Table of Content

01 July 2013, Volume 46 Issue 13

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Effects of OsLTP Gene on Salt Tolerance of Transgenic Brassica napus

DU Kun, GAO Ya-Nan, KONG Yue-Qin, FAN Yun, WANG You-Ping

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2625-2632.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.001

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【Objective】 This study aimed to understand the function of OsLTP gene under salt stress. 【Method】 An efficient expression vector of pCAM2300-35S-LTP-Ocs harboring OsLTP gene from Brazilian upland rice was transferred into Brassica napus cv. Yangyou 6 via Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the rapeseed hypocotyls. 【Result】The integration of the foreign OsLTP gene was confirmed by PCR and southern hybridization analysis. In the treatments of 100 mmol•L-1 and 200 mmol•L-1 NaCl solution, the biomass of plants, chlorophyll accumulation, PSⅡ activity, and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of the transgenic plants were higher than that of the non-transformants, MDA content in leaves was insteadly lower than the controls. 【Conclusion】 OsLTP gene improved salt tolerance of transgenic B. napus by maintaining PSII activity, chlorophyll accumulation in leaves and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

Embryo Types and Characteristics of Apomixis in Poa pratensis L.

TIAN Chen-Xia, MA Hui-Ling, ZHANG Yong-Mei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2633-2642.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.002

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【Objective】The embryonic development process in different periods was observed to understand the embryonic types and features of apomixis, which can provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the mechanism of apomixis and selecting local new varieties of Poa pratensis L..【Method】 The improved paraffin section technique was used to identify the types and characteristics of embryo in P. pratensis L., in which the material was fixed in FAA and cleared in multisegment dimethybrnzene separately, and the slice thickness was 8 µm. Ehrlich’s hematoxylin (30 min)-eosin (5 min) double stain was involved in the process.【Result】 Five embryonic types were observed during reproductive development process in P. pratensis L., and in which there were sexual reproduction embryo (21.44%) , somatic apospory embryo (49.67%), parthenogenesis embryo (10.72%), synergids embryo (4.82%) and antipodal cell embryo (7.66%), respectively. The somatic apospory embryo was dominant embryo presence of them. Sexual embryo sac was typical Polyonum type embryo sac. There were sexual embryo sac, apospory embryo sac or diplospory embryo sac coexisting in one ovule to form polyembryony in P. pratensis L., and the occurrence frequency of polyembryony was 5.69%. The polarity of the sexual embryo sac was the same with synergids embryo sac，and it was opposite to antipodal cell embryo sac then. Somatic apospory embryo sac varied irregularly during its development, with the presence of single or more than two sacs to develop polyembryony. It was shown that the presented two embryo sacs were the majority. 【Conclusion】 There are various reproduction patterns in P. pratensis L., with sexual reproduction and apomixes. It is a facultative apomixis plant, in which, the somatic apospory is dominant mode of reproduction in apomixes, in addition, a small amount of parthenogenesis and apogamety are present among them.

Isolation and Identification of Matrine-Producing Fungal Endophytes from Sophora alopecuroides in Ningxia

YU Yong-Tao, HE Sheng-Hu, ZHAO Qing-Mei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2643-2654.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.003

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【Objective】An experiment was carried out to isolate and confirm whether the presence of fungal endophyte that could produce quinolizidine alkaloids including matrine, oxymatrine, oxysophocarpine or sophoridine from wild Sophora alopecuroides L in Ningxia. 【Method】The isolates were observed under the light microscope and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The classification of each isolate was performed preliminarily according to the morphological characteristics. The chemical compositions of isolated fungi were detected by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and acid dye colorimetry to screen the quinolizidine alkaloids-producing fungal endophytes. The ITS and SSU rDNA sequences of the fungi were amplified and sequenced. Homology comparison was conducted and phylogenetic tree was established based on the sequences of the fungi. The alkaloids-producing fungal endophytes were classified according to the fungal morphology and phylogenetic analysis.【Result】Twenty-seven fungi were isolated from S. alopecuroides. Twenty-three of the 27 isolates were classified as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium based on morphology of conidia. The other four isolates could not produce conidia and were classified as mycelia sterile. However, only three fungal isolates, E1, E3 and E5 that belonged to Simplicillium, were conformed contain substantial amounts of matrine which is a kind of quinolizidine alkaloids. The contents of matrine were 20.4 μg•g-1, 17.4 μg•g-1 and 37.6 μg•g-1, respectively, in the mycelia of E1, E3 and E5. 【Conclusion】Homology and phylogenetic analysis results showed that the endophytes are more closely related to Simplicillium lanosoniveum. The morphologies of conidiophores and conidia in the three fungal endophytes were also highly similar to S. lanosoniveum. The results indicated that E1, E3 and E5 were S. lanosoniveum.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Research on Hyperspectral Differences and Monitoring Model of Leaf Nitrogen Content in Wheat Based on Different Soil Textures

DI Qing-Yun, ZHANG Juan-Juan, XIONG Shu-Ping, LIU Juan, YANG Yang, MA Xin-Ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2655-2667.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.004

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【Objective】 Leaf nitrogen status is a premise for management and control of precise-using nitrogen in wheat production. Non-destructive and real-time assessment of leaf nitrogen content (LNC) has an important significance for production and management of wheat.【Method】Two field experiments were conducted with three different soil textures (sand, loam and clay), five different nitrogen levels (0, 120, 225, 330 and 435 kg•hm-2) and 3 main wheat cultivars in Henan (Aikang58, Zhoumai22 and Zhengmai366) across growing seasons. High spectral reflectance and LNC of canopy were taken by synchronous measurement during main growth stages of wheat. Compared with the high spectral response differences of canopy LNC in wheat under the three different soil textures, several kinds of hyperspectral indices including difference spectral indices (DSI), ratio spectral indices (RSI) and normalized difference spectral indices (NDSI) with all combinations of two wavebands between 350 and 1 050 nm were calculated, their relationships with LNC were analyzed, and the estimation models were established.【Result】 The experimental results showed that there was an obvious difference in the spectra of canopy reflectance under different nitrogen levels and different growth periods, but the trend was almost consistent. Compared with the spectra of canopy reflectance in the three different soil textures, the performance was clay＞loam＞sand, it could reflect the real-time field growing in wheat. The quantitative relationships between the spectra of canopy reflectance and the associated LNC under the three soil textures were systematicaly analyzed, and the calculated results showed that there was a better correlation between the visible and near-infrared area with the different sensitive band intervals. NDSI (FD710, FD690)，DSI (R515, R460) and RSI (R535, R715) were the best indicators to the integrated modeling of LNC in sand, loam and clay, with the predictive determination coefficient (R2) of 0.88, 0.87 and 0.87. Testing the above better spectral parameters of monitoring models with independent sample in 2010-2011, the results reconfirmed that they were the best indicators, with the predictive determination coefficient (R2) of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.77 respectively, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.31, 0.32 and 0.26, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The monitoring model which used the high spectral parameter of NDSI (FD710, FD690), DSI (R515, R460) and RSI (R535, R715) as independent variables, could be used for better estimation of the LNC of wheat in sand, loam and clay soils.

Remote Sensing Based Dynamic Changes Analysis of Crop Distribution Pattern —Taking Northeast China as an Example

HUANG Qing, TANG Hua-Jun, WU Wen-Bin, LI Dan-Dan, LIU Jia

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2668-2676.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.005

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【Objective】Recently, researches on identifications and dynamic changes of landscapes and land use types by using remote sensing techniques have been a hot topic. However, the vast majority of studies have taken farmland as a “single” land type; the spatial distribution and variation of different crops inside the farmland have been neglected. This paper aims to explore the extraction methods of large scale crop acreage and distribution pattern by using remote sensing and the application of landscape pattern indices in crop pattern dynamics. 【Method】 Based on the full coverage MODIS images and NDVI data during the crop growing periods of 2005 and 2010, by analyzing the planting structure, phenology calendar and NDVI time series curve characteristics, different area extracting models were established and were used to extract the spatial distribution of main crops (spring maize, soybean and paddy) by using RS and GIS techniques in Northeast China. Meanwhile, some landscape pattern indices were used to describe the characteristics and rules of crop pattern dynamic changes.【Result】Compared with the average statistical data of several years, the overall areas extraction accuracies of these two years were more than 90%. The main crop planting structure changed a lot from 2005 to 2010 in Northeast China. Soybean area decreased obviously, its dynamic degree reached -4.47%, and the average patch area reduced by 0.05 km2. Change range of paddy and spring maize reached 22.37% and 22.82%, respectively, during the 5 years. And the average patch area also increased. 【Conclusion】 Increasing planting costs and decreasing relative benefits were main reasons for these changes. It is technically feasible for large scale crop acreage extraction by using medium resolution remote sensing data. Landscape ecology pattern index can be used to analyze crop pattern dynamic changes.

PLANT PROTECTION

Evaluation of the Forecasting and Controlling Effects of the Yellow Sticky Card on the Rice Leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)

CHANG Xiao-Li, WU Xiang-Wen, DU Xing-Bin, CHEN Hai-Xia, LU Shuang, WANG Dong-Sheng, YUAN Yong-Da, ZHANG Tian-Shu, TENG Hai-Yuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2677-2684.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.006

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【Objective】 The forecasting and controlling effects of the yellow sticky card on rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) were evaluated, which would provide a scientific basis for managing this insect pest. 【Method】The trapping method of yellow sticky card and driving moth method were compared to test the forecasting reliability. The production of rice harvested from the field both sprayed insecticides and fixed the yellow sticky card was tested to testify the control effect of the yellow sticky card.【Result】The rice was seriously damaged by C. medinalis in August and September and lightly in July. The number of C. medinalis trapped was the highest in August, and (2.86±0.43) adults were trapped on per card every day on average. The height of the yellow sticky card was important for trapping C. medinalis. The closer the distance from the lower fringe of the yellow sticky card to the top of the rice was, the more rice leaffolders were trapped. It was reliable to forecast the occurrence of C. medinalis by comparing the data between the yellow sticky card and driving moth. The yellow sticky card could trap and kill C. medinalis, and its control efficiency was equal or higher than using insecticide. 【Conclusion】The yellow sticky card is a promising method in forecasting and controlling C. medinalis.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in Guizhou Province

LU Zhao-Yun , YANG Mao-Fa, SHI Pei-Qiong, LI Shang-Wei, LIAO Qi-Rong, SHANG Sheng-Hua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2685-2694.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.007

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to analyze whether there are genetic differences and the degree of difference of Myzus persicae in typical ecological areas of Guizhou, and to provide an important theoretical basis for clearing the population heterogeneity and population differentiation, discovering and revealing the variation rule and mechanism, guiding the pest’s forecast as well as integrated management. 【Method】 SSR molecular marker technology was used for genetic diversity analysis of tobacco aphid populations of 25 major tobacco-growing areas in Guizhou Province. 【Result】 Most of the populations were moderately differentiated, and minority populations were highly differentiated. Through analysis, the relationship of population genetic differentiation, geographic distance and the altitude were that the genetic distance and geographic distance had no significant correlation, genetic similarity and the elevation had no significant correlation either. The cluster analysis showed that the 25 populations could be divided into 3 parts.【Conclusion】The population genetic differentiation is not in conformity with the geographical isolation mode. Genetic differentiation of the 25 populations in Guizhou is complex. The special terrain and climate may be the reason.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

The Parameter Sensitivity Analysis and Calibration of DNDC Model in Quzhou Agricultural Experiment Station

XUE Jing, MAO Meng, REN Li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2695-2708.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.008

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【Objective】Based on a large number of field measured data in Quzhou Agricultural Experiment Station, detailed sensitivity analysis and calibration of DNDC model parameters were conducted. 【Method】The independent parameter perturbation method was adopted to carry out parameter sensitivity analysis and using trial and error method was used to calibrate parameters. 【Result】In Quzhou Agricultural Experiment Station, the accuracy of the simulated soil volumetric water content was higher after calibration, the average normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) value was 22.41%. It showed a clear seasonal trend and captured its peak for the simulation of soil nitrous oxide emission. The NRMSE of leaf area index, aboveground biomass and yield of winter wheat were, respectively, 22.04%, 30.46% and 28.10%. The NRMSE of leaf area index, aboveground biomass and yield of summer maize were, respectively, 28.49%, 25.15% and 26.92%. 【Conclusion】In a word, the above mentioned simulation accuracy is acceptable. After the detailed parameter calibration of DNDC model, it will provide a scientific and effective way to realize both grain production and agricultural emission reduction under different cropland management measures.

Effect of Soil pH on Soil Microbial Carbon Phosphorus Ratio

LI Chun-Yue, WANG Yi, PhilipBrookes , DANG Ting-Hui, WANG Wan-Zhong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2709-2716.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.009

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【Objective】 Research on the effects of soil pH on soil microbial biomass is important for providing direct insight into phosphorus transformation mechanism and suggesting biological control to enhance the P utilization rate.【Method】This experiment researched the soil microbial carbon phosphorus ratio and phosphorus availability under different soil pH conditions by testing the soil chemical and biochemical indexes in Rothamsted Research Station, United Kingdom. Two different Bray methods and Olsen method were compared to test soil microbial phosphorus in acid soil. 【Result】The results showed that soil microbial carbon phosphorus ratio could be used as a useful indicator to soil phosphorus availability. In general, soil microbial carbon phosphorus ratio had a correlation with soil pH, total carbon, inorganic phosphorus and phosphorus recovery. Soil pH affected soil chemical and soil biochemical properties. Phosphorus recovery and soil microbial carbon phosphorus ratio increased with soil pH. However, soil total carbon, total phosphorus, soil carbon phosphorus ratio and soil microbial phosphorus had a reverse trend. Soil respiration linear increased with the incubation time. 【Conclusion】Soil microbial carbon has a significant positive correlation with ATP (r=0.912, n=16). Bray-1 method is more suitable under acid soil condition for it has a small stand error, despite the result of Olsen and Bray-1 method has a good correlation. Soil pH has some effects on the transformation process from soil microbial phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus.

HORTICULTURE

Evolutionary Studies of S-RNase Genes in Genus Malus

TANG Liang, MA Xiang, LI Ming-Xia, ZHOU Zhi-Qin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2717-2729.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.010

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【Objective】By analyzing the sequences of S-RNase gene at the self-incompatibility loci, its evolutionary history, sequence divergence and genetic polymorphism were studied for species belonged to genus Malus. 【Method】All of the Malus S-RNase genes were retrieved from GenBank by NCBI BLAST using the known S-RNase genes of Malus domestica, except four S-RNase genes of M. kansuensis and M. toringoides which were obtained by PCR amplification and clone sequencing. The evolutionary history of the Malus S-RNase genes was studied by phylogenetic analysis, and the characteristics of sequence divergence were analyzed. The genetic polymorphisms and divergence were estimated for different taxa of Malus.【Result】The S-RNase genes of Malus can be divided into 16 clearly delimitated subgroups, the divergence of S-RNase genes within subgroups was low, while it was high among subgroups. There were 50% dN/dS estimations that were greater than 1 among S-RNase gene pairs, and S-RNase genes possessed multiple codons of which dN/dS ratio was greater than 1. There was no difference in the genetic polymorphism between M. domestica and wild Malus species, and the closet taxa with M. domestica was M. sieversii based on divergence of S-RNase gene.【Conclusion】Adaptive amino acid substitutions play an important role in the sequence divergence of S-RNase in Malus. According to the analysis of S-RNase genes belonging to Malus, it was found that the genetic polymorphism of M. domestica has not been affected by cultivation, and M. domestica was derived from M. sieversii through human domestication.

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) on Wine Grape Growth and Fruit Quality

FANG Yu-Lin, SUN Wei, WAN Li, HUI Zhu-Mei, LIU Xu, ZHANG Zhen-Wen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2730-2738.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.011

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【Objective】 Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) technique was used to study the influence of wine grape growth and fruit quality. 【Method】Under the field conditions, with the Eurasian species wine grape (Vitis vinifera, L.) Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir as test materials, different amounts of irrigation were used as regulated deficit irrigation. And then different irrigation treatments were compared and analyzed for grape growth and fruit quality. 【Result】 Under the RDI conditions, the incidence of grapes side shoots was reduced and shoot growth was inhibited. With the deficit degree aggravated, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were decreased, but the water use efficiency increased significantly. The regulated deficit irrigation had no significant influence on grape fruit size and yield. RDI increased the fruit soluble solid content, reducing sugar content and the ratio of sugar to acid, but decreased the total acid content. In addition, the mild RDI is conducive to increase phenolic substance content in the grape skin like tannin.【Conclusion】Regulated deficit irrigation on the premise of saving water not only inhibited the vigitative growth of wine grape, but also improved fruit quality.

Genetic Diversity of Tree Peony Cultivar Resources in Heze Revealed by CDDP Marker

LI Ying-Ying, ZHENG Cheng-Shu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2739-2750.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.012

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation of Heze tree peony resources at cultivar group level and flower-color population level, respectively.【Method】DNA samples of 299 tree peony cultivars composed of 10 different flower-color populations were amplified by CDDP primers. The 10 populations respectively consisted of white, pink, black, red, yellow, blue, green, fuchsia, purple and complex color cultivars.【Result】With 18 informative and reliable primers, 368 polymorphic loci were detected out of 385 bands in total. At cultivar group level, the Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I) and effective number of alleles were 0.1648, 1.2569 and 0.2695, respectively. At population level, the above index was 0.1451, 1.2313 and 0.2306 in turn. Comprehensive analysis indicated that the red population or purple population had higher genetic diversity, while the genetic diversity of the complex-color population or green population was lower. The genetic distance among 10 populations was closer, with an average of 0.0271. The genetic identity was higher, with an average of 0.9735. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) among them was 0.1252, showing that 12.52% genetic variation existed among populations. Gene flow from Gst was 3.4939. Results obtained from genetic diversity analysis and UPGMA dendrogram based Nei’s genetic identity proved the evolutionary trend of tree peony’s flower color at molecular level: pink and red systems might be at the center of Heze tree peony resources, then gradually evolved into fuchsia, purple, blue, white, yellow or black cultivars, while green or complex color cultivars belonged to the degraded color system.【Conclusion】CDDP marker technique can effectively reveal the genetic diversity of tree peony germplasm resources. At cultivar group level, the diversity of Heze tree peony resources was higher than that at flower-color population level. There existed a certain degree of genetic differentiation among the 10 populations. And the clustering results revealed the evolutionary trend of tree peony color.

STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING

Comparison of Volatile Components from Different Varieties of Dried Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

GUO Ya-Juan, DENG Yuan-Yuan, ZHANG Rui-Fen, ZHANG Ming-Wei, WEI Zhen-Cheng, TANG Xiao-Jun, ZHANG Yan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2751-2768.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.013

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【Objective】The volatile components of different dried litchi varieties from Southern China were investigated and compared.【Method】Means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with headspace solid phase micro-extraction was used to determine the contents of volatile components from 22 different varieties of dried litchi. Principal component analysis was adopted to investigate their main volatile components and cluster analysis was used to cluster dried litchi varieties. 【Result】 A total of 105 volatile substances were detected, of which 12 were in all the samples. The total content of volatile components ranged from 1 244.19-12 965.10 μg/100 g dry weight, and the coefficient of variation was 60.41%. The average percentage contribution of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters to the total were 67.05%, 17.65%, 7.79%, 1.30%, and 1.18%. The result of principal components analysis showed that ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanedol, furfural, D-limonene, benzyl alcohol, cubebene, and copaene were the main volatile components. Three clusters had different volatile components according to cluster analysis.【Conclusion】The main volatile components of dried litchi were hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. Ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-butanedol, furfural, D-limonene, benzyl alcohol, cubebene, and copaene were the main volatile components. There were significant differences in volatile composition and concentration among these varieties.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT

Effect of Quercetin on cAMP Signaling Pathway in Chicken Adipocytes

欧Yang-Wen-Wen , LI Yao, ZHAO Wei, WANG Ming-Hao, JIN Fang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2769-2776.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.014

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【Objective】This experiment was conducted to study the effects of quercetin on cAMP signaling pathway in broilers adipocytes. 【Method】 Adipocytes were randomly allocated into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group. Adipocytes were cultured in basal medium, 2‰ DMSO medium or addition of 10, 20, 40 mg•L-1 quercetin medium for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Then adipocytes and medium were collected for measuring the contents of ACC, FAS, LPL, cAMP, AC, PDE, PKA by ELISA and TG by ultraviolet spectrophotometer, respectively.【Result】Compared with the control, all of these indicators of adipocytes were not significantly affected by 2‰ DMSO (P＞0.05). The contents of ACC, FAS, LPL,TG, and PDE were significantly decreased in medium supplemented with 20 mg•L-1 and 40 mg•L-1 quercetin (P＜0.05), cAMP and PKA contents were significantly increased (P＜0.05); Intracellular AC content was not significantly affected by quercetin (P＞0.05).【Conclusion】The results indicated that quercetin inhibited lipogenesis and fat deposition via regulating cAMP signaling pathway.

Effects of Choline on Lipids Metabolism and FAS mRNA Expression in Liver of Qingnonghui Geese

ZHANG Wen-Xu, WANG Bao-Wei, GE Wen-Hua, ZHANG Ming-Ai, LI Wen-Li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2777-2787.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.015

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【Objective】 This experiment was conducted to study the effects of choline supplemented in diet on lipids metabolism and FAS mRNA expression in liver tissue of Qingnonghui geese. 【Method】 One hundred and eighty Qingnonghui geese at 1 day of age were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates for each group and 10 geese for each replicate. Six groups of geese were fed the diets supplemented with 0, 600, 1 200, 1 800, 2 400 and 3 000 mg•kg-1 choline in the basal diets, respectively. The experiment lasted for fifteen weeks. The contents of liver and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, insulin and glucagon level, liver lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and serum cholinesterase activities, the gene expression of fatty acid synthetase mRNA were measured.【Result】 The results showed that at 4 weeks of age, supplementation of choline in diet significantly decreased the contents of liver and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin level, and serum cholinesterase activity (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), and significantly increased the contents of serum glucagon and the activity of liver lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase (P＜0.05), but had no significant difference in contents of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood glucose (P＞0.05). At 15 weeks of age, supplementation of choline in diet significantly decreased the contents of liver and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin level and serum cholinesterase activity (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01), and significantly increased the contents of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucagon and the activities of liver lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase (P＜0.05), but had no significant difference in the contents of blood glucose (P＞0.05). Supplementation of choline in diet significantly increased the gene expression of fatty acid synthetase mRNA (P＜0.01), and the trend of it was decrease first and then increase, but had no significant conic relation between them (R2＜0.700). 【Conclusion】Comprehensively considering the effects of choline on lipids metabolism in liver of geese, under this experimental conditions, the optimal dietary of choline in diet is recommended as 1 200-1 800 mg•kg-1 and 1 200 mg•kg-1 for 1-4 and 5-15 weeks of age geese.

Effects of Two Chinese Medicinal Ingredients on Lipid Metabolism in Broilers

ZHANG Xiang-Jie, SUN Yao-Gui, CHENG Jia, LI Hong-Quan, WANG Jun-Dong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2788-2795.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.016

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【Objective】The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of TFHL, TSG and TFHL+TSG supplement in daily ration for broilers on slaughter performance, serum biochemical index and expressions of lipid metabolism related genes.【Method】One hundred and twenty-eight male broilers (1 day old) were divided randomly into 4 groups:control group (fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet), groupⅠ (basal diet＋300 mg•kg-1 TFHL), groupⅡ (basal diet＋150 mg•kg-1 TSG) and group Ⅲ(basal diet＋300 mg•kg-1 TFHL＋150 mg•kg-1 TSG). Four replicates were designed for each group and each replicate had 8 broilers.【Result】Compared with the control group, the eviscerate percentage, serum HDL-C, mRNA expressions of PPARα, CPT-Ⅰ in liver tissue in groupⅠwere significantly higher (P＜0.05); the abdominal fat percentage, serum TG, TC and LDL-C, mRNA expressions of SREBP-1, ACC and FAS in liver tissue were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, the dressing percentage, serum HDL-C and FFA, mRNA expressions of PPARα, CPT-Ⅰ in liver tissue in groupⅡwere significantly higher (P＜0.05). The abdominal fat percentage, serum TG, TC and LDL-C, mRNA expressions of SREBP-1, ACC and FAS in liver tissue were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, the dressing percentage, semi-eviscerate percentage, eviscerate percentage, breast muscle percentage, leg muscle percentage and subcutaneous fat thickness in group Ⅲ were significantly higher (P＜0.05). The dressing percentage and eviscerate percentage in group Ⅲ were much higher than those in groupsⅠand Ⅱ (P＜0.05), and the leg muscle percentage was much higher than groupⅠ (P＜0.05). The abdominal fat percentage in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that of control group, groupsⅠand Ⅱ(P＜0.05). The TG, TC and LDL-C of serum in group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those of the control group, groupsⅠand Ⅱ(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group, the HDL-C, FFA, TP and ALB of serum in group Ⅲ were significantly higher (P＜0.05). The HDL-C and FFA of serum in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in groupsⅠand Ⅱ(P＜0.05). Compared with the other groups, mRNA expressions of PPARα, CPT-Ⅰ, LPL in group III were significantly higher (P＜0.05), and the expressions of SREBP-1, ACC and FAS in liver in group III were significantly decreased (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】Supplemental dietary TFHL and TSG could increase the mRNA expressions of PPARα, CPT-Ⅰand LPL, reduce the mRNA expressions of SREBP-1, ACC and FAS, improve the lipid metabolism related biochemical index in serum, raise slaughter performance. Taking all factors into consideration, it is better to add the two ingredients to diet at the same time.

Comparative Analysis of Differential Proteins from Midgut of Silkworm Induced by Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus Infection

GAO Kun, DENG Xiang-Yuan, QIU Zhi-Yong, QIN Guang-Xing, GUO Xi-Jie

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2796-2807.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.017

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to analyze differentially expressed proteins in the midgut of silkworm strain p50 induced by Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) , and to explore the immune mechanism of silkworm against BmCPV infection, which would also provide valuable information for further study. 【Method】 The differentiated proteins in the midgut of silkworm which induced by BmCPV was investigated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and the characteristics and functions of the differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Silkworm Protein Data Bank.【Result】Between the control and BmCPV infected silkworm midgut, 8 differentiated protein spots (3 in control and 5 in BmCPV infected silkworm) were distinguished. In the control silkworm midgut, the three specific spots were hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) and a new unknown protein. However, in the BmCPV infected silkworm midgut, the five specific spots might be ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1-like (RASGRF1), H+ transporting ATP synthase beta subunit isoform 1, putative tumor suppressor protein (PDSS2), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP4/ABCC4) and nipped-B-like protein (NIPBL). 【Conclusion】BmCPV infection induced a variety of differentially expressed proteins in the midgut, suggesting that different mechanisms were activited in the silkworm to response to the virus infection. Of the 8 differnentiated proteins, the down-regulated expression of VDAC and the up-regulated expression of PDSS2, MRP4/ABCC4 and NIPBL could respectively induce apoptosis. It would provide clues for elucidating the apoptosis program of silkworm against BmCPV infection.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY & MANAGMENT

Reflections on Some Issues Regarding the Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Development in the Post-Financial Crisis Era —Attaches Great Importance to the Original Innovation, and Competing for the Commanding Heights of the Frontier Field in Agricultural Science and Technology

XUE Liang, MEI Xu-Rong, WANG Ji-Min, WANG Fei-Jie, LU Jian-Zhong, WU Jing-Xue, NIE Feng-Ying, SHEN Yin-Shu, ZHANG Yu, XIA Xu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2808-2820.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.018

Abstract ( 620 )   PDF (710KB) ( 930 )   Save

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After the United States of America financial crisis erupted in 2008, followed with the European debt crisis, emerging economies have been impacted severely and world economic growth became slower. Historical experience shows that the economic crisis is often pregnant with a new revolution of science and technology. Under the background of economic globalization, the recovery and prosperity of economy is up to the development and innovation of science and technology. As a basic industry, the progress of agriculture and agricultural science and technology has an important effect on the development of Chinese economy. Therefore, we should fully grasp the opportunity of the agricultural science and technology development brought by the financial crisis, pay more attention to the improvement of the scientific and technological original innovation ability, follow the law of agricultural research, allot optimally the agricultural basic scientific and technological resources, strengthen the agricultural basic research and high technology research, promote the development and research level of agricultural core technology, accelerate the improvement of scientific evaluation system, deploy a number of prospective science and technology projects, strengthen science and technology strategic reserve capacity, seize the commanding heights of the agricultural science and technology forefront field on the biotechnology, information technology and advanced manufacturing technology and promote the development of modern agriculture.

Reflections on Some Issues Regarding the Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Development in the Post-Financial Crisis Era — Master the Compete Initiative of Agricultural Science and Technology, and to Meet a New Round of World Science and Technology Revolution

XUE Liang, MEI Xu-Rong, WANG Ji-Min, WANG Fei-Jie, LU Jian-Zhong, WU Jing-Xue, NIE Feng-Ying, SHEN Yin-Shu, ZHANG Yu, XIA Xu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2821-2832.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.019

Abstract ( 597 )   PDF (671KB) ( 793 )   Save

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Since the outbreak of the financial crisis, the world economic growth became slower. The economic development and industrial transformation have been rethought, and strategic emerging industry become the focus of investment, because of the historical mission of leading the new round revolution of science and technology and getting rid of the economic crisis. Agricultural science and technology development in China needs to seize the opportunity, deal with the international challenges and strive to master the world agricultural development initiative, through the strengthening of independent innovation, the support for enterprise technical development, the strengthening of institution-enterprise union, the construction of technical standards and the development of low carbon green agricultural science and technology. Cultivate actively modern new industry growth point such as modern biological seed industry, modern equipment industry, green inputs industry, biological energy industry, agricultural product processing industry, logistics industry, desert and ocean agriculture. Stimulate the innovation vitality of agricultural science and technology personnel, leading the development direction of agricultural science and technology, and realize important transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture by deepening system reform in agricultural science and technology, establishing the scientific talent evaluation system, guaranteeing the basic scientific research funds, executing “politics research apart”, establishing innovative research value, building an innovative academic environment and cultural atmosphere.

RESEARCH NOTES

Acaricidal Activity of Bisdemethoxycurcumin and N-methylpyrazolebisdemethoxycurcumin Against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and Their Effects on Enzymes Activity in the Mite

LUO Jin-Xiang, DING Wei, ZHANG Yong-Qiang, YANG Zhen-Guo, LI Yang, DING Li-Juan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(13):  2833-2844.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.13.020

Abstract ( 634 )   PDF (831KB) ( 616 )   Save

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【Objective】The objectives of this study are to investigate the acaricidal activity of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and N-methylpyrazolebisdemethoxycurcumin (N-MPBDMC) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and their effects on enzymes activity in the mite and to provide a basis for the further elucidation acaricidal mechanism of these two compounds.【Method】The acaricidal activity of BDMC and N-MPBDMC against female adults of T. cinnabarinus was tested using the slide dip method and the poisoning symptoms of BDMC and N-MPBDMC exposed mites were carefully observed. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), Ca2+-ATP enzyme (Ca2+-ATPase), monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carboxylesterase (CarE) of T. cinnabarinus treated with these two compounds were also determined.【Result】The results of acaricidal bioassay indicated that N-MPBDMC exhibited more pronounced acaricidal activity than BDMC against female adults of T. cinnabarinus. After 72 h of T. cinnabrinus treatment, the LC50 of N-MPBDMC was 21.77 mg•L-1, the acaricidal potency was about 10.03-fold higher than BDMC and comparable with that of 95% pyridaben TC. Some similar neurotoxic symptoms were observed in BDMC and N-MPBDMC-exposed mites. After T. cinnabrinus treatment with BDMC and N-MPBDMC, respectively, the activities of GSTs and CarE were strongly rising whereas the activities of AchE, Ca2+-ATPase and MAO were declining, the average activities of AchE decreased by 16.77% and 36.57%, that of Ca2+-ATPase decreased by 17.55% and 17.45%, that of MAO decreased by 8.04% and 14.19%, while that of GSTs increased by 17.13% and 18.93%, and that of CarE increased by 26.78% and 25.98%, respectively.【Conclusion】The mortality of mites that caused by BDMC and N-MPBDMC related to the decline of neural system related enzyme activities, and the specific action target remains to be further confirmed.