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16 August 2018, Volume 51 Issue 16

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  0-0. 

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Location and Mapping of the Determinate Growth Habit of Brassica napus by Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) Using Whole Genome Re-Sequencing

ZHANG YaoFeng, ZHANG DongQing, YU HuaSheng, LIN BaoGang, HUA ShuiJin, DING HouDong, FU Ying

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3029-3039.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.001

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【Objective】Mechanical harvesting has been one of the major goals of rapeseed breeding and genetic research worldwide. A natural and novel rapeseed mutant with determinate inflorescence (di1) was identified in this study. Genetic analysis, gene mapping, candidate gene prediction and gene cloning were used to elucidate the genetic control of determinate inflorescence.【Method】For genetic analysis, reciprocal crosses were performed between determinate inflorescence line FM8 and wild type FM7, and the inflorescence morphology was observed for F₁ and F₂ progenies. Two pools with 20 di1 F₂ lines and 20 wild type lines were constructed. For gene mapping of determinate inflorescence, 20× and 10× depth of whole genome re-sequencing were conducted for the two pools and parental lines, respectively. The associated loci were aligned to the genome of A. thaliana for synteny blocks searching. Potential candidate genes for determinate inflorescence were predicted by annotation analyses of genes within the physical boundaries of the associated regions. Gene cloning was used to identify polymorphisms and screen candidate gene(s). 【Result】The di1 mutant showed a single fruiting body or a cluster of fruiting bodies at the top of the inflorescence axis, and the growth of inflorescence was hampered. The F₁ progenies from the reciprocal crosses were indeterminate, and the trait segregation of indeterminate inflorescence and determinate inflorescence among F₂ progenies fit the 13:3 segregation ratio, assuming that the determinate inflorescence was controlled by two pairs of recessive duplicate genes interacting with one pair of recessive epistatic inhibitor genes. Whole genome re-sequencing of two pools and two parental lines identified 30123 homozygous SNPs and 107636 homozygous InDels. Seven significantly associated loci were mapped on chromosomes of A08, A09, A10, C08 and C09. Of which, the locus on chromosome A10 not only exhibited the highest peak, but also showed homologous with the two loci on chromosome C09 by synteny analysis. Genes of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), ATBZIP14 (FD), MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF IRA1 4 (FVE) and SCHLAFMUTZE (SMZ) were predicted as potential candidate genes. Gene cloning identified coding region polymorphisms and protein polymorphisms for genes of TFL1, FVE and SMZ.【Conclusion】The determinate inflorescence of di1 mutant was controlled by two pairs of recessive duplicate genes interacting with one pair of recessive epistatic inhibitor genes. Seven loci were significantly associated with determinate inflorescence. Of which, the loci on chromosomes A10 and C09 were homologous. TFL1, FVE and SMZ showed coding region polymorphisms and protein polymorphisms, and were deduced to be candidate genes for determinate inflorescence.

Progresses of Resistance on Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean

WANG DaGang, LI Kai, ZHI HaiJian

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3040-3059.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.002

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Soybean mosaic virus disease, caused by soybean mosaic virus (SMV), is one of the most serous pathogens of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), which give rise to the loss of yield and quality in soybean production worldwide. During the recent decade, the studies on soybean against SMV stress have made some progress, includes the mapping of SMV resistant genes, the functional analysis of candidate resistance genes, and the progress in dissecting the SMV resistant signaling pathways in soybean. There are two kinds of resistance to SMV in soybean, quantitative resistance and qualitative resistance. The quantitative resistance to SMV is controlled by an additive major gene plus additive-dominant polygenes, and the qualitative resistance is mainly controlled by a dominant resistance gene. Research showed that the quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mainly on chromosome 6, 10 and 13. So far, 22 SMV qualitative resistance loci have been successively mapped on soybean chromosome 2, 6, 13 and 14. And most of the physical distance between the markers on both sides of the SMV resistance gene loci is within 1 Mb. Among them, there are 8 gene loci (Rsv4, R_SC5, R_SC6, R_SC7 and R_SC8 etc.) located on chromosome 2, 10 loci (Rsv1, Rsv5, R_SC3Q, R_SC11 and R_SC12 etc.) on chromosome 13, 2 loci on chromosome 6 (R_SC15 and R_SC18) and 14 (Rsv3 and R_SC4), respectively. According to the Williams 82 whole genomic sequence (http://www.phytozome.net/soybean), the putative candidate genes of SMV qualitative resistance loci were subsequently narrowed down based on their predicted functions, expression patterns and sequence comparison etc. Among these genes, Glyma.02G121400, Glyma.02G121500, Glyma.02G121600, Glyma.02G121800, Glyma.02G121900, Glyma.02G122000, Glyma.02G122100 and Glyma.02G122200 et al. eight genes were considered potential resistance candidate genes to SMV on chromosome 2; Glyma.06G182600 as the most promising candidate gene on chromosome 6; Glyma.13G184800, Glyma.13G184900, Glyma.13G187900, Glyma.13G190000, Glyma.13G190300, Glyma.13G190400, Glyma.13G190800, Glyma.13G194700, Glyma. 13G195100 et al. nine genes and Glyma.14G204500, Glyma.14G204600, Glyma.14G204700, Glyma.14G205000, Glyma.14G205200, Glyma.14G205300 et al. six genes were the putative candidate genes to SMV on chromosome 13 and 14, respectively. Using virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transgenic technology etc. analyzed the functions of the candidate genes. The results showed genes GmHSP40, GmPP2C3a, GmAKT2, GmCnx1, GmSN1, Glyma.14G204500, Glyma.14G204600 and Glyma.14G204700 can participate to SMV resistance in soybean as positive regulator. After knocked down GmEF1A and GmeIF5A, viral accumulation level of SMV and pathogenicity increased. They were considered negative regulator to SMV resistance. Based on the research results of SMV resistance gene, regulated model were built for Rsv1 and Rsv3 mediating extreme resistance (ER) against SMV. Rsv1-mediated ER has provided new insight into the soybean signaling network required for ER against SMV. The primary mechanism of Rsv3-mediated ER against viruses was the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement by callose deposition in an ABA signaling-dependent manner. In this report, the research progress on the mapping and function analysis of SMV resistance genes and the future research directions of SMV resistance in soybean are summarized. It will provide a basis for molecular design breeding and mechanism research of resistance genes to SMV in soybean.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Biomass Estimation in Winter Wheat by UAV Spectral Information and Texture Information Fusion

LIU Chang, YANG GuiJun, LI ZhenHai, TANG FuQuan, WANG JianWen, ZHANG ChunLan, ZHANG LiYan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3060-3073.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.003

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【Objective】Biomass, an important parameter to characterize vegetation activities, is of great significance for plant growth monitoring and yield forecasting. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology based on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has the advantages of flexibility, non-destructive and wide coverage, and could also timely and accurately estimate vegetation biomass, so it has become one attention topic in remote sensing application. Since saturation problem existed in the inversion of biomass by spectral features, the objective of this study was to propose a 'image and spectrum' fusion index by integrating the biomass-related texture feature into vegetation index.【Method】In this study, the extracted spectral indices and texture features from UAV hyperspectral imagery were used to first construct biomass models, respectively. Secondly, the 'image and spectrum' fusion indices by combining (multiplying or dividing) the biomass-sensitive vegetation index and texture feature were established to solve the saturation problem by spectral information and texture information fusion and to construct biomass model. Finally, the estimation effect of the biomass model constructed by different indices was compared, and then analyze the ability of the 'image and spectrum' fusion indices to estimate biomass. 【Result】 (1) The vegetation index was almost saturated when LAI was no larger than 5, while these 'image and spectrum' fusion indices, VI×sm₆₅₈, VI/ent₆₅₈, VI/dis₆₅₈, VI/con₆₅₈, VI/dis₅₁₄, VI/con₅₁₄, VI/var₅₁₄, VI×con₈₀₂, VI×dis₈₀₂, began to perform saturation when at LAI was larger than 5. Compared with the vegetation index, the anti-saturation ability of the 'image and spectrum' fusion index was improved obviously. (2) Compared with the vegetation index (excepting for GNDVI、NDVI), the anti-saturation ability of the 'image and spectrum' fusion indices (VI×sm₆₅₈, VI/ent₆₅₈, VI/dis₆₅₈, VI/con₆₅₈, VI/dis₅₁₄, VI/con₅₁₄, VI/var₅₁₄, VI×con₈₀₂, VI×dis₈₀₂) improved effectively, and their correlations with biomass improved as well. Meanwhile the biomass model based on the 'image and spectrum' fusion indices performed well, with R² and RMSE values of 0.81 and 826.02 kg·hm^-2, respectively. (3) Compared with spectral index and texture feature, biomass model accuracy by 'image and spectrum' fusion index (R²=0.81) was significantly higher than that of the vegetation index (R² = 0.69) and texture feature (R² = 0.71).【Conclusion】Results showed that both the anti-saturation ability and the accuracy of biomass model constructed by the 'image and spectrum' fusion index were effectively improved, which indicated that spectral information and texture information fusion could achieve a great estimation of winter wheat biomass. The research provided a new way for quantitative inversion of biomass.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Physiological Responses of Different Sorghum Genotypes Influenced by Nitrogen Deficiency

LIU Peng, WU AiLian, WANG JinSong, NAN JiangKuan, DONG ErWei, JIAO XiaoYan, PING JunAi, BAI WenBin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3074-3083.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.004

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【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic variability for sorghum nitrogen (N) use efficiency and related traits, and the effects of low nitrogen stress on leaf inorganic nitrogen content and nitrogen assimilation enzymes of sorghum, so as to provide theoretical basis for further improvement in the cultivation of low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in greenhouse by means of pot with soil medium. There were two N levels (HN: 0.24 g N·kg^-1 soil, LN: 0.04 g N·kg^-1 soil). Four sorghum genotypes, two of which were low-N susceptible genotypes (Jiya2 and TX7000B) and the other two were low-N tolerant genotypes (SX44B and TX378), were employed to explore the effects of low nitrogen stress on plant growth, yield, N use efficiency, leaf inorganic nitrogen (NO₃^- -N, NO₂^--N and NH₄⁺-N) content, and nitrogen assimilation enzymes in terms of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) at both flag leaf and grain filling stages. 【Result】 (1) Compared with the grain yield (GY) of HN treatment, LN treatment resulted in a decrease of 13.87% and 19.25% for Jiya2 and TX7000B, respectively, However, LN treatment didn’t decrease the GY of SX44B and TX378. (2) The relative grain N accumulation, relative plant N accumulation and relative N harvest index (ratios of trait values under LN treatment to those under HN treatment) were inconsistent with the low nitrogen tolerant performance of sorghum. By contrast, the low-N tolerant genotypes had a higher relative nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) and relative nitrogen utilization efficiency (NutE) than low-N susceptible genotypes. The NPFP of SX44B and TX378 under LN treatment were 6.19 and 7.49 times than that under HN treatment, respectively, while the NPFP of Jiya2 and TX7000B were 5.17 and 4.85 times, respectively. The NutE of SX44B and TX378 under LN treatment were 1.84 and 1.85 times of that under HN treatment, whereas the values of Jiya 2 and TX7000B were 1.67 and 1.35 times, respectively. (3) Path analysis showed that plant nitrogen accumulation and NutE contributed the same to grain yield under HN treatment, while the importance of NutE was over plant nitrogen accumulation in defining the GY under LN treatment. (4) Leaf inorganic N content was irrelevant to the low N tolerance of sorghum. Leaf inorganic N content at flag leaf stage was significantly lower than that at grain filling stage. (5) LN treatment significantly decreased the leaf NR, GS and GOGAT activity of Jiya2 and TX7000B. On the contrary, leaf nitrogen assimilation enzyme activity of SX44B was not notably changed by N level, and leaf GS activity of TX378 was significantly increased under LN treatment.【Conclusion】Low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes had a higher relative GY and relative NutE under LN treatment. Maintaining relatively high nitrogen assimilation enzyme activity was the physiological basis of low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes. Exploring and utilizing sorghum germplasm resources with high nitrogen assimilation enzyme activity and high NutE under low nitrogen conditions should be helpful to improve the breeding efficiency of low-N tolerant sorghum genotypes.

PLANT PROTECTION

Calculation Methods for the Surface Free Energy of Pepper Leaf Surface

XU GuangChun, GU ZhongYan, XU DeJin, XU XiaoLong, XU Lu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3084-3094.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.005

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【Objective】The efficiency of foliar-applied agrochemicals is closely related to the complexity of physicochemical properties of plant leaf surfaces. For better understanding the interfacial interaction between agrochemical spray liquids and plant leaf surfaces, the internal relation would be seek from the thermodynamic point based on pepper leaf surfaces. This will provide a basis for efficient use of pesticides on plants.【Method】Three test liquids were water (W), glycerol (G) and diiodomethane (DM). Their static contact angles of a single droplet on the pepper leaf surfaces of different varieties were determined by contact angle meter. Then the total surface free energy (SFE) and its components were evaluated by Harmonic mean (HM) method, Owens-Wendt-Rabel- Kaelble (OWRK) method, Van-Oss-Chaudhury-Good (OCG) method and ZDY method. Accordingly, solubility parameter (δ) of pepper leaf surfaces was calculated. 【Result】The leaves of Suzi-1 and GR pepper were wettable (θ＜90°) for W and Sujiao-13 pepper leaves were unwettable (θ＞90°) for W. Among the 4 methods, more physical characteristic information was obtained by the OCG method with 3 test liquids (W-G-DM) and calculated percentages of non-polar components of the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces (＞85%) were higher than the polar components (＜15%). The HM and OWRK methods based on 2 test liquids. When the 2 test liquids were polar (i.e. W-G), the percentages of non-polar or polar component of the SFE of the pepper leaf surface varied greatly, or even the opposite to the percentage obtained in the OCG method. When the 2 test liquids were polar and non-polar combination (i.e. W-DM or G-DM), the deviation of the SFE values calculated by OWRK method was lower than that by HM method based on the OCG method. The SFE values calculated by ZDY method with 1 test liquid were much higher than that of the other three methods. Compared with OCG method, the deviation of the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces was ＞100%. Based on the deviation from the OCG method within 10% of the SFE, SFE of Suzi-1 leaf surface was 37.72-43.11 mJ·m^-2 and solubility parameter was 18.89-22.77 mJ^1/2·m^-3/2. SFE of GR leaf surface was 37.53-40.95 mJ·m^-2 and solubility parameter was 18.81-20.09 mJ^1/2·m^-3/2. SFE of Sujiao-13 leaf surface was 33.21-36.92 mJ·m^-2 and solubility parameter was 17.17-18.58 mJ^1/2·m^-3/2.【Conclusion】Using water (W), glycerol (G) and diiodomethane (DM) as the test liquid, ZDY method is not suitable for calculating the SFE of pepper leaf surfaces and the rest methods (HM, OWRK, OCG) can be used to calculate the SFE. Among them, the HM or OWRK method should be paid more attention to the polarity of selecting test liquid combination. Meanwhile, the percentage of non-polar component of the SFE of 3 kinds of pepper is higher than that of the polar component.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulators Thidiazuron on Melon Quality

SU Hang, WANG Qi, LI ChunMei, SHAO Hua, JIN MaoJun, WANG ShanShan, ZHENG LuFei, SHE YongXin, WANG Jing, WANG HuaiSong, JIN Fen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3095-3105.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.006

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to explore the effects of different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) on the sensory characteristics, nutritional quality, aroma and flavor of the facilities oriental melon, and to provide a theoretical basis for thidiazuron safety utilization on melon.【Method】 Oriental melon was chosen as test materials in this study, which was treated by different concentrations of thidiazuron replaced with hand pollination. Sensory characteristics (horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, single fruit weight, hardness, and color) and nutritional components (moisture, soluble solids, vitamin C, organic acid and sugar) were determined. Additionally, the fingerprint of the aroma based on the electronic nose and flavor determined by electronic tongue was investigated. The data was analyzed by the correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The residue of thidiazuron in melon was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.【Result】In the sensory characteristics, the vertical diameter, single fruit weight and hardness were significantly increased in the oriental melons treated by different concentrations of thidiazuron.When the concentration of thidiazuron was 4 mg·kg^-1, the vertical diameter of melon and the single fruit weight reached 136.81 mm and 322.44 g, respectively, which increased by 32.2% and 28.2% compared with the control group. The hardness of melon showed a linear positive correlation with the concentration of thidiazuron (r²=0.8183). There was no significant difference in color brightness and yellowness of the melon peel under different concentrations of thidiazuron. However, there was a correlation between the melon surface pulp green and the concentration of thidiazuron. In terms of nutritional composition, the use of thidiazuron on melons could significantly reduce the contents of vitamin C and citric acid. With the increase of thidiazuron concentration, the content of vitamin C decreased gradually. When the concentration of thidiazuron was 8 mg·kg^-1, the average content of vitamin C decreased by 59.8% compared with the control area, which was only 5.2 mg/100 g.The content of citric acid decreased by 20.0%-65.0% after use of thidiazuron. However, the use of thidiazuron had no significant effect on the moisture content of melon. The content of soluble solids and fructose in melon was related to the use concentration of thidiazuron. Low concentration of thidiazuron could reduce the soluble solids content and increase the fructose content of melon, but the opposite result was observed in melon when the high concentration thidiazuron used.Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that there were obvious differences in the aroma and flavor of melon treated with different concentrations of thidiazuron, which was related to the concentration of thidiazuron. The higher concentration of thidiazuron, the greater difference of aroma and flavor was observed. The thidiazuron residue in melon was in accordance with the national limit standard.【Conclusion】different concentrations of thidiazuron can affect the sensory characteristics (horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, single fruit weight, hardness and color), nutritional components (moisture, soluble solids, vitamin C, organic acid and sugar), aroma and flavor of melon. Especially, the high concentration of thidiazuron can significantly reduce the contents of vitamin C and citric acid in melon, and have a great effect on the aroma and flavor. compared with high concentration, the flavor of melon treated with low concentration of thidiazuron (4 mg·kg^-1) was more similar to that of hand pollination melon.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Effect of Paddy Inherent Soil Productivity on Nutrient Utilization Efficiency of Rice in Chongqing

LIANG Tao, LIAO DunXiu, CHEN XinPing, WANG Shuai, FU DengWei, CHEN XuanJing, SHI XiaoJun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3106-3116.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.007

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【Objective】The level of soil inherent productivity has a direct relationship with soil nutrient supply capacity, which affects the crop nutrient absorption of from soil and fertilizer. The objective of this research was to study the relationship between soil fertility and rice nutrient absorption efficiency and to evaluate its effect on rice nutrient absorption from soil and fertilizer under different soil inherent productivity levels, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving rice nutrient absorption efficiency in different soil inherent productivity.【Method】Based on 246 rice “3414” trials in different ecological regions of Chongqing, including no fertilizer treatment (N0P0K0), nitrogen free treatment (N0P2K2), phosphate free treatment (N2P0K2), without potassium (N2P2K0) and total fertilizer treatment (N2P2K2), the rice yield and its grain and straw NPK content were investigated, and then rice nutrient uptake, soil available nutrient use efficiency and dependency ratio, fertilizer recovery, and agronomic efficiency were calculated. The effects of soil inherent productivity on nutrient absorption efficiency of rice were evaluated by means of index and linear fitting, soil inherent productivity and yield classification methods.【Result】The soil inherent productivity yield of paddy was 5.40-6.45t ·hm^-2 in different ecological areas of Chongqing, and the sample size of low and medium low (<4 t·hm^-2 and 4-5 t·hm^-2) was 63, accounting for 25.6% of the total sample size. With the improvement of paddy soil inherent productivity grade, nutrient uptake of rice was increased, and the organic matter and available nitrogen contents were relatively higher in the high soil inherent productivity grade paddy. Low pH might be a limiting factor for low base level rice fields (<4 t·hm^-2). The increasing rate of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer in Chongqing was 18.5%, 5.2%, and 3.9%, respectively. Under the same level of fertilization, the recovery rate of NPK fertilizer was decreased by 6.9%, 4.5% and 3.1%, respectively, with the improvement of basic soil level. There was a positive correlation between inherent soil productivity and the use efficiency of soil available nitrogen and soil nutrient dependency rate, proving that higher inherent soil productivity could increase rice nutrient uptake and improve soil nutrient uptake efficiency. But the inherent soil productivity was negatively correlated with the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer, which showed that high inherent soil productivity would reduce the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. There was a weak correlation between soil fertility and available P, K as well as the apparent utilization of them. However, the inherent soil productivity was significantly correlated with the corresponding nitrogen index, proving the reflective ability of inherent soil productivity on nitrogen was stronger than that on P and K.【Conclusion】High soil inherent productivity can improve rice yield and soil nutrient uptake, but reducing the utilization efficiency of fertilizer nutrient. Under the condition of high soil inherent productivity, fertilization has limited effect on rice yield increase and soil productivity improvement, so the input of fertilizer should be limited.

The Soil Infrared Spectral Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter under Different Carbon Saturation Levels

JIANG GuiYing, ZHANG YuJun, WEI Xi, ZHANG DongXu, LIU ShiLiang, LIU KaiLou, HUANG ShaoMin, SHEN FengMin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3117-3129.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.008

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to explore the infrared spectra characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) with different SOC saturation levels under different long-term fertilization. 【Method】 Based on two long-term experiments at Jinxian (Red soil with double rice cropping) and Yuanyang (Fluvo-aquic soil with winter wheat-summer maize cropping) sites, the typical fertilizer treatments were selected. The saturation deficit (SD) under different treatments was calculated and analyzed. The different functional groups were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and then the characteristics among different treatments were analyzed. 【Result】 It was linear relationship between SOC annual change rate and C input at Yuanyang, while the asymptotic line at Jinxian. The SD value at Jinxian (0.118-0.413) was obviously smaller than that at Yuanyang (0.462-0.616). The similar functional groups such as aromatic (1 636 cm^-1, 695 cm^-1), aliphatic (3 000-2 850 cm^-1,1 455 cm^-1), carbohydrate /polysaccharides (1 080 cm^-1,1 033cm^-1/1 034 cm^-1) and organosilicone (1 100-1 008 cm^-1, 526 cm^-1, 795 cm^-1, 778 cm^-1, 470 cm^-1) were both at Jinxian and Yuanyang sites. The absorption intensity of aromatic, aliphatic and organosilicone series was clearly stronger at Jinxian than that at Yuanyang, while the absorption intensity of carboxyl, alkane and carbohydrate was stronger at Yuanyang than that at Jinxian. The SOC content was negatively correlated with light transmittance. Compared with Yuanyang, the carbon input, clay content and iron-aluminum oxides were higher in Jinxian. Furthermore, the water regime with double rice at Jinxian was more benefit for SOC accumulation. 【Conclusion】 The results of the relationship between SOC change rate and C input and the SD value indicated that the higher saturation level appeared at Jinxian site. There were more recalcitrant components like aromatics, aliphatic and organosilicone at Jinxian, while the labile component like carboxyl, alkanes and carbohydrate appeared at Yuanyang. The infrared transmittance could quantify the function group to some extent.

HORTICULTURE

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression of DELLA Protein Gene Family During the Development of Grape Berry Induced by Exogenous GA

ZHANG WenYing, WANG Chen, ZHU XuDong, MA Chao, WANG WenRan, LENG XiangPeng, ZHENG Ting, FANG JingGui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3130-3146.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.009

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【Objective】The objectives of this study are to identify the DELLA protein family genes from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome, to know the profile of DELLA protein family such as gene number, gene structure and tissue expression in grape, and to explore the mechanism of DELLA protein in gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway and in seedless fruit development of grapevine.【Method】DELLA protein genes in grape genome were identified by HMMER and NCBI CDD software based on DELLAgenes from Arabidopsis and rice. The full-length cDNAs were obtained by clone techniques from grapevine cv. ‘Rosario Bianco’. Cis-elements of their promoters were identified to predict their potential functions. Their chromosomal localization, gene structures, phylogenetic analysis, physicochemical properties, subcellular localizations and protein interactions were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis softwares. Subcellular localization of DELLA proteins were observed by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco leaf. The qRT-PCR method was used to detect the temporal and spatial expression of DELLA protein genes in the grape berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed (or seed area) induced by exogenous GA.【Result】A total of 3 DELLA proteingenes were identified from grape genome, their precise sequences were cloned and verified, named VvGAI1 (VIT_201s0011g05260), VvRGA (VIT_214s0006g00640) and VvSLR1 (VIT_211s0016g04630), respectively. Their chromosomal localization, open reading frame (ORF), number of amino acid of DELLA genes were Chr1, 1 773 bp, 590; Chr14, 1 710 bp, 569; Chr11, 1 599 bp, 532, respectively. Gene structure analysis result showed that there no intron and only one exon, and gene structures were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis showed that VvGAI1 was closely related to VvRGA, and were clustered into one group, with VvSLR1 was another group. The promoters of the 3 genes all contained elements that were responsible for GA and endosperm development, suggesting that they might be involved in response to GA signaling and endosperm development. Subcellular localization result showed that all 3 grape DELLA proteins were located in the nucleus. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of 3 DELLA genes, except for VvSLR1 in the berry pericarp had a peak of expression at near maturity, the rest were highly expressed in young fruit stage, and exogenous GA treatment all reduced the expression of three DELLA protein genes in the grape berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed area, especially in the seed area. Protein interaction analysis showed that all 3 DELLA proteins were the core components of GA signal transduction in grape, which may interact with GIDI1 and SLY1 in GA signal transduction.【Conclusion】DELLA protein gene family in grapevine contains 3 genes. Their structures among different species are highly conserved. GA may participate in the development of berry pericarp, berry flesh and seed area through negative regulation of these three members, and all 3 members may regulate the development of grapes seedless fruit by responding to GA.

Identification of Citrus CitCEP Genes and Their Transcriptional Response to Stress and Hormone Treatments

PAN XiaoTing, ZHANG Jing, GE Ting, MA YanYan, DENG Lie, HE ShaoLan, YI ShiLai, ZHENG YongQiang, Lü Qiang, XIE RangJin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3147-3158.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.010

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【Objective】 The objectives of this study are to identify citrus CEP genes (CitCEPs) based on citrus whole genome sequences, understand the phylogenetic relationship among CitCEPs as well as their expression specificity in different tissues and response to hormone and abiotic stress, and to lay a foundation for further study on the biological function of CitCEPs.【Method】The citrus CEP genes were identified by BLASTp based on Phytozome database. Gene structure, phylogenetic tree, relative molecular mass, isoelectric point and other physical and chemical properties of CitCEP members were analyzed using GSDS, ProtScale Tool, EXPASY, CLUSTALX, MEGA6.0, plant CARE and Cello. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of CitCEPs under different treatments of ‘Citrus junos Ziyang’.【Result】The CitCEPs consists of 11 members, of which CitCEP10 and CitCEP11 contain 1 intron, and the other members have no intron. All CitCEPs contain conserved domain sequences (SPGV/IGH), and belong to hydrophilic protein. The magnitude of the most hydrophilic amino acid is 3.711 and that of the weakest hydrophilic amino acid is -2.778. Subcellular localization prediction showed that 11 CitCEPs were located in different positions of the cell. Among them, CitCEP1, CitCEP2, CitCEP4, CitCEP5 CitCEP6 and CitCEP8 were all located in extracellular. CitCEP3 and CitCEP7 existed in both extracellular and mitochondria. CitCEP9 and CitCEP10 were located in nucleus and plasma membrane, respectively. CitCEP11 was located in both mitochondria and nucleus. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the CitCEP members together with Arabidopsis thaliana CEPs were clustered into 3 groups, which indicated that the CitCEP members had different biological functions. Expression analysis showed that CitCEP2 was mainly expressed in stem, leaf and cotyledon, CitCEP3 was mainly expressed in root and cotyledon, while CitCEP10 and CitCEP11 were mainly expressed in pericarp, and the other members expressed very low or no expression in the above tissues, reflecting the difference in tissue specificity among different members. Under drought conditions, the expression of CitCEP2 was down-regulated, while that of CitCEP3, CitCEP10 and CitCEP11 was gradually increased. The expression of CitCEP2 and CitCEP10 under salt stress was similar to that under drought conditions, respectively, while the expression of CitCEP3 and CitCEP11 increased first and then decreased. The expression of CitCEP2 was significantly inhibited under ethylene (ETH) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, but the expression increased firstly and then decreased under methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3) treatments. CitCEP3 showed a similar trend under the treatments of 6-benzylamino adenine (6-BA), IAA, GA3 and ABA. The expression of CitCEP10 was significantly up-regulated under ETH treatment, and decreased firstly and then increased under 6-BA, SA and ABA treatments, but there was no obvious regularity in the treatment of MeJA, IAA, GA₃. The expression of CitCEP11 showed a downward trend under the treatments of ETH, SA, MeJA, IAA, GA3 and ABA, which was similar to that of CitCEP3 under ETH and SA treatments. Under 6-BA treatment, the expression of CitCEP11 showed a trend of decreasing firstly and then increasing.【Conclusion】A total of 11 CitCEP members were identified from citrus whole genome sequences, and all of them are hydrophilic proteins which contain a conserved SPGV/IGH domain. The subcellular positions were varied among CitCEP members. Under different stress and hormonal treatments, CitCEP2, CitCEP3, CitCEP10 and CitCEP11 exhibited different degrees of response, while the response of the other member was not obvious or unresponsive. It is inferred that CitCEP2, CitCEP3, CitCEP10 and CitCEP11 may play an important role in citrus growth and development as well as stress response.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT

Guidance of the SPECIAL FOCUS ‘Strengthen the Application of Environmental Physiology Research and Support the Development of Healthy Livestock and Poultry Farming’

ZHANG HongFu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3159-3161.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.011

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Effect of Heat Stress on Lactation Performance in Dairy Cows

HAN JiaLiang, LIU JianXin, LIU HongYun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3162-3170.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.012

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With the steady aggravation of global warming, dairy cows face increasing heat stress, which results increasing economic loss to the dairy industry. Heat stress occurs when cows are exposed to extreme heat and cannot maintain their core temperature. Under hot temperature environment, dairy cattle is characterized by increased respiration, heart rate, and rectal temperature and decreased feed intake, which have a negative impact on endocrine system and immune system and seriously reduce milk performance of dairy cows. Previous studies of heat stress in dairy cows focused on its effects on productive performance, especially to alleviate the effect of heat stress by functional feed additives, but the specific mechanism of heat stress is not clear. This paper summarizes the widespread impact of heat stress on milk production and quality of dairy cows in different regions, and introduces the known mechanisms of heat stress from aspects of energy metabolism, endocrine, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. In the aspect of energy metabolism, heat stress induces a negative energy balance in cows by reducing food intake and inducing disorder in lipid breakdown and energy metabolism; In terms of endocrine system, heat stress affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis / thyroid axis / gonadal axis / growth axis of dairy cows and results in hormonal changes. In oxidative stress, heat stress affects the ROS levels in vivo and activates related defense signal pathways. In the aspect of apoptosis and autophagy, heat stress contributes to the damage of mammary epithelial cells by the expression of apoptosis-related genes and by excessive autophagy. The paper put forward that in the foreseeable future, heat stress will be a major challenge for the dairy industry. It is necessary to establish cows heat stress models to comprehensively investigate the basic mechanisms of heat stress in dairy cows using advanced cellular and molecular techniques. In addition, efforts should be placed to develop new interventions to reduce the damage of hear stress to dairy cows.

Effects of Ambient Temperature on Production Performance of Sows and Regulatory Techniques

ZENG YaQiong, WANG Hao, LIU ZuoHua, LI Shuang, PU ShiHua, LONG DingBiao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3171-3180.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.013

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The pig industry is one of the mainstay industries of China's agriculture and rural economy. As the core component of pig farms, production performance of sows are the key factors for determining the economic benefits of pig farms. China is the largest pig breeding country in the world, and the number of breeding sows and commercial pigs are more than 50% of the world’s total. However, compared with developed countries, sows feeding management level is low in our country, and there is still a large gap in production performance. The performance of sows in practical production is affected by many factors, including nutrient intake, body characteristics, feeding environment, parity of sows, etc. Thermal environment is one of the major factors affecting the health and production performance of sows. The warm environment consists of temperature, relative humidity, air flow, radiation, and heat transfer. These factors work together on the animal to make them feel cold or hot and comfortable or not. The suitable thermal environment is conducive to ensuring the sows’ health and improving their production performance. Conversely, the unsuitable warm environment will cause heat stress in sows, destroy the body heat balance, and even lead production stop, make the body enters a pathological state, cause illness and ultimately death. Therefore, mastering the warm environment requirements of sows and adopting effective control measures are essential to improve the performance of sows and the economic benefits of pig farms. This paper reviewed the effects of warm environment on sows and the corresponding regulation techniques, aiming to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the regulation of thermal environment in pig production and management in China. (1) The effects of the warm environment on the sow are mainly reflected in changes of behavior, physiology and production performance. In terms of behavior, sows will be thermally adjusted by changing the behavioral posture, such as increasing the lying time, reducing the standing and prone time in hot environment. Because the contact area of the sows' body surface with the ground is larger when the side is lying, and the heat dissipation of the body can be increased, but frequent changes in sows’ posture will increase the piglet death rate. In the aspect of physiology, sows will reduce metabolic heat production and increase heat dissipation by reducing feed intake, increasing respiration rate and skin blood flow during heat stress, while promoting the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in the blood of sows, thyroxine dropped and insulin sensitivity increased. These physiological changes will destroy the endocrine and energy balance of the sow, leading to early embryo death, miscarriage and milk production reduction. In terms of production performance, heat stress adversely affects the performance of sow estrus interval, litter size and lactation. Heat stress mainly affects the re-service rate and litter size at pre-pregnancy and in late pregnancy mainly affects the number of live births and stillbirths. After parturition, heat stress mainly affects the survival rate of piglets. High ambient temperature adversely affects the performance of weaned piglets by affecting the lactation of sows, and heat stress can delay the weaning-to-estrus interval by affecting the feed intake, weight loss and hormone secretion of sows. (2) Thermal environment control technology of sows mainly includes overall cooling and partial cooling of the pig house. The Pad and Fan evaporative cooling system is the representative of the overall cooling of pig house. In the system, the negative pressure inside the house is caused by the exhaust of the fan, forcing the unsaturated air outside the house to flow through the wet porous curtain, causing the evaporation of water to absorb a large amount of latent heat, thereby reducing the temperature inside pig house. The system has the advantages of simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The local cooling of the pig house is mainly for the temperature control of the lying area floor, pig pens on both sides and upper part of the pig pens. The main methods include air duct evaporative cooling, cold water cover cooling, floor cooling, etc. These methods have the advantages of obvious cooling effect and energy saving.

Regulation of Biological Clock in Ovulation-Laying of Laying Hens

WANG XiaoJuan, LIU Lei, JIAO HongChao, ZHAO JingPeng, LIN Hai

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3181-3190.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.014

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The endogenous circadian rhythm enables the organisms to predict the changes of environmental cycle, which maintains consistency between body metabolism and the external environment. During the maturation of follicular, ovulation, and the formation of egg in birds, the coincidence of the different physiological processes in time shows the unity of the body itself and the coordination between the body and the environment. Biological clock participates in a series of behavior and physiological processes such as nutrition intake, the production of endocrine hormones and energy metabolism. In the present review, the role of biological clock in neuroendocrine, energy intake and energy metabolism has been discussed, from the points of light factor and nutrition factor, to reveal the potential regulating mechanism underlying ovulation and egg laying of hens. (1) Light signal acts on hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) by regulating the biological clock to influence reproductive activities. Under the stimulation of light, the central clocks in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and pineal act on hypothalamus, and make it to release gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin inhibitory hormones (GnIH) periodically. GnRH and GnIH then act on pituitary, and make it to release gonadotropin hormone, that is luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Periphery clocks in ovary receive the central synchronization signal to maintain the biological rhythm, thereby regulating the maturation of follicles and ovulation. (2) In addition to being regulated by the neuroendocrine system of HPG axis, the ovulation-egg production process of laying hens is also affected by the body's energy metabolism. The central and peripheral clock genes regulate the appetite regulation system and thus affect energy intake; Biological clock can regulate the expression of key enzymes in the process of metabolism, integrate the nuclear receptors and nutrition signaling proteins, regulate metabolism sensors and metabolites, affect gut microbes to regulate energy metabolism, and affect the synthesis, transport and deposition of yolk precursor; Melatonin secreted by bird's pineal can regulate calcium metabolism rhythmically by mediating the secretion of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, and influence the formation of egg shell. The time and the behavior of energy intake, the body energy metabolism and energy status can also modulate biological clock, through some appetite regulation and energy metabolism related cytokines such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα). There are interactions between nutrient, biological clock and energy metabolism, which accommodate organisms with the surrounding and optimize the energy utilization. Therefore, by adjusting the time of eating and the composition of feed (such as the energy level of feed and calcium level), energy metabolism can be changed to regulate the function of the biological clock. In conclusion, it will provide a new perspective for researching regulation mechanism of egg laying, if we make an integrated study on environment factor (light management) and nutrition (feeding time and feed formula) in which biological clock linked external factors and internal energy metabolism, that is, biological clock can both response to environmental stimuli, and regulate the body's energy metabolism process, to optimize the various physiological functions.

Research Progress on the Regulatory Mechanism of Lighting Schedule Affecting the Reproduction Performance of Chickens

SHI Lei, LI YunLei, SUN YanYan, CHEN JiLan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3191-3200.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.015

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Light is an important environmental factor for the organism. Artificial lighting has been widely utilized in modern poultry production. The poultry is light-sensitive. Light regulates their growth, production, and reproduction, and therefore affects the production efficiency. Light has now been another important environmental factor for poultry industry besides temperature, humidity, and ventilation. As a classical model animal, the studies of the effects of light on chicken reproductive physiology and the underlying mechanism would be of scientific significance. The photoreception of poultry and the effects of light schedule on chicken sexual maturity and reproduction were summarized in this review. The research progress on ahemeral lighting schedule, photorefractory, and light management during eggs incubation was also included. This review aimed at providing better understanding the effect of light schedule on poultry reproduction and the underlying mechanism. Perceiving the lighting by photoreceptors including eyes (retina), the deep brain tissue, and the pineal gland, the poultry transfers the lighting information to biological signals and affect the neuroendocrine system, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to affect the growth and reproduction. The gonad of birds develops rapidly and shows sensibility for the lighting length during rearing period. Lighting length of too short or long may impede the development or accelerate sexual maturity. The studies showed that a constant light of 8 or 9 h might assure the body condition and potential of reproduction performance. The lighting schedule parameters during the laying period of poultry includes photostimulation and lighting length. Photostimulation must be applied at a right age to assure the concurrent sexual maturity. Because of limited researches in yellow-feathered laying hens, most often they follow the photostimulation strategy of high-producing hens or with slight delay of photostimulation age. Lighting length is also critical for the reproduction performance. Laying hens (breeders) need long lighting period to keep productive during the laying period. There are, however, many differences between broiler breeders and layer hens (breeders), such as body condition, feeding and physiological characters, and photo factory. Broiler breeders are suggested to have shorter lighting length (14 or 15 h) than laying hens (breeders) (16 or 17 h). The advanced sexual maturity is meaningful for poultry industry. With the development of semen dilution and preservation, and alternate use of male breeders, more and more studies are focusing on the effects of light on the reproduction of male breeders. Housing the male breeder underling the same lighting length as females after sexual maturity may reduce semen quality. It is therefore necessary to provide different lighting schedule management for male and female if condition permits. Different from the normal 24-h lighting schedule, ahemeral lighting schedule can increase egg weight, but may lessen production. It is not widely used in practice due to European standards for animal welfare regulations and its inconsistency with the regular schedule of the employee. The study of ahemeral lighting schedule is, however, still important for understanding of the biorhythm of poultry.

Research Review on CO₂ Production in Pig House

ZHOU Dan, DIAO YaPing, GAO Yun, HUANG FeiRuo, LI Ji, WANG JiaoJiao, LEI MingGang, LI Xuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3201-3213.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.016

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CO₂ is a major part of the atmosphere and is a member of greenhouse gases. It is not just a major contributor to global warming. And it is one of the harmful gases that cannot be ignored in the pigpen. In recent years, with the development of scale and intensive pig housing, the research on the factors affecting the temperature, humidity, NH₃, H₂S and CO₂ in the piggery is increasing. CO₂ plays an important role in the environment of piggery and is an important parameter to evaluate the environmental quality of piggery. The effective management of CO₂ in piggery can improve the management level of piggery breeding and maximize economic benefits. This article first expounds the main source of CO₂ emissions of piggery pig breath, waste discharge, heating equipment, analyzes the CO₂ emissions are mainly affected by the external environment, the number and type, volume of piggery and pig manure storage time and other factors. The CO₂ emissions of live pigs in different growth stages of weaning, breeding, fattening and sows were compared and analyzed under conditions of leaky floor, partially leaky floor, straw mat and wood chip floor. Discusses the inner generated by different concentration of CO₂ in breeding, pig physiological behavior, the influence of the pork quality, according to CIGR data, draw corral CO₂ concentration limit was 0.3%, the largest of the CO₂ concentration limit of 0.5%, In piggery CO₂ content is too high, the content of oxygen deficiency, for a long time can cause a chronic hypoxic pigs, depression, loss of appetite, weight gain, slow, weak, susceptible to infectious diseases, the problem such as production levels drop, serious when, after the death of a pig appeared ecchymosis, slaughter appear blood, flesh PH, conductivity, moisture content decreased, affect significantly the quality of pork. Secondly, the method of CO₂ content monitoring in the shed and the research progress at home and abroad are summarized. Inductive analysis of the strength of CO₂ and ventilation, ventilation rate, the relationship between the air inlet position, in detail elaborated the cesspit ventilation system by changing the intensity of ventilation, air inlet location, the size of the floor openings, can effectively reduce CO₂ in the house. Calculate the ventilation rate in piggery of there are three kinds of methods, one is to use the animals themselves to calculate temperature balance, 2 it is used to measure the air humidity, three is the CO₂ balance equation method, calculate the ventilation rate of the current mainstream approach is the use of CO₂ from the air balance characteristics, monitoring CO₂ concentration, according to the concentration of CO₂ and ventilation rate equation, the relationship between the size of the calculation of ventilation rate. Finally, according to the actual research situation, the future research direction and development trend of CO₂ content in piggery are prospected.

Research Progress on Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Livestock Houses and Its Harmful Effects on Respiratory Tract Health of Livestock and Poultry

DAI PengYuan, SHEN Dan, TANG Qian, LI YanSen, LI ChunMei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3214-3225.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.017

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With the improvement of livestock and poultry intensive breeding, high density breeding livestock and poultry farms air quality problem becomes increasingly prominent. The livestock production process can generate a large number of PM, which has become an important source of fine particulate PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm ) in atmosphere, affecting the air quality and the health of livestock seriously. PM in livestock houses is mainly organic and mainly from feed, feces, feathers, dander, containing C, H, O, N, S, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, K, and other elements; the surface of PM also adheres to bacteria, fungi, viruses, endotoxins, ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful substances. It was found that PM concentration in chicken house was higher than that in pig house; PM concentration in livestock houses was positively correlated with the age and activity of animals; PM concentration in winter was higher than that in summer. However, there is a lack of standardized equipment and standard methods to measure PM concentration and emission levels in different types of livestock and poultry houses. PM components in livestock houses are complex and have strong biological effects, which seriously hazard the health and animal production. High PM concentration in livestock houses affects respiratory health mainly in the following three forms: the directly stimulation of PM to respiratory tract which reduces the immune resistance of the body to respiratory diseases; the stimulation of various compounds attached to PM surface; the stimulation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms on PM surfaces. At present, studies on the mechanism of PM on respiratory health hazards mainly focus on the inflammatory effect of PM on respiratory tract Studies showed that, PM could induce cells to release inflammatory factors and cause lung inflammation reaction through the proinflammatory factor produced by alveolar macrophages stimulated by PM. In addition, PM2.5 upregulated the expression of nuclear transcription factor κB (NFκB) and transcription activator AP-1 by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) which was activated by oxidative stress. PM2.5 could also identify the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 by activating the mode of activation, and activate the NFκB signaling pathway, leading to the occurrence of inflammation. Studies have also found that the cell autophagy and nuclear factor related factor - 2 (nuclear factor E2 - related factor 2, Nrf2) related signaling pathways would be activated during the process of inflammation induced by PM2.5, which provided the targets for treatment of cell damage induced by PM2.5. Although there were more study on mechanism of hazard of PM to the health of respiratory tract, the PM composition was complicated, and in a constantly changing, so the PM induced respiratory damage mechanism was very complex and need further study. A large number of PM released in the process of livestock production seriously affects the environmental air quality and the health of livestock, and the extent of PM's harm to the environment and the health of livestock was closely related to its composition and concentration. Therefore, a proper understanding of PM morphology, size, composition, concentration level and emission influencing factors of animal house is of great significance to the determination of PM source and hazard caused by PM toxicity. In this paper, the source, chemical composition, concentration, discharge, influence factors, and the effects on respiratory function of PM from animal house are summarized, and offer a base for evaluating the effect of PM on healthy production of livestock and poultry.

Review of Environmental Parameters in Pig House

GAO Hang, YUAN XiongKun, JIANG LiLi, WANG JunJun, ZANG JianJun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2018, 51(16):  3226-3236.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.16.018

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The environment is the most important to protect the health of livestock and poultry breeding. According to the data published in the "2016 Statistical Communique on National Economic and Social Development", the total output of meat in 2016 was 85.4 million tons, including 52.99 million tons pork and 435.04 million pigs, and were kept at the end of the year. With the development of large-scale and welfare pig rising of pig industry in China, China, as a traditional pig production and consumption of pork in the current, has a high yield of pig breeds and high-quality feed, and more and more attention has been paid to the effect of microclimate environment on the health of pigs. The developed countries, such as Europe and the United States, attach great importance to the optimal control and research on the environmental management of livestock and continuously develop new technologies to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of livestock husbandry and aquaculture. From the 60s of the last century, the effects of temperature, humidity, harmful gases and stocking density on feed performance and livestock production performance were studied, and the requirements and thresholds for environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity and stocking density were proposed. However, the ecological climatic zone in our country is complex, livestock breeding facilities are poor, the technology lacks standards, and the integration of factors of production lacks a unified environmental basis. When the swine house environmental is terrible, it will impact on health and restrict the growth performance of pigs. Based on the existing environmental parameters of pigs in our country, combined with the existing relevant environmental parameters and experimental studies both our country and other countries, this paper analyzed the effects of temperature, humidity, concentration of harmful gases and stocking density on the growth of pigs, so as to provide a reference and basis for the research, renewal and application of pig comfort environmental parameters in China.