Table of Content

16 May 2025, Volume 58 Issue 10

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Effects on Pollen Release Related Traits of the Differential Genotypes Indica by High-Temperature Stress at Anthesis

DU SiQi, WEN YuLun, NING LiXing, YIN XiaoYu, WANG ShuFen, SONG HaiYan, WANG ZhaoHai, LI WeiXing, LIAO JiangLin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1867-1877.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.001

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【Objective】 To elucidate the causes of high-temperature stress inducing rice floret infertility, the present study analyzed the effects of high-temperature stresses on pollen release related traits including pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma of the differential genotypes Indica at anthesis. 【Method】Indica germplasms were sown in batches and cultivated in the Nanchang region, Jiangxi Province, China. The rice plants flowering at natural high-temperature environments on early August with 36.5-37.8 ℃ canopy temperature was used as treatments, and the rice plants flowering at suitable environments on middle September with 30.8-32.5 ℃ canopy temperature were used as controls. The pollen release related traits, such as pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma from treatments and controls, were detected and analyzed. 【Result】 After flowering under high-temperature stress, the rice germplasms Jiangxijiansimiao, Yuexiangzhan and Huangguangyouzhan show high-temperature tolerant at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are 91.6%, 89.2% and 87.9%, respectively; while the germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 show high-temperature sensitive at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are just 55.2%, 60.3%, 61.1% and 73.2%, which are very significantly or significantly lower than that of its corresponding controls. Under high-temperature environments, the pollen grain swelling rates for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are just 1.99%, 1.16%, 1.12% and 2.70%, which are very significant smaller than that of its corresponding controls; while the pollen grain swelling rates of the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatment and its corresponding control. Under high-temperature environments, the rates of anther dehiscence length in total anther length for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are respective 66.0%, 45.4%, 48.7% and 63.6%, which are very significantly or significantly shorter than that of the corresponding controls, and the pollen grain residue are obvious more than that of the corresponding controls; while the anther dehiscence length rates and the pollen grain residue from the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. After flowering under high-temperature environments, the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the sensitive germplasms were about 20, which were significant less than that of the controls; while the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the other rice germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. 【Conclusion】 The high-temperature stresses inhibit the pollen grain swelling, effect the anther normal dehiscence, increase the pollen viscidity to impede the pollen grain releasing from anther and decrease the pollen grain number scattering on the stigma, inducing rice floret infertility and decreasing the seed set.

Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Prediction of Candidate Genes for Chlorophyll Content in Gossypium barbadense

SHI ShunYu, YANG Tao, PANG Bo, LI Jing, LIN YiFeng, WANG ZhengRui, FU LinCheng, ABUDUBEK Zalgamali, GAO WenWei, WU PengHao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1878-1895.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.002

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【Objective】 Chlorophyll, as the core pigment of plant photosynthesis, directly affects the photosynthetic efficiency and yield of plants. By mining molecular markers and candidate genes related to chlorophyll in Sea-island cotton, we can provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of Sea-island cotton varieties. 【Method】 Using 203 sea-island cotton varieties as research objects, the chlorophyll content of sea-island cotton in three stages (budding stage, flowering stage, and boll stage) was measured in 4 environments (2 points in 2 years), and the chlorophyll content of sea-island cotton in 4 environments was measured. Correlation analysis was performed on the chlorophyll content, and the whole-genome resequencing data and the BLUP value of the chlorophyll content were used for genome-wide correlation analysis to screen candidate genes related to chlorophyll content. 【Result】 Descriptive statistics of chlorophyll content in the four environments showed that the chlorophyll content at bud stage, flowering stage and bell stage were normally distributed across years and locations, indicating that the trait is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Chlorophyll content varied significantly across growth periods and was significantly affected by environment, with correlation coefficients of 0.021-0.287 for chlorophyll content at bud stage, 0.017-0.180 at flowering stage and -0.118-0.212 at bell stage. GWAS research results screened out a total of 52 significant SNPs sites. Among them, 20, 20 and 12 significant SNP sites were screened in the bud stage, flowering stage and boll stage respectively, mainly distributed on chromosomes such as A05, A06, D05, D06 and D10. By annotating significant sites, a total of 80 candidate genes were annotated, including GB_A05G0103, GB_A05G0104, GB_A05G0105, GB_A05G0106, GB_A05G0107, GB_A05G0108, GB_A05G0109, GB_A05G0110, GB_A05G0111 and GB_A 05G0112 and other 10 genes are in type I (4 environments) The flowering stage and the flowering stage of type Ⅱ (two environments in northern Xinjiang) are all annotated. GB_A06G1512 and GB_A06G1513 are annotated in the flowering stage and boll stage of typeⅠand the flowering stage of typeⅡ. GB_D09G0836, GB_D09G0837 and GB_D09G0838 are annotated in the florescence and boll stage of typeⅠand typeⅡ. The flowering stages are all annotated. Nine genes related to chlorophyll content were identified through relative expression analysis. Among them, genes such as GB_A05G0097, GB_A05G0093 and GB_D05G0109 play important roles in chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis and plant stress resistance. 【Conclusion】 There are significant differences in the chlorophyll content of sea-island cotton at different growth stages, and are significantly affected by the environment. A total of 52 loci related to the chlorophyll content of sea-island cotton were detected, and nine genes were found to be candidate genes for chlorophyll in sea-island cotton.

Identification and Evaluation of Drought Resistance for 111 Germplasm Resources of Alfalfa During Germination Stage

CHEN CaiJin, MA Lin, BAO MingFang, ZHANG GuoHui, JIANG QingXue, YANG TianHui, WANG Chuan, WANG XiaoChun, GAO Ting, WANG XueMin, LIU WenHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1896-1907.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.003

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【Objective】 To identify and evaluate the drought resistance of alfalfa germplasm resources, screen out different drought-resistant alfalfa germplasm materials, and lay a foundation for further development of drought-resistant alfalfa resources creation and breeding utilization. 【Method】 In this study, A total of 111 alfalfa germplasm resources were used as experimental materials, and drought stress conditions were simulated using a 13% PEG-6000 solution. Two treatments were established: drought stress (13% PEG-6000) and a control (distilled water). Drought tolerance at germination stage were comprehensively evaluated by the comprehensive drought resistance coefficient (CDC value) and drought resistance coefficient (D value) using nine indicators, including germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vitality index, promptness index, root length, bud length, fresh weight and dry weight. Meanwhile, single drought tolerance coefficients, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were conducted to identify the key indicators influencing drought resistance during germination. 【Result】 Analysis of the single drought tolerance coefficients for the nine indicators showed that vitality index, fresh weight, and promptness index were key indicators for screening drought resistance at the germination stage. The single drought tolerance coefficients of the indicators had the highest correlation among germination index and promptness index, germination rate, vitality index, with coefficients of 0.9838, 0.9495 and 0.9338, respectively. Principal component analysis transformed the nine indicators into three principal components with a cumulative contribution of 87.287%. Drought resistance of alfalfa at germination stage was identified using two methods with CDC value and D value, and it was found that the evaluation results of the two methods were highly consistent; however, the D value method was more comprehensive, reliable, and accurate, as it used the weighting coefficients to reflect the degree of influence of each indicator to the overall drought resistance of the varieties. Based on the D value, the 111 alfalfa germplasm resources were clustered into five categories: ClassⅠ(strongest drought resistance, 1 accession), Class Ⅱ (strong drought resistance, 5 accessions), Class Ⅲ (moderate drought resistance, 55 accessions), Class Ⅳ (weak drought resistance, 37 accessions), and Class Ⅴ (drought-sensitive, 13 accessions). 【Conclusion】 The D value evaluation method was found to be the most reliable for assessing drought resistance in alfalfa during the germination stage; The study identified AG37 as the strongest drought resistance germplasm, along with five strong drought resistance accessions, including AG19, AG5, AG13 and other. Vitality index and promptness index were determined to be the most suitable indicators for evaluating drought resistance in alfalfa at the germination stage.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

On Multi-Objective Collaborative Cultivation in Cotton Production

ZHANG YanJun, DAI JianLong, DONG HeZhong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1908-1916.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.004

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With the advancement of agricultural supply-side structural reforms and the growing demand for high-quality, safe, and eco-friendly agricultural products in China, cotton production now faces the challenge of coordinating multiple objectives, including yield enhancement, quality optimization, simplified and efficient management, and environmental sustainability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the novel concept of multi-objective collaborative cultivation (hereafter termed “collaborative cultivation”). We systematically elaborate on the theoretical foundations underpinning this approach, including mechanisms of precision sowing for robust seedling establishment, synergistic water-fertilizer management under partial root-zone irrigation, population regulation through high-density planting with chemical regulation and pruning-free canopy shaping, physiological mechanisms of defoliation-ripening for synchronized boll maturation, and compensatory growth strategies ensuring yield stability under abiotic stress. Building on these theorical bases and international research insights, we identify four core technologies of collaborative cultivation: (i) precision sowing coupled with stress-resilient seedling establishment under adversity, (ii) high-density planting with chemical regulation for canopy shaping, (iii) variable-rate drip irrigation with water-fertilizer synergy management, and (iv) synchronized maturation control technology. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the integrated application of these technologies optimizes resource utilization, enhances productivity, and ensures fiber quality consistency, while reducing labor inputs and chemical usage. Case studies from major cotton-producing regions validate that collaborative cultivation achieves synergistic outcomes in productivity, sustainability, and economic viability, aligning with green agricultural development goals. Future research priorities include optimizing multi-objective trade-offs, deciphering genotype-environment-management interactions, enhancing stress compensation mechanisms, and extending collaborative principles to multi-cropping systems. Through interdisciplinary innovation and technology integration, this framework offers a systemic solution for high-quality cotton industry development, demonstrating significant potential to drive the sector's green transformation and sustainable advancement.

Effects of Different Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Rates on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Broad Bean Mulched in Alpine Region

XU QiuYun, ZHOU WeiDi, HAN ChengLong, GU YanJie

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1917-1933.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.005

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【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different mulching methods and phosphorus (P) fertilizer application levels on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency of broad bean, so as to provide data support for the selection of broad bean planting modes and soil nutrient management practices in alpine regions. 【Method】 Used spring broad bean 'Qinghai No.13' as experimental material, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different mulching methods and P fertilizer application levels on soil hydrothermal conditions, the photosynthetic characteristics of broad bean, yield, and water use efficiency in the eastern of Qinghai Province from 2020 to 2023. For plot setup, the random block design was used, and three mulching methods were set up, i.e. double ridges and furrows mulch (DRM), and three ridges and furrows mulch (TRM), and no mulch (NMF), with three P fertilizer application levels (P0, no fertilizer; P1, 9.10 kg P·hm^-2; P2, 18.2 kg P·hm^-2). 【Result】 (1) Compared with NMF, DRM and TRM treatments increased the daily mean soil temperature within the 10 cm soil layer by 16.1% to 20.5% and 16.7% to 23.0%, respectively, and also increased soil water content and storage in the 0-2 m soil layer of broad bean growing season. (2) Compared with NMF, DRM and TRM treatments decreased the leaf transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, net photosynthesis rate and leaf area index during the flowering and podding periods, and deceased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency of broad bean too. The highest mean annual grain yield was 2 273 kg·hm^-2 under NMF treatment, followed by 1 030 kg·hm^-2 under TRM and 943 kg·hm^-2 under DRM. (3) P fertilizer application enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index in the flowering and podding periods of broad bean under NMF and DRM treatments, but the trends under TRM treatment were reversed. (4) The correlation analysis indicated that the grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency were significantly positive correlated with the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance, and leaf area index, and were significantly negative correlated with the daily mean soil temperature of the growing seasons. 【Conclusion】 Ridge-furrow plastic film mulching treatments (DRM and TRM) inhibited the growth of broad bean in later growth stages, slowed down the growth rate of leaf area index, reduced photosynthesis, which resulted in the decreased grain yield, aboveground biomass, and water use efficiency. Under the conditions of this experiment, no mulch with flat planting combined with 18.2 kg P·hm^-2 phosphorus fertilizer significantly enhanced photosynthetic area and photosynthesis, thus increase the grain yield and water use efficiency of broad bean, which could be used as an effective practice to increase broad bean productivity in alpine region.

PLANT PROTECTION

Effect of Different Ventilation Methods in Plastic Sheds on the Spread of Cucumber Bacterial Angular Leaf Spot

LIAO Kai, LI Xin, SHI YanXia, XIE XueWen, LI Lei, FAN TengFei, WANG ShaoHui, LI BaoJu, CHAI ALi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1934-1946.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.006

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【Objective】 Cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot, a global bacterial disease, has caused significant economic losses to the cucumber industry. Ventilation mode, temperature, humidity and other environmental factors in the greenhouse are important factors that affect the diffusion and transmission of pathogens. In this study, the impact of different ventilation methods in plastic sheds on the distribution and variation of temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse, as well as the diffusion of pathogens and disease transmission were evaluated. 【Method】 Three ventilation methods (20.0 m×7.0 m×3.0 m) were set up in this experiment, including bottom and top ventilation, top ventilation, and bottom ventilation. After atomizing the bacterial suspension of Pal pathogens manually at the central position of the plastic shed for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 h, nutrient agar plates were used to collect Pal pathogens at distances of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 m from the center of the inoculum source. Based on the results of colony counts, a dynamic diagram of the deposition and diffusion of Pal pathogens was drawn to analyze the impact of ventilation modes on pathogen diffusion. An inoculation area for Pal pathogens was set up in the central location of the plastic shed. The pathogen sampler for agricultural cultivation space was used to collect Pal aerosols at distances of 0, 0.5, and 1.5 m from the inoculation area. Next, qPCR technology was adopted to detect the concentration of Pal pathogens, while the disease index of cucumbers was also investigated. Temperature and humidity recorders were used to monitor temperature and humidity data at different locations inside the cucumber greenhouse. Then, temperature and humidity distribution maps under different ventilation modes in the longitudinal and cross sections of the greenhouse were drawn and the impact of ventilation methods on the distribution and changes of temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse was analyzed. 【Result】 The different ventilation methods in plastic sheds had a significant impact on the spread of Pal pathogens. With bottom and top ventilation, the concentration of Pal pathogens at different locations within the plastic shed was lowest, and the colony count was 3-469 CFU/m²; whereas with only bottom ventilation or top ventilation, there was local accumulation and more deposition of the pathogens, with the colony counts being 2-847 and 5-800 CFU/m², respectively. In field experiments on cucumber cultivation in plastic sheds, ventilation methods significantly affected the regulation of temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse as well as the transmission efficiency of cucumber bacterial angular leaf spot. Among them, the bottom and top ventilation treatment resulted in the best overall cooling and dehumidification effect inside the plastic sheds, with the lowest relative humidity at night. The humidity of the longitudinal and cross sections inside the greenhouse at 24: 00 were 70.6%RH-83.7%RH and 80.3%RH-93.0%RH, respectively, which were lower than those under the bottom ventilation treatment (80.2%RH-87.3%RH and 91.1%RH-96.1%RH) and top ventilation treatment (78.2%RH-92.2%RH and 91.9%RH-96.4%RH). Additionally, the concentration of Pal pathogens was the lowest at 8 128 CFU/m³, leading to the lightest disease incidence of cucumbers with a disease index of 23.33. The top ventilation treatment was the second best, with a concentration of Pal pathogens at 13 542 CFU/m³ and a cucumber disease index of 27.39. For the bottom ventilation treatment, the concentration of Pal pathogens was the highest, reaching 27 954 CFU/m³, resulting in the most severe disease incidence of cucumbers, with a disease index of 32.96. 【Conclusion】 The bottom and top ventilation strategy in plastic sheds has a good effect on cooling and dehumidifying the greenhouse. The spread of Pal pathogens is slow, resulting in mild disease incidence in cucumbers. The results of this study can provide a basis for guiding ventilation regulation in cucumber cultivation.

Cloning，Expression and Binding Characteristic with Bt Cry8Ea3 Toxin of HpvATPase B from Holotrichia parallela

QIAO YingCui, WANG BoYu, WANG Qian, ZHAO Dan, GUO Wei, NING WenShuo, CHANG MengYing, WANG Hai, LU XiuJun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1947-1957.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.007

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【Objective】 This study aims to investigate the function of HpvATPase B protein, and to clarify the role of this protein in the action of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein against the larvae of Holotrichia parallela. 【Method】 Based on transcriptome data of the H. parallela, the open reading frame (ORF) of HpvATPase B was identified and cloned. HpvATPase B was expressed in vitro using a prokaryotic expression system and detected by Western blot. The expression levels of HpvATPase B in different tissues of 2-day-old of 3rd instar larvae of H. parallela were determined using qRT-PCR. The binding characteristics of HpvATPase B protein to Bt Cry8Ea3 toxin were detected by Ligand blot and ELISA. Sf9 cells transfected with HpvATPase B were subjected to immunofluorescence and cell viability assays to evaluate the binding of HpvATPase B to Bt Cry8Ea3, and the changes in cell mortality after treatment with Cry8Ea3 were compared. 【Result】 The cloned HpvATPase B (GenBank accession number: MZ004965) is about 1 497 bp, encoding 498 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 55 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.51. Three N-glycosylation sites (²³⁹N, ³³³N, ⁴⁵⁸N) and four O-glycosylation sites (⁴S, ⁸T, ²³S, ²⁸S) were predicted. HpvATPase B protein has the highest sequence identity (55%) with Trypoxylus dichotomus V-ATPase B (GenBank accession number: GJQ75664.1) and Oryctes borbonicus V-ATPase B (GenBank accession number: KRT83436.1). The recombinant plasmid pET30a-HpvATPase B was successfully constructed, yielding a 55 kDa protein with peak expression at 8 h post-induction. The HpvATPase B had the highest expression level in the Malpighian tubules. Ligand blot confirmed specific binding between HpvATPase B and Bt Cry8Ea3 but not Cry1Ab35. The affinity of HpvATPase B protein to Bt Cry8Ea3 and Cry1Ab35 was determined by ELISA. The binding ability to Bt Cry8Ea3 was strong, and the Kd was 7.20 nmol·L^-1, but it did not bind to Cry1Ab35, and the affinity did not change with the concentration of Cry1Ab35. pFastBac^TM HTA-HpvATPase B was constructed and Sf9 transgenic cells were successfully obtained. Immunofluorescence assay showed that HpvATPase B protein specifically bound to Cry8Ea3 toxin protein. Cell bioassay showed that when the concentration of Cry8Ea3 protein was 10 and 100 μg·mL^-1, the average corrected mortality of transgenic cells was 25.92% and 75.53%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P<0.05), indicating that HpvATPase B was Bt Cry8Ea3 receptor protein. 【Conclusion】 HpvATPase B protein was identified as the receptor protein of Bt Cry8Ea3 through a series of in vitro binding assays, immunofluorescence analyses, and cytotoxicity evaluations. This protein plays a crucial role in mediating the toxic effects of Bt Cry8Ea3 on H. parallela larvae.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Residue Return Methods on Nitrogen Mineralization and N-Cycling Functional Genes in Black Soil of Northeast China

ZHANG Yang, GAO Yan, ZHANG Yan, HUANG DanDan, CHEN XueWen, ZHANG ShiXiu, LIANG AiZhen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1958-1968.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.008

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【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of different residue return methods on nitrogen fractions, nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen-cycling genes in black soil of Northeast China, and to clear the soil nitrogen supply capacity and the change of soil nitrogen cycling gene community structure under long-term residue return. 【Method】 Based on the long-term experiment of black soil in Northeast China, the residue incorporated into soil (RI) and the residue covered on soil surface (RC) under monoculture maize were selected, with residue removed as control (CK). Nitrogen content in soil fractions were measured, soil nitrogen mineralization incubation was conducted by using leaching incubation at intervals, and fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the copy number of nitrogen-cycling genes in soil. 【Result】 After 8-year experiment, compared with CK, RC significantly increased the content of particulate organic nitrogen (PON)(0.21 g·kg^-1) and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (MAON) (0.27 g·kg^-1) in surface (0-5 cm) soil, whereas RI only increased the content of MAON (0.13 g·kg^-1) in soil (P<0.05). Residue return (RI and RC) markedly increased the microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) in soil by 1.4-2.8 times (P<0.05), the RI had higher content of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), while the RC had the lowest content of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^-). In comparison with CK, residue return significantly enhanced soil nitrogen mineralization amount by 25.3%-83.2% (P<0.05), taking the descending order of RC>RI>CK. Residue return remarkably increased the potential of soil nitrogen mineralization (N₀) and mineralization rate constant (k) (P<0.05) by using a first-order reaction kinetics model, both showing the highest values under RC, with N₀ and k reached 199.8 mg·kg^-1 and 0.31 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, respectively. Random forest analysis indicated that PON, MBN, and NO₃^- had greater impacts on N₀. In addition, the abundance of nifH, AOB and nirS genes under residue return were enhanced and the abundance of AOA and nirK genes under residue return were declined in comparison with residue removed (P<0.05), which indicated that residue return could change the structure of soil nitrogen-cycling genes communities. Redundancy analysis (RDA) result showed that the changes of soil microbial community structure were affected by different nitrogen fractions under different residue return methods. 【Conclusion】 Long-term residue covered on soil surface had the highest organic nitrogen content and nitrogen mineralization potential in soil. It was beneficial to improve soil nitrogen pools and to ensure the supply of nitrogen required for plant growth, which provided greater possibility for reducing the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer in cropland in black soil of Northeast China.

Effects of Land Utilization Methods on Soil Organic Carbon and Its Labile Fractions in Karst Peak-Cluster Depression

CHEN WuRong, XIAO ShuangShuang, XIAO Jun, CHEN Dan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1969-1981.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.009

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【Objective】 By studying the response characteristics of soil organic carbon and its labile fractions to land utilization methods in karst peak cluster depressions, the result could provide the theoretical basis for the maintenance of soil carbon pool stability, ecological restoration and reconstruction in karst areas. 【Method】 Based on long-term field positioning experiments, five common land use methods were selected in karst peak cluster depression areas, including enclosure, burning, cutting, grass planting, and maize planting, to study the effects of different land utilization methods on soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, namely particulate organic carbon (POC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). 【Result】 The SOC content under different land utilization methods showed as follows: enclosure>burning>cutting>grass planting>maize planting, and the SOC content in maize planting as significantly lower than other land utilization methods (P<0.05). The trend of changes in soil POC content was consistent with that of SOC, but the decrease in POC content among land utilization methods was greater than that of SOC; the content of LFOC and EOC in soil was highest in the enclosure, and lowest in maize planting; compared with enclosure, the burning significantly increased soil MBC content. Soil POC was the main labile fraction of soil organic carbon in different land utilization methods in the study area. The POC/SOC ratio ranged from 39.3% to 58.6%, with enclosure>cutting>burning>grass planting>maize planting. The ratios of LFOC/SOC and EOC/SOC were lower in enclosure and burning, but the highest were observed under maize planting. Correlation analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) between POC, EOC, MBC and SOC in karst areas soil, which could sensitively reflect soil SOC dynamics. SOC, POC, EOC, and MBC were all significantly positively correlated with TN, AN, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ (P<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with clay particles (P<0.05); SOC, LFOC, POC, EOC, MBC were significantly negatively correlated with silt particles (P<0.05) and significantly positively correlated with sand particles (P<0.05); SOC, EOC, and MBC were significantly positively correlated with TP (P<0.05). Redundancy analysis indicated that AN, Ca²⁺, TP, as well as silt and clay particles in soil, were the most significant contributing factors to changes in SOC and its labile fractions content. This suggested that the changes in soil physical and chemical properties under different land utilization methods were closely related to changes in SOC and its labile fractions content. 【Conclusion】 Strategies such as enhancing vegetation coverage and reducing high-intensity utilization were beneficial for increasing organic carbon content and maintaining its stability in karst peak cluster depressions, while measures such as long-term tillage that cause significant soil disturbance increased the risk of organic carbon and fraction loss.

“Green Manure Plus” Industry Mechanism and Its Practices

GAO SongJuan, WU CuiXia, ZHOU GuoPeng, CHANG DanNa, CAO WeiDong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1982-1993.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.010

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Green manuring is primarily used to support the production of main crops and to improve the farmlands’ ecology, thus lacks its own product unit. Studies have proved that it is an effective pathway to produce high-quality products. How to introduce such products into the market and serve more population is a challenge of the green manure industry. Over one decade of exploration and accumulation, we proposed the "Green Manure Plus" industry mechanism in 2018, and have continuously carried out scientific research and industrial practice around the new mechanism. The "Green Manure Plus" industry mechanism is the whole process based on the green manure production system, including using green manure technology to produce high-quality and healthy agricultural products for promoting the marketization of these products; the relevant products are called "Green Manure Plus" ones. The "Green Manure Plus" industry mechanism mainly includes developing the technology modes, building the production bases, materializing the products, and constructing the market systems. The "Green Manure Plus" products can be well done because green manuring can provide large amounts of clean and organic fertilizer sources, improve the soil quality effectively, and help the main crops achieve high productivity and quality with less fertilization. These characteristics of green manure form the theoretical basis for the development of “Green Manure Plus” products. The innovative mechanism has greatly expanded the green manure industry path, converting the disadvantage of unclear industry form into the advantage of the "Green Manure Plus" platform, which no longer being constrained by the product unit of green manure itself, and can play roles in different regions and agricultural systems. Over six years of development and practice, the diversified "Green Manure Plus" modes were constructed, including "Green Manure Plus" organic/clean rice, high-quality fruits, flour, tea, and vegetables, etc., providing the green manure’s path for the comprehensive rural revitalization for the new era. In future, the main goals of the "Green Manure Plus" industry are to strengthen the research and development of "Green Manure Plus" industry technology and product creation, to accelerate the construction of branding, marketization, and standardization, and to promote continuously the transformation of green mountains and lucid waters into invaluable assets by green manure’s practice.

HORTICULTURE

Research and Practice on High Photosynthetic Efficiency Breeding of Grapes in Hot Climate Regions

CAO XiongJun, WANG Bo, HAN JiaYu, LIAO YongFeng, XIE ShuYu, BAI Yang, HUANG XiaoYun, LU Li, HUANG QiuMi, JIANG ChunFen, PAN FengPing, BAI XianJin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  1994-2007.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.011

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【Objective】 Grapes (Vitis vinifera) hold significant economic importance in hot climate regions. However, high temperatures pose severe challenges to their photosynthetic efficiency, as well as to fruit yield and quality. At the same time, these extreme conditions provide unique natural selection pressures conducive to breeding grape varieties with both high photosynthetic efficiency and heat tolerance. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of high temperatures in hot regions on grape photosynthetic efficiency, assess the feasibility of breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency under such conditions, and employ photosynthetic parameters for the early selection of hybrid progenies exhibiting high efficiency, heat tolerance, and superior fruit quality. The findings are intended to offer scientific foundations and practical support for high-efficiency grape breeding in hot climates. 【Method】 A total of 187 germplasm resources, including Shine Muscat, and 683 progenies from five hybrid crosses were used as experimental materials. We measured the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), heat tolerance indicators (F_v/F_m, PI_abs, ET_o/CS_m and W_K), and soluble solid content (Brix) of the fruits. These data were analyzed to determine the distribution characteristics of photosynthetic efficiency and to evaluate the heat tolerance of the hybrid progenies. Based on these evaluations, we identified elite lines with both high photosynthetic efficiency and heat tolerance. 【Result】 High temperatures significantly inhibited grape photosynthetic efficiency, with the net photosynthetic rate decreasing by up to 30.28% at 40 ℃. However, compared to the first crops of summer fruit leaves formed in a milder environment, the second crops of winter fruit leaves, developed under high-temperature conditions, exhibited higher photosynthetic efficiency and stability, indicating that high-temperature climates in hot regions provide a unique environment for uncovering high-efficiency potential. The net photosynthetic rate and other photosynthetic efficiency indicators in the hybrid progeny population followed a normal distribution, suggesting that photosynthetic efficiency in grapes can be enhanced through generational selection in high-efficiency breeding. Five excellent hybrid lines with high photosynthetic efficiency were selected, among which the line 21A-7-297 had a net photosynthetic rate of 24.88 µmol·m^-2·s^-1, 26.42% higher than the parent Shine Muscat and a fruit Brix of 22.03, 15.34% higher. Heat tolerance analysis showed that 21A-7-297 and 21A-7-145 maintained maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) values of 0.61 and 0.62 under 47 ℃ heat stress, significantly higher than the parent Ruiduhongyu (0.44), demonstrating better heat adaptation. 【Conclusion】 This study revealed the impact of high temperatures in hot regions on grape photosynthetic efficiency and used photosynthetic and heat tolerance parameters for early screening. Hybrid lines with high photosynthetic efficiency, heat tolerance, and good fruit quality were rapidly obtained from the hybrid progeny populations, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of high-efficiency breeding for grapes in hot regions. Future work can further optimize high-efficiency breeding strategies based on an in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms of high photosynthetic efficiency.

Effects of Seedlessness and Swelling Treatments Based on GA₃ and CPPU on the Fruit Quality of 'Shine Muscat' Grapes

DONG Jie, ZHANG Peng, LI WangZe, LI HeFang, ZHOU GuoChao, CHEN KeQin, FANG YuLin, ZHANG KeKun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  2008-2021.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.012

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【Objective】 Seedless treatments and swelling treatments are important measures to improve the marketability of grapes. This study aimed to determine the effects of different seedless and swelling treatment formulas on grape fruit quality by analyzing the differences in fruit quality and aroma component accumulation under different concentrations of GA₃ and CPPU mixture treatments for 'Shine Muscat' grapes, with a view to providing guidance for practical production applications. 【Method】 Taking 'Shine Muscat' grapes as materials, A group (10.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+1.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU), B group (25.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+1.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU), C group (25.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU), D group (50.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+5.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU), X group (15.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU) and water control (CK) were carried out for seedless treatments in six groups at full-bloom stage, respectively. 15 days after full-bloom, P0 (clear water), P1 (15.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.5 mg·L^-1 CPPU), P2 (35.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.5 mg·L^-1 CPPU), and P3 (55.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.5 mg·L^-1 CPPU) were carried out for swelling treatments in three groups on group C treatment. The effects of different seedless treatment and swelling treatment formulas on the appearance morphological indexes, color indexes and aroma components of grape fruits were compared. 【Result】 The seedless rate of fruits treated with different seedless methods was higher than that of the control group, with the D group treatment achieving a 100% seedless rate. In terms of fruit quality, the D and C groups had the highest grain weight, the largest diameter, the highest skin brightness, and the strongest storability. The B and C groups had the highest sugar accumulation and the most significant increase in the solid-acid ratio. Regarding aromatic substances, different seedless treatments increased the variety of aromas. The C group treatment increased the components of terpenes and aldehydes, adding layers to the aroma. In the post-bloom fruit swelling treatments, groups P2 and P3 significantly improved fruit quality, increased fruit diameter, and enhanced storability. The P2 treatment most notably increased skin brightness and saturation. Group P1 and P2 significantly increased sugar accumulation and reduced acidity. All three treatments reduced the concentration of aromas, with P2 showing a greater increase in aroma concentration, and expanding the fruit while preserving its aromatic diversity. 【Conclusion】 Applying 25.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.0 mg·L^-1 CPPU during the full-bloom stage, with 35.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+3.5 mg·L^-1 CPPU post-bloom 15 days later, could improve the seedless rate and expansion effect of 'Shine Muscat' grape fruits while enhancing the overall fruit quality.

FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Analysis of Multidimensional Characterization Methods for Tannin Quality in Dry Red Wine

LI JiaHui, LI YueQi, ZHOU XiaoFang, FAN GuoYuan, LI AiHua, TAO YongSheng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  2022-2034.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.013

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【Objective】 Tannins are important polyphenolic compounds that significantly influence the sensory characteristics of color, aroma, and taste in dry red wine. This study compared various methods for tannin analysis, including spectroscopic quantification, total phenols, monomers, binding characteristics, and astringency quality, so as to provide the methodological support for the comprehensive characterization of tannin quality in dry red wine. 【Method】 The study used 18 Xinjiang dry red wines aged from 1 to 9 years. Tannin spectroscopic quantification was conducted using the Folin-Denis method, Bate-Smith method, hydrochloric acid-vanillin method, protein precipitation method, and methyl cellulose method. Total phenols were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method, while flavanols and flavonols were quantified using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Aggregation characteristics were analyzed using the hydrochloric acid, ethanol, and gelatin precipitation methods. Tannin astringency quality was evaluated by a trained sensory panel, assessing six attributes: astringency balance, astringency intensity, acidity intensity, dryness, puckery, and smoothness. 【Result】 In comparison to other spectroscopic quantification methods, the methyl cellulose method showed higher recovery rate, with the recovery rates of mixed tannins added to simulated wine, raw wine, and finished wine being 130.67%, 107.54%, and 76.94%, respectively. Tannin content, as measured by the five spectroscopic methods, decreased with wine age, with the methyl cellulose method (1 247-3 103 mg·L^-1) and the Bate-Smith method (1 643-5 064 mg·L^-1) showing distinct trends. Total phenol (3 145-4 383 mg·L^-1), flavanols (352-1 151 mg·L^-1), and flavonols (107-199 mg·L^-1) content also decreased as wine age increased, with correlation coefficients of 0.71, 0.65, and 0.29 with the methyl cellulose method, respectively. The hydrochloric acid index (0.11-0.35) and ethanol index (0.21-0.44) showed an increasing trend with wine age, while the gelatin index (0.08-0.53) showed no clear trend. Sensory analysis revealed that astringency intensity was most prominent in the 1-3 year group, gradually weakening as the wine aged, with a reduction in puckery and an increase in smoothness. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the tested samples indicated that spectroscopic quantification, flavanol content, astringency intensity, and puckery were the most important factors in most to differentiating between wine samples. Wines in the 1-3 year group had higher tannin content and stronger astringency; wines in the 4-6 year group had weaker astringency but the strongest acidity and dryness; wines in the 7-9 year group had higher tannin polymerization and the weakest astringency but stronger acidity. 【Conclusion】 The methyl cellulose method has been shown to be the most effective for determining total tannin content in dry red wines. Total phenols and flavanols were effective at quantifying both the overall and monomeric tannin characteristics. The hydrochloric acid index and ethanol index were effective indicators of tannin binding characteristics, while astringency intensity and puckery were key indicators for distinguishing the sensory attributes of tannins.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE

Identification and Functional Analysis of Adaptive Amino Acid Mutations in the Eurasian Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus

WAN YunFei, YANG YuYing, ZHANG NaiXin, XU MengMeng, YU QinHao, QIAO ChuanLing, CHEN HuaLan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(10):  2035-2044.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.014

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【Objective】 Influenza A virus (IAV) can cross species barriers through adaptive mutations, and infect a variety of mammals, including humans, posing a continual threat to global public health. Based on cell passage culture, the adaptive amino acid mutations of influenza virus were identified and their impacts on viral biological characteristics of were further investigated, which could provide a theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of influenza 【Method】 A/swine/Zhejiang/199/2013 (H1N1) (ZJ199) virus was passaged in MDCK cells, with the adaptive amino acid mutations occurred in the virus after three passages, which was named ZJ199-P3. The replication capacity and infectivity of the ZJ199 and ZJ199-P3 viruses were compared both in vitro and in vivo. A reverse genetics system for ZJ199 was established, and recombinant viruses containing single-site mutation were rescued using rZJ199 as a backbone. The replication capacities of the parental virus and the single-site mutant recombinant viruses were determined in vitro to identify key amino acid sites affecting viral replication. The impacts of the adaptive mutations on viral biological activity were further investigated by measuring viral polymerase activity, neuraminidase activity, and the activity of ISRE and NF-κB reporter genes. 【Result】 Comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences between the ZJ199 and ZJ199-P3 viruses revealed three mutations in the ZJ199-P3 virus, including A234T in the NP protein, S21G in the NA protein, and M100I in the NS2 protein, respectively. Replication capacity assays demonstrated that the ZJ199-P3 virus exhibited reduced replication abilities both in vitro and in vivo, compared with the ZJ199 virus. Using reverse genetics system, recombinant virus rZJ199 and its single-point mutant viruses including rZJ199-NA-S21G, rZJ199-NP-A234T, and rZJ199-NS2-M100I were rescued. In vitro replication analysis showed that the NP-A234T mutation significantly impaired viral replication capacity compared with the rZJ199 virus, whereas the NA-S21G and NS2-M100I mutations had no apparent effect on viral replication. Further studies demonstrated that the NP-A234T mutation reduced viral polymerase activity, the NA-S21G mutation decreased neuraminidase enzymatic activity, and the NS2-M100I mutation weakened the inhibitory effects on ISRE and NF-κB reporter gene activities. 【Conclusion】 Through serial passaging in cells, three adaptive mutations were identified in the EA H1N1 SIV. The A234T mutation in the NP reduced viral polymerase activity, resulting in diminished viral replication in vitro. The S21G mutation in the NA protein and the M100I mutation in the NS2 protein both impacted the virus's biological activity. These findings underscored the importance of enhanced surveillance of influenza viruses to provide critical scientific evidence for the development of effective influenza prevention and control strategies.