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16 July 2025, Volume 58 Issue 14

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Genome-Wide Association Study and Genetic Improvement Study of Rice Blast Resistance

ZHENG MinHua, CHEN Luo, XING JiaLe, XIE YueLan, JIANG XianYa, NIE Shuai, CAI FuGe, WU HaoXiang, LU ZhanHua, SUN Wei, HUO Xing, BAI Song, ZHAO JunLiang, YANG Wu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2707-2719.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.001

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【Objective】Rice blast critically compromises rice production. The genetic enhancement of blast resistance remains challenging due to pathogen variability and limited genetic diversity in breeding parents. This study seeks to accelerate resistance breeding by identifying novel resistance loci through systematic germplasm characterization. 【Method】A panel of 265 sequenced indica rice accessions (including 120 international germplasms and 145 cultivars from South China) underwent field-based blast resistance evaluation. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was subsequently employed to identify blast resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL). Haplotype effects of these QTL on blast resistance were analyzed, and candidate genes within newly identified QTL regions were predicted using rice genome annotation. 【Result】Field resistance evaluation identified 47 accessions (18 international germplasms and 29 cultivars from South China) exhibiting high resistance to both panicle and leaf blast. GWAS detected nine blast resistance QTL distributed across chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 11, and 12, respectively. Among them, four QTL was co-localized with previously reported blast resistance genes and five QTL were newly identified. Haplotype analysis revealed significant resistance variations associated with peak SNP alleles, with eight QTL showing higher frequency of resistant haplotypes in cultivars from South China compared to international germplasms. Notably, the qPB11 locus demonstrated an inverse distribution pattern, where its resistant haplotype frequency was substantially lower in cultivars from South China (1%) than in international germplasm (16%). Candidate gene analysis within novel QTL regions identified four NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins and four NB-ARC domain-containing proteins, with eight candidate genes clustered within a 27.22-27.35 Mb interval on chromosome 11.【Conclusion】Cultivars from South China exhibit superior blast resistance compared to international germplasms. The high-resistance haplotypes of qPB1-1, qPB1-2, qPB1-3, qPB5, qPB6, qPB12-1, and qLB12/qPB12-2 have been preferentially selected during the genetic improvement of cultivars from South China. Furthermore, the qPB11 locus harbors genes encoding NBS-LRR disease-resistant proteins and NB-ARC domain-containing proteins, representing new potential resistance gene for rice blast disease.

CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Screening of Active Centromeric Retrotransposons of Rye and Their Response to Stress

WU CuiCui, WANG RuoYu, MA Chi, HE MeiYue, YIN XiaoKang, FENG JiaYi, ZHOU BinHan, JIANG YuFan, JIN HanBing, ZHAO LiLi, SUN Ji, FANG ZhengWu, CHENG Ling, ZHU ZhanWang, LIU YiKe, ZHANG YingXin, WANG ShuPing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2720-2738.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.002

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【Objective】Centromeric retrotransposons (CR) play an important role in maintaining chromosomal stability of Poaceae species. Rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Imperial), a valuable genetic donor for wheat improvement, showed enhanced stress tolerance and disease resistance, the centromeric regions of which are enriched with CR. Screen active rye specific CR (CR of Rye, CRR) and study their transposition patterns under stress conditions, would help elucidate the mechanisms of the possible influence of transposable elements (TEs) transposition on genome stability of rye under stress conditions. 【Method】To identify intact CRR, the rye genome was subjected to de novo annotation of TEs using bioinformatics tools. Semi-quantitative analysis was applied to screen highly expressed CRR in both leaves and roots of rye. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), methylation-specific PCR (MSP), and transposon display (TD) techniques were used to analyze the expression and methylation level, and transposition activity of the screened CRR in leaves and roots of abiotic stressed rye seedlings (at the one-tip-two-leaf stage), including salt, ABA, H₂O₂, PEG, low temperature, and high temperature. 【Result】Seventeen CRR were identified, and seven have intact structure (CRR1, CRR2, CRR3, CRR4, CRR5, CRR7, and CRR11). Semi-quantitative analysis revealed CRR2, CRR4, and CRR7 were highly expressed in both leaves and roots. Structural analysis of the three CRR indicated that they could encode all the enzymes necessary for TE transposition (reverse transcriptase, ribonuclease H, and integrase), with CRR7 also encoded a Gag protein. Under normal conditions, CRR2, CRR4, and CRR7 were basically expressed, which were upregulated by stress treatments, the methylation level of CRR7 changed most under stressed conditions, followed by CRR2 and CRR4. Additionally, the copy number of the three CRR was dynamically changed under stress conditions. Under different stress conditions, the insertion and excision frequency of CRR was different under different stress conditions, but the overall excision frequency was higher than the insertion frequency.【Conclusion】The higher of the sequence homology between the 5’ and 3’ LTRs of CRR, the higher of the transcriptional activity of CRR; active CRR have basical transcriptional level under normal conditions, the transcription and transposition activity of which were upregulated by stress stimuli, which were primarily regulated by post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Genomic rearrangement might be the main factor affecting the copy number of CRR in stress conditions.

Identification of GmSZFP-Interacting Proteins and Functional Analysis of GmERF7 in Soybean Resistance to SMV Infection

QI MengNan, ZHAO DingLing, ZHANG XueYan, ZHANG YuJie, WANG RongNa, LIU BingQiang, YAN Long, ZHANG Jie, WANG DongMei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2739-2750.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.003

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【Objective】Soybean, an important economic and oil crop, is frequently threatened by soybean mosaic virus (SMV) disease, which is caused by the soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Previous studies identified a differentially expressed C₂H₂ single zinc finger protein gene, GmSZFP, which positively regulated soybean resistance to SMV infection. Using a yeast two-hybrid library, we screened for proteins that interact with GmSZFP and explored their functions in the soybean-SMV interaction. This research provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the regulatory network of transcription factors involved in soybean resistance to SMV infection. 【Method】In this study, the compatible (Jidou 7 and SMV strain SC-8) and incompatible (Jidou 7 and SMV strain N3) combinations were used to screen the potential interaction proteins of GmSZFP by yeast two-hybrid library. the protein-protein interactions were validated through yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) were employed to analyze the transcriptional expression levels and functions of the identified interaction proteinin the soybean-SMV interaction. 【Result】We identified GmERF7 as apotential target protein of GmSZFP through yeast two-hybrid system. The interaction between GmSZFP and GmERF7 was confirmed by Y2H and BiFC. GmERF7 is a 393 -amino acid protein containing an AP2/ERF domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLS). qPCR results showed that the expression levels of GmERF7 were significantly higher in the compatible combination than those in the incompatible combination at 4, 12, and 24 hours after infection, peaking at 24 hours. VIGS-mediated silencing of GmERF7 in Jidou 7 plants infected with SC-8 (compatible combination) results in increased callose deposition at the inoculation site compared to the control. At the 14 days after inoculation, the expression of SMV coat protein CP gene was undetectable in the upper leaves of the GmERF7-silenced plants, and no SMV infection symptoms were observed. In contrast, the CP gene was detected in the control plants, which exhibited typical susceptibility symptoms such as mosaic and green-loss. These results indicate silencing GmERF7 weakened virus transport and spread between cells, thereby enhancing plant resistance to SMV. This suggest that GmERF7 negatively regulates soybean resistance to SMV. 【Conclusion】The ERF transcription factor GmERF7 interacts with the zinc finger protein GmSZFP, and negatively regulates soybean resistance to SMV.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Effects of Different Carbon Returning Methods on Grain Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Maize in Dryland of the Loess Plateau

WU LingBin, WANG LinLin, WANG JiangWen, WANG ZiChao, SI JiaAng, LI ShiQing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2751-2765.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.004

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【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the response of maize grain yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) in the dryland of the Loess Plateau to different ways of carbon returning, and to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of maize in this region.【Method】A maize field experiment was carried out in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, from 2022 to 2023, with one no-carbon returning and four different carbon-increasing treatments of equal carbon amounts: CK, control treatment without carbon returning; S1, biochar returning treatment (0.5×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S2, straw returning treatment (1.2×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S3, organic returning treatment (2.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2); S4: 50% straw returning (0.6×10⁴ kg·hm^-2) combined with 50% organic returning treatment (1.0×10⁴ kg·hm^-2) to study the effects of carbon returning methods on soil moisture, dry matter accumulation and translocation, yield, water use efficiency and grain quality of maize in dryland of Loess Plateau.【Result】Carbon returning treatments reduced soil bulk weight and increased soil porosity in the 0-30 cm soil layer, where S1 treatment significantly increased soil water content in the 0-300 cm soil layer compared with CK treatment. Compared with the CK treatment, S1 treatment significantly decreased the SPAD value and leaf area index (LAI) at flowering stage, whereas S2, S3 and S4 treatments significantly increased the LAI of maize. The aboveground dry matter accumulation at harvest and the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation under S2, S3 and S4 treatment were significantly increased by 10.83%-21.05% and 8.47%-17.13%, respectively, while the dry matter accumulation of maize after anthesis and the contribution of post-flowering dry matter to grain yield significantly increased by 28.58%-54.02% and 11.18%-19.43%, respectively. And then, maize yields significantly increased by 17.22%-29.66%, with S3 demonstrating the most pronounced yield improvement. Conversely, compared with CK, S1 treatment significantly reduced the maximum rate of dry matter accumulation and dry matter accumulation at harvest by 5.31% and 10.32%, respectively, and then decreased grain yield by 7.05%. The S3 treatment significantly increased water use efficiency for grain yield by 23.71% relative to CK, while S1, S2, and S4 showed no significant differences in water use efficiency when compared with CK. Furthermore, compared with CK, S2 treatment significantly reduced grain protein content, while S2, S3, and S4 significantly decreased grain cellulose content. In contrast, S1 treatment significantly increased grain cellulose content compared with CK treatment. 【Conclusion】Under carbon applications of 0.5×10⁴ kg C·hm^-2, organic manure application was more effective in improving maize yield and water use efficiency than straw return and biochar return.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain

LI XiaoHong, WANG KeRu, ZHANG GuoQiang, MING Bo, XUE Jun, FANG Liang, ZHANG TingTing, YE JianQuan, LI ShaoKun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2766-2781.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005

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【Objective】Reasonable increase of planting density and row spacing configuration is an important way to achieve high yield and high efficiency of maize. In order to provide the technical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of drip irrigation maize in sandy land, the effects of dense planting and row spacing configuration on maize yield and water and fertilizer utilization efficiency in sandy land were studied under drip irrigation condition in Xiliaohe Plain.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Naiman Banner of Inner Mongolia in 2023 and 2024, and 'Zhengdan 958' was used as the test maize variety. Two planting densities: 60 000 plants/hm² (D1) and 90 000 plants/hm² (D2) and seven row spacing treatments: 60 cm+60 cm (L₆₀₊₆₀, CK), 40 cm+ 80 cm (L₄₀₊₈₀), 30 cm+90 cm (L₃₀₊₉₀), 30 cm+80 cm (L₃₀₊₈₀), 40 cm+70 cm (L₄₀₊₇₀), 30 cm+70 cm (L₃₀₊₇₀) and 20 cm+70 cm (L₂₀₊₇₀) were set. The effects of planting density and row spacing on maize yield, dry matter production, photosynthetic performance and water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation in sandy land were systematically analyzed.【Result】Planting density and row spacing significantly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize in sandy land. In the two-year experiment, L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀ obtained higher yield under D2 density, which were 15.6 and 15.5 t·hm^-2, respectively. The water use efficiency (WUE) reached 2.57 and 2.55 kg·m^-3, respectively, and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP_N) reached 57.8 and 57.2 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Among them, the yield difference between L₃₀₊₈₀ and L₃₀₊₉₀ in 2023 did not reach a significant level, and the yield was 18.2% and 17.0% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The dry matter accumulation at silking stage (DMAS), dry matter accumulation at maturity stage (DMAM), dry matter accumulation after anthesis (DMAAS) and harvest index (HI) increased by 49.5%, 75.0%, 97.6%, 18.3% and 45.1%, 73.3%, 96.8%, 19.3% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The total photosynthetic potential increased by 33.6% and 30.1% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀ during the growth period. The light transmittance (Tr) of the bottom layer and ear layer decreased by 51.7%, 27.5% and 37.9%, 20.9% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) of ear leaf at silking stage (R1) and maturity stage (R6) increased by 61.0%, 60.3% and 61.5%, 59.4%, respectively. WUE and PFPN increased by 19.7%, 17.8% and 21.1%, 16.8% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. In 2024, there was no significant difference in yield between L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀, which was 14.3% and 13.8% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively; DMAS, DMAM, DMAAS and HI increased by 56.6%, 87.0%, 118.4%, 28.9% and 52.1%, 81.0%, 114.6%, 29.0%, respectively; the total photosynthetic potential increased significantly by 65.9% and 63.0% during the growth period, respectively; the Tr of the bottom layer and the ear layer decreased by 53.8%, 24.9% and 52.1%, 22.8%; the Pn of ear leaf of R1 and R6 increased by 18.7%, 86.6% and 65.6%, 86.2%, respectively. WUE and PFP_N increased by 18.7%, 13.6% and 18.9%, 14.1%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that maize yield was significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight, grain number per spike, number of harvested spikes, HI, WUE and PFP_N. DMAS and DMAAS were significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, LAD before anthesis, LAD after anthesis and Pn, and negatively correlated with Tr.【Conclusion】Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration in the sandy land of Xiliaohe Plain, the interaction between planting density and row spacing mainly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize by affecting the light transmittance of maize population, leaf photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and LAD. Therefore, the high yield and water and nitrogen production efficiency could be obtained by reasonably increasing the density of high-yield varieties to 90 000 plants/hm² and wide-narrow row spacing of 30 cm+70/80 cm.

PLANT PROTECTION

Effect of Crop Planting Structure on Formation of Natal Host Types of Helicoverpa armigera Moths in Hexi Corridor

GUO JianGuo, JIANG XiaoFeng, XIE XiaoLi, ZHENG Rong, MIAO ChunQing, WEI JianRong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2782-2792.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.006

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of crop planting structure on formation of natal host types of bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) moths, and to construct a regional integrated green prevention and control system in Hexi Corridor.【Method】A number of H. armigera moths were collected by sex pheromone traps and δ¹³C (¹³C/¹²C) value of one forewing of each H. armigera moth was determined by stable carbon isotope ratio method in Hexi Corridor from 2021 to 2023.【Result】Under 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 planting structure patterns of vegetables/maize in Hexi Corridor, 25.00%, 26.19% and 3.61% of the first generation moths were originated from C₃ vegetables and 75.00%, 73.81% and 96.39% of the first generation moths were originated from C₄ maize, the average δ¹³C (¹³C/¹²C) values were -26.28‰, -26.81‰, -23.20‰, -12.56‰, -13.48‰ and -12.82‰, respectively. 42.62%, 38.33% and 23.87% of the second generation moths were originated from C₃ vegetables and 57.38%, 61.67% and 76.13% of the second generation moths were originated from C₄ maize, the average δ¹³C (¹³C/¹²C) values were -26.25‰, -25.98‰, -25.78‰, -12.93‰, -12.61‰ and -12.52‰, respectively. 44.29%, 40.95% and 22.86% of the third generation moths were originated from C₃ vegetables and 55.71%, 59.05% and 77.14% of the third generation moths were originated from C₄ maize, the average δ¹³C（¹³C/¹²C）values were -25.57‰, -26.09‰, -25.85‰, -12.56‰, -12.25‰ and -12.75‰, respectively. On the whole, 36.94%, 35.23% and 15.17% of the first, second and third generation moths were separately originated from C₃ vegetables and 63.06%, 64.77% and 84.83% were respectively originated from C₄ maize, the average δ¹³C (¹³C/¹²C) values were -26.09‰, -26.19‰, -25.59‰, -12.66‰, -12.86‰ and 12.69‰ under 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 planting structure patterns of vegetables/maize in Hexi Corridor. One-way ANOVA analysis showed that the proportion of the first, second and third generations of C₃ host type of moths originated from 1:1 and 1:2 planting structure patterns of vegetables/maize was significantly higher than that originated from 1:3 planting structure pattern of vegetables/maize, while the proportion of the first, second and third generations of C₄ host type of moths originated from 1:1 and 1:2 planting structure patterns of vegetables/maize was significantly lower than that originated from 1:3 planting structure pattern of vegetables/maize.【Conclusion】Under 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 planting structure patterns of vegetables/maize in Hexi Corridor, 36.94%, 35.23% and 15.17% of H. armigera moths from the first to the third generation were originated from C₃ vegetables and 63.06%, 64.77% and 84.83% of H. armigera moths from the first to the third generation were originated from C₄ maize, the moths produced by three planting structure patterns mainly were of C₄ host types. The results indicated that the reduced area ratio of vegetables/maize was conducive to increasing the relative abundance of the moth population of H. armigera with adjustment of crop planting structure in the Hexi Corridor, in particular, the expansion of maize played a decisive role in the formation of the C₄ host type of H. armigera moths. Therefore, the comprehensive control of H. armigera should adhere to the integrated control strategy of “key control in the maize and balanced control in the vegetables” in Hexi Corridor so as to avoid secondary disasters caused by local control in the maize or in the vegetables and unbalance the integrality of maize and vegetables.

Effects of Drought Stress During the Pupal Stage on Mating Behavior and Sensitivity to Lufenuron in Bradysia odoriphaga

LIU WenLong, CHANG YiFang, LI WenYu, SUN LiJuan, ZHENG ChangYing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2793-2804.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.007

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【Objective】Drought stress during the entire developmental period of Bradysia odoriphaga significantly suppresses its population occurrence. However, the specific impact of drought stress applied solely during the pupal stage on its population remains unreported. This study aims to clarify the effects of pupal-stage drought stress on the mating behavior of B. odoriphaga and the sensitivity of its F₁ generation to lufenuron. It further explores the regulatory mechanism of soil drought stress on the B. odoriphaga population, providing a theoretical basis for reducing chemical pesticide application in its control.【Method】Soil drought treatment (10% relative water content) and soil wet treatment (40% relative water content) were established. Differences in water loss rate, developmental duration, and adult longevity were measured under these soil humidity conditions. Mating behavior of emerged adults was observed through paired trials. The sensitivity of F₁ 2nd-instar larvae to lufenuron was determined using the stem-dip method. Additionally, detoxifying enzyme activities and the expression levels of related coding genes were measured.【Result】Drought stress during the pupal stage significantly shortened adult longevity but did not affect pupal developmental duration. Mating trials revealed that drought-stressed males exhibited a 78.70% decrease in courtship attempts per minute, a 76.44% reduction in courtship duration per minute, and a 78.57% decline in mating success rate. Under drought treatment, the water loss rates at 72 h were 36.12% for female pupae and 41.12% for male pupae, both significantly higher than those in the wet treatment group. The LC₅₀ value for F₁ 2nd-instar larvae from the drought group (14.343 mg·L^-1) decreased by 37.37% compared to the wet group (22.902 mg·L^-1). The mortality rate of 2nd-instar larvae treated with 14.00 mg·L^-1 lufenuron was 53.33% in the drought treatment group and 26.67% in the wet treatment group. The difference was significant. The activities of P450 detoxifying enzymes, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase in drought treatment group were significantly lower than those in wet treatment group. The results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the expression levels of CarE2, CarE3, GSTd1, CYP6QE1 and CYP3356A in the drought treatment group were significantly lower than those in the wet treatment group. The expression levels of CarE1 and CYP6FU12 were not significantly different, and the expression of GSTd2 was significantly up-regulated.【Conclusion】Drought stress leads to significant water loss in pupae, shortens adult longevity, and inhibits mating behavior. The use of soil drought stress during pupal stage can inhibit the occurrence of B. odoriphaga population. At the same time, drought stress during pupal stage leads to the increase of the lethal rate of lufenuron to F₁ larvae and the change of detoxifying enzyme activity in larvae, indicating that it is feasible to control B. odoriphaga with drought stress and chemical control.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Phosphorus Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Fluvo-Aquic Soils

GUO DouDou, ZHANG KeKe, HUANG ShaoMin, SONG Xiao, ZHANG ShuiQing, YUE Ke, DING ShiJie, GUO TengFei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2805-2820.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.008

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【Objective】Through long-term experiments, this study analyzed the effects of fertilization on the phosphorus adsorption-desorption characteristics in fluvo-aquic soils, aiming to reveal how different fertilization practices influence phosphorus availability and provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of phosphorus. 【Method】Based on the "National Long-term Monitoring Station of Fluvo-aquic Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects", the isothermal adsorption-desorption experiments were conducted on soils under seven typical fertilization treatments over a continuous 31-year period. These treatments included: only nitrogen fertilizer (N2), only nitrogen and potassium fertilizers (N2K), low nitrogen fertilizer+phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (N1PK), medium nitrogen fertilizer+phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (N2PK), high nitrogen fertilizer+phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (N4PK), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers+organic fertilizer (N2PK+M), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers+maize straw return (N2PK+S). The Langmuir equation was used to analyze the impacts of fertilization on phosphorus adsorption-desorption characteristics, and the Hierarchical Partitioning (HP) Model in redundancy analysis (RDA) was employed to quantify the influence of soil physicochemical properties on key parameters. 【Result】As the external phosphorus amount increased, the amount of phosphorus adsorbed by the soil increased, but the adsorption rate decreased. Soils with only chemical fertilizers had higher phosphorus adsorption rates (Ar) compared with those with combined organic and inorganic fertilizers. Soils without phosphorus fertilization had the highest adsorption affinity constant (Ka), followed by soils with long-term chemical fertilization, and the lowest in soils with organic-inorganic combined fertilization. The maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity (Qm) and maximum buffering capacity (MBC) were the highest under N2PK treatment. In comparison, Qm decreased by 13.7%, 16.0%, 22.8%, and 21.5% under N2PK+M, N2PK+S, N2, and N2K treatments, respectively, with the lowest value observed in the no-phosphorus treatment; MBC decreased by 26.8%, 28.4%, 15.6%, and 11.7% in the same treatments, respectively, with the lowest value found in the organic-inorganic combined fertilization treatment. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) under N2PK+M treatment reached 21.3%, significantly higher than other treatments, followed by the N4PK and N2PK+S treatments. During the phosphorus desorption process, the amount of desorbed phosphorus increased with the increase in solution phosphorus concentration, while the desorption rate decreased. The phosphorus desorption capacity under N2PK+M treatment was significantly higher than that under other treatments, with the highest maximum phosphorus desorption amount (Dm), desorption rate (Dr), and readily desorption phosphorus (RDP). The N2K treatment had the lowest Dm value, while the N1PK treatment had the lowest Dr and RDP values. The results of physicochemical factor ranking based on the HP model show that TP, Olsen-P, ExCa, CaCO₃, and SOM were the top five factors influencing phosphorus adsorption parameters, with contribution rates of 18.0%, 16.0%, 12.6%, 11.4%, and 8.8%, respectively. Olsen-P, TN, ExCa, SOM, and AN are the top five factors influencing phosphorus desorption parameters, with contribution rates of 17.9%, 12.9%, 12.6%, 9.8%, and 9.0%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Long-term application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers increased soil phosphorus adsorption intensity and reduced phosphorus desorption capacity of fluvo-aquic soils, and soils with a lower nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio showed even lower phosphorus desorption capacity. The addition of organic fertilizers could reduce phosphorus adsorption capacity and enhance desorption ability, although excessive application organic fertilizers might lead to phosphorus loss. The combination of chemical fertilizers and straw return could reduce soil phosphorus adsorption capacity, which was an effective measure to enhance phosphorus activity in fluvo-aquic soil. Olsen-P and ExCa were the primary factors determining the phosphorus adsorption-desorption characteristics of fluvo-aquic soil. Additionally, an increase in total phosphorus helped reduce phosphorus adsorption capacity, while an increase in total nitrogen contributed to enhancing phosphorus desorption capacity.

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Ecosystem Multifunctionality

XUAN ZePeng, FENG HuiYao, CHEN MeiQi, XU JiSheng, LIU MengXuan, ZHAO BingZi, ZHANG JiaBao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2821-2837.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.009

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【Objective】This study aimed to explore the impact of combined application of straw returning and chemical fertilizers on the multifunctionality of farmland ecosystem, so as to provide the theoretical support for the scientific combined application of straw and chemical fertilizers and the improvement of crop productivity. 【Method】An eight-year winter wheat-summer maize rotation experiment (2012-2020) was conducted with four treatments: no fertilization control treatment (NF), single application of chemical fertilizers (F), single application of straw (S), and combined application of straw returning and chemical fertilizers (FS). 17 general indexes of farmland ecosystem service function were determined to calculate soil ecosystem multifunction index (MFI). In addition, the compositions of bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were determined. The coupling effects of chemical fertilizers and straw returning on the multifunctionality of soil ecosystem and the main driving factors in soil properties were explored. 【Result】Compared with NF, F and FS treatments significantly increased crop yields and MFI, but S treatment only increased soil MFI without significant effect on yield. A random forest model showed that n-acetyl-β-glucosaminase (NAG) and total nitrogen (TN) were the most important factors affecting MFI. Long-term fertilization also significantly changed the community structure of bacteria and fungi in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil compartments. Compared with the NF treatment, F and FS treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of bulk microorganisms, such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Basidiomycota, as well as the relative abundance of rhizosphere fungi, such as Basidiomycota. The redundancy analysis showed that SOM and its component, dissolved organic carbon, were the key factors affecting the composition of bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities. Network analysis and correlation analysis further showed that MFI was significantly correlated with the relative abundances of network modules for both bulk and rhizosphere microorganisms. Moreover, the F and FS treatments with the high production level enriched bulk soil microorganisms, such as Hannaella and Chaetomium, which had strong metabolism of amino acid and nucleotide, contributing to the soil ecosystem multifunctionality. Nevertheless, for the low-yielding group (NF and S treatments), the species that were not favorable to soil nutrient retention were enriched in both the bulk and rhizosphere soil, such as Solibacterales, Phycicoccus, and Pleosporales. 【Conclusion】The combined treatment of straw incorporation and chemical fertilizer could significantly improve both crop yield and ecosystem multifunction indexes. Long-term straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer could enhance ecosystem multifunctionality by increasing soil enzyme activity and total nitrogen content. This practice also fostered the proliferation of specific species (Hannaella, Chaetomium, etc.), which played key roles in nutrient cycling, enzyme activity, and promoted amino acid and nucleotide metabolism in the bulk soil, thus contributing to the maintenance of ecosystem multifunctionality.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Changes of Cropland Topsoil Inorganic Carbon in the Sichuan Basin Based on Gap-Filled Data

LI AiWen, CHENG JinLi, CHEN Dan, CHEN XinYi, MAO YaRuo, LI QiQuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2838-2853.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.010

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【Objective】This study aimed to fill soil inorganic carbon (SIC) gaps through predictive modeling and assess its impact on spatial interpolation accuracy, thereby providing a scientific basis for rapidly and accurately revealing the spatiotemporal variability of regional soil properties.【Method】This study focused on the Sichuan Basin, utilizing 4 219 cropland topsoil (0-20 cm) samples from the Second National Soil Survey (1980-1985) and 4 409 samples from field sampling conducted between 2017 and 2019. By integrating climate, topography, and other SIC-related soil attributes, Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) model and Random Forest (RF) model were used to construct optimal SIC predictive models for the topsoil across six sub-basins in different periods, thereby filling in missing SIC values. Subsequently, this study assessed how adding these filled SIC values as sample points impacted the spatial interpolation accuracy of the Ordinary Kriging (OK) method.【Result】The RBFNN model and RF model effectively filled missing SIC values in the cropland topsoil of the Sichuan Basin. Optimal predictive models differed across sub-basins and periods, with the coefficient of determination (R²) for independent validation samples ranging from 0.70 to 0.96 and the root mean square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.33 to 2.40 g·kg^-1. For independent validation samples across the two periods in the entire Sichuan Basin, the best predictive models yielded R² values of 0.76 and 0.86, with RMSE values of 1.75 and 1.26 g·kg^-1, respectively. For observed samples, the Ordinary Kriging (OK) method yielded R² values of 0.27 and 0.37 across the two periods, with mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), and RMSE values of 2.11 and 1.56 g·kg^-1, 77.15% and 65.96%, 3.09 and 2.66 g·kg^-1, respectively. After adding filled SIC values to the sample pool, the OK interpolation results for validation samples showed an increase in R² by 0.10 to 0.14, with reductions in MAE, MRE, and RMSE by 3.56% to 16.36%, and a significant decrease in kriging prediction variance. Based on the filled data, the mean SIC content in the cropland topsoil of the Sichuan Basin declined from 2.85 g·kg^-1 to 2.55 g·kg^-1 over the past 40 years, representing a 10.53% reduction. Those areas with declining SIC content were widely distributed around the periphery of the basin, while SIC content increased in the central region of the basin. Spatially, SIC in the cropland topsoil exhibited a high-value pattern in the central basin and lower values on the periphery in both periods, with high SIC areas concentrated in the central reaches of the Fujiang and Tuojiang River basins, and low-value areas primarily distributed on the basin’s periphery.【Conclusion】Integrating existing soil and environmental data, the RBFNN model and RF model were employed to construct an optimal regional prediction model, effectively addressing historical gaps in soil property data. This approach, based on supplemented sample points, enhanced spatial interpolation accuracy, enabling rapid and precise acquisition of spatiotemporal soil property information. It provided the critical support for assessing cropland soil quality and developing targeted management strategies.

HORTICULTURE

Analysis and Evaluation of Fruit Texture Quality of 96 Pepper Germplasm Resources

WU HuiQin, WANG Jing, YANG Yi, LIU XueQing, ZHANG KaiXuan, WANG LuYao, LU JiaWei, ZHAI Yuan, CHENG Yan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2854-2868.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.011

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【Objective】As a widely cultivated vegetable crop in the world, the fruit texture of pepper has a significant impact on quality, storage, transportation and market acceptance. By establishing the evaluation system on fruit texture, it provides a theoretical and practical basis for quality breeding, cultivation management and postharvest treatment in pepper. 【Method】Texture profile analysis was used to determine the hardness, fracture, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springness and chewiness for pepper fruit of 96 germplasm resources at the green maturity stage. Combining the correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, the comprehensive evaluation model was established and the specific pepper germplasm was screened. The content of cell wall substances was measured to explore its correlation with texture indexes.【Result】The texture indexes of pepper fruit were significantly different among different germplasms. The diversity index was over 3.7, which indicated that the germplasm resources were rich in variation. The texture indexes were mutually affected, and the hardness was significantly positively correlated with elasticity, viscosity and chewiness. Two factors affecting the texture of pepper fruit including toughness and viscosity with a cumulative contribution rate of 70.465% were extracted by principal component analysis. A comprehensive evaluation model to the texture quality of pepper fruit W=0.691W1+0.309W2 was established, and the specific germplasm with the highest comprehensive evaluation score (No. 63) and the lowest score (No. 29) were selected. Based on the 7 texture indexes and W values, 96 pepper germplasms were divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis, and there were significant differences among the indexes of each group. 4 germplasms with high hardness, strong springness and relatively high W value, were included in group I, which were hard and upright lantern type. While 3 germplasms with low fracture, weak gumminess and relatively low W value were included in group V, which were soft and wrinkled type. The texture indexes and W values of the germplasm in class Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ were in the middle. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, total pectin and lignin were normally distributed in the cell wall components in 96 pepper germplasms, indicating that the tested germplasm was rich in diversity. There was a significant correlation between cell wall components and TPA indexes. Cellulose is significantly positively correlated with hardness, and lignin was positively correlated with hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, fracture and springness, while total pectin is negatively correlated with hardness and adhesiveness. 【Conclusion】Hardness, springness, gumminess and chewiness are the key indexes to judge the texture of pepper fruit, and the cell wall components have an important impact on the quality of fruit texture. Specific germplasm on texture quality in pepper fruit could be identified using the comprehensive evaluation model W=0.691W1+0.309W2 established in this study.

Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Water, Fertilizer, and Pesticide Coupling on Chili Pepper Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, and Root Rot

XU JiaXin, HUA Nan, WANG YongQiang, XU Hao, LIU Zhen, ZHAO XiaoRui, LI Yue, CHEN QiWei, YE Lin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2869-2884.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.012

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【Objective】Aiming at the problems of yield decline and frequent root rot caused by unreasonable application of water and fertilizer in chili pepper production in solar greenhouse, the effects of reasonable application of water and fertilizer on yield increase and root rot control effect of chili pepper were discussed, and a scientific and reasonable management mode of water and fertilizer was screened out for high yield and high quality cultivation techniques of chili pepper in greenhouse.【Method】The experiment was conducted using the chili pepper variety ‘Huamei 105’. Three levels of irrigation amount (2 423, 3 230, 4 037 m³·hm^-2), fertilizer application rate (330, 495, 660 kg·hm^-2), and pesticide application rate (300, 450, 600 L·hm^-2) were designed. Fertilizer was a high-potassium mix (N-P-K: 12-6-40), and the pesticide combination included chlorobromoisocyanuric acid, cymoxanil, and metalaxyl. A three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of different water, fertilizer, and pesticide combinations on chili pepper growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and root rot occurrence.【Result】The interactions between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate significantly impacted the growth comprehensive index and photosynthetic performance comprehensive index (P<0.05), and the interaction between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had extremely significant effects on the growth comprehensive index (P<0.01). The interaction between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had a significant effect on water and fertilizer use efficiency (P<0.05), while the interactions between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had no significant effect on water and fertilizer use efficiency. The interaction between fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had a significant effect on the disease index of root rot (P<0.05), while the interactions between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate, irrigation amount and pesticide application rate had no significant effect on the disease index of root rot. The interactions between irrigation amount and pesticide application rate, fertilizer application rate and pesticide application rate had significant effects on yield (P<0.05), while the interaction between irrigation amount and fertilizer application rate had no significant effect on yield.【Conclusion】The response regression model was used to optimize the yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. The optimal combination of irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide application is irrigation amount 3 213 m³·hm^-2, fertilizer application rate 493 kg·hm^-2 and pesticide application rate 449 L·hm^-2. This combination can effectively improve the growth index and photosynthetic parameters of chili pepper, and significantly reduce the disease index of root rot and improve the yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore, this management mode of water, fertilizer and pesticide can provide important theoretical basis and reference for the scientific management and efficient production of chili pepper.

FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Construction of a Differential Gene Expression and Quality Regulation Network in Stored Rice Grain Using WGCNA

DONG Xue, CHEN MengQiu, SHAO Jin, WU XueYou, TANG PeiAn

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2885-2903.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.013

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【Background】Rice grain undergoes various physiological and biochemical changes during long-term storage, impacting both stability and quality. Those factors contribute to rice grain quality deterioration during its storage stage, such as lipid oxidation, starch degradation, protein modifications, membrane homeostasis imbalance, and oxidative stress collectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain elusive.【Objective】This study aimed to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in stored rice grian, construct a co-expression network, identify core genes using WGCNA and explore regulatory mechanisms associated with rice storage stability. 【Method】Transcriptomic analysis was conducted on Japonica rice (Nanjing 46) grain stored for different durations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) to obtain gene expression profiles. WGCNA was employed to identify highly variable genes during storage, construct a weighted gene co-expression network, and identify storage-time-specific modules. Core genes screening was based on network connectivity, followed by functional enrichment analysis and physiological and biochemical assays to explore their potential roles in storage quality regulation.【Result】A total of 9 050 DEGs were identified, with 8 654 showing variations across storage stages, and 396 were expressed consistently across all time points. WGCNA identified 17 gene co-expression modules, of which four showed strong associations with storage duration. Connectivity analysis further highlighted key genes with regulatory potential：OsOLE4 and OsCDAP3, involved in lipid metabolism; OsLEA32, OsAGP24 and OsRHD3 associated with maintaining cellular stability; OsERF064 linked to the ethylene signaling pathway and OsEMF2a, an epigenetic regulator. Additionally, five candidate genes lacking functional annotation were identified for further study.【Conclusion】This study systematically analyzed the molecular regulatory network of rice grain storage using transcriptomics and WGCNA, revealing that rice grain adapts to storage environments through multi-level gene regulatory mechanisms. Core genes within specific modules played pivotal roles in antioxidant activity, nutrient metabolism, membrane stability, and cellular function maintenance. These findings provided a biological basis for delaying rice quality deterioration and offered potential genetic resources for improving rice grain storage stability.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE

Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Rumen Methane Emission, Fermentation Parameters and Performance of Late Lactating Cows Based on the GreenFeed System

LI XiaoPeng, LIU YunLong, CUI JiaJun, TU Yan, JIANG LinShu, CHENG ShuRu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2904-2913.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.014

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【Objective】Methane (CH₄) emission from ruminants constitutes a significant portion of greenhouse gas emission from the livestock industry. Reducing CH₄ emissions is essential for achieving low-carbon development in livestock production. This experiment aimed to measure CH₄ emissions from late lactating cows using the GreenFeed system, and to evaluate the effects of chlorogenic acid supplementation on rumen CH₄ emissions, fermentation parameters, and production performance of lactating cows, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application of chlorogenic acid as a feed additive for CH₄ emission mitigation in practical production settings. 【Method】A one-way completely randomized experimental design was used to select 30 lactating Holstein cows ((170.07 ± 57.81) days in lactation). The cows were divided into two groups, each with 15 replicates (one cow per replicate). The control group received a basal diet, while the treatment group was supplemented with 20 g of chlorogenic acid per cow per day in addition to the basal diet. The experiment lasted 10 weeks, including a 2-week pre-trial period and an 8-week main trial period. CH₄ emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system during the test period. Samples of rumen fluid, blood, milk, and feces were collected during the final week for subsequent analysis, and CH₄ emission intensity was calculated based on the average CH₄ emissions and milk production during trial period. 【Result】Compared with the control group, (1) Chlorogenic acid supplementation significantly reduced daily CH₄ emissions and CH₄ emission intensity relative to milk production (P<0.05).Chlorogenic acid had no significant effects on milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), milk fat percentage, lactose percentage, somatic cell count (SCC), or milk solids (P>0.05). However, it increased milk protein content (P<0.05) and decreased milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels (P<0.01).(2) Chlorogenic acid did not significantly affect rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), or total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations (P>0.05). However, it increased the proportion of propionic acid (P<0.05), decreased the proportion of butyric acid (P<0.01), and lowered the acetic acid-to-propionic acid ratio (P<0.05).(3) Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (P<0.01), while it increased serum total protein (TP, P<0.01), albumin (ALB, P<0.05), and globulin (GLB, P<0.01). (4) Chlorogenic acid had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients (P>0.05).【Conclusion】Supplementing lactating dairy cows’ diets with chlorogenic acid could reduce CH₄ emissions by modulating rumen fermentation patterns. Additionally, it improved production performance by influencing protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, and immune function.

Current Status and Countermeasures of Innovative in Chinese Veterinary Medicine in China: Based on the Research on Approved Products from 2006 to 2024

WANG JianZhong, YAN Hang, LIU Jing, ZHOU Rui, YAN YingFu, LI HongQuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2914-2923.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.015

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Since the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of our country fully implemented the "feed ban on antibiotics" policy, the research and approval process of veterinary traditional Chinese medicine has significantly accelerated. A series of innovative veterinary products have been approved for use in animal disease prevention and treatment, promoting the development of green farming. However, at present, the research and application of veterinary traditional Chinese medicine still face key challenges, such as insufficient coverage of target animals (such as ruminants, aquatic animals, and pet medication is scarce), incomplete quality standard system, lack of toxicity evaluation methods, and lack of systematic clinical data, which seriously restrict its modernization and internationalization process. This study systematically analyzed the new veterinary traditional Chinese medicine drugs and preparations approved in China from January 2006 to December 2024, evaluated their research trends, indication distribution, target animal coverage and quality standards, and revealed existing problems and proposed countermeasures to promote the standardization, modernization and internationalization of veterinary traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the "National Veterinary Drug Basic Database" and "Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department Announcements", this study collected approved veterinary traditional Chinese medicine data, conducted a comprehensive analysis from the dimensions of research trends, indications, target animals and formulation innovation, and combined with literature and policies to assess their innovation potential. The study found: (1) The number of research and development has continued to increase, but the target animals were concentrated on pigs and poultry (accounting for > 80%), while ruminants, aquatic animals and pet medication were less than 25%; (2) The indications were mainly respiratory/digestive tract diseases and immune regulation, and antiviral drugs were scarce; (3) The standardization degree of production processes was low, and the quality of raw materials fluctuated greatly; (4) Some innovative products (such as Astragalus polysaccharide injection, Forsythia extract preparations) showed high scientific value, but the overall research level still lagged significantly behind chemical drugs and biological products. Veterinary traditional Chinese medicine had great potential in green and healthy farming, but it needed to overcome the following bottlenecks: (1) strengthen basic research to clarify the pharmacological basis of the drug; (2) establish a full-chain quality control system; (3)expand the target animal range and develop new drugs for anti-viral and metabolic diseases; (4) build toxicity evaluation standards that conform to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine; (5) promote collaborative innovation among industry, academia and research institutions and international standard formulation. By integrating traditional medical theory with modern technology, veterinary traditional Chinese medicine is expected to build a safer and more efficient animal disease prevention and control system, providing a Chinese solution for the global "antibiotic reduction" initiative.

RESEARCH NOTES

Identification of Wild Potato Introgression Lines Resistant to Southern Root-Knot Nematode

XIE HuiHui, YANG QiuHua, LI WenLi, ZHU JinCheng, LI HuiXia, ZHANG Feng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2025, 58(14):  2924-2932.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.016

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【Objective】The southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) affects potato yield and quality. Screening for resistance to this nematode can provide a foundation for discovering new resistance genes and breeding resistant potato varieties. 【Method】The root-knot nematode was identified using PCR and propagated using water spinach. Southern root-knot nematodes were inoculated into 103 wild potato introgression lines at the seedling stage. After 35 days, root fresh weight was measured, and the number of root knots and egg masses were counted. Root knot index, egg index, and reproduction factor were calculated. Using statistical data, the membership function value was computed, and resistant materials were screened based on the membership function value and reproduction factor. The expression levels of 10 candidate resistance genes in potatoes at different stages were detected. The resistance evaluation results and the expression levels of candidate resistance genes were comprehensively analyzed to screen for wild potato introgression lines resistant to southern root-knot nematode. 【Result】The tested nematode as southern root-knot nematode. Among the 103 introgression lines, the number of root knots ranged from (8.00±3.61) to (359.00±242.00); the number of egg masses ranged from (1.00±0.00) to (483.67±5.69); the root knot index ranged from (0.62±0.28) to (36.59±2.21); the egg index ranged from (0.09±0.01) to (10 610±503.61); the reproduction factor ranged from (0.06±0.00) to (29.58±1.94); and the membership function value ranged from 1.96 to 4.98. Among these, lines 232-14 and 390-19 had the lowest root knot index, number of egg masses, root knot index, egg index, and reproduction factor, with values of (8.00±3.61) and (9.00±2.65), (1.00±0.00) and (1.33±0.58), (0.67±0.27) and (0.62±0.28), (0.09±0.01) and (0.09±0.05), and (0.06±0.00) and (0.08±0.03), respectively. Their membership function values were the highest, at 4.98 and 4.77, respectively. Lines 232-14, 390-19, 271-5, and 374-7 all had fewer than 100 egg masses and root knots. Line 271-5 exhibited lower root fresh weight and hypersensitive necrosis symptoms., with a higher egg index and reproduction factor. Expression profiling of candidate resistance genes revealed distinct temporal patterns: In line 390-19, overall gene expression exhibited a biphasic response to M. incognita infection, characterized by an initial upregulation followed by gradual decline, with Invertase inhibitor showing peak expression on the 1st day post-inoculation. Line 232-14 demonstrated significant upregulation of resistance genes specifically on the 3rd and 7th days after infection. Similarly, line 374-7 displayed a comparable biphasic expression pattern, where both PIN2 and Replication factor A reached their maximum expression levels on the 7th day post-infection. Resistance gene expression levels in line 374-7 were significantly lower overall than in line 390-19 and line 232-14. The highly suscep-tible control Burbank showed the lowest expression of resistance genes. 【Conclusion】This study identified introgression lines 232-14 and 390-19, with S.blb+R4 as the donor parent, as resistant wild potato introgression lines to southern root-knot nematode. The wild species S.blb can provide gene resources for resistance to southern root-knot nematode.