuLiang,LI ZhaoJun,FENG Yao,LI YanLi,XU YongBing,PEI Wei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2572-2583.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.008
    Abstract ( 395 )   HTML ( 52 )   PDF (2252KB) ( 198 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】China carried out the second state soil survey from 1979 to 1987 and the soil nutrient investigation of farmland from 2005 to 2017. Both surveys covered the whole country with a huge amount of ground soil samplings. The data generated from the two surveys have become the most detailed spatial-temporal data for soil types and quality in China. The purpose of the study was to test and to evaluate the geostatistical characteristics of the data by geostatistical testing approach, so as to provide the reference for the use of these data to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of soil features in different disciplines. 【Method】7 testing areas were selected to represent different regions in China. Soil organic matter (SOM) contents of 0-20 cm soil layer from soil profile sampled in 1979-1987 and from plough layer sampled in 2005-2017 were extracted from the corresponding data bases. The ground sampling for soil profiles in 1979-1987 was to give priority to typical soil types firstly and secondly to keep an evenly distributed sampling as possible. 100 000 soil profiles with about 1m soil deep were finally sampled. After integrated data processing and coordinate matching, 60 000 profiles obtained coordinates. Ground sampling for soil plough layer in 2005-2017 was in grid distribution. 10 000 000 plough layer soil samples with GPS positioning coordinates have been completed. For each testing area, the data set contained two groups, about 500-1 300 SOM values from soil profile data and 50 000-250 000 values from plough layer data. The data from two time groups of each testing data set were analyzed by ordinary Kriging approach separately. 80% of the data were randomly selected as the training sample set for modeling and 20% as the verification sample set. The linear regression between the predicted value and the measured value of the validation sample was carried out. R2 (coefficient of determination) and RMSE (root mean square error) were calculated to evaluate the reliability and uncertainty of the data sets in expressing the spatial distribution of the soil feature. 【Result】It was showed that the reliability of mapping SOM content by profile data of all of the 7 testing areas reached significant levels. However, the deviation between predicted values and measured values of the test data set was relatively great. The values of R2 were low, between 0.223-0.380 and RMSE were relatively high. Testing results by soil plough layer data sampled in 2005-2017 showed that through large sample size and grid sampling, the reliability and prediction accuracy of mapping SOM content were improved greatly, for R2 increased and RMSE decreased. The geostatistical test results of two periods with a time interval of 30 years showed that although there were some changes in the contents of soil organic matter, the overall spatial distribution of SOM content in each testing area expressed by the two data groups was similar. 【Conclusion】 The reliability and accuracy of soil maps were much better in terms of characterizing the spatial distribution of soil features, when the soil investigation was by means of a large sample size with grid sampling. It meant that the reliability and accuracy of the original large-scale soil thematic maps, such as maps of soil types, organic matter, pH value, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents from second state soil survey, were better than maps generated by profile data, as these original large-scale soil thematic maps were derived from the large sample size with grid sampling. However, the data of 60 000 soil profiles from second state soil survey, which contained many soil features and could supply reliable soil thematic maps, were also of great importance for understanding spatial characteristics of these soil features. It has been showed that a large sample size was essential for a precise and accurate mapping of soil feature of the whole country. For mapping long-term changing or stable soil features such as soil types, texture and morphological features, it would be difficult to obtain reliable maps by a soil sample size much less than the second state soil survey. Considering the current requirements and the available data resources in China, the soil investigation in the future could be mainly focused in investigating data missing areas as well as some missing soil features for soil functions.

    Current Status of Chemical Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Irrigation Water and Their Reducing Potentials in Wheat Production of Northern China
    WEI Lei,MI XiaoTian,SUN LiQian,LI ZhaoMin,SHI Mei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2584-2597.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.009
    Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 37 )   PDF (1672KB) ( 214 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The unreasonable use of chemicals and irrigation water is the crucial to limiting the wheat production. The objective of the study was to clarify the current status of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China and their reduction potentials. Further, understanding the effects of farm size on wheat production could provide an effective reference for sustainable wheat production in China. 【Method】 Based on a large-scale survey in seven provinces of Northern China during 2018-2019, based on the nutrient requirements formed by wheat yield, the potential of fertilizer reduction in northern wheat regions and the potential of pesticide reduction based on the recommended amount of pesticides were assessed, and the water-saving potential based on Penman-Monteith was estimated, and then the effects of farm size on wheat yield and the input costs of chemical fertilizer and irrigation water were investigated. 【Result】The mean wheat yields of spring wheat area, Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area were 3.0, 7.6, 4.7, and 7.4 t·hm-2, respectively. The application rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer was 87 kg N·hm-2, 91 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 1 kg K2O·hm-2 in spring wheat area, was 280 kg N·hm-2, 133 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 1 kg K2O·hm-2 in Fenwei Plain, was 178 kg N·hm-2, 117 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 25 kg K2O·hm-2 in Loess Plateau, and was 225 kg N·hm-2, 168 kg P2O5·hm-2, and 15 kg K2O·hm-2 in oasis irrigation area, respectively. The problems of excessive application of N and P fertilizers and insufficient application of K fertilizers coexisted. The reduction potential of N and P fertilizers was 25% and 40% in Fenwei Plain, respectively, which was 24% and 57% in Loess Plateau, respectively. The reduction potential of P fertilizer was 65% and 54% in spring wheat area and oasis irrigation area, respectively. The use of pesticides varied greatly in different areas of wheat production. In the spring wheat area of Fenwei Plain, Loess Plateau, and oasis irrigation area, the mean number of pesticides sprayed were 1.8, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.6 times, respectively; the reduction potential of pesticides was 40%-70%, 54%-83%, 40%-65% and 50%-83%, respectively. Insecticides and herbicides were the main types of pesticides, and the frequency of insecticides application accounted for 73%, which was higher than that of herbicides. For insecticides, imidacloprid and triadimefon were more commonly used. For herbicides, tribenuron-methy, 2, 4-D butyl ester, and sodium dimethyl tetrachloride were more often used. The irrigation times of wheat production were 2-4 in most cases. For Fenwei Plain, the mean number of irrigations was 2.2 times, and the river water was the most key source of irrigation water. For oasis irrigation area, the mean number of irrigations was 3.5 times, and the well water was the most key source of irrigation water. The water-saving potential in Fenwei Plain and oasis irrigation area was 14% and 42%, respectively. Small-scale farm size was the most common way to manage farms, resulting in a serious fragmentation of farmland in each wheat area. Compared with small-scale farm size, the large-scale farm size increased wheat yields by 7%-36% with reducing input costs by 17%-19%. 【Conclusion】The study reported the current status of the wheat yield, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water in wheat production of Northern China, and found that their application rates varied greatly between farmers and production regions. This brought huge potential for the reduction of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation water. Moreover, combined with farm size, it clarified that an appropriate increase in farm size could increase wheat yield while decreasing input costs, which could be essential for optimizing management scale in wheat region of north China.

    HORTICULTURE
    Response and Adaptability Evaluation of Different Apple Rootstocks to Continuous Phosphorus Deficiency
    XIE Bin,AN XiuHong,CHEN YanHui,CHENG CunGang,KANG GuoDong,ZHOU JiangTao,ZHAO DeYing,LI Zhuang,ZHANG YanZhen,YANG An
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2598-2612.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.010
    Abstract ( 248 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF (609KB) ( 99 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the response characteristics of seven apple rootstock seedlings to low phosphorus stress, and to evaluate the low phosphorus adaptability of different rootstocks, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the selection of low phosphorus-tolerant apple rootstocks and the study of the physiological mechanism of efficient phosphorus utilization.【Method】Five kinds of apple dwarf rootstocks (T337, Nic29, Pajam2, B9 and 71-3-150), a semi-dwarf rootstock (Qingzhen2), and a vigorous rootstock (Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.), which were commonly used in the production of apple, were used as materials. Through the potted sand culture test method, the differences in tree growth, photosynthesis, leaf morphology and root architecture, biomass accumulation, phosphorus absorption and utilization, transportation and distribution of each rootstock under normal phosphorus (NP) and low phosphorus (LP) supply conditions were studied.【Result】Under LP treatment, the shoot growth and plant biomass accumulation of T337, Nic29, Pajam2, and M. baccata (L.) Borkh. were significantly decreased, the average leaf area of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 were decreased notably, and the leaf SPAD value of M. baccata (L.) Borkh. was 9.47% lower than that under NP treatment. Compared with the control, under the condition of LP, the average leaf area, leaf length and leaf width of B9 were significantly increased, while the leaf SPAD values of 71-3-150 and Qingzhen2 were significantly increased; the F0 values of B9, 71-3-150, Nic29 and Qingzhen2 were significantly increased, while the Fv/Fm values were significantly decreased, and the most obvious decrease was 71-3-150. Under LP condition, the root growth of T337, Nic29, M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 were all significantly inhibited, and the total root surface area and total root length were significantly reduced, among which T337 decreased more; the total root surface area and total root volume of B9 and 71-3-150 were significantly increased, while the ratio of root/shoot of B9 and 71-3-150 was significantly increased, and the ratio of root/shoot of 71-3-150 was 1.54 times of the control. Under LP condition, the phosphorus use efficiency and phosphorus transport coefficient of 71-3-150, Nic29, Pajam2, M. baccata (L.) Borkh. and Qingzhen2 decreased, the phosphorus accumulation in shoot of 71-3-150, Nic29, Pajam2 and M. baccata (L.) Borkh. reduced, while the phosphorus content and accumulation in root were higher than those under control, and the root P accumulation of 71-3-150 increased the most. The 13 principal component factors most related to LP tolerance were orthogonally rotated by using the Varimax rotation method, and these factors were comprehensively evaluated by membership function. Combined with cluster analysis, these 7 apple rootstocks could be divided into four tolerance types: Class I was the strongest tolerant rootstock (B9 and 71-3-150), Class II was the strong tolerant rootstock (T337 and Qingzhen2), Class III was the less tolerant rootstock (Nic29 and Pajam2), and class IV was the weakest tolerant rootstock. 【Conclusion】 Under LP condition, the apple rootstocks could adapt to the LP environment by reducing the material consumption of leaf photosynthesis, increasing the phosphorus accumulation in root system, promoting root development, and increasing the ratio of root/shoot. There were significant differences in the adaptability of different rootstocks.

    Association Analysis of Main Characteristics of Bur and Nut with SSR Markers in Chinese Chestnut
    CHEN Xu,HAO YaQiong,NIE XingHua,YANG HaiYing,LIU Song,WANG XueFeng,CAO QingQin,QIN Ling,XING Yu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2613-2628.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.011
    Abstract ( 280 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (3406KB) ( 86 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】In the experiment, the quantitative, qualitative and pseudo-qualitative characteristics of 113 chestnut varieties (lines) were measured, their genetic variation were analyzed, characteristics differences among different groups were compared, SSR markers were associated with characteristics, more characteristics significantly associated with SSR markers were obtained, and the excellent allelic variation sites were excavated, so as to provide the references for the research on molecular assisted breeding of Chinese chestnut.【Method】Firstly, 38 quantitative, qualitative and pseudo-qualitative characteristics of bur and nut were determined and analyzed. Secondly, the significance and correlation analysis of quantitative characteristics were performed by SPSS and Graphpad software, and the genetic diversity of SSR markers was analyzed. Finally, the association analysis of characteristics and markers was carried out by general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) of TASSEL 2.1.【Result】In genetic diversity analysis, the average number of effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I), polymorphism information content (PIC>0.5), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and expected heterozygosity (He) of 21 pairs of SSR markers were 3.164, 1.269, 0.589, 0.593, and 0.635, respectively. They were divided into two main groups according to the analysis of population structure. On the other hand, the intermediate type of varieties was defined as one group in the cluster analysis, so that the characteristics differences could be compared precisely. In the analysis of qualitative and pseudo-qualitative characteristics, the diversity index varied from 0.139 to 1.567, and the characteristic with the highest genetic diversity was nut glossiness, while the lowest was the hilum margin. There were obvious differences in the frequency distribution of nut shape, glossiness, color and other characteristics in different groups. In the analysis of quantitative characteristics, the range of coefficient of variation was between 3.96% and 36.31%, the coefficient of variation in bur weight, total bur weight and single nut weight were all above 30% with a high degree of genetic variation; the coefficient of variation of nut shape index and water content were all below 10%, which had stable genetic characteristics. The correlation coefficients were all above 0.6, indicating the appearance characteristics of bur and nut were highly correlated. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in fruit shape and weight between Group 1 vs. Group 2 and Group 2 vs. Group 3. In the association analysis, 13 SSR markers were extremely significantly associated with 18 phenotypic characteristics in the GLM model and the interpretation rate of phenotypic variation ranged from 15.12% to 54.99%, while there were 6 SSR markers in the MLM model that were extremely significantly associated with 7 phenotypic characteristics and the interpretation rate of phenotypic variation ranged from 8.66% to 26.93%. 【Conclusion】In this study, SSR markers were associated with phenotypic characteristics, thirteen SSR markers were extremely significantly correlated with 20 phenotypic characteristics, such as nut single weight, which laid a foundation for molecular assisted breeding of Chinese chestnut.

    FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
    Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Comparison of Different Livestock and Poultry Bone Peptides
    LIU Hong,GUO YuJie,XU Xiong,LI Xia,ZHANG HongRu,QI LiWei,SUN XueMei,ZHANG ChunHui
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2629-2642.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.012
    Abstract ( 224 )   HTML ( 32 )   PDF (1655KB) ( 66 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The preparation of bone peptides (livestock and poultry bone peptides, LBPs) for the development of bone-derived functional foods is one of the important ways for the high-value utilization of livestock and poultry bone by-products. In this experiment, the leg bone from four main livestock and poultry species were used as raw materials to prepare LBPs based on the same process, and their physicochemical properties and bioactivities were compared and analyzed, so as to provide the reference for the high-value utilization of livestock and poultry bone resources and the development of bone-derived functional foods.【Method】 Yak bone peptides (YBPs), bovine bone peptides (BBPs), porcine bone peptides (PBPs) and chicken bone peptides (CBPs) were prepared from yak, bovine, porcine and chicken leg bones, respectively. Physicochemical properties were characterized, including basic nutritional components, amino acid compositions, molecular weight and particle size distribution. Moreover, the bioactivities of the four LBPs, including osteoblast promoting proliferation, immune regulation, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and antioxidation, were compared and analyzed. 【Result】 The relative contents of crude protein in YBPs, BBPs and PBPs were (89.70±0.77)%, (90.43±0.88)% and (89.36±1.32)%, respectively, which were significant higher than that of CBPs (79.18±1.49)%). The essential amino acids and sulfur-amino acids of CBPs were significant higher than those of YBPs, BBPs and PBPs. The four LBPs were mainly composed of small molecular peptides with MW<2 kD, accounting for about 90%. There was no significant difference in particle size distribution of LBPs powder, which was mainly concentrated in the range of 10-20 µm and 40-60 µm. The bioactivities of different LBPs were analyzed. It was found that YBPs had the most significant osteoblasts promoting proliferation effect, and the proliferation rate was 37.27% at 0.5 mg∙mL-1; BBPs had the strongest effect on macrophage proliferation, and the proliferation rate was 39.26% at 5 mg∙mL-1; PBPs had the strongest ACEI activity, and the inhibition rate of ACE activity was 82.37% at 15 mg∙mL-1; YBPs had the strongest comprehensive antioxidant capacity, compared with BBPs, PBPs and CBPs. 【Conclusion】The physicochemical properties of LBPs from four distinct species were different, but they all met the demand of raw material for the development of bone-derived functional foods. The bioactivities of LBPs from different species were different, which were suitable for the development of different bone-derived functional foods: YBPs had the strongest osteoblasts promoting proliferation effect and comprehensive antioxidant capacity, which was more suitable for the development of bone health improving or antioxidant bone-derived functional foods; BBPs had the strongest effect on promoting macrophage proliferation, which was more suitable for the development of immunomodulatory bone-derived functional foods; PBPs had the strongest ACEI activity and was more suitable for the development of bone-derived functional foods with blood pressure control effect; CBPs had the better powder properties and higher mineral content, which could be used as dietary nutritional supplements.

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Effect of Expanded Feather Powder on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Broiler
    CHEN ZhiMin,CHANG WenHuan,ZHENG AiJuan,CAI HuiYi,LIU GuoHua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2643-2653.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.013
    Abstract ( 340 )   HTML ( 38 )   PDF (2170KB) ( 125 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】This experiment was conducted to investigate the nutritional indexes, pepsin digestibility, ultra micro morphological changes of expanded feather meal (EFM) and the effects of expanded feather meal (EFM) on broiler performance and related blood indexes, so as to determine whether EFM can be used in broiler feed and the appropriate level.【Method】240 1-day-old healthy AA male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 chickens in each replicate. Four treatment groups were fed with EFM 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2% diet (digestible amino acid balance formula) for 42 days. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed to weight ratio (F/G) of 1-21, 22-42 and 1-42 days old were calculated. At the age of 21 and 42 days, Blood was collected from heart and serum was separated for determination of AST, ALT, ALP, TP, urea, CREA and ammonia. At the age of 42 days, one chicken was randomly selected for slaughter in each replicate, and the slaughter rate, full evisceration rate, half evisceration rate, leg muscle rate, chest muscle rate and abdominal fat rate were determined.【Result】The results showed puffing treatment could make the feather break, the structure became loose, and the contact area with the environment was larger. EFM had no significant effect on the average daily gain and average daily intake (P>0.05) in the whole period (1-42 days), and the addition of 2% EFM significantly reduced the ratio of feed consumption to weight gain (P<0.05). At the age of 42 days, EFM had no significant effect on the rate of half clean bore, full clean bore, chest muscle, leg muscle and abdominal fat (P>0.05); 2% and 1.5% EFM significantly increased the slaughter rate (P<0.05). At the age of 21 days, EFM had no significant effect on ALT, AST, UREA, CREA and ammonia (P>0.05). Adding 1.5% expanded feather powder significantly increased the TP content (P<0.05). At the age of 42 days, EFM had no significant effect on ALP, AST, ALP, TP and CREA (P>0.05), and significantly reduced urea and blood ammonia (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results showed that expanded feather powder could be added to broiler feed properly, and 2% expanded feather powder could reduce the ratio of feed consumption and weight gain, increase the slaughter rate, and reduce the levels of serum urea nitrogen and blood ammonia.

    Effects of lncFAM200B on the Lipid Deposition in Intramuscular Preadipocytes of Yak
    RAN HongBiao,ZHAO LiLing,WANG Hui,CHAI ZhiXin,WANG JiKun,WANG JiaBo,WU ZhiJuan,ZHONG JinCheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2654-2666.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.014
    Abstract ( 212 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (5919KB) ( 78 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of lncFAM200B in the lipid deposition in intramuscular preadipocytes of yak, which laid a foundation for further mechanism research. 【Method】 The longissimus dorsi muscle tissue of yak was collected and used to separate intramuscular preadipocytes. The adenovirus mediated overexpression technology was used to realize the overexpression of lncFAM200B, and the siRNA interference technology was used to analyze the function of lncFAM200B. The mRNA expression level of fat differentiation marker (PPARγ, C/EBPα and AP2) and the potential target (SIRT1 and PTEN) genes of lncFAM200B were detected via real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Oil red O staining, triacylglycerol (TAG) determination and CCK-8 determination methods were used to detect intracellular lipid droplet deposition and preadipocyte proliferation.【Result】The overexpression of lncFAM200B not only significantly increased the fat differentiation genes (C/EBPα and AP2, P<0.05) expression level, but also increased the lipid droplets deposition with large lipid droplets in the cells during induced differentiation. Conversely, lncFAM200B interference reduced the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and AP2 (P<0.05), and lipid droplet deposition. Furthermore, the triacylglycerol content after lncFAM200B overexpression 4 days was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), but lower after siRNA interference 6 days. Moreover, the SIRT1 levels increased with time was first decreased and then increased trend, and the PTEN had the opposite trend during lncFAM200B overexpression, and the opposite results of the two genes obtained during lncFAM200B interference. In addition, the results of CCK-8 experiment showed that there was a significant difference in cell proliferation activity both in overexpression or interference group after 72 hours. 【Conclusion】lncFAM200B could regulate yak adipose differentiation by influencing the expression of fat differentiation marker (C/EBPα and AP2), and further affect the triacylglycerol content and the lipid droplet deposition, but the detail mechanism need to be further research efforts.

    Proteome Analysis of the Salivary Gland of Nurse Bee from High Royal Jelly Producing Bees and Italian Bees
    WANG RongHua,MENG LiFeng,FENG Mao,FANG Yu,WEI QiaoHong,MA BeiBei,ZHONG WeiLai,LI JianKe
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2022, 55(13):  2667-2684.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.015
    Abstract ( 282 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (7038KB) ( 112 )   Save
    Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

    【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the proteome profile of the postcereberal gland (PGld) and thoracic gland (ThGld) between high royal jelly producing bees (Apis mellifera liguatica, RJBs) and Italian bees (Apis mellifera liguatica, ITBs) with the aim of revealing the molecular basis of salivary gland regulating royal jelly production, and to provide a basis for analyzing the high-yield mechanism of royal jelly.【Method】PGld and ThGld were dissected from nurse bees of RJBs and ITBs. After protein extraction and enzyme digestion, the peptide samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the mass spectral data were qualified and quantified by MaxQuant software, and the following bioinformatic analysis was conducted using Perseus software, prediction of secretory protein was achieved by SignalP database, biological process and KEGG pathway were enriched by Cluego software.【Result】Totally 2 335 proteins were identified in salivary glands of RJBs and ITBs nurse bees, including 1 823 proteins in PGld and 1 922 proteins in ThGld. The expression profiles of the core proteins in the PGld and ThGld of RJBs and ITBs were similar, mainly involved in RNA metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, ATP metabolism, protein translation, translation regulation and catabolism. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the molecular basis of salivary gland of RJBs and ITBs had exerted varying extent of differentiation during the selective breeding. Quantitatively, the PGld of ITBs and RJBs expressed 254 and 333 up-regulated proteins, respectively, corresponding to the small molecule and carbohydrate metabolism pathway in ITBs, and the organic nitrogen compound synthesis, cell redox homeostasis, amino acid metabolism in RJBs. Those proved that the protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and energy supply of salivary gland cells in RJBs were more active than ITBs. In the same way, the up-regulated expressions of 412 and 162 proteins were detected in the ThGld of ITBs and RJBs, respectively, which involved in the pathways of oxidative phosphorylation, translation regulation in ITBs, and oxidative phosphorylation, response to toxic substances in RJBs, indicating that the level of resistance of RJBs ThGld cells was increased. A total of 43 secretory proteins were identified in the salivary glands of RJBs and ITBs, in which 15 were detected in royal jelly. Major royal jelly proteins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 were detected in PGld and ThGld, indicating that both of the glands were involved in the synthesis of royal jelly main protein. The identification of α-glucosidase related to nectar transformation and odorant binding proteins 3, 13, 17 and 21 involved in the synthesis and release of chemical pheromones in both PGld and ThGld indicated their basic function of nectar transformation and pheromone synthesis. The enhanced expression of major royal jelly proteins 1, 2, 3 and 7, hexamerin 70a and 110, odorant binding proteins 3, 13, 17 and 21, transferrin and apolipophorin-III-like protein in the salivary gland of RJBs demonstrated that the synthesis of pheromone and royal jelly protein was stronger than ITBs.【Conclusion】The core proteome with similar pattern in salivary glands of RJBs and ITBs ensures the synthesis and secretion of royal jelly protein, pheromone and invertase. Molecular variation between the salivary glands of RJBs and ITBs was developed after long-term selective breeding. Relative to ITBs, the salivary glands of RJBs enhance the ability of protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, cell energy supply and stress resistance, and upregulate the expression of most secretory proteins, which benefits to a better protein synthesis system with promising efficiency and lasting, and contributes to the high producing of royal jelly.