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Table of Content

    01 June 2011, Volume 44 Issue 11
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Progress and Perspective in Research of Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Wheat
    HE Zhong-hu,LAN Cai-xia1,CHEN Xin-min,ZOU Yu-chun,ZHUANG Qiao-sheng,XIA Xian-chun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2193-2215 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.001
    Abstract ( 1624 )   PDF (516KB) ( 1550 )   Save
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    Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, and powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, are the devastating diseases in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Use of adult-plant resistance (APR) genes is an important method for the development of durable resistant cultivars. A total of 72 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for APR to stripe rust and 82 QTLs for APR to powdery mildew were integrated into a linkage map based on the information of DNA markers linked to individual QTL. Eight gene clusters (≥5 QTLs) conferred resistance to both stripe rust and powdery powdery, among them, Yr18/Lr34/Pm38, Yr29/Lr46/Pm39, and Yr46/Lr67 showed resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew. Yr18/Lr34/Pm38 and Yr36 have been cloned. Xiannong 4 and Xiaoyan 6 were very important resistant germplasm for APR to stripe rust and powdery midew. The application of APR to wheat breeding in China was summarized. The use of APR genes will be a major method for improving stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding. The strategies for APR on wheat breeding were also discussed.

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Mapping of 6-SFT-A Gene Responsible for Fructan Biosynthesis in Common Wheat
    YUE Ai-Qin,LI Ang,MAO Xin-Guo,CHANG Xiao-Ping,LI Run-Zhi,JIA Ji-Zeng,JING Rui-Lian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2216-2224 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.002
    Abstract ( 1317 )   PDF (457KB) ( 1286 )   Save
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    Abstract: 【Objective】6-SFT is a key gene responsible for the fructan biosynthesis in plants. The objective of the present study was to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of 6-SFT-A, determine the relationship between SNP and drought resistance, and mapping it on chromosome of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 【Method】Thirty hexaploid wheat accessions with different drought resistance at seedling stage and four T. urartu, the A genome donor species of hexaploid wheat, were selected to detect the nucleotide polymorphism in 6-SFT-A gene by sequencing, and determine the relationship between SNP and drought resistance. Using the recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross Yanzhan 1 × Neixiang 188 mapped 6-SFT-A on chromosome. 【Result】Among the 30 hexaploid accessions, 14 polymorphism sites in 6-SFT-A nucleotide sequences were identified, including 13 SNP and one InDel (insertion and deletion) with the polymorphism frequency of 1/234 bp, only two nonsynonymous mutation identified in 1 727 bp and 1 781 bp sites. The introns 1, 2, 3 and exon 3 were detected as the rich nucleotide variation regions. Exon 2 showed the least variation. Compared to the common wheat, T. urartu species exhibited higher sequence variation. Totally, three haplotypes were identified for the plant materials. HaplotypeⅠconsists of wheat accessions with medium-drought resistance and drought sensitivity. Haplotype Ⅲ includes the wheat accessions with high- and medium-drought resistance. Using a population of 190 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of Yanzhan 1 × Neixiang 188, 6-SFT-A was mapped on chromosome 4A between SSR markers Xcwm-27 and Xwpt 688, and the genetic distances were 5.3 cM and 7.9 cM from the flanking markers, respectively. 【Conclusion】The present data indicated that SNP in 6-SFT-A gene is associated with wheat seedling drought resistance to some extent.
    Cloning and Analysis of NAC Transcription Factor in Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)
    QI Yuan-cheng,WANG Fei-fei,LIU Wei-qun,GAO Mei-juan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2225-2233 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.003
    Abstract ( 958 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 902 )   Save
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    【Objective】Cloning and characterization of tobacco NAC transcription factor gene could provide a foundation for studying its function and relationship between the root development and nicotine biosynthesis after tobacco topping. 【Method】The full-length cDNA sequence of NtNAC-R1 was amplified by in silico cloning and RT-PCR, and was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The expression pattern of NtNAC-R1 in root before and after tobacco topping was analyzed by RT-PCR and Northern blotting. 【Result】NtNAC-R1 had an 936 bp open reading frame in length, encoding 311 amino acids, with a typical conserved domain of NAC transcription factor family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NtNAC-R1 had the highest homology with the NAC domain in Petunia and belonged to special NAC family in Solanaceae. This novel gene showed expression activity in prokaryotic cells. NtNAC-R1 had a highest expression level in root, with a decreased expression level at 2 h and 4 h after topping, then rose.【Conclusion】NtNAC-R1 was isolated from tobacco root, and it showed higher transcript levels in the roots, and significantly decreased after 2-4 h of tobacco topping, indicating the NtNAC-R1 can play an important role in the signal transduction of tobacco topping.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Effects of Different Planting Methods on the Culm Lodging Resistance of Super Rice
    LI Jie,ZHANG Hong-cheng,GONG Jin-long,CHANG Yong,DAI Qi-gen,HUO Zhong-yang,XU Ke,WEI Hai-yan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2234-2243 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.004
    Abstract ( 1143 )   PDF (339KB) ( 1276 )   Save
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    【Objective】Lodging is one of the constraints to the integrated production target of high yield, good quality, high efficiency, ecology and security for rice. This study investigated the lodging resistance of super rice under different planting methods. It could provide a theoretical basis for rational use of planting methods and realization of “ten word” integrated target.【Method】By using two super rice cultivars Huaidao 9 and Ⅲyou 98 as materials and setting three planting methods of precision artificial transplanting with dry nursery middle and strong seedling (ATR), mechanical transplanting with small seedling (MTR) and direct seeding (DSR) in the rice-wheat cropping system in the lower Yangtze River, with lodging index as an indicator to measure culm lodging resistance, in the twenty-fifth days after full heading, the lodging resistance of the first basal internode (N1), second basal internode (N2), third basal internode (N3), fourth basal internode (N4) and main physical characteristics were studied. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the lodging index, breaking resistance and main culm physical characteristics were studied.【Result】The culm lodging resistance of rice planted with different planting methods was significantly different. The lodging index of ATR was the lowest and culm lodging resistance was the best, while DSR was the highest and culm lodging resistance was the worst. The main reason for difference in the lodging index among different planting methods was the size of the breaking resistance. The breaking resistance of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th internode and plant height, gravity center height, culm diameter, culm wall thickness, dry weight of culm, dry weight of leaf sheath, dry weight of unit internode, length and fresh weight from basal internode to top, bending moment had
    significant or very significant positive correlation, while with the ratio of gravity center height to plant height and internodes length showed a significant or very significant negative correlation. Compared to MTR and DSR, the main reasons for the breaking resistance increased and lodging index reduced of basal internodes of ATR were: The increase of the plant height was due to the increased internodes numbers, the increased length of panicle and 1st and 2nd top internode. However, the length of the 2-3 internodes in the basal stem which was apt to lodge was shorter than that of MTR and DSR. The culm diameter and wall thickness of every basal internodes were obviously increased, and dry weight of culm and sheath were larger, and the dry weight of unit internode was significantly increased, so the stem plumpness status of ATR was better. 【Conclusion】The optimal combination of some main culm physical characteristics of rice was different under different planting methods. The direct reasons for breaking resistance increased and lodging index reduced of ATR were short and thick basal internodes, large wall thickness and good culm plumpness status.

    Developing Patterns of Root Systems of Four Cereal Crops Planted in Dryland Areas
    YANG Li-wen1,ZHANG Yong-qing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2244-2251 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.005
    Abstract ( 1245 )   PDF (325KB) ( 1344 )   Save
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    【Objective】The study was to explore the geometric characteristics, spatial and temporal distributive patterns of root systems of spring wheat, millet, grain sorghum, and broomcorn millet. 【Method】Experimental methods employed were pot culture, soil column culture, chain link mesh box cultivation and field investigation. 【Result】Differences in root system characteristic patterns of the four cereal crops: Number of seminal root and secondary root was different, maximum striking depth of root systems was different which usually followed the order of grain sorghum>millet>spring wheat>broomcorn millet, maximum root extension was different, maximum root extension often showed an order of grain sorghum>broomcorn millet>millet>spring wheat. The basilar 1-3 node of millet, broomcorn millet and grain sorghum formed 1st round to 3rd round support root after tasselling, while spring wheat did not have support root commonly. Temporal distributive patterns of the four cereal crops in the experiment: root systems of millet, broomcorn millet and spring wheat grew downward gradually along with developing stage, root length and root weight increased persistently, the increase of root length and root weight showed slow-fast-slow patterns. The growth patterns of root weight and total root length of the four cereal crops accorded with S-type growth curve, while the increase per day for root length and root weight of grain sorghum was far larger than that of millet and broomcorn millet. Spatial distributive patterns of the four cereal crops in the experiment: in seedling stage root systems of the four cereal crops grew downward mainly; in each soil layer the absolute root amount increased gradually; root length and root dry weight mostly distributed in the soil layer of 0-40 cm depth; root systems hardly distributed in the soil layer of below 40 cm. Therefore, spatial patterns of the four cereal crops showed a clear T-shape. At jointing stage, root systems kept on growing downward, and the root amount in different soil layers increased distinctly. The spring wheat root weight enhanced notably, and spring wheat root length distribution showed 8-shape approximately. Patterns for root length and weight of the other three crops still showed a T-shape. At heading stage, the root length distributive patterns in different depth soil of millet, broomcorn millet and grain sorghum turned into 8-shape approximately, while the root length distributive patterns in different depths of soil of spring wheat showed an egg-shape. So, the root length of the four cereal crops in the experiment at late heading stage had superiority in middle and bottom soil layer. The vertical distribution of root weight of millet, broomcom millet, grain sorghum followed the exponential equation y=A·e-bx, but different crops had different b values. The total root length distributive patterns of the four cereal crops in different soil depths at early stage followed the exponential equation y=A·e-bx, but at late stage it followed the multinomial y=ax3+bx2+cx+d.【Conclusion】The similarities in spatial distributive patterns of the root systems of the four cereal crops were positive, which provided a theoretical basis for root regulation for cultivation.

    Simulation of Clonal Growth Curve Based on Nonlinear Models of Logistic and Gompertz for Buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm Texoka)
    QIAN Yong-qiang,SUN Zhen-yuan,HAN Lei,JU Guan-sheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2252-2259 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.006
    Abstract ( 1159 )   PDF (405KB) ( 1321 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of the study was to build a model of clonal growth rules of buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm Texoka) under heterogeneous environments. 【Method】The growth model of clonal fragment in heterogeneous environments from 0 to 12 weeks was analyzed and fitted with nonlinear models of Logistic and Gompertz. 【Result】The clonal growth curves were appropriately fitted, but the Logistic model provide better fitting degree, which is more close to measured value at the same stage of experiment. The clonal ramet multiplication of inflexion was significantly different under various conditions, however the distribution of inflexion stages was relatively concentrate (12.95-14.00 weeks). Amount of cumulative ramets of buffalograss increased under heterogeneous environment compared to homogeneous environment with the same resources available, which indicated that there were water and nutrients transportion and distribution among connected ramets in clonal buffalograss.【Conclusion】Under heterogeneous environment, it is feasible to fit the clonal growth of buffalograss using Logistic nonlinear model, and physiological integration play an important role in increase of the clonal growth of buffalograss.

    PLANT PROTECTION
    EPG Analysis of Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür Feeding Behaviors on Different Cotton Varieties (Lines) and Field Verifications
    ZHAO Qiu-jian,WU Di,LIN Feng-min,LI Chang-you,ZHANG Yong-jun,WU Kong-ming2,GUO Yu-yuan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2260-2268 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.007
    Abstract ( 1047 )   PDF (423KB) ( 1579 )   Save
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    【目的】观察并解析绿盲蝽在不同棉花品种(系)植株上的取食选择行为,阐明绿盲蝽取食危害机制,为发掘抗盲蝽棉花种质资源提供依据。【方法】采用直流昆虫刺探电位仪Giga-8 DC-EPG,结合体视显微镜装置观察绿盲蝽对14个不同品种(系)棉花植株的取食行为,同时田间调查不同棉花品种(系)上绿盲蝽种群发生危害动态并确定相应的绿盲蝽危害级别。【结果】绿盲蝽的刺探波型主要包括5种波型,即A波、H波、M波、B波,以及非刺探波型NP波。A波为刺探波,H波为口针在韧皮部刺探波,M波为口针进入韧皮部中破碎细胞并分泌唾液波,B波为对搅碎细胞后混合物的吸取以及口针停留后拔出波,NP波为喙和口针停留在叶片表面并未刺入波。【结论】14个棉花品种(系)中,亚洲棉和GK50对绿盲蝽表现较强的驱避性,而绿盲蝽对灵-06、石抗338等棉花品种(系)有较强的趋向性。室内解析与田间调查绿盲蝽种群发生危害动态及危害级别结果一致。

    Feedback of Fungicide on Invasive Plant Ageratina adenophroa and Companion Plants

    LI Hui-na,LIU Wan-xue,WAN Fang-hao

    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2269-2275 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.008
    Abstract ( 932 )   PDF (311KB) ( 722 )   Save
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    【目的】通过盆栽控制试验,验证外来植物紫茎泽兰改变的土壤真菌在其入侵过程中的作用,揭示紫茎泽兰入侵的土壤微生物学机制。【方法】通过施加杀真菌剂控制土壤真菌,研究土壤真菌对紫茎泽兰和2种伴生植物的生长,以及对紫茎泽兰与伴生植物竞争互作的影响。【结果】未施加杀真菌剂处理,紫茎泽兰生物量在入侵过的土壤中是当地植物土壤中的1.85倍,而伴生植物在紫茎泽兰入侵过的土壤中生长明显受到了抑制。在入侵土壤中紫茎泽兰与燕麦草共生时,紫茎泽兰的生物量是其单独生长时的1.29倍。施加杀真菌剂的处理,紫茎泽兰和伴生植物单独生长的生物量都比未施加杀真菌剂处理有所增加;紫茎泽兰与伴生植物共生时,杀真菌剂处理明显降低了紫茎泽兰的竞争力。【结论】紫茎泽兰入侵改变的土壤真菌,促进了自身的生长,并增强了紫茎泽兰与伴生植物的竞争力。

    Intake Transportation Function of New Insecticide Chlorantraniliprole in Soybean
    CHEN Xiao-jun,FEI Chun,FAN Li-ping,YANG Yi-zhong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2276-2283 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.009
    Abstract ( 990 )   PDF (416KB) ( 938 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate intake transportation function of new insecticide chlorantraniliprole and to provide evidences for formulating strategies for controlling vegetable pests and rice pests in the present study.【Method】Intake transportation function of chlorantraniliprole was investigated through applicating chlorantraniliprole on the soybean leaves or water culture. The acetonitrile was used as extracted solven, and chlorantraniliprole in the soybean was extracted by using the ultrasonic extracting method and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (with diode-array detector).【Result】When soybean roots were incubated with chlorantraniliprole solution at a concentration of 50 μg·mL-1, the concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in soybean stems and soybean leaves were 15.22 and 4.73 μg·g-1 after treatment for 24 h, respectively. The concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in soybean stems and soybean leaves were 8.71 and 7.96 μg·g-1 after treatment for 48 h, respectively. When soybean roots were incubated with chlorantraniliprole solution at a concentration of 200 μg·mL-1, the concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in soybean stems and soybean leaves were 18.52 and 11.95 μg·g-1 after treatment for 24 h, respectively. The concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in soybean stems and soybean leaves were 16.45 and 17.88 μg·g-1 after treatment for 48 h, respectively. When chlorantraniliprole was applied on the mature leaves at a concentration of 100 μg·mL-1, chlorantraniliprole was found in the apical leaves and its concentration was 16.55 and 20.79 μg·g-1 after treatment for 24 and 48 h, respectively, while no chlorantraniliprole was detected in the leaves below the mature leaves. When chlorantraniliprole was applied on the apical leaves at a concentration of 100 μg·mL-1, while no chlorantraniliprole was detected in the leaves below the apical leaves. 【Conclusion】The results indicated that chlorantraniliprole had good intake transportation function in soybean and which could transport from the bottom to up of the plant.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Effects of Cropland-Use Management on Potentials of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Emission Mitigation in China
    WANG Xiao-bin,,WU Xue-ping,,ZHAO Quan-sheng,DENG Xiang-zheng,CAI Dian-xiong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2284-2293 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.010
    Abstract ( 997 )   PDF (317KB) ( 1004 )   Save
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    Changes in land use, especially in cropland-use management, induced by human activities is one of the most important factors influencing climate change. In China, facing the huge pressure of dealing with climate change, the research on the relations between cropland-use management and soil carbon (C) sink, and the effects of cropland-use management on soil C sequestration and C emission mitigation is important, aiming at providing a decision-making basis for improvement of soil C sequestration and C emission mitigation in China. Through the literature reviews, this paper analyzes the impact of cropland-use management on soil C sequestration and C emission mitigation in China. As literature reviewed, agriculture is not only a main source of C emission, but also a sink of C sequestration. Through improvement of cropland-use management (such as increasing straw return into the soil, organic fertilizer application, and no-till/reduced tillage practices, etc.), there has shown an increasing trend in soil C sink in cropland since the last 20 years. Based on the estimation of soil C sequestration in cropland in China, especially with the recommended management practices, especially in the future 50 years, the potential for soil C sequestration in cropland of China is estimated about 87-393 TgC·a-1, thus offsetting about 11%-52% of the total industry C emissions, in which improved cropland-use management (including straw return, organic fertilizer application, and no-till/reduced tillage) could share about 30%-36% of C sequestration. This shows that cropland-use management in China could play an important role in soil C sequestration and C emission mitigation.
    Exploration of the Ecological Costs of Food Production in the Alluvial Region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
    LI Xiao1,XIE Yong-sheng,LI Wen-zhuo,ZHANG Ying-long
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2294-2302 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.011
    Abstract ( 1177 )   PDF (364KB) ( 674 )   Save
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    【Objective】Food production are bound to affect the ecological environment. In this paper, the ecological costs of food production were investigated in the alluvial region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. 【Method】Based on the theory of soil erosion and water pollution, using economic and ecological methods to estimate the ecological costs of food production. The grey relationship matrix analysis was used to analyze various factors affecting the ecological costs of food production. 【Result】Ecological damage due to grain production in this region was equivalent to 2% of the total agricultural output in 2008. Ecological costs in this region reached 1.51 yuan/kg for wheat and 1.12 yuan/kg for maize in 2008. However, unit sales were 1.62 yuan/kg for wheat and 1.38 yuan/kg for maize. The combination of high production costs and low income affected sustainable development in this region. Yields, acreage, agriculture mechanical costs and labor costs were important factors affecting the ecological costs of food production, chemical fertilizer costs, organic fertilizer costs, pesticides costs and irrigation costs had less impact on the ecological costs of food production. Ecological costs of food production in this region declined as the amount of cultivated land per family increased. 【Conclusion】Under current production conditions, moderate improvement of the level of science and technology inputs and expansion of the scale of family agricultural production, then the ecological costs of food production would be reduced. These changes would be conducive to achieving sustainable development of the ecological economy of this region.

    HORTICULTURE
    Effects of Vernalization on Carbohydrate Content and Sugar-Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
    DU Xian-yun,CHENG Ji-hong,YANG Rui,LEI Hui,YANG Liu,WANG Shao-hui
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2303-2309 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.012
    Abstract ( 1033 )   PDF (441KB) ( 806 )   Save
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    【Objective】The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of vernalization on carbohydrate content and sucrose metabolizing enzyme activities of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). 【Method】Radish variety ‘Beinong No.1’was vernalized (treatment at 4℃ for 30 days) after germination. Mature leaves (source) and taproot (sink) were sampled to investigate carbohydrate content and sucrose metabolizing enzyme activities.【Result】After vernalization, soluble sugar content in leaves and fleshy taproot both decreased, starch content increased. The activity of NI (neutral invertase) in leaves of vernalized radish increased from two-leaf stage to the 21st day after two-leaf stage, 28th day later, NI activity decreased and lower than that of control. The activities of SS (sucrose synthase) and SPS (sucrose phosphate synthase) were always lower than that of control during the tested period. The activity of NI and SPS in vernalized taproot decreased, whereas, neither the activity of AI (acid invertase) nor SPS had significant differences compared with that of control.【Conclusion】After vernalization, the carbohydrate metabolism changes and all soluble sugar content were declined in both leaves and taproot of ‘Beinong No.1’, vernalization influenced the activity of invertase, SS and SPS which of great importance in sucrose synthesis and degradation transport from source to skin in leaves and root. The reduced concentration of soluble sugar may be contributed to the restricted growth of the flesh taproot after vernalization.
    Relationship Between Soil Biological Characteristics and Nutrient Content Under Intercropping System of Vineyard in Northwestern Semiarid Area
    XI Zhu-mei,YUE Tai-xin,ZHANG Jin,CHENG Jian-mei,LI Hua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2310-2317 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.013
    Abstract ( 1242 )   PDF (381KB) ( 1045 )   Save
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    Abstract: 【Objective】 In this paper, the relationship between soil quality and soil biological characteristics such as soil microorganism quantity and soil enzymatic activity was studied in the intercropping system of vineyard, in order to illustrate the function of soil biological characteristics as bio-indicators of soil fertility. 【Method】 Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes (white clover and alfalfa) and a perennial gramineous grass (tall fescue) were sown in vineyard. Soil microorganism quantity, soil enzymatic activities and soil nutrient content were analyzed and compared with that in soil cultivation. 【Result】Most detected soil microorganism quantity and soil enzymatic activity, soil organic matter were increased under cover crop treatments, compared to clean tillage, tall fescue treatment decreased urease and sucrase activity. White clover and alfalfa treatments significantly increased the contents of hydrolyzable N, total N and available K, and tall fescue decreased them, while the activated organic P in tall fescue treatment was more effectively than that in white clover and alfalfa treatments. Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic matter, total N, hydrolyzable N, total P, available K showed significant or very significant positive correlation with 10 soil biological characteristic factors such as bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, azotobacter, cellulose-decomposing bacteria, urease, phosphatase, amylase, sucrase, and cellulose. The catalase activity was no significant correlation with all the soil nutrient contents, and the total K content was no significant correlations with all the soil biological characteristic factors. The soil pH in this experiment was negatively correlated with soil biological properties. 【Conclusion】 Cover crops in the inter-rows of vineyard increased soil microorganism quantity, soil enzymatic activity and soil nutrient content, white clover and alfalfa treatments were better than tall fescue. There are significant correlations between soil biological characteristics and nutrients, and soil biological indexes could reflect the changes of soil quality.
    The Near Infrared Spectrum Based Models for Monitoring Fe, Mn, and Zn Content of the Purple Soil in Citrus Orchard
    YI Shi-lai,,DENG Lie,,HE Shao-lan,ZHENG Yong-qiang,WANG Ji-hua,WANG Liang,ZHAO Xu-yang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2318-2324 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.014
    Abstract ( 949 )   PDF (398KB) ( 805 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of the study is to explore and establish the monitoring approach of purple soil microelements based on near infrared spectroscopy technology. 【Method】There were 168 samples of background soil of main sweet orange orchards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area were collected. After the sample processing, 100 samples were selected as calibration samples randomly, others for test samples. The quantity of near infrared spectrum and total Fe, Mn, Zn content of purple soil were determined. By using the optimum spectrum pretreatment and partial least square method(PLS) along with internal cross- validation the calibration models were established, and the model accuracy was tested.【Result】The best spectrum pretreatment for prediction of total Fe, Mn, Zn contents of purple soil is standardization of variables by using near infrared spectroscopy. The calibration models of Fe, Mn, Zn concentration of purple soil established by using the spectrum pretreatment, PLS and internal cross-validation, the precisions under 95% confidence interval were 92.65%, 95.59% and 95.59%, respectively.【Conclusion】It has a certain feasibility by using the near-infrared spectroscopy to predict total Fe, Mn, Zn concentrations of purple soil.

    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Effects of High-Hydrostatic Pressure on the Membrane Damage and Oxidative Phosphorylation of Listeria monocytogenes
    GAO Yu-long,JU Xing-rong,QIU Wei-fen,WU Ding,JIANG Han-hu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2325-2333 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.015
    Abstract ( 1074 )   PDF (401KB) ( 952 )   Save
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    【Objective】The effects of high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the membrane damage and oxidative phosphorylation were investigated with Listeria monocytogenes (LM 54004) as the test microorganism in this work. 【Method】The leakage of intracellular metal ions (K+, Mg2+) from LM 54004 subjected to HHP was determined using atomic absorption methods. The cell membrane of LM 54004 was labeled with radioactive probe of lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium chloride ([3H]-TPP+), and the changes of membrane potential for LM 54004 exposed to HHP were measured. The changes of intracellular pH in LM 54004 treated by HHP were detected using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (cFSE) as fluorescent probe. The effects of HHP on F0F1-ATPase in LM 54004 were monitored using colorimetric methods. 【Result】With increasing pressure at the pressure levels of 150-300 MPa for 10 min, the experimental results showed that survival cells of LM 54004 and the activity of F0F1-ATPase decreased markedly (P<0.05), intracellular metal ions (K+, Mg2+) were not leaked from LM 54004 cells, and the membrane potential, transmembrane proton concentration gradient and proton-motive force (PMF) did not change basically (P>0.05). Exposed to 300 MPa for 10 min, although the survival cells on TSAYE medium were below the detection limit and the activity of F0F1-ATPase was significantly decreased to 0% (P<0.05), integral membrane structure was not damaged and proton motive force (PMF) still could reach maximum as compared to these of untreated cells; the protons expelled from LM 54004 by the proton pump could not be returned to the cells of LM 54004. 【Conclusion】There was a good relationship between the inactivation of LM 54004 and the decrease of F0F1-ATPase activity by HHP. In summary, it can be concluded that the enzymes and electron carriers involved in respiratory chain in cell membrane were more resistant to high pressure than F0F1-ATPase, and the decrease of F0F1-ATPase activity was highly related to cell reduction during HHP, which provided some theoretical evidences for mechanisms of high-hydrostatic pressure sterilization. The major cause of LM 54004 death by HHP was the inactivation of F0F1-ATPase. HHP can be used as an effective tool to explore the development of microbial energy.

    Establishment and Application of Multiple PCR for Diagnosing Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes
    WANG Hui,ZHU Rui-liang,TAN Yan-ling,WEI Kai,WANG Xin-jian,SUN Zhen-hong,SHENG Peng-cheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2334-2340 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.016
    Abstract ( 1121 )   PDF (431KB) ( 1138 )   Save
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    【目的】建立快速检测奇异变形杆菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌3种食源性致病菌的多重PCR方法。【方法】根据奇异变形杆菌尿素酶合成的正向调节因子R基因(ureR)、沙门氏菌侵袭性抗原保守基因(invA)和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌编码溶血素O(LLO)的 hlyA基因,分别设计3对特异性引物,对单基因PCR和单管多重PCR扩增的特异性、敏感性分析以及建立L16(43)正交试验对单管多重PCR扩增条件,如引物浓度、Tm值、模板量等的优化,建立快速检测奇异变形杆菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌的稳定的单管多重PCR方法。【结果】针对奇异变形杆菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌3种食源性致病菌所设计的3对引物分别能扩增出374、724和215 bp的目的条带,具有高度特异性,反应条件优化后,3种目的菌在105 CFU/mL均可同时扩增出较清晰条带(奇异变形杆菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌在104 CFU/mL浓度下仍然可见到条带),比单基因PCR低一个稀释度,并且人工模拟试验和市售食品试验检测结果稳定。【结论】该方法操作简单、快速、特异性强和灵敏度高,能够实现对奇异变形杆菌、沙门氏菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏杆菌3种食源性致病菌的快速诊断检测和监控。

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    The Association Analysis Between PRLR Gene PCR-SSCP Polymorphism and Litter Size in Min Pigs
    HUANG He,,DI Sheng-wei,TIAN Ya-guang,WANG Xi-biao,LI He-ping,ZHANG Gui-xue
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2341-2346 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.017
    Abstract ( 878 )   PDF (472KB) ( 939 )   Save
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    【Objective】The effect of polymorphism in PRLR gene on litter size in Min Pigs was studied.【Method】The polymorphism of PRLR gene was investgated by PCR-SSCP method and the effect of PRLR gene on litter size traits in Min Pigs was analyzed using the least square analysis.【Result】The results showed that the polymorphism in PRLR gene was found. B allele was the dominant allele. BB genotypic sow of Min Pigs produced 0.93 TNB and 0.78 NBA more than AA genotypic sow on the locus of PRLR-1 for the first parity, respectively (P<0.05), 0.62 TNB and 0.74 NBA for later parities (P<0.05). TNB and NBA had no significant difference among three kinds of genotype on the locus of PRLR-2 for both the first parity and later parities (P>0.05). Min Pigs are in the situation of Hardy-Weinberg balance on both locus.【Conclusion】The effect of B allele of PRLR gene on litter size is significant.

    Effect of Combination of FSH and 17β-estradiol on the Expression of Skp2 in Cultured Immature Boar Sertoli Cell
    ZHANG Guo-sheng,ZUO Jing,GAN Rui,ZHU Feng-wei,SUN Yan,WANG Xian-zhong,ZHANG Jia-hua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2347-2354 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.018
    Abstract ( 1102 )   PDF (464KB) ( 737 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of the study was to identify whether the combination of FSH and 17β-estradiol regulates the expression of S-Phase kinase-associated proteins2 (Skp2) in cultured immature boar sertoli cell via extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2).【Method】The cultured immature boar sertoli cells were treated with the combination of 17β-estradiol (10-9 mol·L-1) and FSH (50 ng·mL-1), in addition to a variety of signaling pathway inhibitors and Western blotting, Real-time PCR was applied to detect the expression of Skp2 protein and mRNA, respectively.【Result】Treatment with combined FSH and 17β-estradiol increased the concentration and mRNA abundance of Skp2 from 15 mins to 90 mins, and these activities peaked at 30 mins in comparison to the controls (P<0.05). FSH (50 ng·mL-1), 17β-estradiol (10-9 mol·L-1) and forskolin alone increased the amount of Skp2 protein and the abundance of Skp2 mRNA (P≥0.05 for all). Rp-cAMP (cAMP inhibitor), H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), verapamil (L-type Ca2+ ionic channel inhibitor) and U0126 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) impaired the effect of combined FSH and 17β-estradiol on the expression of Skp2 in both protein and mRNA levels (P<0.05), however, no significant effects were found on the expression of Skp2 in both protein and mRNA levels when they were tested alone. Likewise, there was no significant effects on activity of ERK1/2 by using H-89 and verapamil alone, but the activity of ERK1/2 was impacted by combination of FSH 17β-estradiol, H-89 and verapamil (P<0.05).【Conclusion】cAMP-PKA pathway and Ca2+influx are activated by the combination of FSH and 17β-estradiol, and both of them are associated with ERK1/2 activation, which regulates the expression of Skp2.

    Different Expression of Estrogen Receptor α and Progesterone Receptor in Yak Uterus During the Estrous Cycle
    Ayimuguli1,,CAI Yong,CAO Xin,LONG Ling,CHEN Shi-en,YU Si-jiu,CUI Yan1
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2355-2363 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.019
    Abstract ( 1180 )   PDF (516KB) ( 620 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of the study was to investigate the differences in expression of mRNAs and proteins for ERα and PR in Yak uterus at different stages of the estrous cycle.【Method】Fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and streptavidin- perosidase (SP) immunohistochemistry were used to determine the levels of mRNAs and proteins.【Result】The results showed that ERα mRNA and PR mRNA were expressed in both endometrium and myometrium of Yak uterus. ERα and PR immunoreactivity expressed in surface epithelium cells, gland epithelium cells, stromal cells, endometrial blood vessel and myometrial smooth muscle cells. In endometrium, high expression of ERα mRNA and PR mRNA was observed at metestrus, significantly decreased at diestrus (P<0.05), then re-increased at proestrus. ERα and PR exhibited stronger immunoreactive at estrus compared to that at diestrus. In myometrium, ERα mRNA and PR mRNA were highly expressed at estrus, significantly decreased at metestrus (P<0.05), lowest at diestrus, and re-increased to its highest at proestrus (P<0.05); ERα and PR exhibited stronger immunoreactive labeling at estrus compared to that at diestrus, but showed no significant differences (P>0.05).【Conclusion】In conclusion, mRNAs and proteins for ERα and PR in Yak uterus were differed between endometrium and myometrium at different stages of the estrous cycle. The differences suggested that ERα and PR play important roles in Yak uterus during the estrous cycle.

    VETERINARY SCIENCE
    Construction of the Vector Targeting Human α-lactalbumin into the Locus of β-lactoglobulin in Goat
    HU Lin-yong,CHEN Hua-tao,,LI Qian,,XU Xiao-bin,,WANG Ai-hua,,JIN Ya-ping
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2364-2370 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.020
    Abstract ( 982 )   PDF (606KB) ( 788 )   Save
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    【Objective】The targeting vector of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) in goat was constructed to replace the coding region of BLG with genomic DNA of human α-lactalbumin and to direct the expression of hALA under the internal regulatory elements of BLG..【Method】Firstly, 5’ flanking region of BLG (BLG5), 3’ flanking region of BLG (BLG3) , partial sequence of the 5-exon and 5-intron (E5) and hALA were amplified from serum genomic DNA, and then were inserted into the cloning vector pMD18-T simple or pBluescript KS(-) named pB5T, pB3T, pAKS and pAEKS. Secondly, BLG5 was subcloned and ligated into pAEKS forming pBAE. Finally, the targeting vector was constructed after integrating the sequence of BLG5-hALA-E5 and BLG3 into the general targeting vector ploxpII. 【Result】The vectors were identified with the methods of cutting with responding endonucleases and/or sequencing, all of which showed that the vector was constructed successfully. 【Conclusion】The targeting vector that can target the hALA into the locus of BLG in goat was got.

    Development of Real-Time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR Method for Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
    ZHOU Yun-lei,WEI Fei-long,LI Jian,ZHANG Xiao-hua,JIANG Hong-xia
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2371-2378 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.021
    Abstract ( 826 )   PDF (688KB) ( 1584 )   Save
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    【Objective】The objective of this study is to develop a SYBR Green I Real-Time PCR assay with species-specific surface-exposed protein gene pvpA as the target for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. 【Method】A pair of primers was designed within highly conservative region of M. gallisepticum pvpA gene following BLASTn all published pvpA sequences accessible to GenBank. Ninety bp fragment of pvpA was amplified from M. gallisepticum isolate, then cloned into PMD19-T vector. Confirmed with PCR or digestion with EcoRⅠand Hind Ⅲ, a recombinant plasmid rPvpA90 was obtained when competent E.coli DH5α was transformed with the PMD19-pvpA vector. The positive plasmid rPvpA90 was used as the quantitative template to generate standard curve and melt curve. Analytical specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were evaluated respectively and clinical sampiles were detected. 【Result】The results demonstrated standard curve established by recombinant plasmid was shown a fine linear relationship between threshold cycle and template concentration. The melt curve was specific with the correlation coefficient of 0.990. The test had a detection limit of 74 copies per 20 μL when tested with M. gallisepticum genomic DNA. The sensitivity of the assay was at least 100-fold higher than that of the conventional PCR. The assay was confirmed to be highly specific when amplified with either single or mixed DNA sample from microorganisms. The variation coefficient of Ct values of diluted standard DNA was less than 2%, which indicated a good reproducibility. The test result of clinical samples demonstrated that the detection rate of the assay was significantly higher than that of the conventional PCR.【Conclusion】The developed Real-Time PCR assay was highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible and could be a potential tool for diagnosis and monitoring of M.gallisepticum in poultry farm.

    Identification of Co-Infection of ALV-J and REV and Molecular Characterization of the Two Viruses Isolated from Wannan Yellow Feather Broilers
    ZHANG Zhen-jie,LIU Shao-qiong,WANG Bo,CUI Zhi-zhong,ZHANG Yong-guang,SNU Shu-hong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2379-2386 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.022
    Abstract ( 963 )   PDF (412KB) ( 776 )   Save
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    The objective of the study is to explore co-infection of reticuloendothelial hyperplasia virus (REV) and avian leukemia virus (ALV) inWannan yellow feather broilers. In addition, the sequence variations in the envelope glycoprotein gene (env) and the 3′UTR and the 5′LTR non-coding sequences of ALV-J collected in the last decade were analyzed. Seven 300-d old chickens suffering from neoplastic diseases were subjected to histopathology examination. Cell cultures were established for viral detection and quantification using PCR and IFA. The result showed that 6 of the 7 animals were co-infected with both viruses, while ALV-A and ALV-B were not detected. Furthermore, both viruses were detected in the same liver cells. Sequence analysis showed that the full-length of the env gene and the 3′UTR region were 1 704 bp and 400 bp, respectively, and both the rTM and the E elements in the 3′UTR region were deleted. Sequence comparison showed that the deletion of the 3′UTR-E element of ALV-J from Wannan yellow-feather broilers is also shared among the ALV-J isolates collected by the authors from the white-feather broilers in the past decade, whereas the deletion of the 3′UTR-rTM element was variable. The 5′LTR conserved sequence had an 11 bp deletion compared to the previously analyzed strains. The remarkably high frequency (6/7) of REV and ALV-J co-infection in association with the high tumor occurrence in Wannan yellow-feather chickens suggest that such co-infection may be an important contributing factor for the tumor epidemic. The fact that the deletion in the 3′UTR-E element is shared by the ALV-J isolates from both Wannan yellow-feather broilers and the white-feather broilers indicates that these ALV-J isolates are of a common origin.

    Development of an Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Detection of Neomycin
    WANG Ai-ping,LI Fa-di,HU Xiao-fei,SHI Zhao-guo,ZHOU Jing-ming,DU Xiao-ming,WANG Lin-lin,YU Le-le,LIU Ming-yang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2387-2397 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.023
    Abstract ( 1024 )   PDF (487KB) ( 791 )   Save
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    【目的】研制新霉素(neomycin,NEO)免疫膜层析快速检测试纸。【方法】建立分泌抗新霉素单克隆抗体(NEO mAb)杂交瘤细胞株,用胶体金免疫膜层析试验(GICA)制备NEO残留快速检测试纸(NEO-Strip),并对其性能进行鉴定。【结果】抗新霉素单克隆抗体的亲和力常数为3.75×1010 mol·L-1;制备的 NEO-Strip目测限为50 ng·mL-1;试纸可特异性检测NEO,与庆大霉素、链霉素、妥布霉素、紫苏霉素、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇、泰乐菌素和氯霉素等其它药物均无交叉反应性;就定性检测而言,其结果与高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS-MS)完全一致;不同的基质液对试纸的敏感度影响甚微。【结论】建立了特异的NEO免疫层析检测方法。
    AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY & MANAGMENT
    Strategic Demands,Development Emphases and Countermeasures of Agricultural Sciences and Technology in the 12th-Five-Year Period
    WANG Ji-min,XIAO Hong-bo
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2398-2402 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.024
    Abstract ( 897 )   PDF (243KB) ( 1076 )   Save
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    “十二五”时期是中国全面建设小康社会的关键时期,也是现代农业加速发展的重要时期。保障国家粮食安全、发展现代农业、保护资源环境和提高国际竞争力对农业科技发展提出了更加紧迫的战略需求。农业科技发展的重点应主要集中在粮食等主要农产品产量提高、农产品质量改善、农业生产效率提升、农业生态环境保护等领域的共性关键技术的突破和不同区域以及全国农业科技自主创新能力的提升。农业科技必须采取加强宏观管理、深化体制改革、完善投入机制、培育人才队伍和加强国际交流与合作等重大政策措施,以加快推进农业科技创新和支撑能力的提升。
    Pesticide Application Intensity by Farmers and Its Influences —Based on the Investigation Data of Farmers from Major Grain Producing Areas
    CAI Shu-kai,LI Jing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(11):  2403-2410 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.11.025
    Abstract ( 1085 )   PDF (355KB) ( 866 )   Save
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    【目的】研究农民种植水稻的农药施用强度及其影响因素,为引导农民合理施用农药提供思路和实证依据。【方法】基于安徽省粮食主产区的实地调研数据,利用Tobit模型实证分析农户水稻种植农药施用强度及其影响因素。【结果】不同农户之间农药施用强度差异较大,是否雇工施药、病虫害预防措施、农药施药设备、家庭收入结构、病虫害信息服务、农民的健康意识等是影响农户农药施用强度主要因素。【结论】培育壮大社会化统防统治服务组织、健全公益性病虫害监测预警和信息传播体系、加大植保机械研发和补贴力度、发展基于病虫害控制和残留的粮食市场、扩散基于农民社区的病虫害预防措施、同时通过加强健康知识宣传普及引导农民合理施药等是降低农药施用强度的优先政策选择。