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Table of Content

    10 April 2009, Volume 42 Issue 4
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Analysis of QTL and GE Effects on PGWC in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using CSSL and BIL Populations
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1129-1135 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.001
    Abstract ( 1230 )   PDF (301KB) ( 856 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The additive and epistatic and their GE effects on PGWC were analyzed in rice, genetic characters of PGWC in rice and characters of QTL detected in different populations were discussed. 【Method】 A BIL population and a CSSL population derived from the cross of Koshihikari (japonica) and Kasalath (indica) were used to detect QTL and epistatic QTL and GE effects on PGWC in Nanjing in 2005 and 2006. CSSL carried overlapping chromosome segments of Kasalath in a genetic background of Koshihikari. 【Result】 Five QTL and two pairs of epistatic QTL were detected in CSSL population and three QTL and four pairs of epistatic QTL were detected in BIL population. Of them, qPGWC-6a was detected in the two populations. Only one pair of epistatic QTL was detected in two years and in CSSL population. All of QTL had a significant GE effects (P<0.01) in BIL population. A total of two new QTL for PGWC were found on chromosome 3 and 4 in this experiment. 【Conclusion】 Epistatic effects is important for the heredity of PGWC as well as additive effects, there is ubiquitous for GE effects on PGWC, but which is inferior to the corresponding additive effects and epistatic effects. QTL detected in different populations contributed to completely reveal the genetic network for PGWC in rice.

    Genetic Diversity Analysis of Henan Maize Landrace by Phenotype and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1136-1144 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.002
    Abstract ( 1177 )   PDF (282KB) ( 1278 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To provide a reasonable further improved program, genetic diversity of maize landrace in Henan was analyzed. 【Method】 Genetic diversity of 88 maize landraces was analyzed by phenotypes and SSR genotype in this research. 【Result】 These maize germplasms varied significantly in all of the measured morphological traits. Phenotype cluster analysis showed the 88 accessions were divided into seven groups, and most of the landraces were clustered into one group. However, a few varieties could be clustered into another single group. 2-10 polymorphic fragments were amplified stably by each SSR marker. Total 198 alleles were detected at 40 loci and the average number of alleles was 4.95. Genetic dissimilarity coefficients ranged from 0.63 to 0.89. These maize germplasms were also could be clustered into seven groups, and most of them could be clustered into one group. The relationship between morphological and SSR-based distance was significant and positive (r=0.78, P=0.01) by Mental test.【Conclusion】 The results showed that the genetic resource of Henan maize landraces is narrow and single, the genetic diversity is low, and only a few landraces are divided into single groups. So the improvement and conservation of maize landrace in Henan should be made according to the targest.

    Innovation in Jigu 28 of Super Prematurity and High Quality New Millet Variety with Flexible Growth Period and Study on Its Related Physiological Mechanism

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1145-1151 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.003
    Abstract ( 1048 )   PDF (322KB) ( 1045 )   Save
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    【Objective】To solve the difficult problems of the complicated ecological conditions, a few adapted crops, low effectiveness and lack of high efficient crops with good adaptability in the wide high-cold region of China. 【Method】 Using Target Character Gene Bank Breeding method, the new millet germplasm “Super Prematurity No.3” was bred and its physiological mechanism, was studied and named as Jigu 28 by China Millet Variety Authentication Committee in 2007. 【Result】 Jigu 28 has some prominent characters as follows: (1) Super prematurity. It normally matures in Bashang region in Hebei Province, it needs effective accumulated temperature 1 600℃ in growth period, thus moved the planting boundary of spring and summer millet northward. (2) Flexible growth period. It normally matures in Bashang region where the altitude above 1 400 meters in Hebei province, especially the northmost region of Bashang where above 1 600 meters. (3) High quality. It was appraised as the 1st grade high quality millet in the Seventh China High Quality Edible Millet Appraisal Meeting. (4) Grain and grass high-yield. The average grain yield is 4 286.25 kg?hm-2,the average millet grass yield is 4 718.61 kg?hm-2 in high-cold region experiment. (5) Better general characters. The physiological mechanism of Jigu 28 is that a few of leaf, early spike differentiation and comparatively centralization of the growth center after elongation stage. 【Conclusion】 It is of great significance in promoting the development of super early maturation millet breeding and millet industry in high-cold region, agriculture harmony with animal husbandry, the adjustment of the structure of crop production, structural adjustment of plantation. The great significance result from the breeding and extending of Jigu 28 in high-cold region.

    Mapping the qBN-c1-1 Locus to LG C1 for Soybean Branching Using Residual Heterozygous Lines Derived from a Segregation Population
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1152-1157 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.004
    Abstract ( 1176 )   PDF (242KB) ( 791 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Branch number is one of the major factors related to both plant type and yield in soybean. The objective of this study was to map the branch number related QTL, and analyze the inheritance stability over generations for the improvement of yield in marker assistant selection (MAS) in soybean. 【Method】 A molecular genetic map was constructed by using the F2 population derived from KeXin3×ZhongHuang20, which was used to map the branch number related QTL with F2:4 population. Residual heterozygous lines were selected from F2:5 population by two markers flanking the QTL, to construct secondary separated population. 【Result】 The QTL related to branch number was located at the interval of Satt294 and Satt399 on linkage group C1, explained 12.01% of the variance and the additive effect is -0.51, and the effect originated from KeXin3. QTL analysis by the residual heterozygous line mapped the QTL of soybean branch number between Satt399 and Satt361, with R2 of 11.16% and additive effect of -1.74, and the inhibited effect also originated from Kexin3, which was the same with result of F2:4 population. 【Conclusion】 The branch number related QTL was mapped on soybean linkage group C1 and could be stably inherited in different generations from the same cross.

    Construction and Characterization of Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Asian Cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) in the Whole-Life Cycle
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1158-1164 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.005
    Abstract ( 1009 )   PDF (540KB) ( 845 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In order to develop a functional genomics platform for diploid Asia cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) and discover novel genes related to resistance and development, a normalized full-length cDNA library of Shixiya I (Gossypium arboreum L.) in the whole-life cycle was constructed. 【Method】 Individual plant of Shixiya I at the stages of cotyledon and seedling, leaves at the stage of seedling, flowers, buds and bolls at various stages were used for library construction. Total RNA was extracted from them with a modified CTAB method. Purified from total RNA, mRNA was reverse transcripted to double strands full length cDNA with the SMART technique. The cDNA from different tissues was normalized with the DSN method, then the normalized cDNA was linked with λZAP Ⅱ vector. The normalized full length cDNA library was constructed when the ligation was packed with Gigapack Ⅲ XL packaging extract. 【Result】 The titer of primary library was 4×106 pfu?ml-1, the capacity was 2×106 clones, and the recombination ratio was more than 95%. The average insertion size was above 1.5 kb. Random selected 192 clones were sequenced, the redundancy was 3.49%. With BLASTN, sequences were compared against online nucleotide databases, 78.31% of the sequences were not found in GenBank, and 21.69% were found in existing nucleotide databases. 【Conclusion】 It is suggested that the cDNA library was well normalized with high quality. Most likely containing many novel genes, the library can be well used for cotton functional genomics, novel gene screening and high-throughput EST sequencing.

    Tobacco Plants Transformed with Tomato Sense LetAPX Enhanced Salt Tolerance

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1165-1171 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.006
    Abstract ( 1079 )   PDF (430KB) ( 999 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective is to investigate the relationship between thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) and the salt tolerance. 【Method】 WT, sense-transgenic lines T2-2 (+) and T2-6 (+) of tobacco were used to measure the activities of APX and the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), germination of seeds, photosynthetic rate and chorophyll fluorescence parameters under salt stress. 【Result】 Northern blot analysis confirmed that tomato thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase gene (LetAPX) was transferred into the tobacco genome and the expression of LetAPX was induced by salt tolerance. Activities of APX and the capability for scavenging H2O2 of the transgenic tobacco plants were distinctly higher than those of WT under NaCl treatment. Overexpression of LetAPX in tobacco improved germination of seeds, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings under salt stress. The photosynthetic rate and maximal photochemistry efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in the transgenic plants were higher than those of WT after NaCl treatment. 【Conclusion】 These results indicate that the overexpression of LetAPX improved salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
    A Simulation Model of Leaf Appearance on Main Stem of Rice

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1172-1180 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.007
    Abstract ( 967 )   PDF (397KB) ( 826 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between leaf position on the stem of rice cultivar and effective accumulated temperature and to describe the progress of leaf appearance on main stem of rice. 【Method】 Sixteen rice cultivars were used in this experiment. They were planted with different sowing dates in Nanjing, Jiangsu and Lijiang, Yunnan. The relationship between leaf position on the stem of cultivar and effective accumulated temperature was observed. 【Result】 The results indicated that the leaf within one stem appeared more later it would need more effective accumulated temperature. Moreover, there were two turning points during rice growth period. One appeared when leaf number was 3 and the other one emerged while leaf number equaled N-n-2. Therefore, the piecewise function was used to describe the progress of leaf appearance on main stem of rice. Data collected from two regions were used to validate the model. The RMSE between simulated values and measured values were less than 0.1. 【Conclusion】 This study suggested that the model had good forecast ability and practicability for leaf appearance.

    Three-Dimensional Digitization in situ of Rice Canopies and Virtual Stratified-Clipping Method

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1181-1189 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.008
    Abstract ( 1532 )   PDF (467KB) ( 867 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of this paper was to explore a technology which can accurately reflect the three-dimensional (3D) canopy architecture of rice plants. 【Method】 The 3D digitizing technology was used to measure the rice plant structure in situ at the filling stage and its accuracy was evaluated. Virtual stratified-clipping method was used to analyze the rice plant architecture. 【Result】 The 3D digitizing was an accurate method to collect the 3D coordinates of rice canopy in situ, thus quantify geometrical characteristics of rice plants. The virtual canopy, which was reconstructed according to the measured data, reflected the 3D architecture of rice in the field. The virtual stratified-clipping method could be used to accurately analyze the distribution of canopy elements in 3D space from different aspects. Appropriate virtual clipping interval should be employed in canopy architecture analysis, as too large or too small clipping interval may result in significant error or noise.【Conclusion】 The 3D digitizing technology and virtual stratified-clipping method are promising in quantifying the canopy architecture of rice plants.

    Architectural Parameter-Based Geometric Modeling and Visualization of Rice Panicle

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1190-1196 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.009
    Abstract ( 882 )   PDF (426KB) ( 831 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of the study was to develop an architectural parameter-based geometrical model and realize the visualization of panicle in rice. 【Method】 Based on measuring and analysing morphological structure of rice panicle, an architectural parameter-based geometrical model for rice panicle was developed by using 3D geometric modeling technology. The model included 4 submodels: panicle axis curve, panicle axis geometry, primary and secondary branch geometry, and spikelet geometry submodels. Bezier curves were used to simulate dynamics of the panicle axis curve, panicle axis geometry submodel was developed by mapping panicle axis curve to 3D, primary and secondary branch geometry submodel was developed with a part of panicle axis and a cylinder, spikelet geometry submodel was developed by a ellipsoid and a cylinder. Based on topographic structure of rice panicle, the rice panicle geometrical model was developed. The main parameters of the model were the length of panicle, the angle of panicle-neck, the length and number of primary and secondary branches, the grain size and so on. 【Result】 Based on the geometrical model for rice panicle and the platform of OpenGL, the dynamic growth processes of three-dimensional morphological structure of rice panicle was realized on the computer. 【Conclusion】 Rice panicle visualization could lay a foundation for development of visual growth system in rice and be used for reference to the visualization of other crops.

    Preliminary Research of Monitoring the Existing Cotton-Seedling Density Based on LANDSAT-5 Cell Level

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1197-1206 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.010
    Abstract ( 1092 )   PDF (496KB) ( 710 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Based on the Landsat-5 cell level, analyzing the factors affecting the estimating veracity, exploring vegetation indexes to clear up the space information difference of the non-cotton background, ascertaining the optimal time to monitoring the existing cotton-seedling density, as a result, the information would be provided for the cotton yield estimation and zones management. 【Method】 Sixty group sample data, consisting of the existing cotton-seedling density, longitude/latitude, sowing time, emergence time, were obtained through investigating the thirteen fields (630 hm2), and three sample dot data in every sample area were averaged. EVI and DEVI were picked up from the images of five times from sowing time to full-flowering. And then sixty group sample data were divided into two equal parts to establish and text models. The linear models were established by data of the middle sowing time and the all three sowing times on the basis of EVI and DEVI, respectively, and the model veracity was tested by RMSE and REPE. At last, the existing cotton-seedling density at the country scale was retrieved by the best model.【Result】 The analysis results showed that the difference of seedling size caused by the different emergence times debased the estimation veracity; and as the sample of the different sowing times, the testing result of the middle sowing time models showed that the absolute error of the existing cotton-seedling number of each hectare on 9 June and 25 June was 2.05×104 plants/hm2 and 2.08×104 plants/hm2, respectively, the absolute error under the three sowing times was 2.80×104 plants/hm2 and 2.53×104 plants/hm2 respectively. DEVI Compared with EVI on 24 May cleared up the effect of the space difference of the non-cotton background to some extent, and then the estimation time advanced from 9 June to 24 May. Giving attention to veracity and time of models, the optimal time monitoring the existing cotton-seedling density was from budding to full-flowering. As an example, I function on 9 June was used to monitor the existing cotton-seedling density in the 148th farm of Xinjiang Construction Crops, the result could exhibit the distributing proportion and space characteristics rightly. 【Conclusion】 The result showed that emergence time and the space background difference are the main factors affecting the estimation veracity of the existing cotton-seedling density, and the models based on different sowing times could improve the estimation level, and DEVI could make the monitoring time in advance, and the optimal time for estimating the existing cotton-seedling density was from budding to full-flowering, and the demonstration indicated that the research result was feasible.

    Study on Ontology-Based Framework of Crop System Simulation

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1207-1214 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.011
    Abstract ( 1087 )   PDF (360KB) ( 1017 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The Crop System Simulation Framework (CSSF) is the basis of the reconfigurable simulation software about the crop model resource mapping and design. 【Method】 This research bring the technology of ontology into the field of crop system simulation. Based on the physiological and ecological processes of crop growth, the common characteristics and relationships of crop system (wheat, rice, cotton, rapeseed) modeling processes, model algorithm and model parameters were analyzed and extracted with the ontologies of simulation and crop simulation, the CSSF were constructed. 【Result】 CSSF includes outer (CMOKF) and inner (CMIKF) knowledge frameworks of crop modeling. CMOKF describes the outer common characteristics driven by time, space and environment, while CMIKF describes the inner common characteristics of models components and models algorithm about phasic and phenological development, biomass accumulation, dry matter distribution and yield formation, organ built, plant-soil water dynamics and nutrient balance simulation. 【Conclusion】 CSFF realized the knowledge level sharing the crop modeling concepts, processes, structures and methods, and could play a guiding role on designing the reusable crop model software architecture.

    Advances in Research on Computer-Vision Diagnosis of Crop Diseases

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1215-1221 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.012
    Abstract ( 946 )   PDF (239KB) ( 1179 )   Save
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    Statistics indicate that the crops output average loss caused by plant disease is above 12%, plant diseases not only affect the output directly, but also seriously reduce the quality of agricultural products. Taking the preventing and controlling measures promptly through rapid diagnosis and identification of crop diseases and improving the diagnosis level of crop diseases are an important part in preventing and controlling plant disease effectively. Development of computer-vision technology makes it possible to diagnose crop diseases quickly, economically and no-destructively. Firstly, the new progress of computer-vision diagnoses of crop diseases is reviewed, and the four types of technology routines of diagnosis of crop diseases are summarized. Secondly, the difficulties of diagnosing crop diseases with computer-vision are analyzed, and the possible solutions are discussed. Finally the development trend of computer-vision diagnosis of crop diseases is discussed.

    PLANT PROTECTION
    Cloning and Primary Characteration Analysis of Peroxiredoxin Gene (TaPrx) from Wheat

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1222-1229 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.013
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    【Objective】 Cloning TaPrx gene and analyzing its function preliminarily during interaction between wheat and Puccinia striiformi. 【Method】 A TaPrx gene was cloned by screening cDNA library using PCR combined with RACE, then it was analyzed by bioinformatics. The TaPrx gene was cloned into pET-32a(+) vector, and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) strain and then was induced by IPTG. The expression pattern of TaPrx gene was analyzed by Real-time RT-PCR. 【Result】 The full length of TaPrx gene was 688 bp and its ORF is 489 bp. It encoded a 162 amino acid protein with calculated molecular weight of 17.36 kD and isoelectric point of 5.32. The deduced protein included one conserved cysteine, however, the signal peptide and transmembrane helices were not found. The prediction of subcellular localization of TaPrx gene was cytoplasmic with 94% probability. The molecular weight of TaPrx fusion protein was 38 kD, and the best induced IPTG concentration was 0.05 mmol/L. The maximum fusion protein was obtained by inducing at 20℃ for 20 h. Real-time RT-PCR indicated that the expression of TaPrx was induced by Puccinia striiformi in wheat, and the highest expression occurred at 24 h and 18 h after inoculation in compatible and incompatible interaction respectively. 【Conclusion】 The polyclonal antiserum of TaPrx gene was obtained. The expression of TaPrx gene was induced by Puccinia striiformis and the TaPrx gene may play a key role in the interaction between wheat and Puccinia striiformi. However, the function of TaPrx gene, which eliminated and regulated ROS in wheat challenged by Puccinia striiformis, needs to be further analyzed.

    Progress in Research on TYLCD-Resistant Breeding of Tomato

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1230-1242 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.014
    Abstract ( 1048 )   PDF (438KB) ( 1616 )   Save
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    Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is the most destructive disease of tomato. It can cause serious loss, and is the main limiting factor in tomato production in many parts of the world. It is spread by silverleaf whiteflies, also known as Bemisia tabaci. The high variability among tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates from different geographical areas makes progress in breeding for resistance to TYLCD slowly. This paper reviews detection and control of TYLCV, current advance of study on the screening of TYLCD-resistance, methods of resistance identification, genes with resistance/tolerance to TYLCD and molecular marker. The problems to be solved and prospects of TYLCD-resistant breeding were discussed.

    Study on the Expression of p74 Gene of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Bacillus thuringiensis

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1243-1251 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.015
    Abstract ( 1156 )   PDF (578KB) ( 737 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This study was conducted to build a recombinant strain with highly insecticidal activity and a wide host range by using the cry1Ac gene and p74 gene. 【Method】 Firstly, the p74 gene was amplified from the genosome of Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus, the cry1Ac gene and the terminator gene of cry1Ac, named cry1Act, were amplified from the plasmid of Bt 4.0718 strain. Three T vectors, named pTp74, pT1Ac and pT1Act which held the aimed gene p74, cry1Ac and cry1Act, respectively, and two middle vectors, named pTp74Act and pT1Acp74 which held the aimed fusion gene p74-cry1Act and cry1Ac-p74, respectively, were built by using pMD18-T. Then pT1Acp74 and the shuttle plasmid were digested and linked, and an expressing-vector pH1Acp74 was built. Finally, pH1Acp74 was transformed into the acrystalliferous strain XBU001 and the aimed recombinant strain XBU-H1Acp74 were obtained. 【Result】 The expression of Bt transformant XBU-H1Acp74 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, which showed XBU-H1Acp74 could produce 130 kD Cry1Ac protein and 50 kD P74 protein. The insecticidal activity of transformant against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner was evaluated compared with the contrast strains HTX-42 (only cry1Ac gene was transformed into XBU001) after autolysis. The LC50 of HTX-42 was higher than the XBU-H1Acp74’s, which implied that P74 could increase the efficacy and range of Bt Cry toxins in insect control. 【Conclusion】 This work constructed the fusion gene of cry1Ac and p74 successfully, which made a good ground for constructing the fusion genes of Bt cry gene and other foreign genes.

    Relationship Between Resistance to Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) and Agronomic and Quality Traits of Soybean

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1252-1257 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.016
    Abstract ( 1055 )   PDF (209KB) ( 1080 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is one kind of serious agricultural pests in the world and is harmful to soybean. It is important to understand the relationship between whitefly resistance and agronomic traits of soybean for whitefly resistant soybean breeding. 【Method】 The number of whitefly nymphs per leaf and per plant of 213 Chinese and foreign soybean germplasms were identified in experimental farm of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2004. Meanwhile the agronomic traits including stem termination, seed coat color, cotyledon color, plant height, stem nods number, stem diameter, branch number, pod number, seed number, seed weight per plant, 100-seed-weight, pod length, pod width, seed protein content and fat content of these germplasm were identified. And the relationship between the number of whitefly nymphs and agronomic traits were analyzed with SPSS 16.0. 【Result】 The Mean of Whitefly Per Leaf(MWPL) of soybean varieties with different stem termination were significantly different. The order of MWPL was determinate varieties > semi-determinate > indeterminate. Correlation between MWPL and stem diameter was significant at 0.01 level. Correlation between MWPL and seed weight per plant and seed protein content were significant at 0.05 level. The Pearson Correlations were 0.282**, 0.165*, and 0.166*. And the correlation between MWPL and seed coat color, cotyledon color, branch number, seeds fat content, pod length, and pod width were insignificant. 【Conclusion】 The resistance to whitefly was affected by agronomic and quality traits of soybean.

    Identification of Soybean Resources with Resistance to Aphids

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1258-1263 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.017
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    【Objective】 The resistance to soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsmura) was found in four cultivars P189, P203, P574, and P746. 【Method】 Those resources were identified again in field test, choice test and no-choice test. 【Result】 The grade of resistance to aphids and damage index of P189, P203 and P746 was significantly different from those of susceptible cultivars (P=0.05). P574 and P746 possessed antibiotic resistance, prevented aphids from reproduction on the plants. P203 possessed antixenosis resistance, prevented aphids from reproduction in field test and choice test, but susceptible in no-choice test. 【Conclusion】 Population development of aphids on plants is significantly different in field test, choice test and no-choice test, which is caused by different selective pressure.

    Effect of Different Hedgerow Species on Ground-Dwelling Spider Population in Agricultural Fields

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1264-1273 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.018
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study aimed at the effects of hedgerow species on ground-dwelling spider population in agricultural fields. 【Method】 Using pitfall trapping, the effects of four hedgerow plant species, which serve as undisturbed and permanent semi-natural habitats, on ground-dwelling spider activity density (a parameter of population density and relative activity) were investigated. Samples were collected over two winter wheat and two summer maize growing seasons during 2005-2007 in trial field 1 (slope gradient of 20%) and field 2 (slope gradient of 12%) at the Ziyang Experimental Site in Sichuan Province, China. The hedgerow species evaluated were Amorpha fruticosa (field 1), Vetiveria zizanioides (field 1), Eulaliopsis binata (field 2), and Medicago sativa (field 2). 【Result】 Activity density of ground-dwelling spiders was significantly higher in the hedgerow strips than in the bare soil strips during the winter wheat season. Activity density of ground-dwelling spiders was also higher in the hedgerow strips than in the bare soil strips during the summer maize season, however, activity density differed significantly only between Eulaliopsis and Medicago strips and bare soil strips. No significant difference was found in activity density of ground-dwelling spiders in the crop fields between hedgerow and control plots during the winter wheat or summer maize seasons.【Conclusion】The results suggest that hedgerows could serve as important overwintering sites for ground-dwelling spiders during the winter wheat season. However, the presence of hedgerow strips did not significantly increase the activity density of ground-dwelling spiders within the crop fields.

    Current Advances in Research on Herbicide Resistance

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1274-1289 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.019
    Abstract ( 1332 )   PDF (492KB) ( 1722 )   Save
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    With repeated and wide use of herbicides in agricultural systems, 324 herbicide resistant biotypes of 188 species (112 dicots and 76 monocots) have evolved worldwide. The development of herbicide resistance in weeds, rapid increase and widespread of herbicide resistant weeds have become an increasing threat to weed management and crop production in the world, the consequences leading to economic loss and food safety have become a global concern. In the last decades, a significant progress has been made in the areas of herbicide resistance, many of the findings have proven that at least three very different mechanisms endowed herbicide resistance, an altered target site, enhanced detoxification and sequestration in weeds,weeds can also evolve cross resistance and multiple resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. This review described the currant status of world wide herbicide resistant weeds, resistance mechanisms in 8 major herbicide classes, research methodologies to provide useful information and references for researches in herbicide resistance, and posed the lessons learnt from other countries, clarified and stated the future directions we should forward to.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Spatial Variability of Soil Available Phosphorus and Environmental Risk Analysis of Soil Phosphorus in Pinggu County of Beijing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1290-1298 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.020
    Abstract ( 1015 )   PDF (524KB) ( 1233 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study was to explore the spatial distribution of soil available phosphorus, and to provide a firm foundation for scientific formulated fertilizer and identify key regions for controlling agricultural non-point phosphorus pollution. 【Method】 One thousand and fifty eight soil samples were collected from Pinggu County of Beijing and analyzed for contents of available phosphorus in topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm), respectively. The general statistics and geostatistics methods were used to analyze the data. 【Result】 The coefficients of variation of topsoil and subsoil were 1.15 and 1.29, respectively, which belonged to the strong degree of variability. The mean values of available phosphorus in topsoil and subsoil were 32.80 mg?kg-1 and 9.74 mg?kg-1, respectively, and the topsoil content was great than that of subsoil. The ranges of topsoil and subsoil available phosphorus were 14.6 km and 15.8 km, respectively. The spatial distribution of available phosphorus contents was in the order of low mountainous areas >plain areas >mountainous area, which was mainly affected by the elevation, land use types, and fertilizers application amount. The spatial distribution of subsoil phosphorus was similar with the topsoil, but its content was far lower than that in surface soil. The areas with 70%-90% probability which topsoil available phosphorus content exceeded the critical value (60 mg?kg-1) was 1.9% of the whole areas, where mainly distributed in the north-western low mountainous areas of Pinggu County. The areas with <20% probability of topsoil available phosphorus exceeding 60 mg?kg-1 was 70.1% of the whole areas, where widely lied in north-eastern mountainous areas, eastern low mountainous areas and middle, south-western plain areas. 【Conclusion】 Soil phosphorus in the orchard, vegetable and field land has different degrees of accumulations. Organic manure and fertilizer application are main reasons resulting in higher soil available phosphorus contents in Pinggu County. The middle area of Dahuashan and the south-eastern area of Liujiadian town are the key regions for controlling agricultural non-point phosphorus pollution source.

    Release and Transport Characters of Soil Solutes on Loess Slope in Interval Rain Events

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1299-1305 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.021
    Abstract ( 934 )   PDF (262KB) ( 585 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Transport characters of soil water and solute on slope land in interval rain events are important to reduce soil and water loss and to protect water and soil resources in erosion region. 【Method】 According to the results of indoor simulation experiments of rainfall on loess slope land with spray-applied fertilizer or mixed-applied fertilizer, and the interaction of rainfall, surface runoff and soil, the soil erosion, transport characters of soil NO3-, Br-, and PO43- in two rain events with the interval of 24 hours were investigated. 【Result】 Results showed that the stable rainfall intensity, amount of runoff and sediment in the 2nd rain was usually more than that of the 1st one, and more quick for the surface runoff initiation and the stable period occurrence. Compared with the NO3- and Br- concentration in surface runoff of the stable content period in the 1st rain, the concentration of the surface runoff initiation in the 2nd rain was heigher than the former, while that of the stable content period in the 2nd rain was lower. The soil PO43- concentration in surface runoff in the 2nd rain, however, was usually heigher than that of the stable content period in the 1st rain. There was less surface loss amount of soil NO3- and Br- in the 2nd rain, with the result of its available infiltration and the content decreased in the upper layer. While the PO43- surface loss in the 2nd rain was 2.93 times and 1.77 times greater than that in
    the 1st rain, for surface spraying treatment and mixed-applied one, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, for the vulnerable erosion loess slope, the solute content curve of surface runoff in the 2nd rain is not the extension of that of the former, as the result of the changing solute content and the antierosive ability of the upper soil. Affected by the erosive hazards, there will be more soil solute loss caused by continuous rainfall events. Some flow control measures are suggested for the initial rain event in rainy season to lessen the loss of soil non-adsorbed nutrient. The key to the latter rain is protection of soil and water and prevention of the loss of soil adsorbed nutrient.

    Effects of Irrigation Stage and Amount on Water Consumption Characteristics, Grain Yield and Content of Protein Components of Wheat

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1306-1315 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.022
    Abstract ( 1246 )   PDF (354KB) ( 909 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics and grain protein components of wheat under high-yield conditions, and to provide scientific basis for water-saving, high-yield and good-quality cultivation of wheat. 【Method】 Water consumption amount, water use efficiency, grain yield, grain quality and content of protein components of wheat were analyzed using different irrigation stage and amount treatments, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique was used to separate protein components of wheat grain. 【Result】 The results showed that the ratio of irrigation amount to water consumption amount increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount, while the ratio of precipitation to water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount to water consumption amount decreased. It was the effective way to achieve water-saving, high-yield and good-quality cultivation of wheat by decreasing water consumption amount and increasing water use efficiency by decreasing irrigation amount, improving the utilization of soil water and increasing the soil water consumption amount in 0-100 cm soil layers. The treatment which irrigated 60 mm water at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively had the highest water use efficiency in two wheat growing seasons. There was no significant difference between treatment W1 and W2 in grain yield, while treatment W1 was significantly higher than W0 in 2004–2005 growing season. There was no significant difference between treatment W'2 and W'3 in grain yield, while treatment W'2 was significantly higher than W'0 and W'1 in 2005-2006 growing season. Water had a key regulation effect on the content of protein components of wheat grain. In 2004-2005 growing season, the treatment W1's grain had lower gliadin content, higher HMW-GS content, glutenin content, grain protein content, wet gluten content, and longer dough development time and dough stability time than treatment W2's grain. It was beneficial to improve the grain quality of Jimai20 (a winter wheat cultivar with strong gluten). In 2005-2006 growing season, the treatment W'2 had the highest content of HMW-GS and glutenin of wheat grain, and it was in accordance with the change tendency of grain protein content, dough development time and dough stability time of wheat grain. 【Conclusion】 As far as water-saving, high-yield and good-quality were concerned in the experiment, the most appropriate irrigation treatment for recommendation was the one which irrigated 60 mm water at jointing stage and anthesis stage respectively.

    Screening of Amaranth Cultivars(Amaranthus mangostanus L.) for Cadmium Hyperaccumulation
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1316-1324 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.023
    Abstract ( 1051 )   PDF (383KB) ( 1288 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) is widely distributed in China and China has abundant varieties, it can be served as a candidate of cadmium hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation by screening of amaranth cultivars which is tolerant to cadmium. 【Method】 To obtain cadmium hyper-accumulator, Cd uptake in 23 amaranth cultivars from different ecological regions was investigated under hydroponic culture condition. Meanwhile, a pot experiment was established to probe phytoremediation potentiality of Cd contaminated soil by amaranth. Three treatments (Cd 5, 10 and 25 mg?kg-1) were conducted using to red soil, yellow brown soil and vegetable soil. 【Result】 The results showed that under hydroponic culture with Cd 3 mg?L-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 260 mg?kg-1, and its total cadmium uptake was the highest among various cultivars. In the treatment of Cd 25 mg?kg-1, the cadmium concentration in the shoots of the cultivar Tianxingmi reached 212 mg?kg-1, while the bioaccumulation factor and shoot purification rate reached 8.50 and 3.8%, respectively. Further, the total biomass and shoot biomass were not decreased significantly in all Cd treatments. 【Conclusion】 These results suggested that cultivar Tianxingmi is a typical Cd hyperaccumulator, and can be used in phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.

    Analysis on the New Index of Plum Rains Intensity and Its Spatio-Temporal Characteristics: A Case Study on the Reaches of the Region Along Huaihe River in Anhui Province

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1325-1330 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.024
    Abstract ( 1134 )   PDF (318KB) ( 804 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In order to explore new simple and practical index of plum rains intensity (IPRI ) calculating formula, the areas along the Huaihe river in Anhui Province were used as an example, and the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of plum rains intensity were analyzed. 【Method】 Based on the analysis of the basic characteristics of the plum rains spell precipitation in the regions along the Huaihe River in Anhui Province, using the eleven stations precipitation data from 1952 to 2004, and the correlation and regression analysis were made on the data of plum rains intensity index and flood. 【Result】 The spatio-temporal variations of the characteristics of plum rains were found, and the correlativity of plum rains intensity index and flood was discovered.【Conclusion】 The finding has provided a theoretical basis for the analysis, assessment and identification of flooding disasters and the development of flood-evading agriculture in the region along Huaihe River.

    HORTICULTURE
    Interactive Effects of Light Intensity and Nitrogen Supply on Sugar Accumulation and Activities of Enzymes Related to Sucrose Metabolism in Tomato Fruits
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1331-1338 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.025
    Abstract ( 1085 )   PDF (236KB) ( 921 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This experiment was carried out to elucidate the sugar accumulation in tomato fruit under different conditions of light and nitrogen, and make sure of the reasonable nitrogen supply in different light intensities. 【Method】 With Dongnong 708 as experimental material, the changes of sugar accumulation and activities of enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in the development of tomato fruits under four light and four nitrogen supply conditions were studied. 【Result】 At early fruit development stage, light, nitrogen and their interactions had a significant influence on tomato fruit starch accumulation, but had no significant influence on sucrose content. 70% natural light intensity treatment increased fruit SS activity, promoted accumulation of fruit starch at early fruit development stage when the nitrogen level at 8 kg/667 m2. Nitrogen had the same effects at the same light level. Light, nitrogen and their interactions had a significant influence on tomato fruit fructose accumulation at fruit development stage. At later fruit development stage, fruit AI and NI activities were the highest in 8 kg/667 m2 nitrogen treatment under 70% and 100% natural light intensity, and in 0 nitrogen treatment under less than 70% natural light intensity. And they were the highest in 70% natural light intensity in the same nitrogen. Increased fruit AI and NI activity decomposed starch and sucrose, which accumulated at early development stage, into glucose and fructose, and finally improved fruit quality. 【Conclusion】 Light, nitrogen and their interactions have a significant influence on tomato fruit fructose contents. With sufficient light, proper application of nitrogen (8 kg/667 m2 in this experiment ) could improve tomato fructose content. In shading treatment, nitrogen application could decrease tomato fructose content. SS, AI and NI were closely related to sugar accumulation in tomato fruit.

    Design of Weather Claiming Index for Citrus Freezing Damage Insurance
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1339-1347 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.026
    Abstract ( 1228 )   PDF (473KB) ( 1360 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this research was to design weather claiming index for citrus freezing damage insurance and to provide technology for policy- guided agricultural insurance. 【Method】 Based on the relationship between perennial fruit trees production and tree age, size and environmental factors, a model of citrus production was established, and the potential yield, meteorological yield, nutrition yield are decomposed. By using the risk assessment techniques, yield loss rate caused by agrometeorological disasters was determined. The freezing damage index was designed, weather indicators and yield loss rate were determined. Severe freezing damage claiming index insurance was designed based on the advantage of area yield crop insurance and weather index insurance. 【Result】 Risk assessment facilitates identification of severe freezing damage claiming index of citrus. When the freezing damage index is greater than -7.0℃ in coastal areas or greater than -9.0℃ in other areas, claiming index and indemnity rate are equal to 0. When the freezing damage index is from -7.0℃ to -7.9℃ in coastal areas or from -9.0℃ to -9.9℃ in other areas, the claiming index is equal to 1 and the indemnity rate is equal to 50 percent. When the freezing damage index is from -8.0℃ to -8.9℃ in coastal areas or from -10.0℃ to -10.9℃ in other areas, the claiming index is equal to 2 and the indemnity rate is equal to 70 percent. When the freezing damage index is lower than or equal to -9.0℃ in coastal areas or less than -11.0℃ in other areas, the claiming index is equal to 3 and the indemnity rate is equal to 90 percent.【Conclusion】 Weather claiming index insurance is designed for the needs of policy- guided agricultural insurance. It can be use for avoidance of converse choice and moral hazard, and thus resolving the problems of low indemnity efficiency and high indemnity costs in agricultural insurance.

    Advances in Research of Ornamental and Agricultural Traits in Chrysanthemum by Gene Engineering

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1348-1358 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.027
    Abstract ( 944 )   PDF (380KB) ( 782 )   Save
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    Chrysanthemum is one of the important species in ornamental plants to which modern biotechnology was early applied. In chrysanthemum, the technique of tissue culture was developed first in 1968 using stems as explants, and the technique of genetic transformation of chrysanthemum was developed following the discovery of sensitivity of chrysanthemum to Agribaterium in 1989. In recent twenty years, scientists have gained many achievements in genetic engineering breeding of ornamental traits, such as flower colors, inflorescence shapes, and agricultural traits, such as disease and insect resistances and abiotic stress tolerances. In this review, the achievements above were collected and analyzed, and so that to provide available information on genetic engineering breeding of chrysanthemum.

    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING

    Cloning and Expression Analysis of Ethylene Receptor in Harvested Banana Fruit

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1359-1364 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.028
    Abstract ( 1236 )   PDF (640KB) ( 764 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To analyze expression profiles of ethylene receptors during fruit ripening and storage at chilling temperature, and investigate the relationship between expressions of ethylene receptors and chilling tolerance induced by heat pre-treatment (38℃ for 3 days). 【Method】 Using the PCR degenerate primers designed with reference to the conserved amino acid sequences of known ETR, total RNA extracted from banana peel tissues was used as templates, then ETR cDNA fragments were amplified by RT-PCR. Their expression characteristics were studied by the Northern hybridization. 【Result】 The results showed that different expression patterns of two ethylene receptor genes in the banana peel and pulp were observed. Ma-ETR1 expression gradually weakened during fruit ripening while Ma-ERS3 expression accumulated slightly at the later stage of fruit ripening, but the expression of Ma-ETR1 was inhibited. However, the expression of Ma-ERS3 was enhanced by exogenous propylene treatment and high temperature, respectively, in both the peel and pulp tissues. Chilling temperature induced the expression of Ma-ETR1 in the peel and Ma-ERS3 in the pulp, but the accumulation of Ma-ETR1 in the peel tissue induced by chilling temperature was blocked by a heat pre-treatment. 【Conclusion】 These results indicate that the expression of Ma-ERS3 is positively regulated while the expression of Ma-ETR1 is negatively regulated by ethylene or high temperature treatment. Moreover, the inhibition of the accumulation of Ma-ETR1 in the peel tissues induced by chilling temperature is related to the chilling tolerance of harvested banana fruit induced by heat pretreatment.

    Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Membrane Fluidity of Escherichia coli

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1365-1371 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.029
    Abstract ( 1035 )   PDF (305KB) ( 1026 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of Escherichia coli membrane were investigated, and the effect of HHP on the fluidity of E. coli membrane was explored. 【Method】In the present study, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was used as fluorescence probe to label the membrane of E. coli, and to determine the changes of fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane by fluorescence polarization technique after HHP treatments. 【Result】 The conditions were established to measure the membrane fluidity of E. coli membrane by labeling with DPH and the method of fluorescence polarization. The experimental results also indicated that the effects of HHP on fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane were different under different HHP treatment conditions. The fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane kept stable levels at pressures of 350-400 MPa for 15 to 40 min, however, the membrane fluidity was decreased significantly at 350 MPa for 15 min (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane, and the reductions of E. coli increased with increasing pressure and pressure holding time. The membrane fluidity decreased with increase of pressure and pressure holding time. When pressure and pressure holding time reached a certain degree (350 MPa, 15 min), the fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane kept stable levels, and the initial amount of E. coli was nearly inactivated by HHP. In summary, it can be concluded that the changes of fluorescence polarization and microviscidity of E. coli membrane are much more related to cell reduction subjected to HHP, which provide some theoretical evidences for mechanisms of HHP sterilization.

    Integrated Expression of mleA Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1372-1377 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.030
    Abstract ( 1046 )   PDF (428KB) ( 548 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In this paper, researches concerning the malolactic enzyme gene mleA cloning from a patent strain O. oeni SD-2a screened from Chinese wine and integrated expressing in S. cerevisiae were made in order to perform alcoholic fermentation (AF) and malolactic fermentation (MLF) simultaneously during winemaking. 【Method】 Cloned malolactic enzyme gene mleA from Oenococcus oeni SD-2a, PGK1 promoter and ADH1 terminator were ligated and inserted into integrating vector YIp5 to construct the expression plasmid named pYILmleA. When transformed into S. cerevisiae YS59, the resulted yeast transformants YS59/pYILmleA were screened on SD/-Ura and identified by auxotrophic test, mating type test and colony PCR. Target protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and the targeted gene integrated to the chromosome was detected by dot blotting hybridization. The transformants were cultured in medium containing L-malate and the culture supernatants were collected and L-malate and L-lactic acid content were detected by HPLC to confirm if functional expression were achieved. 【Result】 Auxotrophic test, mating type test and colony PCR showed positive transformants were obtained. Target protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and the targeted gene was integrated into the chromosome detected by dot blotting hybridization. When the transformants of YS59/pYILmleA were cultured in SD/-Ura added with 10% glucose and 5648 mg?L-1 L-malate for 4d, the culture supernatant was collected and L-malate and L-lactic acid contents were detected by HPLC, 1278-1312 mg?L-1 L-lactic acids were detected, while the comparative drop rates of L-malate were 20.18%-20.85%. L-malate contents and L-lactic contents of the transformants showed extra significant difference and significant difference with the control ones by t, test respectively. 【Conclusion】 The result indicated that the integrated expressive plasmid containing mleA gene from patent strain O.oeni SD-2a screened from Chinese wine was constructed and the functional expression was achieved in recombinants S. cerevisiae.

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Identification of QTL for Length and Diameter of Porcine Limb Bones in a White Duroc× Erhualian F2 Resource Population

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1378-1385 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.031
    Abstract ( 1074 )   PDF (246KB) ( 958 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of this study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the lengths and the diameters of porcine limb bones, the lengths and the diameters of femoral and humerus medulla antra and the thicknesses of the femoral and the humerus walls. 【Method】 Lengths of 29 limb bones, diameters of 6 limb bones, diameters and lengths of femoral and humerus medulla antra and the thicknesses of femoral and humerus walls were measured in a white Duroc × Erhualian intercross. A whole-genome scan was performed by an interval mapping based least-squares linear regression with 183 informative microsatellite markers. 【Result】 Fourteen 1% genome-wide significant QTL, Fourteen 5% genome-wide significant QTL and 47 suggestive QTL were detected for the 39 traits. Except for SSC11, QTL were identified for limb bones on all pig chromosomes. 【Conclusion】 Totally, 75 QTL for 39 traits of limb bones were mapped in this study. Many QTLs affecting limb bones growth were found at the 57-59 cM chromosome region of SSC7.

    Experiment on Production in Vitro of Porcine Somatic Cell Cloned Embryos

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1386-1393 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.032
    Abstract ( 956 )   PDF (402KB) ( 871 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to establish an efficient method for harvesting porcine cloned blastocysts via optimization of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedures. 【Method】 The effects of different electrical activation parameters and in vitro culture conditions on the developmental competence of porcine SCNT embryos were examined and compared. 【Result】The comparison study of different electrical activation parameters indicated that the combination of a single direct current (DC) pulse of 1.5 kV?cm-1 electrical field strength for 80 μs could yield better cleavage rate and the highest blastocyst rate (71.4% and 14.3%, respectively) together with significantly higher developmental rate of blstocysts than that from other groups (P<0.05). After culture in vitro for 72 h with 0.4% BSA NCSU23 medium, half medium exchange didn’t improve the development of cloned embryos. However, addition of 10% FBS into culture medium could significantly increase the developmental rate of blstocysts (15.1% versus 10.3%, P<0.05) and the DNA integrity rate (56.8% versus 46.6%, P<0.05). Co-cultured with porcine granulose cells (pGC) didn’t increase the cloned embryo developmental rate (P>0.05), but co-culture with cumulus cells (pCC) yielded higher blastocyst rate than that from the control (16.7% versus 9.8%, P<0.05) and the apoptotic rate of cloned embryos cultured for 5 days was also significantly lower than that of the control (39.5% versus 54.2%,P<0.05). 【Conclusion 】Under the present experimental condition, the combination of a single DC pulse of 1.5 kV?cm-1 electrical field strength for 80 μs was the optimal electrical activation parameters for porcine reconstructed embryos. After co-culture with pCC in 0.4% BSA NCSU23 medium for 72 h, addition of 10% FBS into culture medium could significantly increase the developmental rate of blastocysts.

    Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Isolation Mechanism by Distance of Some Different Ecological Type Sheep Breeds in Mongolia Group Using Structural Loci

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1394-1405 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.033
    Abstract ( 995 )   PDF (410KB) ( 950 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study was to discuss the genetic differnation and the isolation mechanism by distance of some different ecological type sheep breeds in Mongolia Group. 【Method】 Five populations including Hu sheep, Tong sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep and Wadi sheep were determined electrophoetically and iondensitometrically the constitution of allele frequencies at twenty blood protein and no-protein loci (Al, Gc, Tf, Cp, Alp, Ary-Es, Lap, Hb-α, Hb-β, Xp, CA, Dia-I, Dia-Ⅱ, MDH, GPI, EsD,α2-M, Cat, Ly and Ke ); 【Result】 The phylogenetic relationships of five sheep populations in this study did not meet the mechanism of isolation by distance , and the genetic differentiation relationships among 5 sheep populations were not closely linearly correlative with their geography distribution; 【Conclusion】 The findings supported the related records in literature,the five populations originated on different time stage from the primogenitor population and communicated genetically with each other thereafter in the process of natural and artificial selection and on different ecological environment.
    mRNA Cloning, Tissue Distribution and Expression of Duck Avian Beta-Defensin 9 in E. coli
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1406-1412 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.034
    Abstract ( 1212 )   PDF (495KB) ( 738 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The study was conducted to clone avian beta-defensin 9 (AvBD9) gene from duck tissues and determine tissue distribution of the gene in ducks. In addition, expression of recombinant AvBD9 protein in E. coli and determination of its antimicrobial activity were performed. 【Method】 The mRNA of duck AvBD9 was cloned from liver of duck by RT-PCR. In addition, differential mRNA expression of the gene has been demonstrated across a panel of tissues in the duck. The cDNA of duck AvBD9 mRNA was sub-cloned into EcoR I and Sal I sites of pGEX-6p-1 vector to construct recombinant plasmid pGEX-duck AvBD9. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 and the bacteria were induced with IPTG. The recombinant fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatograph. Antimicrobial activity, physio-chemical characteristics of the recombinant fusion protein were measured by inhibition zone assay. 【Result】 The sequence analysis showed that the full length cDNA of duck AvBD9 consisted of 204 bp encoding 67 amino acid residues. Duck AvBD9 mRNA was widely expressed in the tissues of duck. It was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE that a 31 kD protein which was equal to duck AvBD9 protein in molecular weight was highly expressed as insoluble bodies in E. coli BL21. The recombinant duck AvBD9 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pasteurella multocida. In addition, the results revealed that the recombinant protein retained its antimicrobial activity under different temperatures (from –70℃ to 100℃) and pH values (from 3 to 10). 【Conclusion】 The full length cDNA of duck AvBD9 consistes of 204 bp encoding 67 amino acid residues. Duck AvBD9 mRNA was widely expressed in the tissues of duck. Duck AvBD9 protein is highly expressed as insoluble bodies in E. coli BL21. The recombinant protein exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and retained antimicrobial activity under different temperatures and pH values.

    VETERINARY SCIENCE
    Production and Preliminary Application of a Visual Protein Chip to Differentiate Antibodies of Four Poultry Diseases
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1413-1420 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.035
    Abstract ( 823 )   PDF (427KB) ( 995 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To produce a visual protein chip that can detect antibodies against avian influenza virus, newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease virus simultaneously. 【Method】 To prepare protein chips, the four kinds of virus protein were purified, respectively, by ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugalization method , and then they were spotted on a aldehyde group-modified glass slides with a proper concentration. The four kinds of virus protein on the protein chip were reacted with the corresponding positive serum against these viruses, and then were hybridized with nano-gold labeled second antibody. The result was obtained after silver staining. The platform of a visual protein chip to differentiate antibodies of four poultry diseases was constructed. Furthermore, specificity and the correlation of the gray value scale with the antibody concentration of this visual protein chip were studied. Finally, the visual protein chip was used to test 18 field serum specimens. 【Result】 The results showed that after the conditions were optimized, the probe of this protein chip could be hybridized with corresponding antibodies specifically and strong signal was presented without cross-hybridization. The gray value scale showed linear in the concentration range of antibodies at 50-300 μg?ml-1. This protein chip showed good sensibility and sensitivity compared with traditional method when they were used to detect 18 serum samples simultaneouly. 【Conclusion】 The protein chip reported here can be used to differentiate antibodies of four poultry diseases.

    Construction of the SLA-I Protein Complex from an Outbred Pig
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1421-1427 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.036
    Abstract ( 1030 )   PDF (555KB) ( 647 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To investigate the structure of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) molecules from outbred pigs in north of China and lay a basis for studying their function such as peptide-binding, the correctly refolded SLA-I need to be reconstructed in vitro. 【Method】 Firstly, SLA-2 genes from an outbred pig were cloned. Then the extracellular part of SLA-2 was linked to the mature peptide of β2m gene via (G4S)3, a linker encoding a 15-amino acid glycine-rich sequence, using splicing overlap extension-PCR (SOE-PCR). The reconstructed gene SLA-2-linker-β2m (SLA-I) was inserted into pMAL-p2X and expressed in E. coli TB1 system. The fusion protein was processed followed by Western-blot, purifying and cleaving by Factor Xa and then to separate the monomer protein from MBP. The secondary structure of the monomer and fusion protein was determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. 【Result】 The results of SDS-PAGE and western-blot all proved that the MBP-SLA-I was 84.1 kD, and the monomer protein SLA-I was 41.6 kD. The a-helix, b-sheet, turn, and random coil of the fusion protein and the monomer protein shared high homology ratio at 100%,90.6%,88.5% and 96.9%, respectively, detected by CD estimation. 【Conclusion】 The results indicated that the complex protein SLA-I had correct secondary structure and could be used to have further research, such as peptide binding in vitro.

    Inducement of Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression by Glutamine in the Mice

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1428-1434 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.037
    Abstract ( 900 )   PDF (526KB) ( 1013 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objectives of this study were to study the effect of glutamine on both the expression of Hsp70 in the tissues of mice liver, uterus, ovary and in the early embryos, and the development of mice early embryos in vitro. 【Method】 Twenty-four healthy, 8-week-old male Kunming mice were used and randomly divided into 4 groups. GroupⅠwas used as control and was injected with 0.5 ml of saline through vena caudalis. Groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were injected with different doses of Glutamine, respectively. The mice were put to death 4 h after injection and the samples of liver, ovary and uterus tissues were taken, respectively. Heat shock protein 70 expression was detected by both RT-PCR and Western blot. The early embryos were cultured in vitro in G-CZB supplemented with different amounts of Gln. Blastocyst rates and hatched blastocyst rates were counted and the heat shock protein 70 of the embryos was detected by Western blot. 【Result】 The expression of Hsp70 in the groups of mice injected with Gln were all higher than that in the control group, and the expression of Hsp70 increased with the increased amount of Gln injected. The expression of Hsp70 in liver, uterine and ovarian tissues increased by 9.49%, 5.49% and 4.84% (P>0.05), respectively, in group Ⅱ and increased by 23.56%, 21.10% and 14.30% (P<0.05), respectively, in group Ⅲ as compared with that in groupⅠ. And in group Ⅳ it increased by 35.33% (P<0.05), 33.94% (P<0.01) and 33.77% (P<0.01), respectively. The blastocyst rate and hatched blastocyst rate were significantly higher when the embryos were cultured in the G-CZB supplemented with 6 mmol?L-1 (73.21%) and 10 mmol?L-1 (76.41%) of Gln, respectively, than that (61.88%) in the control group. 【Conclusion】 The expression of Hsp70 in mice liver, uterine and ovarian tissues and in mice blastocysts can be induced by Gln, and the expression of Hsp70 increased with the increased amount of Gln. Gln can promote the development of mice early embryos cultured in vitro.

    Secreted Expression of Porcine Interferon-Alpha in Insect Cells and Its Antiviral Activity Detection

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1435-1441 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.038
    Abstract ( 1196 )   PDF (518KB) ( 990 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of this study is to get porcine recombinant interferon (PoIFN)- alpha. 【Method】 Sequences derived from porcine interferon-alpha were cloned and expressed in insect cells with a C-terminal 6×Histidine tag. The authentic signal sequences of porcine interferon-alpha were substituted with the honeybee melittin signal sequences, the sequences were cloned into the baculovirus pFastBacⅠ vector of the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus expression system. 【Result】 The recombinant proteins were successfully detected in Sf9 cells by immunofluorescence assay and in the culture supernatant by western blot analysis. The recombinant PoIFN-alpha were verified to be of high antiviral activity by inhibiting the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus in PK-15 cells, which is about 1.07×105 U?ml-1 in supernatant and 3.05×104 U?ml-1 in insect cells, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Using the honeybee melittin signal peptides in baculovirus expression vectors are capable of secreting expression of PoIFN- alpha in insect cells. This cytokine will be explored as a poteintial therapeutic agent for porcine diseases.

    Comparative Proteome Analysis of Changes in Clinical Healthy and Mastitic Cows Mammary Gland Expression Protein
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1442-1446 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.039
    Abstract ( 1101 )   PDF (353KB) ( 767 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Changes of protein expression were investigated in mammary gland from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows in order to detect the disease-related proteins and understand molecular mechanism of clinical mastitis at the protein level. 【Method】 The project presents the protein changes in mammary gland using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), after stained with colloidal coomassie blue, differential expression proteins were detected by PDQuest 7.4 software and subjected to ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor HPLC system, differential spots of protein were identified. 【Result】 Fifteen protein spots were differentially expressed, and twelve proteins were identified after SEQUEST research and corresponding to ten proteins. Overall, these differential proteins were involved in molecular function contained binding, transport and catalytic activity; and participated in biological process contained cellular process, metabolic process, biological regulation and so on. 【Conclusion】 There was a significant difference at protein level in mammary gland from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows, differential proteins were related to infection of mastitis. It suggests that these proteins may be useful to explore the mammary gland involved in the pathophysiology, and to reveal the molecular mechanisms of clinical mastitis.

    RESEARCH NOTES
    Actail-PCR—A New and Efficient Procedure for Isolation of Unknown Target Sequences Adjacent to T-DNA Border

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1447-1451 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.040
    Abstract ( 1082 )   PDF (395KB) ( 1282 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This study aimed at establishing a protocol to identify unknown target sequences adjacent to T-DNA borders. 【Method】 DNA tagging by T-DNA insertions has become an important approach for study of functional genomics in plants. To identify the genes tagged by T-DNA insertions, a novel and efficient procedure,named as annealing control thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (Actail-PCR), was developed to isolate genomic sequences flanking the insertion tags. In this procedure, four nested sequence-specific primers from T-DNA were utilized. The other side primer was a annealing control primer (ACP), which comprises a tripartite structure with a polydeoxyinosine (poly (dI)) linker between the 3' end shorter arbitrary degenerated primer sequence (AD) and the 5' end nontarget universal sequence. 【Result】 Annealing control primers were designed for Actail-PCR instead of shorter arbitrary degenerated primers of TAIL-PCR. At 40℃ low stringency, PCR cycle was conducted to create one or more annealing sites for the AD primer along the target sequence like TAIL-PCR, and then, target products were preferentially amplified over 5' end nontarget universal primer and nested sequence-specific primers from T-DNA at 65℃ (after 10 cycles, annealing temperature droped to 58℃) high-stringency, so the efficiency and specificity of PCR amplification were greatly improved. 【Conclusion】 An novel procedure for isolation of unknown target sequences adjacent to T-DNA in the rice has been established. Actail-PCR is more efficient and useful for identification of the genes tagged by T-DNA insertions

    Population Dynamics of Aphis gossypii Glover on Hibiscus Tree in Summer and Its Capacity to Utilize Other Host-plants
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1452-1457 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.041
    Abstract ( 908 )   PDF (277KB) ( 516 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The research was to clarify the differentiation in the life-cycle of cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) on an overwintering host plant, Hibiscus syriacus L. in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. 【Method】 The cotton aphids on hibiscus trees were investigated by systematic observation method in a whole summer season. Survival and reproduction of cotton aphids from hibiscus tree and cotton were compared on different summer host-plants using host transplantation and life-table methods. 【Result】 There was a sedentary population of cotton aphid on the overwintering host-plant, hibiscus tree, in the whole summer of 2006 and 2007, and it was mainly apterous. The sedentary cotton aphids from hibiscus trees could not produce offspring and establish population when they were transferred directly to cucumber, muskmelon, zucchini, pumpkin, kidney bean and tomato. Although a minority of the sedentary aphid individuals from hibiscus could grow up into adults on cotton and cowpea, they produced fewer offspring and their net reproductive rate (R0) was less than one. However, the sedentary cotton aphids from hibiscus trees showed better fitness on cotton and zucchini after they were reared on the cotton for some generations. The sedentary aphids on summer hibiscus still kept the capacity to utilize some summer host-plants. 【Conclusion】 The diversity of life-cycle exists in the cotton aphid population on an overwintering host-plant, hibiscus in Nanjing, and the autoecious (host-specific) and heteroecious (host-alternating) coexist in the same population. The aphids, which life-cycle is host-specific on hibiscus, have lost or weakened the capacity to utilize some summer host-plants. The life-cycle of cotton aphid population on overwintering host-plant is flexible.

    Evolution of Soil Labile Organic Matter and Carbon Management Index in the Artificial Robinia of Loess Hilly Area

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1458-1464 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.042
    Abstract ( 1048 )   PDF (297KB) ( 936 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Soil labile organic matter and carbon management index are important parameter representing carbon cycle in soil ecosystem. Study on dynamics of them in the artificial Robinia in loess hilly area so as to understand the change and effect evaluation during process of ecological restoration is of great importance. 【Method】 The research regarded Zhifanggou small watershed in typical erosion environment as a study plot, the selected artificial Robinia grown in different times were used as objects of study, the interchangeablely space-time method was adopted and the sloping cropland and the plot where the Platycladus orientailis are grown were used as contrasts. Several indexes were analyzed such as TOC, LOC, NLOC and evolution characters of carbon management index in the period of ecological restoration. 【Result】 The study indicates that the content of soil carbon is on the low side because human behavior has a negative effect on sloping cropland. However, the content of every group soil carbon increased drastically by planting Robinia. With the increasing of the time of conservation, the relationship is very remarkable. After 50 years of restoration, the content of TOC, LOC, NLOC and AI in the study plot increased by 271%,174%, 467%, and 271%, respectively, compared with sloping cropland. The increasing speed of NLOC was faster than LOC. It is assumed that the increased carbon by restoration is stored in an inactive form to produce active matter which is necessary for biont. And the soil carbon must keep active to fulfill the balance of carbon dynamic transformation. At initial stages, soil carbon management index increased remarkably. Later it increased but is then declined eventually. The rate of the content of TOC, LOC and NLOC in the study plot grown with Robinia was 49%, 34% and 61% of the control respectively. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that it is impossible to increase the content of every group soil carbon by planting Robinia in the loess hilly area, but much longer time, compared with degradation of soil fertility after deforestation, is required to reach to the climax before vegetation destruction.

    Identification of MicroRNA in Strawberry by RT-PCR
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1465-1472 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.043
    Abstract ( 995 )   PDF (682KB) ( 1071 )   Save
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    【Objective】 microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in plant growth and development. The aim of this paper is to develop a quick method for exact identification of the conserved miRNAs from plants. 【Method】 High quality small RNAs (less than 150 bases) were isolated from strawberry leaves with the modified CTAB method. Three kinds of RT-PCR methods, using 3′ adaptor, using 5′ and 3′ adaptors and stem-loop primers, were compared. Three kinds of templates, total nucleic acid, total RNA and small RNAs were compared in identification of miRNAs with stem-loop primers. 【Result】 For twenty miRNAs of plants, seven miRNAs were identified from strawberry plants by using 3′ adaptor, only one miRNA was successfully identified with the method of 5′ adaptor and 3′ adaptor, while fifteen miRNAs were identified by using stem-loop primers. No difference was found in PCR fragments by using three kinds of nucleic acids as templates. 【Conclusion】 Because the extraction of total nucleic acid was very simple and rapid, the suitable method for identification of the conserved miRNAs from plants with RT-PCR was to use stem-loop primers and total nucleic acid as template. This method had been approved on other plants, such as apple and grape.

    Development and Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Genetically Modified Crops
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1473-1477 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.044
    Abstract ( 983 )   PDF (454KB) ( 1258 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The objective of the study is to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of genetically modified crops(GMC). 【Method】 The detection method is based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction. Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter gene, a widespread genetic element, was amplified by a set of four specially primers that recognize six distinct sequences of the target. The amplification can be obtained in 1 h by incubating all of the reagents in a single tube with Bst DNA polymerase at 65℃. 【Result】 The LAMP method can detect a specific promoter containing CaMV35S from GMC and their test results were consistent with the results of conventional PCR methods. LAMP assay results were found to be 10 times more sensitive than the conventional PCR. 【Conclusion】 The LAMP detection method is specific, stable and reliable, and will be an effective tool for rapid detection of GMC.

    Determination of 8 Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in Mutton and Matrix Effect
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1478-1484 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.045
    Abstract ( 1060 )   PDF (288KB) ( 853 )   Save
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    【Objective】 A gas chromatographic method was established for determination of eight organophosphorous pesticides residues in mutton and analysis of matrix effects. 【Method】 The residues of organophosphorous pesticides in mutton were extracted by using acetonitrile and then the extracts were cleaned up using primary secondary amine as dispersive-solid-phase extract agent. The internal method of matrix-matched calibration standard was used for quantification. 【Result】 The matrix effect of dichlorvos, malathion and dimethoate was obvious, however, that of other organophosphorous pesticides was not obvious in mutton. The linearity was good in the range of 2.5 and 300 μg?kg-1 and the average recoveries of the organophosphorous pesticides from mutton fortified at 50, 100 and 200 μg?kg-1 were between 70.0% and 103%, with relative standard deviations of less than 20%. The limits of detection were about 0.5-1.9 μg?kg-1 for eight organophosphorous pesticides in mutton. 【Conclusion】 A simple, sensitive and reproducible method was developed and could be used to determine the residues of organophosphorous pesticides in mutton or other animal tissues.

    Influence of Various Dietary Copper and Vitamin A Levels on Intestinal Wall Structure, Cecal Gut Flora and GH in Serum in Broilers

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1485-1493 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.046
    Abstract ( 1313 )   PDF (315KB) ( 730 )   Save
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    【Objective】 A 4×2 (Cu×VA) experiment with replicates was designed to investigate the influence of various dietary Cu and vitamin A levels on performance, intestinal wall thickness and villus height, cecal gut flora, growth hormone in serum in broilers of different stage (0-4 and 4-7 weeks). 【Method】 The dietary Cu at 0, 8, 150, 225 mg?kg-1 diet and vitamin A at 1 500, 5 000 IU?kg-1 diet were used. Four hundred and fourty-eight avin broilers of 1 day old were randomly allotted to 8 groups, each of which was replicated four times with fourteen broilers per replicate. 【Result】 The performance from 0-4 weeks in group with 8mg?kg-1 copper was better, but from 4-7 weeks group with 0 copper was better. Dietary copper level (225 mg?kg-1 diet) only decreased the ileac wall thickness at the end of week 4, dietary copper level (150 mg?kg-1) significantly decreased the wall thickness of various parts of small intestine at the end of week 7, high copper levels had no effect on villus height in the whole period. When copper supplemental level was 150 mg?kg-1 diet, the amounts of Lactobaccilus and Bifidobacterium significantly increased, and the amounts of E.coli decreased. When copper level was 225 mg?kg-1, the amounts of E.coli significantly increased, and the amounts of Lactobaccilus and Bifidobacterium decreased, the amounts of Salmonella were the least in group with 8 mg?kg-1, copper. Supplement with 5 000 IU?kg-1 VA decreased the intestinal wall thickness at the early stage and the jejunal wall thickness at the later stage significantly, but increased the villus height of duodenum, increased the amounts of Lactobaccilus and E.coli in the whole period and the amounts of Bifidobacterium and Salmonella at the early stage. The interaction of Cu and VA significantly affected the ileac intestinal wall thickness at the early stage, jejunal intestinal wall thickness at the later stage (P<0.05), duodenal villus height at the early stage, villlus height of duodenum and ileum at the later stage (P<0.01), the amounts of Lactobaccilus, Bifidobac- terium, E.coli and Salmonella through the whole period (P<0.01). The level of dietary copper and VA had no effect on GH in serum (P>0.05), the concentration at the early stage was higher. 【Conclusion】 Dietary copper level (150 mg?kg-1) and dietary VA level (5 000 IU?kg-1) is beneficial to the absorption of nutritive materials and the balance of gut flora. The interaction between dietary copper and VA existed.

    Analysis of Genetic Relationships of Northeastern Black Bee (Apis mellifera ssp.) in China
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(4):  1494-1502 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.04.047
    Abstract ( 1233 )   PDF (852KB) ( 995 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To analyze taxonomy of Northeastern Black Bee (Apis mellifera ssp.), the study was carried out by analyzing the genetic relationships among Apis mellifera mellifera, Apis mellifera ligustica, Apis mellifera canica, Apis mellifera carpatica, Apis mellifera anatoliaca, Apis mellifera caucasica and African bees. This is usefull for the protection of genetic resouces of Apis mellifera ssp. 【Method】 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) tRNAleu-COⅡ region of the A.m.ssp. from 9 towns of National Nature Reserve in China’s Heilongjiang province and other Apis mellifera were amplified by PCR. Then PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes DraI, based on the restriction patterns, PCR products were cloned and sequenced, and the dendrogram was constructed by Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method. 【Result】 The length of mtDNA tRNAleu-COⅡ region were 526 base-pair (bp) , and only one Q sequence was found in A.m.ssp. but P sequence was absent. Besides, there were 5 transitions(4T?C、1A?G) and 1transversion(1A?T)in Q sequence. Only one DraⅠ restriction pattern was identified, the length of restriction fragments was 422 bp, 64 bp, 47 bp and 41 bp, respectively, and the restriction sites were validated by DNAMAN. The sequences and restriction pattern of A.m.ssp. were similar with the evolutionary lineages C and O of Apis meliffera, but different from lineages A and M. Based on the NJ tree, A.m.ssp. belongs to lineage O. 【Conclusion】 The sequence of mtDNA tRNAleu-COⅡ region and DraⅠ restriction pattern indicate that A.m.ssp. belongs to O lineage, and has closest relationship with A.m.anatoliaca and A.m. caucasica in the same group, closer with A.m.ligustica, A.m.canica, A.m. carpatica than that with A.m.mellifera and African bees. Based on the NJ tree,A.m.ssp. mixed in A.m.anatoliaca and A.m. caucasica, whether it is a mixed groups of the two geographical races, or it is a new honey bee subspecies need to be further investigated in the future.