Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Development of Amplified Consensus Genetic Markers in Gramineae Based on Rice Intron Length Polymorphisms

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 433-439 .

Abstract ( 1009 )

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By designing primers in the conservative coding sequences flanking a polymorphic site, it is possible to exploit a PCR-based marker called amplified consensus genetic marker (ACGM), which is transferable among different species.【Objective】The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of developing ACGMs in Gramineae using the published genomic sequences of indica and japonica rice.【Method】Based on the intron length polymorphisms between the two rice subspecies, 38 pairs of ACGM primers were developed. Twelve accessions representing 6 grass genus including Oryza, Zea, Setaria, Triticum, Phyllostachys, Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv and Spartina anglica were used to verify the candidate ACGM markers.【Result】Almost all primers could acquire specifically amplified products in at least one accession. More than 1/3 primers could obtain specifically amplified products in all accessions. For each accession, about 2/3 primers on average could obtain specifically amplified products. The proportion of polymorphisms between species or subspecies within genus was 24.1%-90.3%, with an average of 44.6%.【Conclusion】These results showed that developing ACGM in Gramineae using rice genome data is feasible.

Detection of Allelic Variation for Puroindoline Alleles in CIMMYT Germplasm Developed from Synthetic Wheat Crossing with Common Wheats

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 440-447 .

Abstract ( 1202 )

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【Objective】Synthetic wheat, obtained by crossing Aegilops tauschii with Triticum turgitum, contains genetic variability not found in hexaploid wheat. Now they have been widely used for genetic improvment of common wheat. 【Method】A total of 176 CIMMYT lines derived from synthetic hexaploid wheats × Triticum aestivum crosses were used to measure SKCS hardness and detect puroindoline alleles by Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS), specific-primers PCR amplification and modified SDS-PAGE. 【Result】All of the surveyed hard wheats were Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a. Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i, Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h, Pina-D1a-Pinb-D1i, and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a were present in soft types, and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i was the most common one with a percentage of 49.1%. Kernel hardness of Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a type was significantly higher than that of other types. Kernel hardness of Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i were significantly higher than that of lines with Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i and Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a. In addition, kernel diameter and thousand kernel weight in the genotype with Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1i allele was the highest among the five allele types. 【Conclusion】It is concluded that three kinds of puroindoline alleles absent in common wheat are found in surveyed synthetic wheats and it have significant difference in SKCS hardness index between Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h and Pina-D1j/Pinb-D1i. The study would provide useful information for improving common wheat and introducing cultivars from CIMMYT, and facilitating the analysis of puroindoline sequence polymorphism.

The Discovery of Multi-Node Wheat--A New Genetic Resource for Triticum aestivum

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 447-447 .

Abstract ( 844 )

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QTL Mapping of Popping Characteristics in Popcorn Using the Model of Trisomic Inheritance in the Endosperm

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 448-455 .

Abstract ( 1489 )

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular genetic basis of popping characteristics in popcorn and provide useful message for their genetic improvement and MAS. 【Method】Two hundred and fifty-nine F2:3 families, derived from the cross between Dan232, a dent corn inbred and N04, a popcorn inbred, were evaluated for popping characteristics under two environments. One hundred and eighty three pairs of SSR markers were used to construct the genetic map. Quantative trait loci (QTL) were identified and their effects were evaluated for PR (popping rate), PV (popping volume) and PF (popping fold), using triploid endosperm genetic model and interval mapping method. 【Result】The genetic linkage map spanned 1762.2 cM (centimorgan) and was on an average interval of 9.63 cM. Popping characteristics in popcorn were quantitative in nature, which were controlled by multiple genes with different effects and influenced by environments simultaneously. A total of 56 QTL with significant effects were detected under two environments, the numbers of QTL were 18, 17 and 21 for PR, PV and PF, respectively. Contribution to phenotypic variation of a single QTL varied from 4.4% to 28.0%, and total contributions of all QTL were from 65.8% to 96.6%. The amount of QTL showing additive, partial dominant, dominant and over-dominant effects were 2, 1, 4, 20 and 1, 5, 1, 22, respectively. Over-dominance played the most important role in their genetics. 【Conclusion】This was not consistent with the result of previous researches, in which additive effect was always considered as the most important part. The main reasons might be the detailed division of dominant effect and its overestimation for QTL with small dominant effect by the triploid endosperm genetic model.

Allelism Analysis of Dominant Genic Male Sterility Gene and Its Restorer Gene in Brassica napus

LaiQiang Song,,,,

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 456-463 .

Abstract ( 1205 )

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【Objective】 Dominant genic male sterility (DGMS) in Brassica napus is gaining importance in breeding program and utilization of heterosis. The multiple allele inheritance model has been characterized recently by analyzing the allelism between the male sterility allele (Ms) in 609A and the fertility restoration allele (Mf) in 609B as well as the alleles from several restorers tested. The present study was designated to provide further validation of the result with more restorers and another DGMS line. 【Method】Extensively screening was made through crossing 609A with parental materials, and the restored F1 s were subjected to allelism analysis with temporary maintainer test methodology. The fertile plants in Rs1046AB were crossed with temporary maintainers and the fertile plants in the subsequent progenies were selected to be selfed and backcrossed. The analysis of allelism between the two sterile lines was completed through testing the allelism between the Ms in 609A and the Mf in Rs1046B. 【Result】Twenty eight restorers for DGMS in 609A were screened out, out of which 15 were tested for allelism. All the alleles from the restorers tested were identified as being allelic to the Ms in 609A, because the testcross populations segregated in an expected 1﹕1 ratio for multiple allele inheritance model rather than the expected ratio of 3:1 for the digenic interacting model. Thus, the multiple allele inheritance model for DGMS was further confirmed. Meanwhile, crossing Rs1046B with maintainers produced F1s segregating in a ratio of 1﹕1, and there were only fertile plants in the selfed and backcrossed populations, which clearly indicated that Mf is allelic to Ms. Accordingly, Rs1046AB was demonstrated to inherit in the same way with 609AB. The restorer allele from Rs1046B restored 609A and the testcrosses made between the F1 and maintainers segregated in a ratio of 1﹕1, showing the restorer allele was allelic to Ms in 609A. 【Conclusion】Both of the sterile lines are conditioned by a locus with three alleles and the two Ms are allelic to each other. The genotypes of the sterile plants and fertile plants in the sterile line are MsMs and MsMf, respectively.

Expression of Rhizopus arrhizus Δ6-Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene in Transgenic Rapeseed

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 463-439 .

Abstract ( 1668 )

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【Objective】 This study is to detect the expression of Rhizopus arrhizus Δ6-fatty acid desaturase gene RAD6 in transgenic rapeseed and provide the primary basis for the future application of gene engineering to GLA production. 【Method】 RAD6 was amplified and subcloned introduced expression vector pCPN2301 to generate a recombinant plasmid pCPNRAD6 under the control of CaMV35S promoter, which was subsequently transformed into Brassicu napus H165 by the Agrobacterium-mediated cotylendon node genetic transformation. The expression of target gene was detected by GC analysis. 【Result】 PCR, GUS staining, DNA dot and southern blot analysis of the transgenic plants showed that the target gene has been integrated into rape genome. Northern blot results proved that the target gene was expressed at mRNA level, and GC analysis indicated that RAD6 expressed in transgenic rapes with the accumulation ofγ-linolenic acid and octadecatetraenoic acid. However, with modification of sequences flanking AUG codon according to the Kozak sequence, a novel fragment (RAD6-1) of Rhizopus arrhizus Δ6-fatty acid desaturase gene was obtained and then transformed into Brassicu napus H165 for expression. As a result, compared with the transgenic rapeseed containing RAD6, the expression level ofΔ6-fatty acid desaturase gene was increased accordingly. 【Conclusion】 The expression system of Rhizopus arrhizus Δ6-fatty acid desaturase gene RAD6 in transgenic rapeseed was primarily constructed.

The Taxonomy and the SEM Observation on Tubercles on Lemma of "Yihuang Wild Rice"

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 470-476 .

Abstract ( 972 )

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【Objective】In order to distinguish the taxomomy of "Yihuang wild rice" that found in Yihuang county, Jiangxi Province in 1999. 【Method】The botanical characteristics of "Yihuang wild rice" by genus and species were retrived, at the same time, the tubercle characters on lemma in "Yihuang wild rice", O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, O.Meyeriana, and O. granulate also were observed by scanning electron microscopy. 【Result】The retrieval result by genus showed that "Yihuang wild rice" is Leersia Soland. Ex Swartz., not Oryza L., Hygroryza Nees and Chikusichloa Koidz. The retrieval result by species showed that "Yihuang wild rice" is L. sayanuka Ohwi, not L. hexandra Swartz., L. japonica (Makino) Honda and L. oryzoides (L.) Swartz.. The results of the SEM observation of tubercles on lemma showed that the tubercle characters on lemma of "Yihuang wild rice" is belong to inlaid-silica-peak type, differing from the three wild rices existed in China, O. rufipogon, O. officinalis, O.Meyeriana, as well as O. granulata, but similar to L. tisseranti. It gives a proof of the above retrieval result. 【Conclusion】It is speculated that "Yihuang wild rice" does not belong to Oryza L., but belongs to Leersia sayanuka Ohwi.

Causes of Poor Grain Plumpness of Two-Line Hybrids and Their Relationships to Contents of Hormones in the Rice Grain

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 477-486 .

Abstract ( 1122 )

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【Objective】This study was designed to elucidate the grain filling characteristics and the causes of poor grain plumpness of some two-line hybrid rice combinations and their hormonal mechanism. 【Method】With two-line hybrid rice combinations which show difference in seed-setting and grain filling as materials, starch , sucrose, zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethephon(ethylene-releasing agent), SuSase and StSase in grains and the seed-setting and grain filling were investigated. The correlations among them were analyzed.【Result】The poor grain filling of two-line hybrids was mainly attributed to higher unfilled grain rate and lower filling degree of inferior grains. At the early and mid grain filling stages, the sucrose content in inferior grains was greater than that in superior grains for the combinations with poor grain filling, indicating that the substrate concentration was not the principal factor for their slow grain filling and poor grain plumpness of the inferior grains of two-line hybrids. Z+ZR, IAA and ABA in superior grains were obviously greater than those in inferior grains at early grain filling stage. The maximum and mean contents of Z+ZR, IAA and ABA were positively and very significantly correlated with the maximum and mean grain-filling rate, filling degree, and grain weight. The evolution rate of ethylene was greater in inferior grains than in superior grains, and greater for the combinations with poor grain plumpness than those with good grain plumpness at early or mid filling stages. The evolution rate of ethylene was negatively and significantly correlated with grain filling rate, grain filling degree, and grain weight. Spraying ethephon at early grain filling stage increased the evolution rate of ethylene, reduced ABA content and activities of SuSase and StSase, and decreased grain filling degree and grain weight. The results were reversed when cobatous nitrate (an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis) was applied. The results suggested that the hormones and their balance play a role in the regulation of grain filling and enzymatic activities, and the poor grain filling is attributed to the low contents of Z+ZR, IAA, and ABA, and high evolution rate of ethylene in the inferior grains of some two-line hybrid rice combinations.【Conclusion】The results suggested that hormones play important roles in the grain filling of some two-line hybrid rice combinations, and their filling degree could be improved through regulating hormonal contents.

Simulation and Validation of Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution of Cotton Bolls at Different Flowering Stages

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 487-493 .

Abstract ( 1130 )

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【Objective】A new practical and fine model to simulate dry matter accumulation and distribution in boll shell, seed cotton, fiber and seed at different cotton flowering stages was established.【Method】Cotton dry matter accumulation models were developed on the basis of relative thermal effectiveness (RTE), in consideration of the effects of the other main factors such as nitrogen nutrition , water stress and the ratio of supply and demand of assimilation product on the development of cotton bolls, with different genotypes, amount of applied fertilizer and different flowering stages.【Result】The value of the root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and absorbed values for dry matter accumulation and distribution of a single boll, seed cotton and fiber of cotton bolls of pre-July 20, July 21 to Aug 15, Aug 16 to Aug 31 and post-Aug 31 was 0.1767-0.5659, 0.0725-0.5279, and 0.0613-0.2634 g, respectively. RMSE of a single collective model for dry matter accumulation and distribution was higher or vicinaler than that of the models simulated by stages.【Conclusion】This system of analysis methodology for cotton boll dry matter accumulation and distribution is precise and reliable.

Border Effect and Physiological Characteristic Responses of Foxtail Millet to Different Micro-Catchment Stripshapes in Semiarid Region of South Ningxia

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 494-501 .

Abstract ( 2811 )

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【Objective】It has important scientific values that the yield increase mechanism of micro-catchment cultivation is further understand through studying border effect and physiological characteristic of foxtail millet among different micro-catchment stripshapes in semiarid region of south Ningxia.【Method】Photosynthetic characteristic and chlorophyll contents and yield among different stripshapes were measured in side row and middle row, respectively.【Result】 Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatic conductance and chlorophyll contents of side row were higher than those of middle row among different stripshapes. When the furrow: ridge ratio was fixed, the wider the width of the furrow and ridge was, the stronger the border advantage, the bigger the border effect index of yield and border effect of foxtail millet among different stripshapes. In the meantime, the highest yield increase of side rows went up to 196.5%, on the contrary, the highest yield increase of middle rows went down to 12.4%. The optimal width of ridge and furrow seemed to be 45 cm in the less than 250 mm rainfall area of Ningxia, the 45 cm﹕45 cm ridge and furrow system led to a yield increase of 5 028 kg·ha-1(132%) in 2004 and of 2 075.6 kg·ha-1(178.9%) in 2005 compared with the controls. Contribution ratio of yield increase of side row and middle row in an experiment were: treatment 1 (30﹕30) 100% (without middle row), treatment 2 (45﹕45) 79.67% and 20.33%, treatment 3 (60﹕60) 71.43% and 28.57%, treatment 4 (75﹕75) 69.38% and 30.62%, respectively.【Conclusion】The photosynthetic characteristic of side row and middle row was different, when the furrow: ridge ratio was fixed, the wider the width of furrow and ridge was, the bigger the border effect of foxtail millet among different stripshapes.

Relationship Between Diurnal Changes of Net Photosynthetic Rate and Environmental Factors in Leaves of Zizania latifolia

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 502-509 .

Abstract ( 1190 )

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【Objective】 Relationship between diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate and environmental factors in leaves of Z. latifolia were studied. The results provided scientific basis for using resources of Z.latifolia.【Method】Diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate and environmental factors in leaves of Z.latifolia were measured using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate and environmental factors were analyzed by correlation analysis.【Result】The net photosynthetic rate was in the range of 15.0-21.5 ?mol·m-2·s-1 in un-folding leaves of Z.latifolia. Light compensation point of photosynthesis of Z.latifolia in un-folding leaves was 45 ?mol·m-2·s-1. Light saturation point of photosynthesis was 1 040 ?mol·m-2·s-1. Diurnal changes of the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were all one-peak curve in leaves of Z.latifolia. The peak of net photosynthetic rate was measured at 11:00 a.m., the average net photosynthetic rate in leaves of Z.latifolia at 8:00-11:00 was higher 4.7 ?mol·m-2·s-1 than at 13:00-16:00. The peaks of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were measured at 13:00 and 14:00 p.m. During a day, the net photosynthetic rate was significantly positively correlated with photo flux density (PFD) at 5:00-11:00 a.m. and 15:00-19:00 p.m. Correlation coefficient were 0.9874** and 0.9321**, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate showed little positive correlation with PFD at 11:00-15:00. The correlation coefficient was 0.4440. The net photosynthetic rate showed significantly positively correlated with temperature at 5:00-11:00 a.m. and 15:00-19:00 p.m. The correlation coefficients were 0.9617** and 0.9852**, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate was significantly negatively correlated with temperature at 11:00-15:00. The correlation coefficient was -0.8110*. The net photosynthetic rate was significantly positively correlated with stomatal conductance, and was significantly negatively correlated with intercellular CO2 concentration. The correlation coefficients were 0.7936* and -0.8026*, respectively. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were significantly positively correlated with PFD. The correlation coefficients were 0.9104** and 0.7858*, respectively. 【Conclusion】Light compensation point of photosynthesis of Z.latifolia in un-folding leaves is lower, but light saturation point of photosynthesis is higher. Z.latifolia is adaptable widely to photo flux density and is a typical heliophyte. Photo flux density and air temperature are major environmental factors influencing diurnal changes of net photosynthetic rate.

Current Progress in Research of Botanical Insecticides in China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 510-517 .

Abstract ( 1152 )

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Botanical insecticides are a hot spot in the research of pesticide at present. This paper summarizes the currentt progresses in the research of botanical insecticides from 2000 to present in China. The sieving of insecticidal plant, determination of active ingredient, biosynthesis of insecticidal substances (including tissue culture, hairy root culture and utilization of endophytic fungi), effective mechanism, toxicity on non-target organism and application of botanical insecticides were reviewed. The future tendency of the research and development of botanical insecticides were also prospected.

Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans for Control of Pest Mites of Koerle Pear and Strategy for Its Practical Application

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 518-524 .

Abstract ( 1279 )

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【Objective】 The study was carried out to estimate the efficacy of Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans applied to control the pest mites in Koerle pear orchard in Xinjiang Autonomous Region.【Method】The life table parameters of A. cucumeris Oudemans and Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarav et Nikolski) under different temperatures and the efficacy of releasing A. cucumeris to control pest mites of Koerle pear were studied. 【Result】A. cucumeris could prey at all stages on T. turkestani. The generation survival rates of A.cucumeris was 100% within the temperature range from 19℃ to 31℃, but decreased by 50% at 33-34℃. The average fecundity of A. cucumeris was 33-47 eggs per female from 19℃ to 31℃. The rate of female of T. turkestani was 84.0%-85.0%, while the rate of female of A. cucumeris was 56.1%-58.2%. The net reproductive rates (R0) per generation of T. turkestani were 103.1%, 130.5% and 120.3% higher than those of A. cucumeris under 20℃, 25℃ and 30℃, respectively. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) of T. turkestani were 20.5%, 33.7% and 64.9% higher than those of A. cucumeris, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Based on the biology of predatory and pest mites and environment conditions of orchard, It was suggested that it is the basic strategy for using A. cucumeris as a bio-control agent against pest mites. Field trial showed that if A. cucumeris is released in late April to early May when the temperature is 15-30℃ and there are not more than 2 pest mites per leaf, the pest mites could be controlled in the Koerle pear field effectively, and pesticide application could be reduced by 6-7 times in the whole season in the orchard with release of A. cucumeris.

Potential Distribution of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China by Using Combined CLIMEX and GIS Tools

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 525-529 .

Abstract ( 1375 )

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【Objective】Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an important pest worldwide and its occurrence in China was firstly reported in Beijing in 2003. So it is urgent to predict its potential suitable distribution area in China.【Method】The EI value of F. occidentalis output from CLIMEX model was interpolated into the GIS analysis. After overlay analysis of some biotic and non-biotic factors, the prediction of the potential distribution of F. occidentalis in China was improved significantly comparing with the prediction by CLIMEX alone. 【Result】The results showed that F. occidentalis can widely distribute in south areas of the Yellow River, the Weihe River and it may cause serious damages in Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, the Weihe vally, the Huaihe valley, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, etc.. 【Conclusion】F. occidentalis can occur in Center China, Southern China and Southwestern China. It can also happen seriously in Northern China if weather conditions are suitable and overwintering places exist.

A Preliminary Study on the Method Based on System Engineering Theory for the Evaluation of Allelopathic Potential in Crops and Its Application

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 530-537 .

Abstract ( 1012 )

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【Objective】To grope assessment methods in allelopathic potential of crops germplasms, and analyze the comprehensive allelopathic potential of crop cultivars, and in view of theory assay the whole allelopathic potential in winter wheat accessions from the Loess Plateau. 【Method】To build system-engineering model and evaluate the comprehensive allelopathic potential of crop cultivars, and propose the quantification method of the whole allelopathic potential in crop accessions was conducted in the present study. Allelopathic potential in a whole level of four winter wheat varieties from the Loess Plateau was estimated in view of system theory and compared.【Result】The model assessed allelopathic potential in different parts of the plants from the time that wheat turned green in the spring until maturity. Results from these models indicated that the four wheat accessions had very weak allelopathic potential. Allelopathic potential declined in the order: Xiaoyan No 22 > Ningdong No 1 > Fengchan No 3 > Bima No 1. 【Conclusion】This system engineering evaluation method allows for the reasonable assessment of allelopathic potential among crop varieties. It will help plant breeders to select and develop allelopathic crop accessions that combine weed suppression properties with agronomic traits related to yield and quality.

Effects of Soil Moisture Content on the Mineralization of Added 14C-Labbelled Straw and Native Soil Organic Carbon in Upland Soil

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 538-543 .

Abstract ( 1268 )

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【Objective】Soil water plays a crucial role in the accumulation and mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). 【Method】 In laboratory, 14C-labelled rice straw was added into upland soil and incubated under 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, 90% and 105% water holding capacity (WHC) at 25℃, 100% air humidity for 100 days. 【Result】The accumulative mineralized amount of added organic materials (AOM) and native SOC both increased as moisture content increased from 30% to 105% WHC, and their relationships were positively linear correlation (n=6, R2 =0.9174, P<0.001 and n =6, R2 = 0.9649, P<0.001, respectively). During 100 d incubation period, equivalent of 20-33 percent of AOM and 1.0-3.1 percent of native SOC were mineralized. The accumulative mineralized amount of AOM and native SOC were highest under 105% WHC conditions and the amounts were 146 ?g·g-1 and 0.76 mg·g-1, respectively, which were 1.68, 1.35, 1.40, 1.24, 1.16 times and 3.01, 2.04, 1.72, 1.40, 1.33 times to that in soils under 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, 90% WHC conditions, respectively. 【Conclusion】 This is suggested that in laboratory incubation, the impact of soil moisture content on the mineralization of native SOC was more sensitive to the mineralization of AOM. Results also revealed that the increases in soil moisture content from 30% to 105% WHC will accelerate the mineralization of AOM and upland native SOC.

Modeling Protein Accumulation in Rice Grain

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 544-551 .

Abstract ( 1103 )

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【Objective】Protein content of grain is an important quality index of rice product. Analyzing the dynamic rule of nitrogen assimilation and translocation in rice plant and relationship, this study will development a simulation model on formation of grain protein based on the development process to predict rice grain protein content and yield under different ecological environmental conditions.【Method】On the basis of the field experiments with different cultivars and nitrogen levels, using physiological development time (PDT) as general time scale of development progress, the fundamental dynamic relationships between plant nitrogen accumulation and translocation and environmental and genetic factors were quantified and a simplified and explanatory simulation model was established to predict the processes of nitrogen uptake and partitioning in plant and protein formation in grain of rice by integrating with a rice growth model (RiceGrow).【Result】The model was validated using the data sets of different years, eco-sites, varieties, N fertilization and irrigation conditions with the RMSE 0.22%-0.26%. The results indicate that the model is accurate and applicable for predicting grain protein content and grain protein yield of rice under various environments.【Conclusion】Using PDT as general time scale of development progress, this study developed the simulation model on rice grain protein formation based on nitrogen assimilation and translocation, which might predict rice grain protein content and yield under different ecological environment conditions, and expanded and perfected the exist rice growth models on quality prediction.

Simulation and Analysis of Soil Water and Nitrogen Behaviors in Winter Wheat-Growing Season in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 552-562 .

Abstract ( 1197 )

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【Objective】The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP) was selected as the research region in this paper. Regional soil water and nitrogen behaviors were simulated and evaluated by a geographic information system (GIS) based conjunctive simulation model.【Method】 A conjunctive model incoporating soil water, heat, nitrogen behaviors and crop growth was established and validated and then coupled with GIS. The regional distribution of water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE), nitrogen loss were studied under the soil, meteorological and rural socio-economical conditions of HHHP from 1999 to 2000 by the GIS-based model.【Result】The inter-physiognomy variations on WUE, NUE as well as soil nitrogen leaching has exhibited significant differences. The multivariate stepwise regression results show that in winter wheat-growing season, nitrogen leaching was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer applied (NFA), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and rainfall and irrigation amount (RIA). WUE was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer applied and sunshine hours (SH) and significantly negatively correlated with RIA and Ks. NUE was significantly positively correlated with RIA and SH and significantly negatively correlated with NFA and Ks. 【Conclusion】The regional soil water and nitrogen behaviors of HHHP were affected by the biophysical conditions and farming practices obviously, and their spatial distribution can be simulated and evaluated by the GIS based process model.

Coupling Effect of Water and Fertilizer on Corn Yield Under Drip Fertigation

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 563-568 .

Abstract ( 3687 )

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【Objective】Dry and soil leanness are two limiting factors in arid and semi-arid areas. So it has been attached great importance on the effect of irrigation and fertilization, as well as its influence on yield of corn. 【Method】 The micro-spot trials were carried out in rain-protection shed under the condition of drip fertigation by"311-B"D-saturation optimum design. 【Result】The regressive maths model was set up based on the corn yield by quadratic regression analysis. Analysis showed that the dosage of N fertilizer significantly influenced the yield of corn. And then are volume of irrigation and the rate of P fertilizer. The interaction effects among these factors were positive on the corn yield with the influenced order as N and water>P and water>N and P. From the corn yield aspect, higher level of N and P, sufficient water is the best combination. 【Conclusion】The optimum combinations of N and P were 243.27 kg·ha-1and 137.431 kg·ha-1 respectively, with lower irrigation limit of 65.6% field capacity under the conditions of this experiment.

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Substrate Nutrition Used for Greening Rock Slopes in Hong Kong

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 569-574 .

Abstract ( 1278 )

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【Objective】The dynamic characteristics of substrate nutrition used for greening rock slopes in Hong Kong was studied.【Method】The greening effect and physical-chemical characteristics of substrate on 14 slopes, where same technique and substrate were applied throughout the past 6 years, were examined and analyzed.【Result】The pH value tend to neutral and soil hardness had a decreasing trend. The water absorbing and retaining ability of the substrate was well maintained for over 6 years and there was no significant erosion of the substrate. The content of organic matter decreased at a slow rate as the time past. The content of total nitrogen had little change while that of both total phosphorus and potassium tended to increase. A tend of available nitrogen was observed that it decreased first and increased then and decreased finally. Biomass varied obviously with different completion years, however, biomass on each slope was relatively higher than that of grassland. The coverage provided was satisfactory and the total coverage on most slopes were over 90%. The nutrition dynamic characteristics throughout 2 years of two kinds of substrates used for greening rock slopes in Hong Kong were also studied.【Conclusion】The effect of the organic substrate used for greening rock slope could be sustained and the properties of the substrate could be stabilized. In addition, nutrients that provided for plant growth could be recycled in the system. Therefore, this greening technique is suitable to establish vegetation on man-made slopes with low maintenance.

Physiological Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide in Tomato Seedlings Under NaCl Stress

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 575-581 .

Abstract ( 1241 )

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【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to clarify the protective effects of nitric oxide (NO) on seedling growth and leaf oxidative damage in NaCl stressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). 【Method】Under 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress condition, the effects of sodium nitropprusside (SNP, an exogenous nitric oxide donor) at the concentrations of 0.05-0.8 mmol·L-1 on the growth, leaf protective enzymatic activities and oxidative damage in tomato seedlings were investigated.【Result】The best effect on the alleviation of NaCl stress damage was observed in the treatment of 0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP. At this concentration, the seedling growth, chlorophyll content, activities of protective enzymes (including SOD, POD, CAT and APX) in leaves, and contents of proline and soluble sugar in leaves were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content and O2- producing rate in leaves were significantly decreased.【Conclusion】The above results indicated that dosage effect of exogenous nitric oxide donor (SNP) existed on the alleviation of NaCl stress in tomato seedlings, and the best alleviating effect on NaCl stress damage was 0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP, which elevated the salt tolerance of plants.

Construction of Anti-Sense Gene of annfaf and Genetic Transformation of Strawberry

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 582-586 .

Abstract ( 1213 )

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【Objective】In order to establish an experimental system for annfaf gene function study in strawberry.【Method】Utilizing anti-sense technology, annfaf gene which was cloned from strawberry fruit, was inserted directionally into pROKⅡ, a plant intermediate expression vector, to construct an anti-sense fusion gene and a plant expression vector pRRJ4. Genetic transformation to strawberry was mediated by EHA105. Transgenic assays were performed using PCR and Southern blot.【Result】The anti-sense fusion annfaf gene had been integrated into strawberry genome.【Conclusion】An experimental system for selecting deficient transgenic plants which might benefit for further study on the mechanism of maturation of non-climacteric fruits such as strawberry was established. Also these deficient plants can be used as intermediate materials for fresh-keeping strawberry breeding.

Study on the Relationship in Glucosinolate Between Leaves and Seeds of Brassica napus

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 587-592 .

Abstract ( 1005 )

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【Objective】The variation principal in different growth periods of glucosinolates content was studied, and glucosinolate content correlations between Brassica napus leaves and seeds were discussed.【Method】Glucosinolates content and components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 【Result】Leaf glucosinolate content in double-high material Zhongyou821 decreased from rosette to blooming stage, while in double-low material leaf glucosinolate increased from overwintering to budding period, decreased at stem elongation stage and rose again at early blooming stage. Leaf glucosinolate contents and profiles varied significantly in double-high and double-low rapeseeds. However, it was very close to each other in stem elongation period, and aliphatic glucosinolates were the dominant ones in both leaves. 【Conclusion】There was no significant correlation in individual glucosinolate content between leaves and seeds in all double low rapeseed materials tested. Changes of glucosinolate contents in leaves will not affect glucosinolate content in seeds significantly.

Enzymatic Preparation and Functional Properties of Wheat Gluten Hydrolysates

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 593-598 .

Abstract ( 1040 )

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【Objective】The water-insolublity of gluten is one of the major limitations for its more extensive use in food processing. To extend its applications, wheat gluten was enzymatically hydrolyzed to improve its solubility and other functionalities.【Method】Wheat gluten was enzymatically hydrolyzed by several commercially available proteases (pancreatin trypsin 6.0S, porcine pepsin, pancreatin and Alcalase 2.4L). The protein recovery and hydrolytic efficiency of hydrolysis with those proteases were compared and the functionalities of the hydrolysates were determined.【Result】The protein recovery varied from 42.50% to 81.33%. Alcalase served best for the preparation of wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGHs). Thus, Alcalase-assisted hydrolysates of wheat gluten (AWGHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%) were further assessed for their functionalities. All the products had excellent solubility (>60%) over a pH range of 2-12. And the emulsifying and foaming properties of AWGH with relatively low DH (5.0%) were remarkably higher compared to the original gluten.【Conclusion】Alcalase served best for the hydrolysis of wheat gluten. AWGH of DH 5% having better foaming and emulsifying properties. Extensive hydrolysis of gluten resulted in remarkable reduction in emulsifying, foaming capacity and stability.

Law of Changes of Carotenoids Contents in Fructus Lycii of Chinese Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) at Different Mature Periods

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 599-605 .

Abstract ( 1242 )

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【Objective】To study the law of changes of the carotenoids contents at different stages in Fructus Lycii of Lycium barbarum L., and the method was studied for the determination of caotenoids in the Fructus.【Method】The composition of the pigments at different stages was analyzed by UV absorption spectrum. Then the pigments was separated and identified by TLC and HPLC.【Result】The method of TLC was simple, fast, it is one of the means of pigments quality mensuration in the Fructus. A simultaneous determination of carotenoids, carotenoid esters and chlorophyll in the Fructus by HPLC in 30 min was developed, it was also used in quantitative and qualitative analysis. With maturation of Fructus Lycii，the content of zeaxanthin dipalmitate increased and became the principal pigment, β-?carotene did not change obviously, and from green fruit stage to green mature stage the content of ?zeaxanthin decreased, then held stable until red mature stage. 【Conclusion】It was found that with maturation of Lycium barbarum L., the content of total carotenoids increased, the diversification of the contents mainly resulted from the increase of zeaxanthin dipalmitate.

Study on Genetic Effect on Growth and Development Traits in Beef Cattle

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 606-611 .

Abstract ( 1136 )

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to study the polymorphism of bovine GH gene and relationship between the polymorphisms and the growth traits of beef cattle.【Method】The polymorphisms of bovine GH gene were analyzed by the PCR-SSCP and PCR-RFLP method. Genotypic effects of the 3rd (GH-P1) and the 4th intron (GH-P2), the 5th exon (GH-P3), 3′- flanking region (GH-P4), 5′-flanking region (GH-P5) and composite genotypic effects of the 5th exon and 3′- flanking region of bovine GH gene on growth and development traits were analyzed.【Result】The B allele of the 5th exon (GH-P3) and 3′- flanking (GH-P4) of GH gene had favorable effect on body weight, height at withers, body length, and heart girth, beef production index. Composite GH genotypic effects, ABBB, including B allele of GH-P3 locus and B allele of GH-P4 locus higher than single marker effects of GH-P3 or GH-P4 locus in effect on body weight, height at withers, body length, heart girth, beef production index.【Conclusion】The B allele of the 5th exon of GH gene was favorable allele of body weight, height at withers, body length, and heart girth, beef production index in beef cattle.

The Molecular Clone, Expression and Prediction of Construction to Key Genes of Interleukin Family of Porcine

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 612-619 .

Abstract ( 834 )

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【Objective】Aim This research is to clone, express and analyses the structure and function of major molecular of porcine interleukin family. 【Method】Genes of porcine interleukin family was cloned with RT-PCR through stimulated porcine PBMC by LPS and PHA firstly, then expressed in E.coli and predicted the structure and function of these molecular by ExPASY.【Result】It was successfully cloned and express the genes of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-18. Products of recombinant expression of IL-4 and IL-6 both have more biological activity. In analysis of these genes with NCBI/GenBank data, the homologies of the nucleotide acid sequence are 99.25%, 99.21% and 100% respectively and have large difference among other animal species. Results of prediction show that these molecular all contain many phosphorylation, glycosylation, protein kinase and signal transduction bonding sites in secondary structure, and all are a compact globularity protein in space configuration. This character of structure is the basis for its more biological functions. 【Conclusion】We have successfully cloned, expressed and analysed the structure and function of key molecular of porcine interleukin family.

Studies on the Epidemiology and Controlling Techniques of Schistosomiasis of Mountainy Livestock in Sichuan Province

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 620-626 .

Abstract ( 1042 )

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【Objective】In order to provide guidance for prevention and cure of Schistosomiasis, controlling techniques were studied according to the features of mountainous epidemic districts. 【Method】The epidemiology and controlling techniques of Schistosomiasis japonica of mountainy livestock in Sichuan Province were studied. Epidemiology position and functions of every kind of domestic animal were revealed, and controlling techniques were researched. 【Result】The schistosomiasis bovine were the main source of the infection. IPC(Index of Potential Contamination) of the bovine at the age of 3 to 8 years old was much higher than others. Feces on the pasture, the majority of which was excreted by bovine, were very important transmission factors. Epidemic situations of schistosomiasis among human being and animals had a marked and positive correlation (r﹥r0.01, P﹤0.01). The epidemic mountainous district was divided into two types that were semi-closing epidemic district(s-CED) and closing epidemic district(CED). The former was mainly human being, Lushan county as representative. The latter was mainly domestic animals, Puge county as representative. Epidemiology position and function of buffalo was more important than cattle in s-CED, but cattle was more important than buffalo in CED. 【Conclusion】Bovine were mainly treated in s-CED, and all domestic animals were must treated in CED. The time of treatment in the late-autumn and early winter was much better than in summer that was traditional.

Effects of Estrogen on ER, NGF and ChAT Expression in Cerebellum of Aging Female Sprague-Dawley Rat

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 627-632 .

Abstract ( 1464 )

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【Objective】The effects of estrogen on the expression of ER, NGF and ChAT in cerebellum of rats were studied.【Method】 The model of aging female rat were established to study the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor (ER), nerve growth factor (NGF) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the cerebellum after 17β - estradiol treatment by using technique of immunohistochemical ultrasensitive SP in Sprague-Dawley rat. 【Result】 The immunoreactive productions were distributed in stratum Purkinje cell, nucleus dentatus, nucleus interpositus and nucleus fastigii of cerebellum, and the ER positive production mainly located in plasma, cytoplasmic membrane and neurite, also existed in nucleus. The general tendency of the expression of ER, NGF and ChAT positive production in cerebellum cortex and nuclei of aging rat significantly decreased, while the intensity and quantity of the immunoreactive production ascended predominantly after 17β - estradiol treatment, simultaneously, the positive neurite of Purkinje cell showed the same tendency. 【Conclusion】 The above results suggested that the estrogen upregulated the expression of NGF and ChAT, and played a vital role in sustaining and protecting the structure and function of cerebellum neurons. Furthermore, the similarity of their changing tendency implied that they were correlated and cooperated during the course in effect of estrogen in cerebellum. It also showed that the action of estrogen in cerebellum could via genomic and nongenomic mechanism.

Study of the Relationship Between Genetic Distance and Heterosis in Castor

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 633-640 .

Abstract ( 1331 )

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【Objective】To grope assoeted method in castor germplasms, and analysis degree that quantitative characters influenced yield, and realize the relationship between genetic distance and heterosis in castor. 【Method】To evaluate the factors affecting seed yield of castor and categorize castor resource, 46 castor germplasms were analyzed according to the key components analysis and cluster analysis of 11 quantitative characters. Study of the relationship between genetic distance of 21 castor inbred lines and heterosis were carried out by the graphics.【Result】The five biggest eigenvalues were chosen and their percentage of accumulative variance was 89.74%. The standard of the genetic key components had been put forward to evaluate castor germplasms. In these characters, ear length, the number of spikes and capsules of main primary and secondary branch should be selected firstly. Then the number of spike grains should be chosen and finally 100-kernel weight. 46 castor germplasms were classified into 4 groups. It was found that some varieties whose genetic distance was close were classified into geographic distant groups, and some varieties whose pedigree was close had larger genetic distance due to the different selection criteria. Genetic distance and heterosis showed a linear relationship according to F1 generation of 21 castor inbred lines. The largest genetic distance didn't mean the best heterosis. 【Conclusion】To evaluate castor germplasms' genetic difference didn't depended on geography origin and pedigree. Selecting parents with medium genetic distance may probably gain stronger heterosis.

Study on Fruit Aroma of Different Apple Cultivars

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(03): 641- .

Abstract ( 1329 )

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【Objective】Fruit aroma of different apple cultivars were investigated.【Method】Volatiles of unripe and ripe apple fruits of different cultivars were analyzed by thermo-desorption and cold trap (TCT) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fruit aroma of different cultivars was studied.【Result】The results showed that the main volatile compounds of unripe apple fruit comprised aldehydes such as hexanal and hexenal, while esters and some alcohols were the main volatile compounds of ripe apple fruit. Ethyl butanoate, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl 2-methyl-butanoate were main aroma compounds of Fuji fruit. Starkrimson fruit aroma comprised butyl acetate, 3-methyl-butyl acetate, propyl acetate, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-butanol and ethyl 2-methyl-butanoate. 1-Propanol, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, 2-methyl-butanol, 1-butanol and 3-methyl-butyl acetate were main chemical constituents of Jonagold fruit aroma. Ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate and ethyl 2-methyl-butanoate were important to Orin ripe fruit flavor.【Conclusion】The volatiles of ripe fruits of different apple cultivars are different from the unripe fruits. These volatiles increased in the ripe fruit were the main aroma components of apple fruit of each cultivar.

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