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16 December 2016, Volume 49 Issue 24

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  1-4. 

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Quality Variation of National Tested Varieties in Northern Winter Wheat Region and Yellow-Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Region from 2000 to 2015

HU Xue-xu, SUN Li-juan, ZHOU Gui-ying, WU Li-na, LU Wei, LI Wei-xi, WANG Shuang, YANG Xiu-lan, SONG Jing-ke, WANG Bu-jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4677-4686.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.001

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【Objective】 The present study was conducted to analyze the quality variation of tested varieties in regional trials in Northern winter wheat region and Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region, and to discuss the status and trends of wheat quality improvement in breeding process. 【Method】 Test weight, protein content of grain, wet gluten content and sedimentation index of flour, rheological properties of 1 418 samples, from 985 tested varieties in seven groups, were detected, and quality variations of strong gluten, medium-strong gluten and medium gluten varieties in each group were analyzed. 【Result】 The percentages of strong gluten, medium-strong gluten and medium gluten varieties in each group were varied, and the ratio of medium gluten varieties was 78% in average, while those of strong gluten and strong-medium gluten were relatively low, with an average of 11%, respectively. Ratios of strong gluten in irrigation group in northern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (13%), winter-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (11%), and spring-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (16%) were higher than those in Northern winter wheat region (6%) and dryland group in Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (7%), and the ratio of medium-strong gluten in winter-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (20%) was higher than any other groups, while the ratio in Northern winter wheat region (5%) was the lowest. For the approved varieties, the ratio of strong gluten varieties (4%) and strong-medium gluten varieties (10%) in winter-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region was the highest among 7 groups, and those of spring-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region were followed by 3% and 6%, respectively, and the ratio of medium gluten varieties in winter-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (17%), and spring-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region (19%) were higher than those of the other groups. It was qualified for medium gluten wheat with relatively high protein content and low protein quality in each group, which was consistent with high percentage of medium gluten varieties. There were wide variations in variety qualities among the groups. Test weight of varieties in average in northern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region, winter-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region, and spring-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region was higher than those of the other groups, while protein content of flour in average was just the opposite, and stability time in average in Northern winter wheat region and dryland group in Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region was higher than those of the others. Extension area in average in spring-wheat-irrigation group in southern part of Yellow-Huai River Valley winter wheat region was the highest among these groups. Quality variation trends in different years and groups were similar. Test weight, stability time, extension area and max. resistance showed increasing trends while water absorption was decreased, protein content and wet gluten content changed little, and sedimentation index increased first and decreased afterwards.【Conclusion】Quality improvement in wheat showed a slow progress in China, and breeding level was imbalanced in groups. As a result, wheat quality and variety structure were affected in corresponding wheat-producing region. It is necessary to select new variety with high qualities, and to improve variety structure and wheat quality.

Construction of Energy Potential Evaluation System for Miscanthus

XIANG Wei, YI Zi-li, XIAO Liang, LIU Qing-bo, QIN Jing-ping

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4687-4700.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.002

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【Objective】Miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.) as a promising energy crop, nowadays research on it is a hot spot in the bioenergy field. Worldwide, there are 14 species in the Miscanthus genus and they can cross interspecies. The interspecific hybridization can create many natural hybrids, including some productive hybrids that can be directly used as commercial varieties. Screening productive natural hybrids is an efficient way to shorten the Miscanthus breeding process, however, prior to the screening process, a scientific energy potential evaluation system is required. 【Method】The present work firstly summarized 23 traits that related to the energy potential (including the production potential of electric, ethanol, methane and bio-oil) of Miscanthus through literature survey, questionnaire investigation and expert consultation. They are: The agronomic traits including dry matter yield, canopy height, panicle height, stem diameter, base diameter, tillering number, leaf/stem ratio, senescence score, deciduous score; the energy quality traits including moisture content, ash content, volatile solid content, fixed carbon content, calorific value, cellulose content, hemicellulose content, lignin content, mineral element content; and the stress resistance traits including saline-alkali tolerance, drought resistance, cold resistance, submerge tolerance, disease and insect resistance. Based on these traits and using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, a scientific energy potential evaluation system for Miscanthus was constructed. Besides, a measurement standard was draw up and a system to calculate the Miscanthus energy potential index was established. To show how this system work, energy potential of five typical Miscanthus germplsams collected from the Nursery Garden of Miscanthus Germplsams in Hunan Agricultural University were measured and evaluated. The five germplsams were: B 0340 (Miscanthus sinensis), A0504 (Miscanthus floridulus), A0123 (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), A0118 (Miscanthus lutarioriparius) and D0302 (Miscanthus × giganteus). Their energy potentials in terms of power generation, ethanol and methane production were calculated and compared with precious results collected from literatures. 【Result】Miscanthus energy potential index was divided into four levels: very suitable (75-100 points), suitable (50-74 points), general (25-49 points), and unsuitable (0-24 points). Through calculation, for the genotype of A0504, its power generation point (PGP) was 60.73, ethanol production point (EPP) of 60.14 and biogas production point (BPP) of 60.27, extract bio-oil point (EBP) of 57.19. For the genotype of A0118, its PGP, EPP, BPP, and EBP were 64.32, 58.45, 58.20 and 60.01, respectively. For the genotype of D0302, only its PGP (54.06) and EBP (50.33) were above the level of suitable. As can be seen, plants of A0504, A0118, and D0302 can be used as energy crop; Within, material of A0504 (M. floridulus) is suitable for cellulosic ethanol and methane production, while biomass of A0118 (M. lutarioriparius) is suitable for power generation and bio-oil extraction. These results are consistent with the evaluation results that calculated using the theoretical energy production yield formula. In addition, the evaluation system established in this study can more comprehensively evaluate the energy production potential than the calculated results by the theoretical yield formula. 【Conclusion】Miscanthus energy potential evaluation system built from the agronomic, quality, resistance traits can objectively evaluate the suitability of Miscanthus in generate power, produce ethanol and methane, extract bio-oil.This evaluation system can provide a scientific guidance for Miscanthus germplsam selection and breeding of new varieties.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Effects of Micro Ridge-Furrow with Plastic Film Mulching and Bunching Seeding on Water Consumption Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Semiarid Areas of Northwest Loess Plateau

HOU Hui-zhi, Gao Shi-Ming, ZHANG Xu-cheng, WANG De-gui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4701-4713.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.003

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【Objective】Precipitation is inadequate in arid and semiarid areas of Northwest Loess Plateau. Especially, the invalid precipitation, which daily rainfall less than 10 mm, accounts for more than 50% in winter wheat growth period. Consequently, How to use this part of precipitation sufficiently is a key method to increase the rainfall use efficiency and yield stably of winter wheat in this area.【Method】The winter wheat cultivar Zhongliang was selected as test material, a field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2015 on Northwest Loess Plateau (104°36′ E, 35°35′ N) . The designed four treatments were (1) micro ridge-furrow with whole field plastic film mulching and bunching seeding (PRF), (2) whole field soil plastic mulching and bunching seeding (PMS), (3) sand mulching and bunching seeding (SM), and (4) bunching seeding without mulching (CK). The seasonal soil water content in 0-200 cm soil profile, aboveground biomass, yield and its components of winter wheat were recorded; the wheat periodical water consumption in 0-200 cm soil profile, and water use efficiency had been calculated, to understand the effect of PRF on soil water storage, water consumption characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. 【Result】 The four-year average soil water storage of PRF at sowing and re-green stages was higher than PMS, SM, CK by 24.3, 38.8, 7.4 mm and 18.2, 26.9, 67.8 mm, respectively. PRF averagely increased wheat evapotranspiration from heading to filling stage by 36.0 mm than PMS. As compared with SM and CK, it increased by 12.1 mm and 16.7 mm, 40.8 mm and 37.6 mm from turning-green to heading and from filling to maturity, respectively. The aboveground biomass of PRF was higher than PMS by 2.2%-15.4% at seeding, heading, filling and maturing stages, the significant difference was observed at filling stage in 2011-2012, and at seedling and heading stages in 2014-2015. As compared with CK and SM, the aboveground biomass of PRF was significantly higher at the four growth stages. Spike number, grain number and 1000-grain weight were performed as PRF＞PMS＞SM in four experimental years, the significant difference was not observed among the three treatments, but significantly higher than CK. The yield of PRF was the highest among the four treatments, it reached 4 373.6-4 950.0 kg·hm^-2,increased by 2.4%-12.7% than PMS, and a significant difference was observed in 2012-2013 and 2014-2015. It was significantly higher than SM (except for 2012-2013) and CK (increased by 35.8%-43.8%) in four experimental years. The water use efficiency of PRF increased by 0.4%-12.8% as compared with PMS, a significant difference was observed except for 2013-2014, it was also significantly higher than SM (except for 2014-2015) and CK (significantly increased by 8.1% -42.1%) in four experimental years. 【Conclusion】 PRFcoulduse small rainfall (daily rainfall amount <10 mm) efficiently, increased soil water storage in 0-200 cm profile at sowing and turning-green stages, improved wheat evapotranspiration at filling stage, increased spike number, weight and kilo-grain weight, resulted in the increment of grain yield and water use efficiency. Consequently, the micro ridge-furrow with whole field plastic film mulching and bunching seeding is the better cropping patterns for high yield and efficiency of winter wheat in semiarid areas of Northwest Loess Plateau.

Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological Reponses and the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Na⁺ Homeostasis of Soybean Seedlings

NING Li-hua, ZHANG Da-yong, LIU Jia, HE Xiao-lan, WAN Qun, XU Zhao-long, HUANG Yi-hong, SHAO Hong-bo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4714-4725.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.004

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【Objective】In order to provide a reference for soybean cultivation, breeding and artificial regulation of salt stress, the physiological and molecular responses to different genotype soybean seedlings, especially the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic parameters, ions content and the expression of key genes involved in Na⁺ homeostasis of soybean seedlings were studied. Through comparison of the difference in response to salt stress, the study try to reveal the salt resistance mechanisms of different cultivated genotypic soybeans.【Method】The responses of photosynthetic characteristics and ion content of soybean seedlings were studied under salt stress. Salt tolerant cultivated soybean varieties (Y8D6008, Y8D6013) and salt sensitive cultivated soybean varieties (Y8D6132, Y8D6136) were incubated in the 1/2×Hoagland nutrient solution. NaCl was added to nutrient solution incrementally by 50 mmol·L^-1 step per day to provide final concentrations of 150 mmol·L^-1 for salt treatment at 1-compound leaf stage, and the treatment lasted for 7 days. The control plants were cultured with nutrient solution without adding NaCl. The response of soybean seedlings to NaCl stress was assessed by measuring the expression of key genes involved in Na⁺ homeostasis, photosynthetic parameters, and the ion content of soybean. 【Result】The growth of the four cultivated soybean seedlings was significantly inhibited by 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress. And salt stress significantly reduced soybean leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. However, the inhibition of NaCl on growth and photosynthetic characteristics was more severe in salt sensitive cultivar than in salt tolerant cultivar. Moreover, 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl concentration reduced leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration in salt tolerant cultivar, and increased it in salt sensitive cultivar. Thus, the reduction in net photosynthesis rate of salt tolerant cultivar caused by 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress was considered to be a result of stomatal restriction; but increased non-stomatal restriction resulted in more severe reductions in photosynthesis of salt sensitive cultivar. Under salt stress, the Na⁺ content was significantly increased in four cultivars seedlings, and the increase was more pronounced in salt sensitive soybean. In response to salt stress, the K⁺ content of leaves decreased, the magnitude of these changes was greater in salt sensitive cultivars than in salt tolerance cultivars. Compared with the controls, phosphorus (P) accumulation of salt sensitive soybean in leaves was significantly decreased by 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment. While salt treatment had no significant influence on the P content in the leaves of salt tolerance cultivars. Correlation analysis showed that the relative net photosynthetic rate was strongly negatively correlated with relative Na⁺ content and positively correlated with relative K⁺ content and total phosphorus content. Six key genes, Na⁺ transporter genes (GmSALT3, GmSOS1, GmNcl1, GmNHX1), the gene of signal system for Na⁺ homeostasis (GmCIPK1), and the gene of energetic system for the operation of Na⁺ transporters (GmAVP1), involved in Na⁺ homeostasis were chosen for gene expression analyses. The expression of GmNcl1 was significantly induced by NaCl treatment and the expressions of GmNcl1 induced by salt stress of salt tolerance cultivars were lower than those of salt sensitive cultivars. The expression of GmNcl1 associated closely with salt tolerance features and Na⁺ content of four soybean cultivars. However, the expression of the rest five genes showned no association with Na⁺ content of four soybean cultivars.【Conclusion】Compared with the salt sensitive cultivars, salt tolerant cultivars effectively maintained a lower Na⁺ content, and a higher level of K⁺ and P contents in leaves to ensure a relatively high photosynthetic rate under salt stress condition. This may be one of the mechanisms to keep higher salt resistance in salt tolerant cultivar than in salt sensitive cultivar. In addition, GmNcl1 may associate with the salt tolerance characteristics of the soybean cultivars in this study.

PLANT PROTECTION

Functional Analysis of flhDC and fliA in Dickeya zeae

CHEN Xue-feng, YU Cheng-peng, LIU Qiong-guang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4726-4734.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.005

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【Objective】 Rice foot rot, caused by Dickeya zeae, is one of the important bacterial diseases on rice. Bacterial flagella is an important movement organ, so far, the mechanism of the flagellar system, flhDC and fliA and their regulatory mechanisms are unclear in D. zeae. To clarify the function of these flagellum genes is helpful for further understanding the pathogenicity of integrated control network in D. zeae, developing new drug action targets and making disease prevention and control strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate the function of flagellar system of flhDC and fliA in D. zeae. 【Method】A set of primers were designed based on the genomic DNA of wild strain EC1 of D. zeae. The upstream and downstream fragments of target genes flhDC and fliA to be knocked out were amplified by PCR, respectively. The upstream and downstream fragments were mixed as a template, and then the fusion fragments that lack of flhDC and fliA were obtained by PCR. After dual- enzyme digestion and purification, the fusion fragments were connected to the suicide vector pKNG101, suicide recombinant plasmids pKNG-ΔflhDC and pKNG-ΔfliA with reverse selection marker gene sacB were constructed, then transferred into wild strain EC1, respectively, by tri-parental mating, so the gene deletion mutants ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were constructed after two alleles homologous recombination screening and PCR detection and sequencing verification. The biological characteristics such as extracellular enzyme, toxin, motility, biofilm, virulence to rice and HR on tobacco were compared and analyzed. In addition, bacterial total RNA was extracted, and a real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out using 16SrDNA as internal control for normalization. Then the expression of downstream genes flhD, flhC, fliA and fliC in ΔflhDC and ΔfliA was compared.【Result】 Two target gene deletion mutants ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were constructed successfully by genetic manipulation. Phenotypic test results showed that the motility and biofilm formation of wild strain EC1 were very strong, while the motility and biofilm formation of the ΔflhDC and ΔfliA were decreased obviously. The wild strain EC1 had a strong inhibitory effect on rice seed germination, while ΔflhDC and ΔfliA significantly reduced the inhibition of rice seed germination. The rice plants inoculated with the wild strain EC1 showed a brown spot and a large extent of rottenness, while rice plants with ΔflhDC and ΔfliA inoculation only showed water-brown lesions around the inoculated sites. It indicated that ΔflhDC and ΔfliA significantly reduced the virulence to rice plant. Further phenotypic results showed that the activities of extracellular enzymes, toxin and the ability to cause HR on tobacco were not different significantly between the mutants and the wild strain. The results of qRT-PCR showed that in the mutant ΔflhDC, the flhDC and the fliA did not express, while the expressions of the fliA and the fliC decreased obviously compared with the wild strain; In addition, the flhD, flhC and the fliA in the mutant ΔfliA did not express, but the expressions of the fliC decreased obviously. 【Conclusion】The flhDC operon, which regulates the expression of the bacterial flagellum genes, and the fliA, which expresses flagellin specific factor σ²⁸, are important components of the bacterial flagellar system gene cluster. The genes flhDC and fliA significantly affect the motility, biofilm and the germination of rice seeds, and play an important role involving in the virulence in D. zeae.

Heterologous Expression of PcSOD3 from Panonychus citri and the Anti-oxidant Activity of Its Recombinant Enzyme

JIANG Hong-bo, FENG Ying-cai, LIU Shi-huo, WANG Jin-jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4735-4744.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.006

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【Objective】In the author’s previous studies, it was found that PcSOD3 is up-regulated after exposure to thermal stress, acaricide abamectin, heavy metal and UV-B ultraviolet irradiation, which suggested that PcSOD3 played an important role in the response of P. citri to various adverse environmental stress. In order to further elucidate the physiological functions of PcSOD3, the biochemical characteristics of its recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli was investigated. 【Method】The pET28a-PcSOD3 expression plasmid for the heterologous expression in E. coli was constructed. The recombinant protein was purified by using a Ni⁺ affinity chromatography column, and confirmed by the Western blot analysis. The enzymatic activity was measured using a SOD total activity assay kit. Moreover, the effects of various pH values of the reaction system and different temperatures for preincubation on the recombinant enzyme were tested using the same kit. Using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay method, the diameters of inhibition zones of the E. coli overexpressing PcSOD3 were measured by exposing to chromic chloride, t-butylhydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide. 【Result】 PcSOD3 was successfully expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain of E. coli. The best condition for the induction and expression of the recombinant protein was obtained, under which cells were cultured at 18℃ and 160 r/min, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.4 mmol·L^-1, the inducing time continued for 18 h. The resulted PcSOD3 recombinant protein was further confirmed by the Western blot analysis, with the molecular weight of 25.3 kD. Moreover, the PcSOD3 recombinant protein was active in the WST-1 activity assay system. Based on the assay system, it was found that PcSOD3 recombinant protein was mostly active (activity was about 47.3 U/mg protein) when the pH of the reaction system was 7.0, while it was mostly active (activity was about 40.2 U/mg protein) when the preincubation temperature was 25℃. As indicated by the Kirby-Bauer test, the diameters of inhibition zones of the E. coli overexpressing PcSOD3 which were exposed to chromic chloride (CdCl₂), were about 20% smaller than the control. Similarly, overexpression of PcSOD3 in E. coli had significantly reduced the inhibition zone (around 25%) caused by exposure to t-butylhydroperoxide at the concentration of 150 mmol·L^-1, compared to the control. Meanwhile, E. coli expressing PcSOD3 showed 15% reduced inhibition when exposed to cumene hydroperoxide.【Conclusion】PcSOD3 was functionally expressed in E. coli. Purified PcSOD3 recombinant protein was obtained. Furthermore, the biochemical characteristics of the recombinant enzyme such as the optimal pH and preincubation temperature was determined. The recombinant enzyme showed a significant antioxidation activity in vitro by WST-1 assay method. The results of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assays showed that the E. coli overexpressing PcSOD3 had a significantly elevated tolerance to the oxidative stress, which has proven that PcSOD3 has the antioxidant function. Results of the experiment further revealed that PcSOD3 played a crucial role in the tolerance of P. citri to oxidative stress.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Effects of Fertilizer Levels on Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Yield in Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiencies

SUN Yong-jian, SUN Yuan-yuan, JIANG Ming-jin, LI Ying-hong, YAN Feng-jun, XU Hui, WANG Hai-yue, MA Jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4745-4756.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.007

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【Objective】The relationship of grain yield and nitrogen (N) utilization characteristics in rice cultivars with different N use efficiencies (NUE) was studied under different fertilizer levels. This study will provide reference data for the cultivation of high-NUE rice cultivars and rice breeding.【Method】 For this purpose, two rice cultivars differing in NUE were chosen for this study, one with high-NUE (Dexiang 4103) and the other with low-NUE (Yixiang 3724). Fertilizer was applied at three levels, including low (75 kg N·hm^-2, 37.5 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 75 kg K₂O·hm^-2, N₁P₁K₁), medium (150 kg N·hm^-2, 75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 150 kg K₂O·hm^-2, N₂P₂K₂), and high rates (225 kg N·hm^-2, 112.5 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, 225 kg K₂O·hm^-2, N₃P₃K₃). A no-N treatment was included for each level as the control. The effect of fertilizer levels on grain yield and N utilization characteristics in rice cultivars with different NUE, and its absorption, translocation and distribution of N from heading and maturity stage were studied.【Result】The results showed that rice cultivars with different NUE and fertilizer levels significantly affected accumulation, translocation and distribution of N at main growth stages and each growing stage, N utilization characteristics and grain yield. Rice cultivars exhibited markedly stronger effects on N recovery efficiency, 1 000-grain weight, and total spikelets number, compared to fertilizer application levels. An opposite trend was observed in N accumulation at different growth stages, N translocation in leaves and stem-sheaths at grain filling stage, and grain yield. Compared with N₁P₁K₁, N₂P₂K₂ promoted N accumulation at main growth stages and each growing stage, increased N harvest index, and facilitated N translocation in vegetative organs at grain filling stage, ultimately improved grain yield and NUE in both rice cultivars. The N₂P₂K₂ treatment produced higher yield than other fertilizer treatments of the same rice cultivars and thus was regarded as the optimal NPK fertilizer application. Applying the N₃P₃K₃ treatment resulted in a higher N retention in leaves and stem-sheaths at grain filling stage and a lower N translocation conversion rate of vegetative organs, thereby reduced the grain yield and NUE. The results also showed that total spikelets number, high seed setting rate, N accumulation at main growth stages, and N harvest index, more than those of low-NUE rice cultivar. However, 1000-grain weight was not unique characteristics of rice cultivar with high-NUE. In addition, compared with low-NUE, the high-NUE rice cultivar was more beneficial to N translocation and redistribution from leaves and stem-sheaths to panicle at grain filling stage, and then improved grain yield and NUE, especially, N transportation efficiency of stem-sheath in high-NUE rice cultivars had a significant positive correlation (r=0.699*-0.743*) with different indexes of N physiological efficiency, N recovery efficiency, and N agronomic efficiency, and which is the important reason for high-NUE rice cultivar further to increase yield and NUE. The N transportation efficiency of stem-sheath might be a candidate indicator for high yield and high-NUE in different varieties of rice. To improve N transportation efficiency of stem-sheath in high NUE from heading to maturity stage, this is an important way to promote rice yield at the same time as increasing N use efficiency.【Conclusion】Compared to low NUE, the results suggest that the high-NUE is more beneficial to N translocation and redistribution from stem-sheath to panicle, high total spikelet number and seed setting rate at grain filling stage, which is the key factor behind yield gap. High-NUE and suitable N₂P₂K₂ combined application was considered to be optimum under the experimental conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that the increase of N accumulation, promote N translocation of leaves and stem-sheath during the period from heading to maturity, especially improve the N transportation efficiency of stem-sheath is helpful to the high-yield and high-NUE in rice.

Yield Variation of Winter Wheat and Its Relation to Cultivation, Fertilization, and Main Soil Fertility Factors

MA Xiao-long, SHE Xu, WANG Zhao-hui, CAO Han-bing, HE Hong-xia, HE Gang, WANG Sen, HUANG Ming, LIU Lu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4757-4771.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.008

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【Objective】In drylands of northwestern China, we have a serious problem in winter wheat production such as huge amount of and widely distributed low-yielding fields and remarkable yield variations among land parcels of farmers, therefore, it is of great importance to explore the key factors affecting the yield for the purpose of closing the yield variations and increasing the average yield levels of winter wheat universally.【Method】A survey on 180 farmers’ fertilizer application in winter wheat production with the collection and analysis of their 0-100 cm deep soil samples in the corresponding fields was carried out in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, the typical dryland wheat producing areas of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China, to study the relationship between the dryland wheat yield variations and cultivation, fertilization, as well as the main soil fertility factors.【Result】Observed winter wheat yields in the three provinces were in the ranges of 2 529-8 419, 1 344-8 073 and 2 984-7 145 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Compared with traditional cultivation, the wheat yield under plastic film mulching cultivation increased by 9.4%. Under traditional cultivation, the average yield of the high-yielding farmer group was respectively 37.5% and 77.2% higher than that of the middle- and low-yielding groups, and the corresponding average yield differences were 25.4% and 66.2% under plastic film mulching cultivation. For fertilizer application, under traditional cultivation the average nitrogen (N) rate in the high-yielding group was respectively 44.4% and 74.4% higher than that in the middle- and low-yielding groups, and it was also 9.9% and 13.5% higher in the high-yielding group than that in the middle- and low-yielding groups under plastic film mulching cultivation. Average phosphorus (P) rate in the high-yielding group was 31.1% higher than the average rate of the middle- and low-yielding groups under traditional cultivation, and it was correspondingly 35.4% higher under plastic film mulching cultivation. Under traditional cultivation the average potassium (K) rate in the high-yielding group was 62.1% lower than that of the low-yielding group, but it was 96% higher in the high-yielding group than that of the low-yielding group under plastic film mulching cultivation. For soil fertility factors, no significant difference was observed in the organic matter content in 0-100 cm soil layers among yield levels in traditional cultivation, but it was 20.8% higher in 0-20 cm soil layers of the high-yielding group than that in low-yielding group under plastic film mulching cultivation. Significant differences were found in the soil total nitrogen in 40-80 cm depth under traditional cultivation, of which that in 40-60 cm soil depth was 7.5% and 18.6% higher in the high-yielding group than in the middle- and low-yielding groups, and under plastic film mulching cultivation, total N was significantly different in 0-60 cm soil layers, of which that in 0-20 cm soil layers was 3.2% and 14.2% higher in the high-yielding group than in the middle- and low-yielding groups, respectively. The mineral nitrogen showed no significant difference among yield groups under traditional cultivation, but that in 80-100 cm soil layers of the high-yielding group was 1.6 times higher than that of the low-yielding group under plastic film mulching cultivation. The available P in 0-40 cm soil layers was significantly different among yield groups in traditional cultivation, and that in the high-yielding group was 74.3% and 86.9% higher than that in the middle- and low-yielding group, respectively, but no significant difference was found in the available soil P under plastic film mulching cultivation. Under traditional cultivation, the available soil K in the high-yielding group was 37.5% and 77.2% higher than that in the middle- and low-yielding groups, respectively, and that was not significantly different among yield levels under plastic film mulching cultivation. Soil pH showed no significant difference at different yield levels and among cultivations.【Conclusion】Main causes for yield variation were found to be the differences in cultivation, fertilizer application rates, and soil fertility factors as soil organic matter content and available P level. Therefore, in northwest drylands, keys to narrow the farmers’ winter wheat yield variations and increase its levels are to strengthen the management of soil water and employ water retention cultivations, reasonably increase N and P fertilizer input, control K fertilizer use in the middle- and low-yielding fields under traditional cultivation, increase P and K fertilizer application apart from stabilization of N input in the middle- and low-yielding fields under plastic film mulching cultivation, strengthen organic fertilizer application to increases soil organic matter content, water holding capacity and nitrogen supply capacity, and meanwhile enhance soil available P supply capacity in the middle- and low-yielding fields especially under the traditional cultivation, in order to realize the purpose of promoting wheat growth and increasing their grain yield in drylands.

STORAGE·FRESH-KEEPING·PROCESSING

Properties of the Extruded Products of Cereal Grains Compounded with Cordyceps militaris

HU Qiu-hui, ZHONG Lei, YANG Wen-jian, PEI Fei, FANG Yong, MA Ning, TANG Xiao-zhi, ZHAO Li-yan, YANG Fang-mei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4772-4784.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.009

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【Objective】 Formulation of pre-blended powder from five cereal grains by adding Cordyceps militaris was performed by the twin-screw extrusion. The impact of addition of C. militaris on the characteristicsofextruded products was explored. The result of this study will provide technical supports for development of the nutritious and novel functional cereal products from cereal grains and edible fungi. 【Method】 The mixed ratio of five cereal grains was optimized by linear programming. The characteristic features of the extruded products from cereal grains compounded with C. militaris and non- supplemented cereal grains were assessed in terms of protein, fat, minerals , dietary fiber, hardness, colour difference, and amino acids content. The differences of volatile compounds between non-supplemented and supplemented cereal products were also detected by electronic-nose in macro respect and then analyzed by GC-MS. 【Result】 The mixed ratio for C. militaris and cereal grains was 1:10 by weight. The ratio of cereal grains including rice, adlay, red beans, glutinous rice, soybeans was 12﹕1﹕2﹕2﹕3. Addition of Cordyceps militaris could significantly reduceenergy, carbohydrate content, the degree of fracturability and L* value of the puffed products of cereal grains (P＜0.05), while other values such as springiness, adhesiveness and chewiness had no significant difference. Total essential amino acid content, a*, b*, △E, protein, ash, potassium, calcium, sodium and other minerals of extruded products from cereal grains compounded with C. militaris were markedly increased compared with that of extruded products from cereal grains, while the ratios between total essential amino acid content and total amino acid content, between total essential amino acid content and non total amino acid content, SRC, index of essential amino acid were 40%, 60%, 54%, and 1.08, and they met the requirements of FAO/WHO standard schemas, which indicated that C. militaris was not only able to affect organoleptic properties but also could improve the nutrition features for the final extruded products. Aroma characteristics of the extruded products supplemented with C. militaris or without could obviously distinguished by electronic-nose. GC-MS results revealed that there were 27 and 31 volatile compounds in the extruded products before and after adding C. militaris, andthe specific volatile components in the extruded product with C. militaris included esters, carbazoles, ethers, alkynes, pyrroles and paroxetine. The specific volatile components were mainly propyl isocyanate, 1,2:7,8-dibenzocarbazole, 2(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethano, 5-methyl-1-hexynyl and N- methylpyrrole. The great contribution to volatile flavors was accounted for 2-pentylfuran, 3-octen-2-one, dodecane and tridecane of total flavor compounds, respectively. 【Conclusion】 C. militaris. added into the extruded products has a profound impact on the characteristic features such as texture, nutrition and flavors. The new composite products using cereal grains as the carrier will add values to traditional extruded products in amino acids content, taste, health protection.

Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Postharvest Physiology and Quality of ‘Korla Xiangli’ Pears During Storage

JIA Xiao-hui, WANG Wen-hui, TONG Wei, DU Yan-min, WANG Zhi-hua, JIANG Xiu-cheng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4785-4796.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.010

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to optimize packaging bags and provide a scientific foundation for exploring a simple and efficient new preservation technology of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears during storage by studying the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on postharvest physiology and quality. 【Method】 Storage experiments were performed with commercially mature ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears using four packaging bags, including 0.02 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags. The bags were sealed after the fruits were put into the bags. Theses fruits were stored under the conditions of temperature at (0±0.3)℃ and relative humidity at (RH) 90%-95%. The fruits of unsealed treatment were used as the control. The concentrations of O₂, CO₂ and ethylene in different packaging bags were monitored regularly. In business sales peak of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears (refrigerated 180 d and 240 d), the changes of L and h values and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of peel, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, ethanol, aldehyde, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid, ascorbic acid and other physical and chemical indicators were determined, and the weight loss ratio, stalk preservation index, core browning index and sensory scores in different periods of storage were calculated. 【Result】The concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ in sealed bags reached equilibrium on the 30th day. The ability level of gas adjustment was 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags, 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags and 0.02 mm thickness PE film bags from high to low in turn. The 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags were optimum modified atmosphere packaging bags for ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears by two years tests. The results of indicators showed that the adopted packaging bags reduced weight loss ratio, slowed down the rise of L value of peel, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, ethanol, aldehyde, and core browning index, restrained h value, Fm and Fv and Fv/Fm of peel, improved stalk preservation index, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acid and ascorbic acid had a good effect of maintaining quality. On the 180 d, the L value, h value were significantly different between treatment and control groups (P＜0.05), and the stalk preservation index, core browning index and weight loss ratio were not significantly different (P>0.05), but in the late storage (240 d), the above indexes were significantly different between treatment and control groups (P＜0.05). The 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags maintained sensory score of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pears, but the sensory scores of 0.05 mm thickness PE film bags were lowered significantly, and core browning was increased. 【Conclusion】‘Korla Xiangli’ pears more embodied in the storage period by using 0.04 mm thickness PE film bags and 0.04 mm thickness PVC film bags for modified atmosphere packaging, and the O₂ and CO₂ concentrations in bags played a main role, and when maintained O₂ at 14.5% to 17.0% and CO₂ at 2.5% to 3.0% had a good preservation effect. Ethylene concentration showed less effect on the preservation of ‘Korla Xiangli’ pear.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT

Expression and Localization of Bovine SREBP1 Protein and Regulation of the Transcription of SCD1 Promoter in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell

HAN Li-qiang, WANG Yue-ying, WANG Lin-feng, ZHU He-shui, ZHONG Kai, CHU Bei-bei, YANG Guo-yu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4797-4805.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.011

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【Objective】As a member of nuclear transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein1（SREBP1）plays a significant role in the expression of the lipogenic gene . The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of SREBP1 on the regulation of transcription of SCD1 gene in the mammary epithelial cells, which will provide a fundamental basis for the transcription regulation mechanism of SREBP1 to target gene. 【Method】 The coding sequence (CDS) of SREBP1 gene was cloned using the method of subsection cloning with the cDNA of Holstein mammary tissues as the template. The expression vector pcDNA3.1-SREBP1 was recombined and constructed by recombining vector pcDNA3.1. Plasmids were extracted from the constructed vector after being verified by sequencing, and transfected to mammary epithelial cells. With gene EIF3K as the reference gene, the expressional difference of mRNA in gene SREBP1 was detected with Real-time PCR. SREBP1 was marked with the immunofluorescence method. The cell nucleus was restained with DAPI, and the subcellular localization of protein SREBP1 was observed with laser con-focal microscopy. The SCD1 gene promoters with different regulatory elements and 1.0 µg pcDNA3.1- SREBP1 were restained as treatments, and the promoter activity was analyzed systematically with luciferase reporter gene. Vectors pcDNA3.1-SREBP1 of 0.25µg, 0.5µg and 1µg were transfected respectively. The dose-effect relationship between the promoter activity of pGL3-SCD2, pGL3-SCD3 and protein SREBP1 was analyzed. 【Result】 The PCR products cloned in subsection were fragments 1170bp, 1116bp, 363bp and 900 bp respectively. The expression vector pcDNA3.1-SREBP1 was obtained by reconstructing the fragments and vector pcDNA3.1. Confirmed by digestion and sequence, the expression vector, except one nonsense mutation, was exactly the same with the standard sequence. The whole sequence length reached 3510 bp. After vector pcDNA3.1-SREBP1 was transfected into mammary epithelial cells, compared with the control group of the empty transfected vector, the expression mRNA of gene SREBP1 increased by 130.4 times （P＜0.001）by the real-time PCR detection. As shown in the observation of the laser con-focal microscopy, the cell nucleus dyed with DAPI was blue, and SREBP1 with immunofluorescent labeling was green, both of which were cyan after being merged and were localized in the mammary epithelial cell nucleus. The results of the detection of the promoter activity showed that, compared with those of pGL3-SCD1 and pGL3SCD 2, the treatment with SREBP1 increased the promoter activity of pGL3-SCD3 and pGL3-CD4 significantly （P＜0.001）, and their promoter activity increased by 1.0 and 0.7 times. The further study showed that, after treatment with 0.25-1µg pcDNA3.1-SREBP1, compared with the continuous decrease of the promoter activity of pGL3-SCD2, the promoter activity of pGL3-SCD3 increased from 59.81 to 108.43（P＜0.001）. There is a dose-effect relationship between them. Combined with the element SRE （5′-AGCAGATTGCG-3′）, the architectural difference between promoter SCD2 and promoter SCD 3, it could be speculated that the sequence was the incorporating sequence in which SREBP1 regulated the transcription of gene promoter SCD1. 【Conclusion】 It was verified that the gene expression vector SREBP1 was constructed by cloning, the subcellular localization of protein SREBP1 was in the mammary epithelial cell nucleus, and SREBP1 promoted the regulation of the transcription of SCD1 promoter together with regulatory element SRE. 

Effects of Corn Straw Treated with Different Compatibility Enzymes on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Mutton Sheep

WANG Hong-mei, TU Yan, SI Bing-wen, NIE Ming-fei, DIAO Qi-yu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4806-4813.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.012

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【Objective】This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different compatibility enzymes on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Dorper × Small Tail Han sheep crossbred male lambs fed with corn straw-based diets.【Method】Lambs were assigned to one of four groups of 100 animals per group with five replicates in a randomized complete block design being:control (basal diet without any supplementation), treatment groups (TG): TGⅠ (basal diet with enzymes preparation of Cellulase + β-glucanase + Xylanase), TGⅡ (basal diet with enzymes preparation of Cellulase + β-glucanase + Xylanase + Pectase), or TGⅢ (basal diet with enzymes preparation of Cellulase + β-glucanase + Xylanase + Pectase + Laccase) in a 76-day experiment including a 10-day preliminary test period and a 66-day formal trial period. The basal diets as TMR was fulfilled the growth requirements of lambs according to NRC (2007) with a concentrate: forage ratio of 4:6(at first phase) and 5:5(at second phase) (DM basis). The compound enzyme preparation for treatment diets was dissolved in water to form a 4% solution containing a mix of carrier and enzymes, which was sprayed directly onto the corn straw at a rate of 1.0 kg/t of TMR (Air dry basis), just prior to feeding.【Result】The results showed as follows: different compatibility enzymes had significant effects on ADG and ratio of feed to gain (F/G) (P＜0.05), but no significant differences were found in dry matter intake (P=0.107). ADG of TGⅢand TGⅡwas significantly higher than those in Control and TGⅠ(P＜0.05), and F/G of TG Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in Control (P＜0.05), but there was no difference between TGⅢ and TGⅡ or Control and TGⅠ(P＞0.05), respectively. Addition of enzymes preparation also increased (P＞0.05) apparent digestibility of all nutrients, except for CP(P=0.166). TGⅢ was the highest in nutrient digestibility. Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, GE, NDF, ADF in TGⅢ was significantly higher than that in Control (P＜0.05), but there was no difference between TGⅢ and TGⅡ or Control and TGⅠ(P＞0.05). The magnitude of improvement in digestibility varied among nutrients, with the highest improvement occurred in digestibility of DM and ADF (about 11% and 19%, respectively). The addition of enzyme preparation in TGⅢ also achieved good economic benefits. 【Conclusion】It was concluded that there are positive responses to growth performance and nutrient digestibility of fattening sheep for corn stalk diet treated with different compatibility enzymes. The effect of TGⅢ was significantly better than that of TGⅡ, although the effects of TG III and TG II were both significantly. Compared with the control, average daily gain of TG III was increased by 23.51%, nutrient digestibility was increased by 11%, feed conversion ratio was increased by 26.36%, and diet cost for 1kg weight gain was reduced by 18.42%.

Regulatory Study of Protein Metabolism During the Differentiation Process of Chicken Male Germ Cells

LI Dong, TANG Bei-bei, WANG Ying-jie, JI Yan-qin, WANG Fei, LU Zhen-yu, WANG Man, ZHANG Ya-ni, LI Bi-chun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4814-4823.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.013

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【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanism of protein metabolism during the differentiation process of chicken male germ cells and provide a basis for improving the induction system of chicken embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation to male germ cells in vitro. 【Method】RNA sequencing was performed using FACS-sorted cells from ESCs, PGCs(primordial germ cells) and SSCs(spermatogonial stem cells), and enrichment analysis, WEGO (Web Gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes), were carried out to find out the relevant pathways and the key genes, the expression level of which was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, NOS2 both in vitro and in vivo with NOS2 inhibitor was inhibited, and the morphologic changes of ESCs were observed and the mRNA expressions of NOS2 and other germ genes, C-kit, Cvh, Stra8, Dazl, integrin α6 and integrin β1 were detectedin different groups and in different days with RT-qPCR. 【Result】 Final results showed that 697 differentially expressed genes were involved in biological metabolism and significantly enriched in arginine-proline metabolic pathway, tyrosine metabolic pathway and tryptophan metabolic pathway and screened some key genes, like NOS2, FAH and IDO. It was found that the expression trends of NOS2, FAH and IDO were the same as that of RNA-Seq. In inhibitory experiment in vivo, the mRNA expression of NOS2, C-kit, Cvh, Stra8, Dazl, integrin α6 and integrin β1 between blank group and control group showed no significant difference. However, in inhibited group, NOS2, C-kit, Cvh, Stra8, Dazl, integrin α6 and integrin β1 expressions were down-regulated inordinately. Moreover, in inhibitory experiment in vitro, ESCs always proliferated on the 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10d, but disappeared the embryonic bodies in the control group. In induced group, small embryonic bodies appeared on the 2d and became bigger and increased on the 4d. Embryonic bodies started to burst in edges on the 6d, break up on the 8d and appeared spermatogonia-like cells. In inhibited group, no embryonic body appeared in the whole process and ESCs proliferated more slow than the control group. In induced-inhibited group, no embryonic body appeared on the 2d and 4d and ESCs proliferated slowly. Small embryonic bodies appeared on the 6d and the number and volume increased slightly on the 8d. On the 10d, the embryonic bodies started to break up. In vitro, NOS2, C-kit, Cvh, Stra8, Dazl, integrin α6 and integrin β1 expressions in induced group, inhibited group and induced-inhibited group were significantly down-regulated compared with the control group. 【Conclusion】In this study, based on the screening of arginine-proline metabolic pathway and NOS2 with RNA-Seq and Bioinformatics, it was found that the process of ESCs differentiation to male germ cell was inhibited after the inhibition of NOS2，which suggested that arginine-proline metabolic pathway and NOS2 has an important regulatory effect on differentiation of ESCs to male germ cells.

RESEARCH NOTES

Effect of Chemical Hybridization Agent SQ-1 and Arabinogalactan Proteins on the Embryos Obtaining in Wheat Intervarietal and Wild Crosses

WANG Kun-yang, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Shuang-xi, LIU Hong-wei, WANG Ke, DU Li-pu, LIN Zhi-shan, YE Xing-guo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2016, 49(24):  4824-4832.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.24.014

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【Objective】The aims of this study are to clarify the effect of SQ-1 on the embryo formation in the hybridization among wheat varieties and between wheat and its relative or wild species as well as the effect of AGP on haploid embryo production and haploid plant production in the cross of wheat and maize. The findings in this study will be potentially useful to the efficiently conduction of wheat hybridization breeding and haploid breeding.【Method】In this study, the effectiveness of SQ-1 on the seed-setting after wheat varieties are crossed with other wheat varieties, rye, and maize, and AGP on haploid wheat induction in the cross between wheat and maize were investigated by spraying wheat plants with SQ-1 at booting stage, pollinating the sterile spikes with wheat, rye or maize pollens at flowering period, and treating the wheat spikes pollinated maize pollens with an AGP containing solution, respectively. In addition, in vitro culture was used to rescue the haploid wheat embryos from wheat and maize crossing. Florets pollinated, caryopses formed, grains obtained, embryos cultured, embryos germinated, and plantlets obtained were counted to calculate, caryopses formation rate, setting rate, haploid embryos induction rate, haploid embryos induction rate, and haploid production rate. All the data were analyzed for significant difference evaluation. 【Result】It was found that seed setting rate for the crossing among wheat varieties was 19.8%-83.3% from SQ-1 treatment, and 69.4%-93.0% from artificial emasculation treatment. But, different wheat varieties as female parent showed different responses to SQ-1, and Fielder displayed the most sensitivity to SQ-1. For the wild crossing between a wheat line Chinese Spring (CS) and a rye line Lanzhou Heimai, the seed setting rate was 65.5% from SQ-1 treatment, and 78.8% from artificial emasculation method. All the F₁ hybrids from the two treatments had 28 chromosomes. For the wild crossing between wheat and maize, wheat haploid embryo induction rate was 1.11%-1.41% from SQ-1 treatment, and 2.38%-14.29% from artificial emasculation method. Compared with the control treatment, application of 0.5-2.0 g·L^-1 AGP in the treating solution assisted the wheat haploid embryo production rate to be improved to 17.0% from 11.5%. Besides, in the wheat haploid embryos induced by maize pollen, it was found that 13.07% of the embryos developed 2-6 seedlings. Under a microscope, more than one original embryonic axis were observed on the haploid wheat embryos induced by maize pollen when they were rescued by in vitro culture on medium. Cytological examination revealed that the in vitro culture wheat plants had 21 chromosomes. 【Conclusion】The above results indicated that SQ-1 application reduced not only seed setting in the cross among different wheat varieties and between wheat and rye, but also haploid wheat embryo induction rate in the cross between wheat and maize. AGP application improved haploid wheat embryo induction, germination, and plantlets obtaining rates between the hybridization of wheat and maize.