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Table of Content

    10 January 2008, Volume 41 Issue 1
    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Progress of Genetic Research for Protein Content in Rice
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  1-8 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.001
    Abstract ( 1860 )   PDF (318KB) ( 4217 )   Save
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    The protein content was one of main index that measures the rice nutrition value, so that improving the protein content was important target for nutrition quality breeding in rice.This paper described the protein type, amino acid’s constitute and the nutrition value in rice. Meanwhile the paper summarized the difference among genotype of rice and different part or organization of brown rice, the enviroment’s influence on the protein content, the genetic and molecular mechnasim research of the protein content, which will provide the basis for the protein research and prebreeding for high protein rice .
    Marker-assisted Selection and Application for Rice Blast Resistance Gene pib
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  9-14 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.002
    Abstract ( 1504 )   PDF (475KB) ( 1862 )   Save
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    Resistance identifications of pib gene were performed with 36 rice blast fungus strains Collected from Sichuan. Meanwhile the dominant molecular markers of the rice blast resistance gene pib were used to identify the presence in the pib gene of 122 hybrid parents and materials. Pathogenicity assays were performed with the rice blast fungus strains ZB13 and ZC15 with artificial inoculation. The results indicated that pib was a gene of high resistance with a relatively great difference of resistance in different materials. Only 7 of the 122 hybrid parents and materials contained the resistance gene and showed resistance to rice blast fungus strains ZB13 and ZC15. In addition, two pairs of dominant markers Pibdom and Lys145 were used to screen the 6 F2 populations at the early stage. 185 plants of 600 F2 plants containing homozygous pib gene were isolated. At the same time, the rice blast resistances of these plants in the field were investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of resistance gene consisted with the resistance in the field. Therefore, the set of dominant markers are useful for marker-assisted selection of the rice blast resistance gene pib.
    Combining Ability and Heterotic Group of Maize Population GT-MAS:gk with Resistance to Aflatoxin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  15-22 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.003
    Abstract ( 1591 )   PDF (255KB) ( 946 )   Save
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    【Objective】Maize population GT-MAS:gk has been identified and released in U.S.A. as a germplasm with resistance to aflatoxin contamination, The objectives of this study were to characterize this maize germplasm in order to utilize this genetic material in maize breeding and improvement in research to resistant aflatoxin contamination;【Method】The research studies reported here have been conducted from the year of 2000 to 2005 in Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences-Millet Research Institute at Changzhi of China, we chose 6 inbred lines to be testers to test the yield combining ability of 6 populations, the experimental design is by method of Incomplete Diallel Crossing; 【Result】The result showed that the GCA of the population GT-MAS:gk is just being middle level among 6 populations, but the SCA appeared higher withYe478、Qi319 and Mo17, and lower with Huangzao 4、Dan 340 and B73; 【Conclusion】We subsume GT-MAS:gk as Reid heterotic group, the heterosis paterns are GT-MAS:gk × PA, GT-MAS:gk × Lancaster, GT-MAS:gk × the lines derived from P78599.
    Breeding of Dominant Genic and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line DGCMS-3A with Double Low Quality in Brassica napus
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  23-31 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.004
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    Abstract: 【Objective】The dominant genic and cytoplasmic male sterility (DGCMS) in Brassica napus might be a new way in breeding program and utilization of heterosis. The present study was designated to verify the genotype of dominant male sterility two-line and polcms three lines, identify the genetic pattern of dominant male sterility of Gd1AB and D3AB, construct dominant genic and cytoplasmic male sterility system. 【Method】Various types of testcrosses and backcrosses were made between dominant male sterility two-line and polcms three lines, and the fertility segregation was recorded respectively.in ChongQing and/or ShiZhu country in spring and summer season . The allelism between the Mf in Gd1AB or D3AB and Rfc in polcms restorers was analyzed. The testcrosses were made through crossing Gd1A or D3A with dominant restorers 05R or D1R, and the sterile plants of F2 with temporary maintainer test methodology were subjected to determination of the genetic pattern of dominant homozygous two-type line Gd1AB or D3AB. The sterile plants with polcms cytoplasm were selected to pollinated with C3B as recurrent parent, extensively screening in testcross progenies was made to find dominant nucleus + cytoplasm twin-ms lines. 【Result】The testcross populations containing only sterile individuals clearly indicated the multiple allele inheritance model for Gd1AB was confirmed, and then the fact that testcross lines segregated for feitility strongly supports D3AB was conditioned by two dominant interactive genes rather than by multiple alleles. The dominant hyterozyous genic and cytoplasmic male sterility line DGCMS—3A was successfully obtained by continuous recurrent selection cross toward higher quality trait with low erucic acid and low glucosinolate for two years. By temporary maintainer test methodology, it was possible to select dominant homozygous genic male sterility with polcms cytoplasm by recurrent selection through crossing Gd1B or D3B. 【Conclusion】The inhibitory gene Mf in the fertile plants from Gd1AB or D3AB was demonstrated to be norrallelic to the gene Rfc from polcms restores. The genotype of the sterile and fertile plants in Gd1AB are N(MsMsrfcrfc) and N(MfMsrfcrfc) respectively, while D3AB are of genotypes N(MsMsmfmfrfcrfc) and N(MfMsmfmfrfcrfc) respectively. Therefore, the dominant genic and cytoplasmic male sterility were separated into four kinds: the two dominant interactive hyterzygous genic and cytoplasmic male sterility S(Msmsmfmfrfcrfc)+S(msmsmfmfrfcrfc), the single multiple allelic hyterzygous genic and cytoplasmic male sterility S(Msmfrfcrfc)+S(mfmfrfcrfc), the two dominant interactive homozygous genic and cytoplasmic male sterility S(MsMsmfmfrfcrfc)+S(MsMsMfmfrfcrfc), the single multiple allelic homozygous genic and cytoplasmic male sterility S(MsMsrfcrfc)+S(MfMsrfcrfc).
    SSR-based evaluation of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties being subjected to national official field tests
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  32-42 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.005
    Abstract ( 1350 )   PDF (444KB) ( 1148 )   Save
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    The evaluation of distinctness, uniformity and stability is very important for new variety registration and protection. In this study, 89 varieties being subjected to National official field test were fingerprinted by 41 polymorphic markers generating from 15 highly informative SSR primers. The genetic clustering, principal component analysis, assignment test and AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) results showed that: 41 polymorphic markers are sufficient to completely separate all 89 varieties; most similar varieties were bred by the same breeders and the most distinct ones came from different province or breeders, which was in accordance with the pedigree information; 75% of the tested varieties are distinct using a genetic distance threshold of 0.1; in the assignment test, most varieties can be correctly placed back to the respective source variety, yet the other had a low correct individual assignment percentage, a sign of poor uniformity; the genetic variation between seed delivery is not significant, indicating a good stability of variety, and genetic variation among varieties within seed delivery is significant, meaning a good distinctness. Overall, our data showed that most of the tested rapeseed varieties have the characteristics of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS), and SSR marker is suitable for DUS testing.
    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
    On Cultivation Technical System ofBroadcasting-Seedling of Rice and Its Characteristics
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  43-52 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.006
    Abstract ( 1956 )   PDF (605KB) ( 1216 )   Save
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    Abstract: A series of research and applications for broadcasting-seedling of rice was conducted by agriculture technical extending departments, institutes and universities from 1980’s. The remarkable advance was obtained. The cultivation technical system of broadcasting-seedling of rice, which integrated labor saving and hardship lessening with high-yielding and greater efficiency, was adapted to crop and planting systems and rural economics of China, has being established. The system was composed of 6 parts as follows. 1. The mechanism was clarified for standing and establishing of seedling after transplanting on broadcasting-seedling of rice. The standing and establishing of seedling behave three sequential mutual processes included physical, physiological and morphological aspects through rooting rapidly anchored to soil and basal stem bending up coinstantaneous. Because seedling with soil and its root integrality, the recovering time from injury was shortened in contrast to the manual transplantation in the same seedling but washing root. The standing of non-upright seedling needed 2~5 days for young seedling, 5~6 days for middle and 7~10 days for large. During standing and establishing, because injury slightly, status of water, nutrient, photosynthetic and so on in plant of broadcasting-seedling of rice are superior to the manual transplantation and growing of root, leaf, tiller in quantity and quality are so. The orders of recovering from injury accelerate or increase rooting, leaf emergence, plant nutrient content, matter cumulating during standing. The standing and establishing of broadcasting-seedling of rice is influenced indirect or direct by seedling self included quality, age, with soil or no, posture after transplanting and by environment included light, temperature, air and so on. 2. Spatial distribution of plant positions and its eco-physiological effects were analyzed on broadcasting-seedling of rice. The spatial distribution, primordial foundational characteristics, differenced from the manual transplantation. The planting depth is characterized with shallow and variously in the perpendicular (-0.5~2.5cm). So crown (tiller nodes) inserts into the soil shallowly and variously in depth, resulted in diversities seedling posture after transplanting. The environment around tiller node or stem in soil was changed remarkably. In general, some ecological factors around crown included temperature, nutrient, air, bind force of soil and so on are improved. But these factors fluctuate notably because the crown lies on soil-water-air boundary layer. So stress chances of rice growth may be underwent increasingly from these factors. The depth of tiller nodes in soil strongly influence the growing of organ included leaf, tiller and root and the developing of population included uniformity, lodging and yield. The optimal depth of crown is about 1.5cm. Distribution of plant positions is characterized by quasi-even random on level. It determines mainly the spatial distribution of plant. Additional relative uneven effect of growing was intensified in the perpendicular, canopy height. The main elements of canopy micro climate included light, temperature, humidity and wind are improved. 3. The foundational characteristics of growth and development and yield formation were discovered on broadcasting-seedling of rice. There were 4 superiorities as follows.①The population grew rapidly at the beginning and produced more tillers. Plant-type was radial. The intensity of growth appeared strong. ②Light is well-distributed intra-plant. Canopy of population is well-proportioned vertically. Green leaf area per unit of land area is more. Photosynthetic regime, which structure was better and scale was larger, was formed.③Ears and grains per unit of land area may be contained more. Photosynthetic layer of population is thicker during grain filling stage. The source is sufficient and sink is larger during late period. So capacity of cumulative matter is exuberant. ④Root system is strong and vigorous and benefits absorbing of nutrient and water. But there were 3 inferiorities as follows.①The percentage of productive tillers to total is slightly low.②The proportion of ear under low is high slightly. So size of ear is small slightly. ③The capacity of root lodging resistance becomes weaker under the sodden and soft soil, 4. The formation of high-yielding and its regulating way were elucidated on the broadcasting-seedling of rice. In contrast to the manual transplantation, there were characteristics on high-yielding as follows. ①The seedling are well distributed.②The growth and development of population is well-harmonious.③The percentage of productive tillers to total is at the high-level. ④The uniformity of population is well-kept. The main growth indexes for 600kg per mu grain are as follows. ①The seedlings stands during 1 leaf age after transplanting and tillers appear at 2 leaf age according to the occurrence
    Photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism during flag leaf senescence and nitrogen effects of winter wheat
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  53-62 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.007
    Abstract ( 1443 )   PDF (522KB) ( 1075 )   Save
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    Abstract: 【Objective】Under field conditions, this paper studied the photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism during flag leaf senescence and nitrogen effects of winter wheat. 【Method】Two winter wheat cultivars, SN1391 (a large-spike cultivar) and GC8901 (a multiple-spike cultivar), were studied under two nitrogenous fertilizer rate conditions, which were 12 gN•m-2 (LN) and 24 gN•m-2 (HN). 【Result】The results showed that the nitrogen (N) content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and activities of PSⅡ in flag leaves decreased significantly with senescence processing, but the maximal efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry (Fv/Fm) decreased slightly at the final stage of senescence. So there was a conflict between absorption and utilization of light energy in senescent flag leaves, which might induce the senescence of wheat flag leaves. In senescent wheat leaves, there were several ways to dissipate excess excitation energy and clean active oxygen, such as increasing thermal dissipation, maintaining a reasonable carotinoid content and working in phase in the system of scavenging active oxygen. With the increase of N application, the chlorophyll content of SN1391 flag leaves and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PSII centers increased. At the same time, the thermal dissipation in SN1391 flag leaves of high N (HN) treatment decreased, but the effective quantum yield of PSⅡ (ΦPSⅡ) improved greatly, which made for the increase of photosynthetic rate (Pn). The SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in the flag leaves of SN1391 increased markedly in HN treatment, so that it could clean more active oxygen and decreased the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation. In this way, the ability of SN1391 to protect photosynthetic apparatus improved in HN treatment. In the HN treatment, the activities of PSⅡ in flag leaves of GC8901 increased greatly and the thermal dissipation increased, which induced Pn. At the same time, antioxidative enzymes activities decreased and the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation increased, which influenced CO2 assimilation indirectly. Compared with GC8901, the percentages of fertile tillers in SN1391 was lower, so that its plant population was smaller. In senescent leaves of SN1391, the content of photosynthetic pigment was higher, activity of PSⅡ decreased slowly and Pn was higher than those in GC8901. The antioxidative enzymes activities decreased slightly and the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation was low in the senescent flag leaf of SN1391, which protected the photosynthetic apparatus effectively and prolonged the time of CO2 assimilation. 【Conclution】The conflict between absorption and utilization of light energy in senescent flag leaves might induce the senescence of wheat flag leaves. Effects of nitrogen rate on the photosynthetic and senescent characteristics of flag leaves varied with wheat type.
    Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Endogenous plant Hormones Content in Grains of Two Wheat Genotypes
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  63-69 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.008
    Abstract ( 1353 )   PDF (337KB) ( 863 )   Save
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    【Objective】 In order to understand the effects of nitrogen forms on endogenous plant hormones content in grains of Yumai 34(a strong gluten cultivar)and Yumai 50(weak gluten).【Method】Pot experiments were completed in NH2--N, NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments which nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide(DCD) was applied, and indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA3), abscisic acid(ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR) content in grains were investigated 5, 15, 20 and 25 days after anthesis respectively using method of the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).【Result】When NH2--N was applied to Yumai34,ZR content in grains was promoted greatly in primary period of grains forming, IAA, GA3, ABA content in grains were increased evidently at the main period of grain filling and grain filling rate was higher in this period, and the grain weight was increased by5.74~9.16%. Applied with NH4+-N,ZR content in grains of Yumai50 was higher in primary period of grain forming, IAA, GA3 content in grains were higher at the main period of grains filling and grain filling rate was higher in this period.IAA content in grains was still higher in later period of grain filling , grains filling rate decreased slowly in this period.At last, the grains weight was increased by 3.88~11.52%.【Conclusion】This study showed that endogenous hormones content in grains of Yumai 34 and Yumai 50 responded differently to nitrogen forms which could regulate grain filling.When NH2--N was applied to Yumai34 and NH4+-N applied to Yumai50, grain filling was promoted by endogenous plant hormones content in grains and grains weight be increased.
    Effect of corn (Zea mays L.) water and temperature of ridge and furrow planting of rainfall harvesting under simulated rainfall conditions
    Xiao-Long REN Zhi-Kuan JIA
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  70-77 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.009
    Abstract ( 1436 )   PDF (565KB) ( 1143 )   Save
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    【Objective】 It can provide scientific basis for proper regime of ridge and furrow planting of rainfall harvesting (RFPRH) that towardly rainfall of RFPRH is elucidated.【Method】We studied the effect of RFPRH in different stimulated rainfall on summer corn (Zea mays L.) soil moisture and temperature, and analyzed the water use efficiency (WUE) in field.【Result】The result showed that in different rainfall (230 mm, 340 mm and 440 mm), the average soil moisture of 200 cm soil layer in RFPRH was higher by 2.3%, 5.2% and 4.5% respectively than the bare flat (control) during the whole growth and development period. And the soil temperature in 0~5cm soil layer increased by 1.2, 1.1 and 1.0 ℃ respectively. The determination of WUE for the whole growth and development period indicated that compared with control, the WUE of RFPRH under 230 mm and 340 mm rainfall increased by 7 kg•hm-2•mm-1 and 3.1 kg•hm-2, i.e., 61.24% and 26.90%, respectively. However, under 440 mm rainfall of the whole growth and development period, the WUE of RFPRH and control was respectively 16.55 kg•hm-2•mm-1 and 17.46 kg•hm-2•mm-1. There was no significant difference between them, and the WUE of RFPRH decreased.【Conclusion】As the precipitation is between 230 mm and 340 mm, RFPRH can ameliorate the condition of soil moisture and temperature as well as raise WUE during the whole growth and development period of summer corn.
    Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under conservation tillage mode
    Hong-Ling QIN Wang-Sheng GAO Yue-Cun MA Li MA
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  78-85 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.010
    Abstract ( 1729 )   PDF (501KB) ( 1343 )   Save
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    【Objective】In order to improve the water use efficiency under conservation tillage, we study the effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage.【Method】A field experiment of 40cm subsoiling under no-tillage was conducted from 2005 to 2006. Based on the observational data of soil moisture and crop yield, the physical basis of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: during oats growth season, 0-100cm soil water storage under subsoil was more than no-tillage. In the 0-100cm soil depth, the soil moisture in 50-100cm under subsoiling were more compared with no-tillage, which increased with the soil depth increasing when it’s dry; decreased with the soil depth increasing when it’s rainy. Compared with no-tillage, Subsoiling can reduce the water consumption of oats in the 0-50 cm soil layer and improve the efficient use of water in the 50-100cm soil layer by root system. Subsoiling increased the yield by 18.29% average increase rate in two years. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency by 16.8% average increase rate in two years. The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation, well-proportioned rainfall was better to increase yield and water use efficiency. Meanwhile, subsoiling decreased bulk density, which increased the available precipitation.【Conclusion】Subsoiling contained more soil moisture and improved water use efficiency. The The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation and soil bulk density.
    PLANT PROTECTION
    Regulation of MAPK Signal Pathway on the Production and Biological Activity of HT-toxin in Setosphaeria turcica
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  86-92 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.011
    Abstract ( 1189 )   PDF (425KB) ( 1433 )   Save
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    【OBJECTIVE】Elucidation of the effects of MAPK signal pathway on the HT-toxin production and biological activity of Setosphaeria turcica, will facilitate the mechanism study of the fungal pathogenicity;【METHOD】The specific MAPK signal pathway inhibitor, U0126, is used to study the regulation of MAPK pathway on HT-toxin production and activity;【RESULTS】The composition and quantity of HT-toxin fractions extracted from isolate 01-23 are significantly altered after treated with 1-20 μmol/L U0126. The production or quantity of some fractions is inhibited and there are some new fractions are induced. The biological activities of HT-toxin on susceptible corn inbred lines, B37 and B37Ht1, are significantly inhibited in isolate 01-23 after treated with 1-20 μmol/L U0126. The inhibition is stronger on B37 than on B37Ht1. The inhibition increases from 1 μmol/L to 20 μmol/L U0126 treatments, but there is no significant difference between the 10 μmol/L and 20 μmol/L U0126 treatments, indicating that U0126 can not completely inhibit the biological activity of HT-toxin;【CONCLUSION】HT-toxin production and biological activity on susceptible corn leaves are regulated by MAPK signal transduction pathway, but the mechanism of HT-toxin production and biological activity in S. turcica is complex and infected by other unknown factors.
    Chromosomal Localization of Resistance Gene in Radish against Beet Cyst Nematode and the stability of Additional Oil Radish Chromosomes in Rape-radish Addition lines
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  93-101 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.012
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    Oil radish(2n=18,nine chromosomes were named as a-i) carry the resistance gene against the beet cyst nematode(BCN) Heterodera schachtii. Additional chromosome lines of rape for each segregated a-i were obtained.【Objective】Study on which chromosome of oil radish carry the resistance gene against BCN, and the stability of oil radish chromosomes in rape-radish addition lines. 【Method】Self-pollinated progeny F2 of nine rape-radish chromosome addition lines were tested by specific chromosomal molecular markers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Those F2 plants were cultured in box and inoculated J2 larvae suspension of Heterodera schachtii. Then the number of cysts on plant roots were investigated 42 days after inoculation.【Result】They showed that the stability of additional oil radish chromosomes in rape is different. There were double additional chromosomes in each tested plant of rape-radish addition lines a, d, e, g, or i. In the rest addition lines, some plants carried additional radish chromosomes, however, some plants have not additional chromosome. Further experiment by FISH confirmed that the stable lines carried 2 additional chromosomes in each tested plant and the unstable lines have 2,1 or 0 additional chromosome(s) in different tested plants. After inoculated J2 larvae suspension of BCN, it shows that the plants of the DD addition line resistant to the BCN, but the other lines were susceptible. 【Conclusion】The hereditary stability of additional chromosomes in rape depend on different chromosomes of oil radish. And the resistance gene was located on “d ” chromosome of oil radish.
    Nocturnal migration of Coleoptera: Carabidae in north china
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  108-115 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.014
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    【OBJECTIVE】Vertical-looking radar(VLR)has allowed long-term automatically monitoring of the altitudinal and temporal dynamics of high-flying insect populations.Using the VLR to investigate whether ground beetles migrate nocturnally through China. and observe the behaviour of migrating insect,such as the orientation and mode of navigation of high-altitude nocturnal migrants;【METHOD】Using the VLR and auxiliary equipment weather information analyzing wind speed and wind direction atmosphere dynamic;【RESULTS】The results show that the carabids density is relative higher from late July to late August.The numbers in light trap catches sudden increase and following sharp drops are obviously.The dots of carabids from the radarscope usually last from 20:00 to 22:00 and sometimes till 04:00. The height of insect flied mainly below 600m and the most insects flied in the height 450m. The number of carabids is positive correlation between vertical-pointing searchlight and the VLR;【CONCLUSION】The result shows that several species of carabids can migrate nocturnally,which can provide good proofs in further study.
    Seed Germination Behavior of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), a Worst Exotic Weed Species
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  116-121 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.015
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    【Objective】 To determine the germination characteristics of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), a worst exotic weed species, 【Method】 the effects of glume, temperature, light, GA3 and soil depth on seed germination were studied. 【Result】 The results showed that the glume of Johnsongrass had mechanical obstructing and chemical inhibiting effects on seed germination, and it was the major cause of seed dormancy. Germination of Johnsongrass seeds was best at 30℃, and also better under the daily temperature change of 25℃/35℃ for 12 h/12 h. Light was preferred for seed germination, the rate was relatively higher under 12 h light or continuous light condition. GA3 could significantly stimulate the germination of Johnsongrass seeds and the optimum concentration was 1.16 mmolּL-1. Seeds placed in 0~4 cm soil layer was ideal for germination of Johnsongrass, but the germination rate decreased markedly with the increase of soil depth. 【Conclusion】 By implementation of corresponding management strategies to regulate and prevent the seed germination, the spreading and infestation of Johnsongrass could be well controlled.
    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Effects of land use on soil dissolved organic carbon in the typical landscape units in subtropical red earth region
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  122-128 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.016
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    【Objective】 The content and distribution of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was investigated as well as the relationships between DOC and total organic carbon (TOC) or pH under different land use types in the typical landscape units in subtropical China. 【Method】The dense sampling (0~20cm) was carried out in two typical landscape units in subtropical red earth region, Kenfu in Guangxi Autonomous Region as a high hilly land and Pantang in Hunan Province as a low hilly land. 【Result】 The content of DOC averaged (159.2±75.8) and (90.0±35.4) mg kg-1 in high and low hilly land, respectively. And the lowest value was found in paddy soil, and averaged (46.7±14.9) and (68.0±23.1) mg kg-1 in two units, respectively. Comparing with paddy soil, the content of DOC in upland, orchard and woodland soil increased by 271%、278% and 315% in high hilly land and 37%、69% and 77% in low hilly land, respectively. The ratio of DOC to TOC (DOC/TOC) was smaller in paddy soil (0.24% and 0.44%) than in other land uses (0.90%~1.50%). The content of DOC was positively correlated with TOC for upland, orchard and woodland soils in two units, and no relationship (in high hilly land) or negative relationship (in low hilly land) for paddy soil. The content of DOC under different land use types in two units was significant negatively correlated with pH except woodland soil in low hilly land. 【Conclusion】Land use types had influences on DOC content, and it was significant lower in paddy soil than those in upland and orchard soils. The conversion of woodland into upland or orchard would reduce DOC content. A significant difference between two units was found and DOC content was higher in high hilly land in the south site of subtropical red earth region than in low hilly land in the north site.
    Spatial variability and distribution of soil available micro-elements of Mountain-and-Plain combing zone in Beijing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  129-137 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.017
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    【Objective】The objective of this study was to explore the spatial distribution of soil available micro-elements, and to provide a firm foundation for scientific formulated fertilizer. 【Method】One thousand and seventy six soil samples were collected from an area of 1075 km2 in Pinggu county of Beijing and analyzed for concentrations of DTPA-Cu,DTPA-Zn,DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Mn in topsoil(0-20cm)and subsoil(20-40cm)respectively. The general statistics and geostatistics methods were used to analyze the data. 【Result】The mean value of topsoil soil DTPA-Cu,DTPA-Zn,DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Mn were 1.96 mg•kg-1、2.51 mg•kg-1、17.32 mg•kg-1 and 10.91 mg•kg-1 respectively, which were at higher level. The topsoil content of soil available micro-elements was more than that of subsoil. The result of semivariance analysis showed the topsoil spatial heterogeneity ranges of DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Mn were 21.60 km and 45.27 km respectively, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn were 3.06 km and 2.89 km respectively. The subsoil range of available micro-elements was obviously different from topsoil, which was DTPA-Mn>DTPA-Cu>DTPA-Zn>DTPA-Fe. The Kriging method was applied to calculate the unobserved points and was used to generate the contour map. The results illustrated that the spatial distribution of topsoil DTPA-Fe and DTPA-Mn were mainly induced by topology, soil types, soil properties etc, while topsoil DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn were affected by land use types. And the concentrations of DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn were significant higher in orchard and vegetable land than in field. The spatial distribution of subsoil micro-elements was similar with the topsoil micro-elements, which exhibited vertical distribution patterns.【Conclusion】Fertilizer and pesticide application resulted in soil DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn higher content of Pinggu county . The higher content of soil DTPA-Zn should be inspected.
    Abundance and Deficiency index of Soil Available N, P and K for Rice in Marine Foreland Based on ASI
    YiChang Wei Youlu Bai Liping Yang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  138-143 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.018
    Abstract ( 1204 )   PDF (261KB) ( 1049 )   Save
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    【Objective】 To provide theoretic support for precision fertilization in the marine foreland to Yellow Sea of China,【Methods】this study used ASI (Agro Services International) method to test soil samples and recommend N, P, K fertilizers application rates, and conducted plot experiments of five treatments(①no fertilization, ② no N, ③no P, ④no K, ⑤all N, P, K and other fertilizers recommendation rates) and triplicate in 60 fields from low to high fertility in Haifeng farm in 2005 and 2006, and calibrate ASI soil test according to the typical response categories (50%, 75%, 95% of relative yield to soil nutrient values) to establish the abundance and deficiency index of soil available N, P and K for Rice in Marine Foreland Based on ASI soil testing and fertilizer recommendation. 【Results】The very low, low, medium ,high and very high index for soil NH4+-N were <2.5mgN L-1, 2.5mgN L-1~11.0mgN L-1, 11mgN L-1~19.5mgN L-1, 19.5mgN L-1~34 mg N L-1 and >34 mg N L-1 respectively. The very low critical concentration index for soil available P was not appeared in Haifeng Farm, the low, medium, high and very high critical concentration for soil available P were <13mgP L-1, 13mgP L-1~28.5 mg P L-1 , 28.5 mg P L-1~60 mg P L-1 and >60 mg P L-1 respectively. The critical very low, medium, high and very high concentration for soil available K were <35mgK L-1, 35mgK L-1~95mgK L-1, 95mgK L-1~175mgK L-1, 175mgK L-1~315mg N L-1 and >315mg N L-1 respectively. 【Conclusion】So that combining ASI systematic approach and field experiments would be rational and effective methods to establish the critical index of soil nutrient for rice.
    Effects of long-term combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil microbiological properties and soil fertility
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  142-152 . 
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    In this paper the effects of long-term (15 years) combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil microbiological properties and soil fertility was carried out based on the long-term fertilizer experiments in Fluvo-aquic soil in Changping County, Beijing, China. The main results are as follows: Long-term application of chemical fertilizers only (NPK) compared with long-term no fertilizer usage (CK) increased the soil microbial biomass of C (SMBC) &N (SMBN), SMBC/SOC (soil organic C), SMBC/SMBN, Urease activity, and soil organic matter (SOM), soil total nitrogen (STN) and soil total phosphorus (STP) in a certain degree. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) and organic manure or crop straw can have even more significant increase effects on above related soil and microbiological properties than long-term applying NPK fertilizer only. The more the application amounts of organic manure or crop straw, the more significant the increase effects of above related soil and microbiological properties. Meantime long-term application of organic manure or crop straw can slightly decrease the soil pH under alkaline Fluvo-aquic soil (the pH around 8.00 in this experimental soil). A positive co relationship was found between soil microbial biomass of C (SMBC) &N (SMBN), Urease activity and soil organic matter (SOM), soil total nitrogen (STN) and soil total phosphorus (STP) .
    HORTICULTURE
    Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on Antioxidant System in Cucumber Seedlings Roots under Hypoxia Stress
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  153-161 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.020
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    Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on Antioxidant System in Cucumber Seedlings Roots under Hypoxia Stress KANG Yun-yan , GUO Shi-rong , Duan Jiu-ju (College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095) Abstract: [Objective] The aim of our work was to study the effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on ROS, activities of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants and their time courses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling roots under hypoxia stress. [Method] Seedlings of a hypoxia-resistant cultivar, Lübachun No.4, and a hypoxia-sensitive cultivar, Zhongnong No.8, were subjected to nutrient solution hypoxia stress treatments. The effects of EBR on the growth, ROS, antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants in seedlings roots were investigated. [Results] Under hypoxia stress, O2– level and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased in the roots upon exposure to hypoxia stress, which were inhibited by exogenous EBR application. EBR treatment significantly increased seedlings growth, SOD、APX、GR activities and contents of AsA、GSH under hypoxia stress. [Conclusion] From the results obtained in this work it can be conclude that oxidative damage on seedling roots by hypoxia stress can be considerably alleviated, which elevated the tolerance of plants.
    Cloning and Analysis of Resistance Gene Analogs from Pepper (Capsium annuum L.)
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  169-175 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.022
    Abstract ( 1646 )   PDF (315KB) ( 1046 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Resistance gene analogs are isolated from pepper using homology-based method. 【Method】The genomic DNA of pepper (Capsium annuum L.) line PR205 was amplified using degenerated primers which were designed based on the conserved regions of Nucleotide Binding Site (NBS)-Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) domain from previously reported plant resistance genes. 【Result】Twenty-five Resistance Gene Analogs (RGAs) have been obtained. These RGAs were classified into seven distinct groups by phylogenetic analysis. Putative amino acid sequences deduced from these 25 RGAs shared 27.4%-98.2% identity with the resistance genes of Mi-1.2, prf, Hero, I2C-1 and RPM1. RGA-p20 showed an extreme sequence identity (99%) with Mi-1.2 at nucleotide/amino acid levels. It suggests that there is a root knot nematode resistance gene which is homology with Mi gene in pepper of PR205 and RGA-p20 is one part of this resistance gene.【Conclusion】In this study, twenty-five RGAs were obtained in pepper line PR205, which laid a promsing foundation for cloning of resistance genes from pepper.
    Expression Analysis of Calmodulin mRNAs in Pear’s Ovaries and Fruitlets
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  176-181 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.023
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    Abstract: 【Objective】To investigate the temporal and spatial expression pattern of calmodulin mRNA in pear ovaries and fruitlets, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of how fertilization promotes calcium uptake, increase calmodulin content and interaction between them.【Method】The ovaries and fruitlets before and after flowering of ten-year-old ‘Huanghua’ pear(Pyrus pyrifolia NaKai) were investigated, via northern hybridization and mRNA in situ hybridization for the expression level and localization of calmodulin gene .【Result】Results demonstrated that the expression level of calmodulin gene increased gradually before flowering, reached the peak at full blossom, and then decreased after flowering. mRNA in situ hybridization showed that calmodulin mRNA located on the epidermis, sarcocarp, ovule and flesh vascular bundles,while there was no expression at core and endocarp. The expression levels of calmodulin mRNA were as follows from high to low :epidermis , sarcocarp and endocarp; nucellus, embryonic sac and integument. At cellular level, calmodulin mRNA located at nucleolus, interstitial space and intercellular layer. With fruit developing, the expression level in different tissues showed that the highest level was at full blossom, and the expression level was slightly higher before blossom than that after blossom.【Conclusion】As showed that calmodulin mRNA expressed highly in flesh and ovule at blossom, and promoted calcium uptake.
    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Effect of Pollen Polysaccharide on Production and mRNA Expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in Spleen Cells of Mice with Tumor-bearing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  182-187 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.024
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    【Objective】The effects of LBPP (polysaccharide of pollen of Brassica napus L.)on the production and mRNA expression of IL-2 and TNF-α in spleen cells of mice with tumor-bearing were investigated.【Method】Through transplantable animal tumor, two-antibody-sandwich ELISA was used to detect the activity of IL-2 and TNF-α, and RT-PCR (revrse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) was used to detect the mRNA expression of IL-2 and TNF-α.【Result】LBPP could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor, and significantly improve the production of IL-2 and TNF-α and its mRNA expression (p<0.01).【Conclusion】The anti-tumor activity of LBPP was due to enhance IL-2 and TNF-α mRNA expression.
    Effect of electrical stimulation and delay chilling on the eating quality of beef
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  188-194 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.025
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    This article studied the effect of electrical stimulation and delay chilling on the eating quality of beef. The results suggested that electrical stimulation and delay chilling could prevent cold shortening and lowered the shear force of beef.
    Rapid detection of Penicillium expansum using PCR technology
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  195-200 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.026
    Abstract ( 1248 )   PDF (530KB) ( 788 )   Save
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    Patulin is the major mycotoxin in apple juice produced in apple juice processing by penicillium expansum, rapid detection of penicillium expansum is of great significance for controlling the fungi and ensuring apple juice quality. Based on isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (primer ISO) and polygalacturonase (primer POL) respectively, two pairs of primers were used to amplify DNA from penicillium expansum and compare the specificity of penicillium expansum DNA amplification. It has been proven that primer pairs(ISO) have poor specificity, while primer pairs(POL) have high specificity and only 404 bp DNA fragments were amplified. It has also been shown from DNA serial dilution amplification sensitivity that the amplification sensitivity of DNA serial dilution from plate culture has at least one fold level higher than that from liquid culture. DNA concentration determination has also proven that DNA concentration from plate culture is much higher than that from liquid culture. The POL primers also had a high amplification specificity of DNA from penicillium expansum inoculated apples and juice, while there were difference of DNA amplification strongness from different apple species. Apple DNA had no interference with amplification of penicillium expansum DNA
    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Comparison of the oocyte development and gene expression patterns in porcine oocytes between cumulus-oocytes complex and naked oocytes
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  208-214 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.028
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    Abstract:【Objective】Several layers of cumulus cells surround the oocyte in the antral follicle and play an important support and regulation role in oocytes development and maturation via the intercellular communications and interactions between oocytes and cumulus cells. The studies were conducted to investigate the function of cumulus cells during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes and the gene expression profiles between cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) and naked oocytes (NOs) 【Method】Using differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DD-RT-PCR) analysis of differential mRNA expression and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we compared mRNA expression in porcine oocytes from two sources:COCs and NOs. Fourteen differentially expressed cDNAs were cloned, sequenced, and their expression patterns were verified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. 【Result】Four cDNAs, including three genes (PELP1, Myo5b and CAST) and a new EST were confirmed preferentially expressed in the oocytes of COCs than NOs. The studies of three differentially expressed genes suggested that they mainly involved in estrogen receptor regulation, membrane trafficking, organelle transport, cellular signaling and a variety of other cellular processes. These results suggest that the aberrant transcription patterns detected in the oocytes of NOs compared with COCs may explain their reduced qualities in term of development and maturation. 【Conclusion】These differentially transcripted cDNAs may involved in the cellular interactions between oocytes and cumulus cells and thus to be considered as essential genes for the competence of oocytes.
    STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING
    Efects of high oxygen treatments on adenylate pool and energy charge in postharvest strawberry
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  208-207 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.028
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    【Objective】【Method】The changes of O2-. content, H2O2 content and MDA content, and the activity of SOD, POD and CAT in banana fruit peel and flesh treated by 100%O2、60%O2、40%O2和21%O2 were investigated. It was tested that high O2 accelerated the production of O2-. and H2O2 in banana fruits , as activated the activity of SOD、POD and CAT in banana fruits during the pre-phase of storage.【Result】As large accumulation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide exceeded the capacity of antioxidant enzymes, removing active oxygen, lipid oxidation was activated and MDA content of fruits rapidly increased,【Conclusion】accelerating the senescence of banana. With the growth of O2 concentrations, the effects became more significant.
    ANIMAL SCIENCE·RESOURCE INSECT
    Cloning of MSTN Gene of Landes Goose and The dfference of MSTN Gene Expression by Different Energe
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  221-228 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.030
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    Genome RNA was extracted from muscle of Landes goose,MSTNgene mRNA was amplified by using RT-PCR.The unique DNA fragment about 1128bp in length was obtained and the PCR product was cloned into pGEM-T vector. The MSTN gene was isolated and sequenced from the positive clones screened.Sequence analysis revealed that it has a length of 1128 nucleotides which encodes a 375 amino peptide. Compared with homologous sequence of human, rat,duck and goose,it displayed a fairly high degree conservation.The homologue of the nucleotide sequence are 94%,94%,99% respectively;the homologue of the amino acid sequence are 98%,97%,98% respectively. Based on the MSTN gene clone, using β-actin as inner control, constructing an optimal semi-quantitative RT-PCR method,the difference of MSTN gene expression at 21 days and 70days of Landes goose by feeding different energe diets was researched ,in the same time we detected IGF-I and GH in serum. The results showed the expressions of MSTN in female landes geese were a little higher than male at 21 days;but the expression of MSTN in male was A>C>B by 70d,to female was C>B>A by 70d. In 21~70 days the expression of MSTN was changed with IGF-I in serum;it was not associated with GH in serum,GH was significant correlations with energy.
    inducing differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurocytes and adipocytes in vitro
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  229-236 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.031
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    Objective To establish a system for isolation and culture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from Kun Ming mouse in intro and to identify characteristic of the cells, directional neuronal and adipocytic induction after culture expansion. Methods MSC were isolated and cultivated from the bone marrow of Kun Ming mice by investigated their adherence-dependent growth characters; The morphology characters of MSCs were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope; Shape characteristics of MSCs were studied by AKP staining, Hoechst33258 staining, White Giemsa staining; Inducing MSCs into neurone-like cells by β-ME, and staining with HE after inducing, then observe their characteristics under inverted phase contrast microscope; differentiation ratio analysis of differentiated neurocytes were detected by immunocyte-fluorescence of NF-200 and NSE; inducing MSCs into adipocytes by horse serum, observing they process of growth in vitro, differentiation ratio analysis of differentiated adipocytes were detected by Oil Red O stain. Result Separated MSCs were fibroblast-like cells, their have several nucleoluses, positive rates of AKP staining were 93.2%±1.5%. MSCs could differentiate into several phenotype characteristic neurocytes after inducing by β-ME, their shape characteristics were similar with primer passage of mouse full-brain cells. Both NF-200 and NSE immunocyte-fluorescence of Neurones after inducing were positive, positive rates of NF-200 and NSE were 85.4%±1.8% and 82.7%±2.1% respectively; MSCs could differentiate into adipocytes in 100 percent after inducing by horse serum, Oil Red O stain was positive. Conclusion Mesenchymal stem cells of Kun Ming mouse can be successfully isolate and cultivate from mouse bone marrow by keeps its adherence-dependent growth characters. They have directional trans-differentiation potentiality to various neurocytes and adipocytes.
    VETERINARY SCIENCE
    The relationship between PCV-2 location and apoptosis in lymph nodes of pigs infected PCV-2
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  237-242 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.032
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    Abstract: Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, distributed in three groups: control(n=3), pigs inoculated with PCV-2 alone(PCV-2,n=3),PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated(PCV-2+ KLH ,n=3). From all pigs , superficial inguinal lymph nodes were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TUNEL and cell cycle and apoptotic rate were measured by flow cytomtry . The results indicated that characteristic histopathological lesions of the lymph nodes in PCV-2 and PCV-2+KLH were lymphocyte depletion in cortex and paracortex , epithelioid-like macrophages infiltration, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid –like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid –like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher rates of apoptosis in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in control. Apoptotic rates of lymph nodes were 0.41%, 3.34% and 4.88% in control, PCV-2 and PCV-2 + KLH by flow cytometry , respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 + KLH pigs were significantly higher than those for control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Proliferation index(PI) was 0.17±0.01、0.12±0.01和0.12±0.04 in control, PCV-2 and PCV-2 + KLH group, the date of control group was higher than the other group, but without statistical difference. It is concluded that PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cells proliferation and promoting apoptosis . This is one of the mechanism of immunosuppression on infected piglets by PCV-2.
    Generation of recombinant Newcastle disease virus LaSota vaccine strain expressing VP2 gene of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus isolate from cDNA clone by reverse genetic
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  243-251 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.033
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    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the promising and suitable live vaccine vector for the control and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry. In this study, the reverse genetic system for NDV vaccine LaSota strain was established. The gene encoding the VP2 protein of the very virulent infectious bursal disease (vvIBDV) Gx strain was inserted into the locus between P and M of in full-length genomic cDNA of NDV LaSota for expression. The recombinant NDV expressing VP2 protein, rLaSota-VP2, was rescued from genomic cDNA clone. Recombinant rLaSota-VP2 replicated to a titer similar to that of parental NDV strain LaSota in chicken embryos and kept the low pathogenicity similar with LaSota vaccine strain. One time vaccinated in 7-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens with rLaSota-VP2 provided completely protection against a highly virulent NDV strain F48E9 and over 90% protection against vvIBDV Gx strain at 3 weeks post-vaccination. These results indicate that recombinant Newcastle disease virus LaSota vaccine strain expressing VP2 gene of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus can be used as a live bivalent vaccine against NDV and vvIBDV.
    Screening and Indentification of Anti-Avian Influenza Virus Immune-related Genes
    Zhaozhong Ding Shiduo Sun Jianxia Li Zhongna Yu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  252-258 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.034
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    【Objective】This study was carried out to probe the molecular mechanism of inactivated influenza virus vaccines immunity and find new anti-avian influenza virus genes. In addition, this study may provide candidate genes for producing anti-avian influenza virus transgenic chickens. 【Method】 40 Abar acer chickens(AA) were selected randomly in this study, 20 of which were injected H5 inactivated influenza virus vaccines ,the other 20 were controls. The 40 chickens were killed. Spleen was saved in liquid nitrogen. mRNA differential display PCR and reverse Northern dot bloting were used to find differential expressed genes between injected group and uninjected group. 【Result】13 ESTs were found via DDRT-PCR、reverse northern dot blot, 9 of which in injected group, the other 4 were in control. All 13 ESTs were compared with nucleotide sequences deposited in the nr database and the dbEST database of Genbank via BLASTn tool. DD10 and DD13 were found similar to gallus mRNA for ribosomal protein L7a. DD3, DD4, DD6, DD9, DD11 and DD12 ESTs had their highly similar nucleotide sequences in nucleotide databases but with unknown functions. The other 4 ESTs had no significant similarity with existing genes or ESTs and were regarded as new ESTs. The 4 new ESTs were submitted to GenBank(Accession number: EB714185, EB714186, EB714187, EB714188). 【Conclusion】 Gallus ribosomal protein L7a is probably connected in Avian Influenza vaccines immunologic process and anti-virus process but its exact mechanism needs further study.
    Inhibition of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Plasmid-derived Short Hairpin RNA Targeting to M Protein Gene
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  259-264 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.035
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    Abstrct:【Objective】To evaluate the inhibition ability of shRNAs targeting to M protein gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus;【Method】shRNA-expressing plasmids were constructed and delivered to HEK293A or Marc145 cells,efficiency of RNA interfering was assayed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA), virus titre of TCID50 and real time PCR;【Results】After cotransfection with fusion-protein expressing plasmids, the fluorescence in HEK293A cells treated by shRNA expressing plasmids became obviously weaker comparing to those cotransfected with target gene expressing plasmid and pSUPER plasmid. Different shRNA expressing vectors were also cotransfected into HEK293A cells with vectors expressing M proteins of PRRSV, and the mRNA level of M protein was inhibited to 54%-64% assayed by semi-quantitative PCR. These plasmids expressing shRNA were also delivered into Marc145 cells. After infection, these cells showed a significant decrease in virus yield when compared to control cells, by detection using virus titers (TCID50), IFA and real-time RT-PCR; 【Conclusion】shRNA targeting to M protein gene of PRRSV could inhibit M protein expression and PRRSV replication in Marc145 cells.
    Extraction of Nuclear Proteins from the Brains of Bombyx mori, and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay with Promoter of PTTH Gene
    ZhaoJun Wei Guiyun Hong ShaoTong Jiang Cheng Lu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  265-271 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.036
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    Abstract:【Objective】 Knowledge of gene transcriptional regulation is a critical component of understanding many issues relevant to entomology, including pesticide and disease resistance, behavior, evolution, and development. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is one of key player in regulation of insect development and growth. Properties of transcriptional regulatory of PTTH are assuming an increasingly important role in elucidating the molecular basis of developmental and tissue specific expression pattern in Bombyx mori. 【Method】In this paper, the promoter of PTTH gene was cloned and sequenced, then, the transcriptional regulatory elements in the promoter were predicted using Matinspector software. The nuclear proteins were extracted from the brains using high sucrose solution. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay was used to analysis of the binding affinity of nuclear extraction to [α-32P]dATP labeled probe. 【Result】Some deduced cis-acting DNA elements were located in the promoter of PTTH gene of B.mori, including MEF2, TATA box, pbx-1, et al. The nuclear proteins were extracted from the brains, which can bind to the 119 bp DNA fragment near the transcriptional initiator of PTTH gene. When the 7 bp (TATATAA) of TATA Box was mutated (named MBS2), the probe can not bind to the nuclear proteins. 【Conclusion】The nuclear proteins extracted were effective. It is demonstrated that the promoter can bind to the nuclear proteins of B. mori, firstly. The TATA Box in the promoter of PTTH gene was identified preliminarily.
    RESEARCH NOTES
    Relationship between Starch Physiochemical Properties of Wheat Grain and Noodle Quality
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  272-279 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.037
    Abstract ( 1436 )   PDF (307KB) ( 986 )   Save
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    Starch physiochemical properties and noodle quality of 294 cultivars and advanced lines originated from 11 major wheat growing provinces and municipalities of China and 29 cultivars introduced from other countries were analyzed. Results showed that Chinese cultivars varied more widely in amylose content, had lower flour swelling power and equivalent starch pasting properties, but their noodle quality were relative good in whole (average score 85.27) compared with cultivars from other countries. Amylose content, flour swelling power and peak viscosity correlated to noodle quality closely, as well as amylopectin content and other pasting parameters except for pasting tempreture. Flour swelling power and many pasting parameters correlated to amylose content and the ratio between amylose and amylopectin content significantly, which suggested that amylose and amylopectin were the physiological bases of their effect on chemical properties and noodle quality. Small coefficient of variation induced from analyzed parameters of Chinese cultivars and few cultivars with prominent starch physiochemical properties and noodle quality indicated the lack of germplasm with good noodle quality. Therefore, it is necessary to enlarge germplasm introduced abroad and innovate new germplasm in order to breed more cultivars with good noodle quality as soon as possible.
    Genetic Analysis on Maize Ear Tip-barren Phenomenon
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  280-285 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.038
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    The trait of ear tip-barren length was generally adopted in studying the ear tip-barren phenomenon in maize (Zea mays L.). However, this phenomenon was classified into two types, tip-barren and non tip-barren, in this experiment. Two inbred lines, lx01-3 (non tip-barren type), wx04-1 (tip-barren type), and their F1, F2, BC1, BC2 generations were analyzed on their ear tip-barren types. Results showed that, F1 was tip-barren type; the ratio of tip-barren type versus non tip-barren type followed a 15:1 ratio in F2 and a 3:1 ratio in BC1 while all ears were tip-barren type except 1 in BC2 generation. Furthermore analysis on the trait of tip-barren length revealed that it did not correlate significantly with dry matter wt./plant, and SPSS analysis indicated it belong to abnormal distribution. Above results mean that, (1) maize ear tip-barren phenomenon is not caused by deficiency of dry matter/plant, but a reflection of fructification habit of the varieties and can be classified into tip-barren and non tip-barren types. Tip-barren type is dominant over non tip-barren type; (2) the type of tip-barren phenomenon is controlled by 2 duplicate dominant genes; (3) the length of tip-barren is a quantitative trait controlled by polygene with major genes expected.
    Genetic Diversity and Genetic Relatives Analysis of Tobacco Core Germplasm Based on Inter-simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  286-294 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.039
    Abstract ( 1359 )   PDF (631KB) ( 1057 )   Save
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    【Objective】The studies of genetic diversity of Nicotiana tabacum accessions and relationships among them are essential for the utilization of them.【Method】Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification analysis was used to determine the degree of intra- and inter-specific genetic variation in the genus Nicotiana,91 cultivars (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and five wild Nicotiana species were analyzed. 【Result】1)using eighteen primers screened from 90 ISSR primers,a total of 314 DNA fragments were amplified,of which 299 (PPB= 95.20%) were polymorphic,It showed that ISSR technique was capable of detecting more polymorphic than other makers; 2)The genetic similarity among 96 accessions ranged from 0.28 to 0.97.The genetic similarity coefficients between 5 wild species and cultivar was 0.28~0.58, average value was 0.42, while among cultivars was 0.62~0.98, average value was 0.78. The analysis indicated that a greater amount of genetic polymorphism exists among species of Nicotiana than among cultivars,and the genetic basis was comparatively narrow among the cultivars, except only a few of different varieties; 3) Cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means(UPGMA)suggested that the 5 wild species were genetically different from the other 91 cultivars at the level of D=0.48,exhibited high levels of interspecific genetic variation.4) The cluster analysis only to 91 accessions of cultivar indicated that three small clusters and one big cluster was found at the level of D=0.40.The big cluster was consist of many different groups. Some groups were consist of cultivars that were primarily based upon the same geographic origin or manufactuing quality trait,maybe all these cultivars has similar genotype;Morever,some groups were consist of cultivars that had different geographic origin or manufactuing quality trait,that because there was close relationship among these cultivars;A few other groups were consist of only one cultivar,it showed that these cultivars has a genetic base different from other cultivars.In a word,the marker of ISSR was useful in revealing the genetic diversity and relationship among tobacco germplasm resourse.【Conclusion】This research providing a scientific basis for broadening the gene resources of cultivar through germplasm innovation and tobacco breeding,as well as construction of DNA fingerprint of core germplasm and molecular genetic linkage map of tabacco.
    Inversion of soil conductivity profiles based on EM38 apparent electrical conductivity
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  295-302 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.040
    Abstract ( 1312 )   PDF (458KB) ( 865 )   Save
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    【Objective】In this paper, apparent electrical conductivity(ECa) measured by EM38 at different heights above the soil was used to determine lateral variations of apparent electrical conductivity at different depths in a coastal saline field.【Method】Tikhonov regularization is an effective technique for the solution of ill-posed linear inverse problem. Electrical conductivity profiles were inversed through solving a nonnegative lease squares problem by combining the McNeil's linear model theory of EM38 with Tikhonov regularization. The prediction error of the depth profile of electrical conductivity was analyzed. Finally, sensitivity of the model was assessed by adding noise to the observed data from a normal distribution.【Result】There was a significant correlation between mean of electrical conductivity for the whole soil profile and mean of ECa measured at different heights above the soil. Moreover, the inversed data of soil electrical conductivity using linear model can characterize well the changing trend of electrical conductivity for the whole soil profile. It is noteworthy the average prediction error of this model is about 40%, and the model was more sensitive to the layers which having larger prediction error. It suggested that accuracy of prediction can be improved by strengthening the measurement stability of EM38 equipment in field.【Conclusion】The results demonstrated that an integrated approach of the linear model and Tikhonov regularization can be used to inverse EM38 data to the electrical conductivity profile quantitatively, which presented a great potential way for soil investigation and management.
    Study on Expressing Avian Influenza virus hemagglutinin (H5N1) gene in Lotus corniculatus
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  303-307 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.041
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    【Objiective】Lotus corniculatus is a kind of legume forage with good property. Avian influenza virus (AIV) hemagglutinin (H5N1) gene is transformed into the Lotus corniculatus in order to get the H5N1 antigen protein in it taken as the plant bioreactor. It will be helpful to manufacture the edible transgenic plant vaccine of AIV. It also has an important significance on spreading of AIV in wild migratory birds. 【Method】Taken its cotyledon petiole explant as the transformation receptors, we transform hemagglutinin gene of Avian Influenza to Lotus corniculatus by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. After co-culture, selective differentiation and regeneration, we can get the resistant plant. Resistant plants were detected by PCR, RT-PCR and western blotting.【Result】The results prove that hemagglutinin gene has been transformed to the genome of Lotus corniculatus. Western blot analysis confirmed that hemagglutinin gene protein has been expressed on protein level in the transgenic plants and the result is better than the control.【Conclusion】It is feasible to use plant bioreactor to produce AIV H5N1 antigen protein in the legume forage.
    The changes of fluorescence parameters and antioxidative enzymes activities in antisense VDE tobacco
    Zhenxian Zhang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  308-313 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.042
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    Abstract: In this experiment, we constructed an antisense VDE vector (VDE gene was cloned from ginger by our laboratory)to transform tobacco leaves for further research the characteristics of VDE. PCR amplification and PCR-Southern demonstrated that this antisense gene was successful integrated into tobacco genomes. The results shown that in transgenic tobacco and ck, NPQ was increased and Fv/Fm was decreased in treatments of different light intensity and in strong light with illuminating time prolonged, NPQ、Fv/Fm in transgenic tobacco were lower than CK, Our research also showed that the activities of APX、SOD and POD in transgenic tobacco were also lower than CK.
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    A Great Breakthrough in Kenaf Heterosis-utilization
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(1):  314-314 .  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.01.043
    Abstract ( 1141 )   PDF (121KB) ( 795 )   Save
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