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Table of Content

    15 April 2011, Volume 44 Issue 8
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Cloning and Prokaryotic Expression of α-gliadin gene from Psathyrostachys huashanica
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1533-1542 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.001
    Abstract ( 884 )   PDF (1115KB) ( 343 )   Save
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    【Objective】The present study aimed at cloning and analyzing the α-gliadin genes from P. huashanica and expressing it in E. coli.【Method】The α-gliadin genes were amplified from P. huashanica by AS-PCR and then the cloned gene Gli-Ns-5 was inserted into pET-28a (+). The recombinant plasmid pET28a-Gli-Ns was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system after its transformation into BL21 (DE3) pLysS host strain.【Result】Four novel α-glidain genes: Gli-Ns-2 (FJ713595), Gli-Ns-3 (GQ139525), Gli-Ns-4 (GQ139526) and Gli-Ns-5 (GQ139527) were isolated and characterized from the genomic DNA of P. huashanica. Molecular structure analysis revealed that these four genes had the typical structure of α-gliadin genes and contained 8 or 9 cysteine residues respectively. Two internal stop codons were identified in coding region of FJ713595, indicating that it was a pseudogene. The results of SDS-PAGE and Western-blot demonstrated that the fusion protein could express normally in the prokaryotic expression system.【Conclusion】The four α-gliadin genes of P. huashanica were cloned and the gene Gli-Ns-5 (GQ139527) was successfully expressed in E. coli. This study could provide new candidate genes for the wheat quality improvement.
    Morus ITS, TrnL-F, rps16 sequence analysis and evaluation of 12 special mulberry resources
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1553-1561 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.003
    Abstract ( 637 )   PDF (454KB) ( 713 )   Save
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    【Purpose】In this research ,we analyzed the sequences of Morus ---ITS, TrnL-F and ps16, for the value of phylogeny. And with evaluation of 12 special mulberry resources, it can be the theoretical basis for development and utilization.【Method】A total of 67 mulberry genotypes were analyzed (DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequencing, software splicing, alignment, removing non-sequence bases, analyzing Length and G + C% content, Informative sites), and B. papyrifera and C. tricuspidata worked as outgroup. A cladogram ,generated using MP, was built.【Result】Mulberry ITS (including 5.8S) the length of basic sequence is 576 bp, variation range of 576-590 bp, G + C% 59.55-62.25, 40 informative sites; Mulberry TrnL-F Intergenic sequence(including the tRNA-Leu intron),the length of basic sequence is 923 bp, variation range of 920-924 bp, G + C% 33.69-34.13, 23 informative sites; rps16 intron ,the length of basic sequence is 929 bp, variation range of 923-929 bp, G + C% 32.51-32.72, 17 informative sites. The most possible evolutionary models were (GTR + G), (GTR) and (GTR + G) respectively. And the optimal evolutionary model of the 3-segment-combined analysis was (GTR + G). In the cladogram , Morus nigra is separated first, the rest is divided into two branches. BranchⅠis mulberry, including M.wittorum, M. mizuho M.mongolica, M.mongolica var.diabolica, M. Australis, M. Bombycis, M. Alba and M. atropurprea. BranchⅡ is arbor, including M. cathayana, M. Macroura, M. notabilis. Shennongjia of M.cathayana♀ (high-quality mulberry wood) falls under Branch Ⅱ, and other 11 Mulberry special resources fall under BranchⅠ.【Conclusion】TrnL-F and rps16 sequence information sites of Morus is limited, but combined with the ITS sequences, it can improve the branch map information sites, and make branch map more reliable. Based on ITS, TrnL-F; rps16 sequence MP, M. nigra (Xinjiang) is divided into a single branch, as the most primitive type. So we can evaluate special mulberry resources through cladogram building.
    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Identification of chemicals from enzymatic-browning reacation of Chestnut (Castanea Mollissina) kernel
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1678-1687 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.017
    Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (629KB) ( 228 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To predicate the constitutes of enzymatic-browning products of Castanea Mollissina. 【Method】 The compositions of enzymatic-browning products extracting from Castanea Mollissina were determined by HPLC method and by NMR methods. 【Result】 The enzymatic-browning products consisted of 2 kinds of anthraquinones. The compositions of enzymatic-browning products contained rhein and emodin. 【Conclusion】 This research will play an important role in the further development and safety of enzymatic-browning products.
    Identification and Estimation of the Initial Absorbed Dose in Irradiated Cumin by ESR Spectrometry
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1688-1693 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.018
    Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (320KB) ( 298 )   Save
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    【OBJECTIVE】The objective of this study is to detect whether or not the cumin has been irradiated and estimate the initial absorbed dose of cumin;【METHOD】The cumin was studied as experimental material to investigate the feature changes of ESR spectrum and the relationship between ESR intensity and irradiation dose in the range of 0 to 15.0 kGy and the initial absorbed dose of cumin was assessed by using the dose-additive method;【RESULTS】The ESR signal intensity of irradiated cumin increased with the increasing of the absorbed dose and even after 220 days ESR method could also be used to identify whether or not the cumin has been irradiated. The dose additive method can be used for a reliable evaluation of the absorbed dose in cumin and the deviation between the initial dose and the dose estimated by using 3rd degree polynomial function at different storage times (10, 20 and 30 days) after initial irradiation is all less than 1 kGy, the estimated doses of samples using the 3rd polynomial function are more close to the actual doses than using the exponential function.;【CONCLUSION】The ESR technique could be used as a qualitative and quantitative method to indentify irradiated cumin.
    PLANT PROTECTION
    Obtaining and analysis on silent transformants of Polyketide synthase gene(StPKS) in Setosphaeria turcica
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1603-1609 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.008
    Abstract ( 718 )   PDF (676KB) ( 512 )   Save
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    【Objective】RNA interference technology was used to investigate the function of a polyketide synthase gene (StPKS) in Setosphaeria turcica.【Method】The silent vector, pSilent-StPKS1-2, was constructed by inserting StPKS fragments into plasmid pSilent-1 then trandformed into S. turcica 01-23 protoplasts through PEG. Transformants were selected on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing hygromycin and the expression levels of StPKS was analysised by Semiquantitative RT-PCR. The hypae morphology of transformants and wide type was observed by microscope.【Results】The RNAi vector was effective to reduce the gene expression. Thirty hygromycin-resistant transformants were isolated and five melanin-deficient transformants were analysised by Semiquantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that StPKS mRNA was weakly expressed in white-color phenotypes. The transformants hypae morphology was anomalistic, including intumescent, anamorphic and ramose.【Conclusion】StPKS gene involved in the DHN-melanin biosynthesis and related to the mycelial morphology. The DHN-melanin biosynthesis was readuced when StPKS gene weakly expression.
    ROS burst and ATP depletion in tobacco BY-2 cells induced by metabolic products of Alternaria alternata
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1610-1617 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.009
    Abstract ( 678 )   PDF (427KB) ( 821 )   Save
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    【Objective】Tobacco BY-2 cell was used to explore the effect of the Alternaria alternata metabolic products (MP) on changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS ) production and ATP content in the tobacco BY-2 cells.【Method】10% MP was used to treat tobacco BY-2 cells, and Oxytherm oxygen electrode was used to study the effects of MP on the reparation rate and reparation pathway in the tobacco BY-2 cells. The changes of ROS production and ATP content in tobacco BY-2cells was also studied.【Result】Treatment with the MP led to remarkable overproduction of ROS, rapid depletion of ATP, significant declines in respiration , in cytochrome pathway and in alternative oxidase pathway (AOX). The treatment with MP also resulted in uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm in tobacco BY-2 cells,.【Conclusion】The inhibition of respiration and cytochrome pathway inevitably resulted in ATP depletion in tobacco BY-2 cells. The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation induced by MP is another contributor to the ATP depletion.Besides, the inhibition of AOX pathway by the MP treatment is one of the main reasons to lead to the ROS burst in tobacco BY-2 cells.
    RESEARCH NOTES
    Correlations Among the Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Purple-fleshed Sweet Potato
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1736-1744 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.024
    Abstract ( 595 )   PDF (379KB) ( 401 )   Save
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    【Objective】Two purple-fleshed sweet potato strains ‘A5’, ‘Yamakawamurasaki’ and one white-fleshed sweet potato strain ‘Yubeibai’ were used to study the role of Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) in anthocyannin accumulation of purple- fleshed sweet potato. 【Method】Anthocyanin contents, DFR activities and expression of IbDFR gene were determined respectively, while the correlation between the contents of anthocyanin and DFR activities, and that between anthocyanin contents and IbDFR gene expression were analyzed. 【Result】The results show that the activities of DFR are dramatically and positively correlated with the content of anthocyanin no matter in different organs of the same strain or in same organ of the same strain in different growth stages. Moreover, the variation trends of the relative expression of IbDFR gene in storage roots of different strains and of different developing states of ‘Yamakawamurasaki’ also coincided with that of anthocyanin contents in corresponding storage roots. 【Conclusion】 These results indicate that DFR is a key enzyme in anthocyanin synthesis of purple- fleshed sweet potato, and the biosynthesis of anthocyanin is in situ synthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato.
    HORTICULTURE
    Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiz Fungi on Chilling Resistance of Cucumber Seedlings under Low Temperature Stress
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1646-1653 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.013
    Abstract ( 586 )   PDF (360KB) ( 592 )   Save
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    【objective】The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of Arbuscular mycorrhiz fungi(AMF) on the changes in growth and physiological in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings.【Method】Cucumber variety ‘Jinchun No.2’ was subjected to low temperature treatment of 15/10℃ at day and Night in the artificial climate chamber. The effects of AMF on the growth and the changes in root activity, chlorophyll, soluble protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) activities under low temperature stress in the seedling leaves were investigated.【Result】Under low temperature stress, the increment of height, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight and root-shoot ratio decreased, chlorophyll contents, root activity and SOD ,CAT activities decreased, MDA, soluble protein contents and POD activities increased in cucumber seedlings leaves. AMF-inoculation significantly promoted seedlings growth and chlorophyll, soluble protein contents, POD activities, while reduced MDA contents and SOD,CAT activities.【Conclusion】The results obtained from this experiment showed that under low temperature stress AMF could promote the accumulation of proline, raise the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decrease the membrane lipid peroxidation and improve the adaptability of cucumber seedlings.
    Multivariate Analysis and Optimum Proposal of Relationship between Soil Nutrients and Fruit Qualities in Apple Orchard
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1654-1661 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.014
    Abstract ( 695 )   PDF (298KB) ( 1081 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To find out problem in soil nutrient of apple orchard and obtain the theory basis for targeting reasonable balanced fertilization and increasing utilization ratio of fertilizer nutrient, effect nutritive element content in soil on fruit qualities and optimum quantity of nutrient elements for good fruit qualities were explored.【Method】The investigations were carried out soil nutrient and fruit qualities, and methods of Canonical Correlation Analysis and linear program were used to screen major soil nutrient elements affecting fruit qualities, to solve optimum proposal of nutrient elements for good apple qualities, to point out existing problem of soil nutrient in survey apple orchard.【Result】Soil organic matter, available P,K, fruit firmness and soluble solids content in apple orchard of Changping district were higher than that of Shandong, Shaanxi and Gansu province. The soil organic matter was positive correlation with total N, available P, K and microelement, and correlation coefficient was 0.8261 between alkeline-N and available Zn. The fruit mass were positive correlation with soil organic matter, alkeline-N, available P, K, and negative correlation with available Fe, Zn and B. The fruit firmness were positive correlation with soil organic matter, Alkeline-N, and negative correlation with available P and K. The soluble solids content were positive correlation soil organic matter, available K and Ca. The optimum proposal of nutrient elements content in soil was obtained by linear program resolution that were 10.0~40.0 g.kg-1 in organic matter, 0.50 g.kg-1 in total N, and 400 mg.kg-1, 254.47~400.0 mg.kg-1, 600.0 mg.kg-1, 5.00 mg.kg-1, 5.00~60.00 mg.kg-1, 0.80~20.0 mg.kg-1, 0.5 mg.kg-1 in alkeline-N, available P, K, Ca, ?Fe, Zn, and B respectively. Under this optimum proposal of soil , the target of fruit qualities in 350.66 g mass, 12.16 kg.cm-2 firmness, 23.19% soluble solids, 0.377% titratable acid will be achieved theoretically. The results indicate more than 50% soil samples were deficient in available P, and 91.18%, many orchards deficient element Fe and Zn respectively in investigation orchard . 【Conclusion】It is key point to improve alkeline-N , available P, K and Fe,Zn content in soil in apple orchard of Beijing Changping.
    Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Construction of Fingerprint of Rosa rugosa by SRAP
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1662-1669 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.015
    Abstract ( 656 )   PDF (684KB) ( 433 )   Save
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    【Objective】The genetic diversity and relationship of Rosa rugosa were studied at the level of molecular, and the fingerprint was also established .This can give the cross breeding, classification and the identification some guidance. 【Method】Sequence related amplified polymorphism(SRAP)was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of 46 cultivars and 4 wild germplasms of Rosa rugosa and establish the fingerprint of the cultivars.【Results】15 primer pairs produced 264 loci of which 227 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 85.98%, showed that Rosa rugosa had abundant diversity. The Nei’s genetic similarity coefficient (GS) ranged from 0.6012 to 0.9852 with an average of 0.7835; the average Nei’s genetic diversity (H) was 0.2665 and the Shannon’s information index(I) was 0.4033 in 50 germplasms , the 4 wild germplasms’ H=0.1225 and I= 0.1787, it was largely lower than the cultivars (H=0.2684, I=0.4059). The result showed that the genetic diversity of cultivars was more abundant. 【Conclusion】Based on the result of cluster analysis,the species origin should be considered firstly in the classification of Rose rugosa, then the plant type and the flower type. Three primer pairs were selected to establish the fingerprint of Rosa rugosa , which can be used in the identification.
    Relative Cold-induced Flowering Arouse Fluctuation on Carbohydrates and Expression of Genes related to Sugar Transport in Doritaenopsis hybrid
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1670-1677 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.016
    Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (418KB) ( 610 )   Save
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    [Objective] Cold-induced flowering in Phalaenopsis, originated in tropical region, was the restrictions of commercially production because of their costing waste. Doritaenopsis, a hybridization of Doritis and Phalanopsis, became the most popular potted flowering crops. Experiments were performed to understand the fluctuation of vegetative growth and gene expression response to relative low temperature, and further to describe this unique inflorescence initiation. [Method] A Doritaenopsis hybrid ‘Tinny Tender’( Doritaenopsis Happy smile ×Happy valentine) was incubated in 22℃/18℃(day/night), with 30℃/25℃ as control, to induce the floral transition. Changes of starch, sucrose, reducing sugar, leaf area, ratio of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo, and mRNA transcripts levels of 2 genes, annotated as DhSUT1 (Sucrose Transporter) and DhST1 (Sugar Transporter), isolated from the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library of ‘Tinny Tender’. [Result] Slower increasing of leaf area and reducing of Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo were observed under 22℃/18℃ for 28d. Quick degradation of starch, continuous accumulation of reducing sugar and increase to peak at 28d cold-incubation then decrease of sucrose were determined. The mRNA transcripts of DhST1 rose up to the peak at 28d cold-induced, while those of DhSUT1 were decreased. [Conclusion] These results indicated that during cold-induced floral initiation, vegetative growth and photosynthesis capacity of were slow down, and sharp changes in carbohydrates were consist with up-regulated of DhST1 and down-regulated of DhSUT1 expression. In addition, sugar transporter genes performed differently under cold-induced, suggesting those candidate genes were responsible for the unique flowering induction of Doritaenopsis .
    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Studies on Compensation Effects of Rewatering on Winter Wheat Suffering from Droughts during Spring under Different Soil Fertility Conditions
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1628-1636 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.011
    Abstract ( 705 )   PDF (314KB) ( 423 )   Save
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    【OBJECTIVE】The study was performed to explore the compensation effects of rewatering on winter wheat suffering from droughts during spring under different soil fertilities. 【METHOD】Through pot experiments with high, medium and low soil fertilities, drought stresses were imposed on winter wheat initiating at turning-green stage and jointing stage, and ending with rewatering at the beginning of the next stage. 【RESULTS】Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of winter wheat suffering from medium drought at turning-green stage showed obvious increases at 15 and 5 days after rewatering under high soil fertility, respectively, while they exhibited slight increases at 15 and 20 days after rewatering under medium and low soil fertilities. Photosynthetic rate of winter wheat suffering from medium drought at jointing stage only demonstrated weak increase at 20 days after rewatering under high soil fertility. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of the other treatments never reached the level of the control. Except the treatment of severe drought under low soil fertility, rewatering winter wheat suffering from drought at turning-green stage showed insiginificant decrease in yield, but noticeable increases in harvest index and water use efficiency (WUE). The yield of rewatered winter wheat suffering from medium drought even exhibited slight increase under high and medium soil fertilities. Yield, harvest index and WUE of rewatered winter wheat suffering from droughts during jointing stage demonstrated obvious decreases.【CONCLUSION】Rewatering after drought at turning-green stage exhibited stronger compensation effects on yield and WUE, which might result from the higher harvest index. Improving soil fertility could enhance compensation effects of rewatered drought-stressed winter wheat. Rewatering winter wheat after medium drought under high and medium soil fertilities during turning-green stage would be more favorable to improve yield and WUE.
    VETERINARY SCIENCE
    A novel coding variant in the FUT1 gene and its effects on the resistance to Escherichia coli F18 infection in piglets
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1720-1726 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.022
    Abstract ( 476 )   PDF (442KB) ( 282 )   Save
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    【Objective】The aim of this study was to identify the causal mutation determining susceptibility to diarrhoea and oedema disease in piglets of Chinese indigenous pig breeds. 【Method】In the present study, comparative sequencing was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a positional candidate gene: a1-fucosyltransferase gene (FUT1). The identified SNPs were genotyped by PCR-SSCP in 10 western commercial and Chinese indigenous breeds. The ECF18 adhesion phenotypes were determined in a total of 457 adult pigs from a White Duroc × Erhualian intercross by an in vitro microscopic adhesion assay. The association of the SNP genotypes with in vitro ECF18 adhesion phenotypes was evaluated by SAS software.【Result】Two cSNPs (M229C/T and M714T/C) were identified in the FUT1 gene. M714T/C was a synonymous mutation while M229C/T was a missense mutation leading to a transition of leucine into phenylalanine. Significant difference in allele frequencies of M229C/Twas observed between Chinese indigenous and western commercial pig breeds, but not among Chinese local breeds. The association analysis showed that the M229T/C genotypes had significant association with ECF18 adhesion phenotypes.【Conclusion】The results indicated that M229T/C might be the causal mutation or in linkage disequilibrium with the causative variant determining susceptibility/resistance to ECF18.
    Cloning and expression analysis of piRNAs and Piwil1 gene in Quail
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1727-1735 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.023
    Abstract ( 462 )   PDF (500KB) ( 474 )   Save
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    [Objcetive] To update, there is no research on piRNAs and its binding protein Piwi in poultry. It is essential to carry out the study on small RNA and its binding protein in poultry, which will provided basic foundation for the study of genetic characters, occurrence and disappearance mechanisms of small RNAs and transgenic chicken in avian. [Mehtod] [Result] In this study, we obtained 13 piRNAs cloned sequences and CDS of the Piwil1 gene from the testis of quail for the first time by constructing cDNA library and TA cloning and sequencing. Next, we analyzed the expression of piRNAs and Piwil1 in quail tissues for different stage of life by Q-PCR. [Conclusion] The results showed that the length of quail piRNAs was similar to mammals; In quail, Piwil1 gene had high homology with that of the red jungle fowl, whose protein contained the PAZ and Piwi domain, and had no signal peptide splice site, suggesting that it belonged to Piwi family and might play a regulatory role by reducing the capacity of binding RNA or affecting the affinity between other transcription factors and the promoter of structural gene; In testis, the expression of piRNAs and Piwil1 gene increased with the development of individuals, so we inferred that piRNAs might regulate the process of spermatogenesis through interacting with Piwi proteins in poultry.
    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    The Effects of Climate Change on Northern Limits of Cropping Systems under climatic scenarios in China
    YANG Xiao-guang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1562-1570 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.004
    Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (960KB) ( 881 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Climate change had been a global problem. The climate will continue warming in future in China and this change will affect the agriculture in China. In this study, the possible effects of climate warming on the countrywide northern limits of cropping systems, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice, the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat - summer maize rotation and the northern limits of tropical crops in China in future climate scenario were analyzed. 【Method】 A recognized calculation method of agro-meteorological indicators were used in the study. The countrywide northern limits of cropping systems, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice, the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat–summer maize rotation and the northern limits of tropical crops were draw by ArcGis for three periods from 1950s to 1980, 2011 to 2040 and 2041 to 2050, according to the indices of the climate zoning index of cropping system, winter wheat and double rice northern limits, stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation and the northern limits of tropical crops. 【Result】 Compared with the results during 1950s to 1980, the northern limits of the two-cropping system and three-cropping system will move northwards during 2011 to 2040 and 2041 to 2050 . Compared with the results during 1950s to 1980, the northern limits of the two-cropping system during the 2011 to 2040 and 2041 to 2050 occurred significant spatial displacement in Shanxi and Liaoning provinces, especially in 2041 to 2050. The northern limits of the three-cropping system occurred largest spatial displacement in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, especially in 2041 to 2050. Without the consideration for variety and social economic changing, grain yield per hectare of main cropping pattern could increase if the one-cropping system changed to two-cropping system, two-cropping system is changed to three-cropping. The northern limits of winter wheat will move northwards and westwards to different degrees in Liaoning, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai provinces,comparing with the results during 1950s to 1980. Without the consideration for other factors, grain yield will increase in the changing area if the cropping system is changed from spring wheat to winter wheat in one year, because the yield of winter wheat was normally higher than spring wheat. Considering the heat resource, the northern limits of double rice cropping area in Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan and Guizhou province moved northwards, especially in Zhejiang, Anhui and Hubei province. The safe Northern limit of tropical crops moved northwards, especially in Guangxi and Guangdong province. The change of limits can increase the grain yield. The stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat – summer maize moved Northwestwards in most regions, mainly caused by the increased rainfall in future in the study areas.【Conclusion】 The climate warming will cause the northwards movement of the northern limits of cropping system, and the northwards and westwards movement of the northern limits of winter wheat, and northwards movement of the northern limits of double rice and tropical crops. However, the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat–summer maize rotation moved Northwestwards in the most regions due to the increasing rainfall.
    Effects of Water-Nitrogen Interaction on Content of High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits and GMP Size Distribution in Wheat Cultivars with Different Genotypes
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1571-1584 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.005
    Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (465KB) ( 360 )   Save
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    【Objective】The composition type and amount of HMW-GS effect size of glutenin particle and thus flour quality. They are the important traits of wheat quality which reflect strengths and weaknesses of wheat flour. Three wheat cultivars with different Genotypes were selected to study the effects of water-nitrogen interaction on relative content of each HMW-GS、contents of total HMW-GS and GMP size distribution.【Method】Content of HMW-GS and GMP size distribution in wheat grain were quantified by RP-HPLC and laser granularity analysis instrument, respectively.【Result】Irrigation conditions, it is to the benefit of HMW-GS, LMW-GS of GMP accumulation and increasing large particle size distribution of particles of wheat GC8901, medium wheat TS23 by increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate, and thus also the corresponding GMP content increased, while HMW-GS, LMW-GS accumulation of the weak wheat SN1391 has been inhibited, but conducive to the formation of large size particles in GMP. Compared with the irrigation conditions, appropriately, dry conditions (no irrigation), increasing N is conducive to HMW-GS, LMW-GS content of SN1391 grains increased, while the proportion of large size particles in GMP have been significantly improved.【Conclusion】Interaction between irrigation and increasing nitrogen application has positive effect on the GC8901 and TS23, while the drought and increasing nitrogen has a positive effect on SN1391.
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Analysis of Genetic Relationship of Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) Inbred Line Clones as Revealed by ISSR
    LIU Li-jun,WANG Xu-xia,WANG Bo,PENG Ding-xiang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1543-1552 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.002
    Abstract ( 875 )   PDF (666KB) ( 654 )   Save
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    【Objective】ISSR markers were used to study the genetic relationship and investigate the genetic diversity and genetic structure for providing a theoretical basis and technical support for appropriate conservation and application of existing genetic resources of ramie inbred line clones. 【Method】Genetic relationship of 40 inbred line clones (including 8 ramie inbred line clones from Brazil and 32 from 5 provinces of China)were analyzed using ISSR markers. 【Result】The genomic DNAs of 40 inbred line clones were amplified by PCR with 30 polymorphic ISSR primers, which produced 116 bands from 200 bp to 2 000 bp bands were polymorphism. While the polymorphism of ISSR was 78.45% (91 bands out of 116), ranging from 2 (ISSR6) and 10 (ISSR22), with an average of 3.87. Pairwise comparison was made among all the inbred line clones included in this study. The Nei's genetic distance was 0.2405, Shannon's Information index was 0.3679. Based on the appearance of the markers, the genetic relationships were analyzed using UPGMA and the genetic Dice coefficients were calculated. According to the regions of origin of 40 ramie inbred line clones, they were classified into 6 groups. The Nei's genetic distance was between 0.0964 and 0.2285, Shannon's Information index was from 0.1408 to 0.3310. The Mantel examination between cluster analysis and coefficients matrix showed good fitness. The results of principal components analysis showed that the accumulative variance contribution of the first three principal components was 80.15%, the variance contribution of the first principal component was 72.67%, and the second principal and third principal components were 5.63% and 2.11%, respecitively. 【Conclusion】The results of hierarchical cluster analysis were commendably in accordance with principal components analysis. The genetic relationship and genetic diversity of ramie inbred line clones could be assessed efficiently by ISSR markers.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Source-Sink Relationship and Carbon-Nitrogen Metabolism of Maize in Different Ecological Regions and Varieties
    DAI Ming-hong,ZHAO Jiu-ran,YANG Guo-hang,WANG Rong-huan,CHEN Guo-ping
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1585-1595 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.006
    Abstract ( 758 )   PDF (554KB) ( 914 )   Save
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    【Objective】A field experiment was conducted to illustrate different performances of source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties in 2009.【Method】Three experimental sites (Nong’an, Changping and Xunxian) which were located in Northeast, Jingjintang and Huanghuaihai regions, respectively, and six representative varieties were selected.【Result】Grain yields under different sites performed as: Nong’an>Xunxian>Changping; XY335 got the highest while JD28 got the lowest grain yield among six varieties, and the differences among other four varieties were not significant. Under different ecological conditions, grain yield of varieties was more related to kernels number per ear than kernel weight; and grain yield was positively related to grain-leaf ratio while not to the maximum LAI at silking stage; grain yield also had a high positive correlation with dry matter amount accumulated after silking. Besides, uncoordinated source-sink relationship under low-yielding ecological condition was performed by high soluble sugar content in stem during key growing stages. C/N value showed a negative correlation with grain yield under different ecological regions. Different varieties could be divided into three types according to source of grain nitrogen: 1. nitrogen uptake during late-phase (61.0%-68.4%) was higher than transported nitrogen (39.7%-46.0%); 2. nitrogen uptake during late-phase was equal to transported nitrogen; 3. and nitrogen uptake during late-phase (42.5%-45.3%) was lower than transported nitrogen (57.2%-61.7%).【Conclusion】Coordinated source-sink relationship under high yielding ecological condition was highlighted by high grain-leaf ratio, high HI value (including NHI), high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period, suitable soluble sugar content in stem, and relatively low C/N value. High-yielding variety also showed a high grain-leaf ratio and high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period.

    Starch Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Maize with Different Starch Contents
    ZHANG Li,ZHANG Ji-wang,LIU Peng,DONG Shu-ting
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1596-1602 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.007
    Abstract ( 658 )   PDF (308KB) ( 1169 )   Save
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    【Objective】The purpose of this research was to reveal the size-distribution characteristics of starch granules in maize endosperm and to study the relation of starch granule size to grain starch content, protein content and test weight. 【Method】In the present experiment, four maize cultivars (Nongda 108 and Zhengdan 958 as common maize, Feiyu 3 and Zhengdan 18 as high starch maize) were used, and maize grains at mature stage were analyzed to study the changes of number, volume and surface area distribution of starch granules in maize endosperm.【Result】The starch granule in matured grain was 0.37-31.5 μm in diameter. Taking 2 μm and 15 μm as limit, the starch particles were divided into three types: small starch granule group (SSG, <2μm), middle starch granule group (MSG, 2-15 μm) and large starch granule group (LSG, >15 μm). The distribution frequency showed two-peak curve in starch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. Maize endosperm had a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, and the SSG granule accounted for over 95% of the total starch granule. The percent age of volume of SSG and MSG were higher than that of LSG in the high starch maize, but in the common maize, the percent ages of volume, number and surface area of LSG were higher than those in high starch maize. Correlation analysis indicated that the starch content was positively correlated with the volume of 0.8-2 μm (r=0.777, P<0.05), 2-10 μm (r=0.735, P<0.05) and 10-15 μm starch granules, but negatively correlated with other size ranges. The content of protein and test weight had no correlation with volume of starch granule with other size ranges.【Conclusion】Maize has a typical single peak curve in number of starch granule, two-peak curve instarch granule volume, and three-peak curve in starch granule surface area. The percent ages of volume of SSG and MSG in the high starch maize were higher than that of common maize significantly.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Effects of Nitrogen Application Rates on Microbial Community and Enzyme Activities in Lou Soil

    XIA Xue,GU Jie,CHE Sheng-guo,,GAO Hua,QIN Qing-jun

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1618-1627 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.010
    Abstract ( 696 )   PDF (443KB) ( 1129 )   Save
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    【目的】研究不同施氮量对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和酶活性的影响。【方法】通过野外大田定位试验,于2009年7月15至2009年9月30采用微生物自动分析系统BIOLOG微平板分析法,对不同施氮水平下土壤微生物群落功能多样性,及水解酶活性的动态变化进行了研究。研究涉及N0(0 kg·hm-2)、N1(60 kg·hm-2)、N2(120 kg·hm-2)和N3(180 kg·hm-2)4个施氮水平。【结果】低氮(N1)、中氮(N2)和高氮(N3)处理的微生物群落碳源利用率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均高于零氮(N0)处理,其中N2处理最高。主成分分析表明,不同施氮水平土壤微生物功能多样性差异明显,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和氨基酸类。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均以N2处理最高,分别为24.85 mg glucose·g-1·(24 h)-1、1.04 mg NH3-N·g-1·(24 h)-1 和2.40 mg hydroxybenzene·g-1·(24 h)-1。【结论】氮肥的施用可以提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性。低量和中量氮肥能够提高蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,而中量和高量氮肥可以增加碱性磷酸酶活性。

    Effect of Fertilizer Application Rates on Cassava N, P, K Accumulations and Allocation and Yield in Sloping Lands of North Guangdong
    GAO Zhi-hong,CHEN Xiao-yuan,LIN Chang-hua,Zhang Yu-peng,HE Yong-sheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1637-1645 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.012
    Abstract ( 837 )   PDF (336KB) ( 1126 )   Save
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    【Objective】The present study was carried out to analyze the differences in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) N, P, K accumulation, allocation and yields. The best N, P, K application rates were studied at sloping lands of Wengyuan of North Guangdong. 【Method】Cassava genotype South America 119 was used as materials in a field experiment of “3414” conducted in Wengyuan of North Guangdong. The experiment have 14 treatments. 【Result】Nitrogen in cassava with fertilizer treatment was mainly treatments allocated to the shoot, and nitrogen in cassava with out fertilizers treatment was mainly allocated to the root. Phosphorus in cassava with N, P, K treatment at different levels was all mainly allocated to the shoot, potassium in treatments of N0P0K0 and N2P2K0 was mainly allocated to root, and potassium in treatment of N0P2K2 was equilibrium in root and shoot. During different growth periods, N, P and K content of cassava all showed a dropping trend, but the falling rate of cassava with N, P and K fertilizer application was less than cassava with no N, P and K fertilizer. Content and accumulation of N, P,K in treatment N2P2K2 were the maximal, and that of treatment N0P0K0 were the lowest among all treatments at each growth stage of cassava (P<0.05). Among all 14 treatments, yields of N2P3K2 (22 694.06 kg·hm-2) was the highest, followed by N2P2K2 (21 417.87 kg·hm-2). 【Conclusion】Cassava yield,N, P,K accumulation, and allocation between root and shoot were highly responsive to N, P, and K fertilization. Applications of combinations of N, P2O5, and K2O in a proper ratio significantly increased cassava concentrations of N,P, K, and yield. For cassava yield in sloping lands of North Guangdong, N is the foremost factor, P
    2O5 is more important thasn K2O under the conditions of N sufficient. In the present study, the best N P K application rates were 358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2.

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Genetic Analysis of Polygene Markers in Porcine Genes IGF2, MC4R, JHDM1A and TEF-1
    HAN Xue-lei,YANG Hua-wei,WANG Wei-min,YIN Qin,JIANG Teng-fei,LIU Bang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1694-1701 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.019
    Abstract ( 791 )   PDF (892KB) ( 582 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to detect and analyze the polymorphiams of the candidate genes (IGF2, MC4R, JHDM1A and TEF-1) with growth and backfat thickness traits in the Large White pigs population.【Method】The polymorphism of these genes was identified and detected by PCR-RFLP, the SPSS software was used to analyze the association signal gene marker and polygene markers with the growth and backfat thickness traits.【Result】The analysis of single gene marker indicated that the polymorphism of IGF2 was significantly associated with backfat at the loin (P<0.05), the excellent genotype was AA which displayed thinner backfat thickness than AG (0.541 cm) and GG(0.629 cm) genotypes. The polymorphism of MC4R was not significantly associated with the analyzed traits. The polymorphisms of JHDM1A was associated with the 100 kg backfat at 100 kg (P<0.05), TEF-1 suggestively significantly associated with backfat at the loin at 100 kg, and CC and GG were excellent genotypes, respectively. And TEF-1 was also associated with the age at 100 kg, and AG was the excellent genotype.【Conclusion】Analysis of the effect of polygene markers showed that the genetic effect consistent with the single gene marker. The combination genotypes AGCCGG and AACCGG of IGF2, TEF-1 and JHDM1A were excellent combination genotypes for 100 kg backfat at the loin and can be used as molecular markers of backfat thinkness.
    Effect of Cumulus Cell Apoptosis and Proliferation on Bovine Oocyte Development in vitro
    LI Hai-jun,JIN Mu-zi,ZHANG Rui-biao,DU Chen-guang,LIU Dong-jun,CANG Ming2
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1702-1709 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.020
    Abstract ( 769 )   PDF (510KB) ( 652 )   Save
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    【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the appearance of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and apoptosis or proliferation of cumulus cells and oocyte developmental capacity.【Method】Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were selected and classified into 4 groups according to oocyte cytoplasm and cumulus status. Apoptosis and cell cycle of cumulus cells from each group were detected by TUNEL staining combined with flow cytometry. Developmental competence was evaluated by development rates at different stages following in vitro fertilization.【Result】Results indicated that, compared to the COCs with five or more layers of cumulus cells and homogeneous ooplasm, that with two-five layers of cumulus cells and slight granulation of the ooplasm showed the highest TUNEL positive ratio of cumulus cells and subsequent embryo developmental potential.【Conclusion】It indicated that apoptosis in cumulus cells is associated with improved developmental potential in bovine immature oocytes, and it makes good markers for embryo development of COCs morphology, apoptosis and the ratio to the stage of G2-M in cumulus cells.

    Effect of Yucca schidigera Saponin and Tea Saponin Mixture on the Rumen Fermentation and Its Fibrolytic Bacterial Activity in the Rusitec Substrates with Different Concentrate to Forage Ratio
    WANG Hong-rong,CHEN Xu-wei,WANG Meng-zhi
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1710-1719 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.021
    Abstract ( 974 )   PDF (445KB) ( 718 )   Save
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    【Objective】An experiment was designed to explore the effect of Yucca schidigera saponin and tea saponin mixture and different concentrate/forage ratios In vitro on rumen fermentation and rumen fiberolytic bacterial activity.【Method】A 2×4 two factorial design of experiment was adopted: one factor was adding or without saponins (0.3% tea saponin and 0.03% Yucca schidigera extract), the other was four different concentrate/forage ratios (20﹕80, 40﹕60, 50﹕50, and 60﹕40).【Result】The results showed that the mixed saponins reduced pH and the group whose concentrate/forage ratio was 20﹕80 had significant effect (P<0.05). Concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total VFAs were increased by addition of the mixed saponins, however, from the molar ratio of VFAs it was found that the proportion of propionate and butyrate were decreased while the proportion of propionate was increased, so the acetate/propionate ratio descended. The mixed saponins increased ruminal bacterial protein yield whereas the yield of ruminal protozoal protein was decreased, and the ratio of bacterial protein/ protozoal protein was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with the control group. The relative amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes was extremely higher by addition of the mixed saponins whose concentrate/forage ratio was not 20﹕80. And the mixed saponins increased the relative amount of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus except that the concentrate/forage ratio was 40﹕60.【Conclusion】Results indicate that this mixed saponins have effects on microbial fermentation and fibroliytic bacteria activities, and that the effects depend on the ratio of concentrate to rughage in the substrate.

    RESEARCH NOTES
    Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Live Traits in an F2 Lantang x Landrace Resource Population on SSC 1, 4 and 8
    LING Fei,ZHANG Hao,CAI Geng-yuan,CHEN Yao-sheng,LI Jia-qi,WANG Chong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(8):  1745-1752 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.08.025
    Abstract ( 941 )   PDF (368KB) ( 430 )   Save
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    【Objective】Pork is an important food source now representing forty-three percent of red meat consumed in the world and is a valuable resource economically in China. It is vital to identfy QTLs associated with economically important traits in pig. 【Method】Sixteen Chinese indigenous Lantang sows were crossed with eight Landrace pig boars to construct the resource population. According to the pig linkage map of USDA-MARC2.0 and the distance between adjacent markers seleted about 10-20 cM intervals, twenty-one microsatellite DNA markers on pig chromosomes 1, 4 and 8 were used for genotyping of the parents F1 and F2 with ABI 377 and then were analysed to map QTL in the web sit (http://latte.cap.ed.ac.uk) with QTL Express software package. The gene frequence was calculated. 【Result】Two putative QTL containing a QTL for body height (BodyHh) and another QTL for body length (BodyLh) found at 68 cM on SSC1 and at 72cM on SSC4 both reached at least suggestive significance at the chromosome-wise (P<0.05), respectively. The former closely linked to SW2185 (67.6cM), explaining 2.22% of phenotypic variation and the latter was located in between SW839 and SW0214.【Conclusion】Two putative QTL including a body height QTL on SSC1 and a body length on SSC4 were identified. These results will facilitate fine mapping efforts to identify genes controlling live traits that can be incorporated into marker-assisted selection programs to accelerate genetic improvement in pig populations.