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    Phenotypical Variation and Dynamic QTL Mapping of Plant Height in Foxtail Millet at Different Developmental Stages
    LIU DeLong, LI ShiRu, WANG ChuanXing, GUO ShuQing, MA ZhiXiu, WU YongJiang, HAN HuiBing, LI YuJie, ZHANG PanPan, YANG Pu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3533-3550.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.003
    Abstract1282)   HTML24)    PDF (3552KB)(423)       Save

    【Objective】 Plant height is a trait that plays an important role in the increase of foxtail millet yield. The dynamic changes of foxtail millet plant height at different growth stages were studied, and the QTL loci and effects controlling plant height were identified to provide a theoretical basis for plant type breeding of foxtail millet. 【Method】 In this study, a recombinant inbred line population YRRIL containing 215 lines were used as the research object, and the YRRIL population was planted in two environments, Yulin, Shaanxi and Mizhi, Shaanxi, in May 2023, respectively. The phenotypic values of plant height trait of each family were measured at five stages: seedling, elongation, booting, tasseling, and ripening period, respectively. Combined with the genetic linkage map of the YRRIL population, genetic analysis and dynamic QTL mapping of plant height trait at different growth stages of millet were carried out, and the unconditional QTL and conditional QTL controlling plant height of millet were identified. On this basis, candidate gene prediction for important QTL was carried out using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis methods. 【Result】 In the entire growth period of the millet plant height growth trend was the “S” type curve, from the elongation stage to the booting stage, the growth rate of plant height was faster, which was the key stage of plant height development. In the two environments, plant height of each family line of the population showed continuous distribution at different periods. A total of 86 QTL related to plant height were detected at five periods in the two environments, which were distributed on all 9 chromosomes of the foxtail millet genome. It contained 48 unconditional QTL and 38 conditional QTL, and the phenotypic contribution rate of unconditional QTL was 1.13%-17.49%, of which 6 could be detected repeatedly at two growth periods, and the rest were detected only at one growth period. The phenotypic contribution rate of conditional QTL was 1.97%-14.69%, of which one could be detected repeatedly at two growth stages, and the rest were detected only at one growth stage. No QTL that can be detected in three or more periods were present in either unconditional QTL analysis or conditional QTL analysis. A total of 12 major QTL were detected by unconditional QTL and conditional QTL analysis in two environments, of which 6 QTL were newly identified as primary loci in this study. Based on the prediction and analysis of genes within the main effect QTL interval combined with functional annotation of homologous genes screened out 14 candidate genes that might be related to foxtail millet plant height, among which Seita.1G242300.1, Seita.6G110200.1, and Seita.7G143300.1 were all able to directly regulate plant height development. 【Conclusion】 In the two environments, a large number of QTL were detected to be involved in the phenotypic regulation of plant height trait during the whole growth and development of foxtail millet, with 79 (91.86%) played a role in one period and 7 (8.14%) played a role in two periods and there were no QTL detected in three or more periods, including 12 major QTL. The QTL detected by unconditional and conditional analysis methods accounted for 55.81% and 44.19%, respectively, and 16 (18.60%) were both unconditional and conditional QTL. The QTL effects controlling plant height development at different stages varied, with smaller effect in the seedling stage and generally larger effects from the elongation to the tasseling stage.

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    Breeding of the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB)-Resistant Wheat Cultivar Lunxuan 20 Using the Dwarf-Male Sterile Wheat Molecular Strategy in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Region
    MAI ChunYan, LIU YiKe, LIU HongWei, LI HongJie, YANG Li, WU PeiPei, ZHOU Yang, ZHANG HongJun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3719-3729.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.001
    Abstract1256)   HTML31)    PDF (5763KB)(673)       Save

    【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm2 between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm2, and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm2 of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy.

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    Cloning and Functional Verification of SiCIPK21 Gene in Foxtail Millet
    DU YanWei, YAN XiaoGuang, ZHAO JinFeng, JIA SuQing, WANG GaoHong, YU AiLi, ZHANG Peng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4416-4430.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.003
    Abstract1141)   HTML23)    PDF (6709KB)(1109)       Save

    【Objective】The Ca2+-CBL-CIPK signaling pathway has important functions in plant response to abiotic stresses. By cloning the SiCIPK21 gene and studying its function under stress conditions, we provide a key candidate gene and theoretical basis for molecular breeding of foxtail millet with stress tolerance.【Method】Bioinformatics was used to analyze the cis-acting elements in the promoter region of this gene and predict the interactions between this protein and AtCBLs in Arabidopsis thaliana. SiCIPK21 was cloned by PCR, and a fusion expression vector was constructed for transient expression in tobacco to determine the subcellular localization. foxtail millet cv. Yugu 1 was used as material, and specifically amplified part of the SiCIPK21 gene fragment from Yugu 1 leaves, and recombinant vector VIGS-pTRV2-SiCIPK21 was constructed, using the phytoene desaturase gene (SiPDS) as the indicator gene, and seedlings of foxtail millet at the two-leaf stage were selected and infiltrated by cotyledon injection to investigate the role of SiCIPK21 under salt stress (250 mmol·L-1 NaCl) by using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. T3 generation transgenic lines were obtained by overexpressing SiCIPK21 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypes at germination were analyzed under different concentrations of NaCl (150/175 mmol·L-1), mannitol (300/400 mmol·L-1) and ABA (0.25/0.5 μmol·L-1) treatments, and salt and drought tolerant phenotypes at seedling stage were also analyzed.【Result】Subcellular localization revealed that SiCIPK21 was located in the nucleus. The protein SiCIPK21 might interact with AtCBL2, AtCBL3, AtCBL4, AtCBL9, and AtCBL10 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter region of SiCIPK21 contained adverse response elements, suggesting that SiCIPK21 may participate in the adverse responses. The VIGS gene silencing demonstrated that SiCIPK21-silenced foxtail millet plants had increased sensitivity to salt stress than the control plants. Three independent T3 generation Arabidopsis thaliana overexpression lines (2#, 3# and 6#) were obtained by genetic transformation. Overexpression lines showed significantly higher germination rate, germination speed, green cotyledon unfolding rate, root length and fresh weight than the wild-type plants (WT) at different concentrations of NaCl (150/175 mmol·L-1), mannitol (300/400 mmol·L-1) and ABA (0.25/0.5 μmol·L-1). Moreover, phenotypic analysis of salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis seedlings showed that overexpression lines had significantly higher survival rates and chlorophyll contents than WT.【Conclusion】SiCIPK21 is a positive regulator of plant response to salt and drought stresses, which makes it a candidate gene for improving stress tolerance by molecular breeding in foxtail millet.

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    Nitrogen Nutrition Estimation of Maize Based on UAV Spectrum and Texture Information
    YUN BinYuan, XIE TieNa, LI Hong, YUE Xiang, LÜ MingYue, WANG JiaQi, JIA Biao
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (16): 3154-3170.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.005
    Abstract996)   HTML20)    PDF (6561KB)(1898)       Save

    【Objective】Crop nitrogen nutrition status is a key indicator to characterize the green degree and health status of maize canopy. In order to compare the accuracy of single spectral index model and texture information fusion model in maize nitrogen nutrition estimation model, this investigated the accuracy and reliability of maize nitrogen nutrition estimation model based on UAV multispectral information and texture information fusion. 【Method】 Matrice-300 RTK multi-rotor aircraft equipped with MS600 Pro multi-spectral sensor was used to obtain multi-spectral images of maize tasseling-silking stages under six nitrogen levels in two years. By extracting vegetation index and texture features, the correlation between vegetation index, single texture feature, combined texture index and fusion information of vegetation index and texture index, was comprehensively analyzed. The vegetation index, normalized difference texture index (NDTI) and their combined parameters with the largest amount of information were selected. Four nitrogen nutrition parameters of maize leaf nitrogen content (LNC), plant nitrogen content (PNC), leaf nitrogen accumulation (LNA), and plant nitrogen accumulation (PNA) were compared and estimated by multiple stepwise regression (MSR), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and grey wolf optimized convolutional neural network ( GWO-CNN ). 【Result】 (1) There were differences in the original spectral reflectance of maize under different nitrogen treatments, and the differences in the red band R (660 nm), blue band B (450 nm) and near-infrared band NIR (840 nm) were significant. (2) The vegetation indices (EVI, GARI, REOSAVI, SIPI, and MCARI), single texture features (var450, var660, mean840, dis720, and hom840) and combined texture index NDTI extracted from UAV multispectral images could be used for LNC, PNC, LNA and PNA estimation of maize in VT-R1 stage. The GWO-CNN model based on vegetation index had better estimation effect on LNC, PNC, LNA and PNA than single texture feature and texture index model, and its R2 were 0.831, 0.761, 0.826 and 0.770, respectively. (3) The accuracy of GWO-CNN model with vegetation index and texture index for LNC, PNC, LNA and PNA estimation was significantly higher than that of vegetation index and texture index, and its R2 was 0.921, 0.901, 0.917 and 0.892, respectively, which was 9.77%, 15.54%, 9.92% and 13.68% higher than that of single spectral information optimal estimation model. 【Conclusion】 Fusion of multi-spectral vegetation index and texture index could effectively improve the estimation accuracy of maize nitrogen nutrition, and better evaluate the distribution of maize nitrogen distribution, which provided new ideas for precise maize nitrogen fertilizer management based on UAV platform at field scale.

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    Oat Plant Height Estimation Based on a Dual Output Regression Convolutional Neural Network
    ZHANG JianLong, XING WenWen, YE ShaoBo, ZHANG Chao, ZHENG DeCong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 3974-3985.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.003
    Abstract994)   HTML12)    PDF (5012KB)(119)       Save

    【Objective】 Oat plant height affects the productivity per plant and the yield per unit area together with planting density. This study explores automatic, real-time, and precise methods for acquiring oat plant height in a field environment, aiming to provide technical references for the automated field management of oat. 【Method】 Firstly, an oat depth image acquisition system was built based on Intel RealSense D435 depth camera and LabVIEW software development platform. Taking Oat ‘Pinyan No. 4’ as the research object, 26 376 modeling data and 2 205 test data were obtained during the whole oat growth process. The average and highest plant height of oats in each depth image were measured with a scale. The quantity of modeling data and test data in each height range of oat plant was relatively balanced. The images were preprocessed by high restoration, grayscale and scaling. Each image was tagged with two labels, one for the average and one for the highest plant height of the oats in the image. Then, based on 8 classical convolutional neural network models, the last layer (classification layer) of each network model was removed, and two fully connected layers with single nodes and no activation function were added to construct the double output regression convolutional neural network estimation model. Mean square error (MSE) was used to evaluate the accuracy of each model in estimating oat plant height. Finally, based on the TensorFlow deep learning platform, Modified EfficientNet V2L was selected as the estimation model by 5-fold cross-validation using the modeling data. 【Result】 The generalization performance of Modified EfficientNet V2L model to estimate oat plant height was investigated using test data not involved in model training. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) to estimate oat average plant height were 2.30 cm, 2.90 cm and 4.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the MAE, RMSE and MRE to estimate highest plant height was 2.24 cm, 2.82 cm and 4.1%, respectively. The average estimated time of the model was 52.14 ms. The accuracy of estimating crop plant height using this method was similar to that of existing methods. However, when estimating crop plant height used this method, once the estimation model was trained, the average and maximum crop plant height could be automatically estimated by inputting the pre-processed crop depth image, and the average estimation time could meet the real-time requirements of crop plant height acquisition. The relative errors in estimating average plant height and maximum plant height of oat showed a general decline trend with the increase of crop plant height. This might be because when crop plant height was low, the estimated results were more affected by soil fluctuation. The results of feature map visualization showed that the model could estimate plant height according to the height and contour of oat in depth image. Finally, an oat plant height estimation system was built based on 2023 Q1 version of LabVIEW software development platform. After depth camera acquiring oat depth images, the system could accurately estimate average and highest oat plant heights in real time without manual intervention, and the average estimation time was less than 0.1 seconds. The system could be used for crops irrigation and fertilization management. It could also be installed on the tractors to control the height of a sprinkler head during spraying, and to adjust the height of a cutting table during harvesting. 【Conclusion】 The depth image and double output regression convolutional neural network could be used to estimate oat plant height, and the accuracy could meet the production demand, so this method provided a basis for field management of oat crops.

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    Function Analysis of bHLH93 Transcription Factor in Tartary Buckwheat in Response to Aluminum Stress
    LIU Tong, WANG ZhiRong, LI Wei, LIU Yang, WANG XiangRu, LAI DiLi, HE YuQi, ZHANG KaiXuan, ZHAO ZhenJun, ZHOU MeiLiang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (16): 3127-3141.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.003
    Abstract852)   HTML16)    PDF (8051KB)(1403)       Save

    【Objective】Buckwheat is an important cereal and economic crop. Compared with other crops, buckwheat has strong aluminum tolerance. A transcription factor FtbHLH93 in response to aluminum stress was identified in transcriptome data of aluminum treatment. Exploring the function of FtbHLH93 will provide ideas and clues for solving the problem of aluminum toxicity in acidic soil and molecular breeding of new varieties of buckwheat with aluminum tolerant, and provide theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of tolerance aluminum in buckwheat.【Method】 The cDNA of Pinku1 was used as a template to clone FtbHLH93. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of FTbHLH93 in different tissues of Tartary buckwheat and at different time points after aluminum treatment. Yeast system was used to identify the transcriptional activation activity. The localization of intracellular expression was determined by subcellular localization. The flavonoid content of the overexpressed materials was examined, and SOD and POD activities were measured under untreated and Al-treated conditions. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome analysis, potential downstream target genes were screened, and their promoters were predicted. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the results.【Result】The coding region of FtbHLH93 transcription factor was 573 bp in length, encoding 190 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular weight of FtbHLH93 was 21.759 kDa, and its isoelectric point was 8.64. qRT-PCR results showed that FtbHLH93 was highly expressed in roots. The expression level of FtbHLH93 is highest at 24 h after aluminum treatment. FtbHLH93 is localized in the nucleus without self-activating activity. Overexpression of FtbHLH93 in Tartary buckwheat hairy roots enhanced aluminum tolerance, and the activities of SOD and POD were significantly higher than those of the control group. The detection results of flavonoid metabolites in the overexpressed FtbHLH93 hairy roots showed that the contents of rutin, catechin, and fireworks were significantly higher than those of the control group. GO enrichment analysis showed that it was related to metal ion transport and cadmium and manganese ion entries, and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that it was related to ABC transporter. Three genes responsive to aluminum stress may be downstream target genes of FtbHLH93, and co-expression analysis showed that two of the candidate downstream target genes had a similar expression pattern to FtbHLH93.【Conclusion】FtbHLH93 transcription factor may alleviate aluminum toxicity by promoting the accumulation of flavonoids and the increase of SOD and POD activities. FtbHLH93 may act as an upstream regulator to regulate the expression of FtPinG0100930100.01, FtPinG0303102000.01 and FtPinG0403996200.01.

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    Comparison of the Genome Sequence Polymorphisms Between the Main Naked Barley Varieties Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 in Qinghai Province
    XU JinQing, BIAN HaiYan, CHEN TongRui, WANG Lei, WANG HanDong, YOU En, DENG Chao, TANG YouLin, SHEN YuHu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4192-4204.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.003
    Abstract794)   HTML17)    PDF (2478KB)(398)       Save

    【Objective】At present, Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 are the main varieties of the naked barley in Qinghai Province, and also the important backbone parents in the breeding of the naked barley. The genomic sequences of Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 were compared to provide references for the trace of important character regions/loci, pedigree analysis and their utilization in molecular design breeding of the naked barley. 【Method】In this study, the agronomic and grain traits of Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 were investigated in the field, and the whole genome resequencing were performed (sequencing depth ≥15×). The sequence differences of copy number variation (CNV), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion (InDel) were compared between the two varieties. According to the SNP distribution patterns, the polymorphism hotspot and genetic similar regions between them were identified. The mutation types of polymorphism hotspot and genetic similar regions were compared and analyzed. The gene enrichment analysis was carried out in the specific CNV regions and the polymorphism hotspots regions of the two varieties. 【Result】In addition to the plant height and peduncle internode length, Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 had high similarity in important agronomic and grain traits. Compared with the barley reference genome of Morex, the two varieties had a common CNV variation interval of 83 Mb, and the length of cultivar-specific CNV variation interval in Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 was 37 Mb and 38 Mb, respectively. There were 564 genes in the CNV region specific to Kunlun 14, which were significantly enriched in 15 GO terms, while 519 genes were in the CNV region specific to Kunlun 15 and were significantly enriched in 7 GO terms. Based on the SNP distribution patterns, 1 706 Mb polymorphism hotspots and 2 411 Mb sequence similarity intervals of Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 were identified at the whole genome level, and the polymorphism hotspots were mainly distributed on 3H, 6H and 7H. The polymorphism hotspots regions contained 16 768 genes, whose functions were mainly related to plant growth and development. There was no significant difference between polymorphism hotspot regions and genetic similar regions in SNP variation type, InDel length distribution and the proportion of mutations affecting coding function. The SNPs and InDel mutations in polymorphism hotspot and genetic similar regions were mainly missense mutations and followed by synonymy mutations. 【Conclusion】The field phenotypes of Kunlun 14 and Kunlun 15 were similar. At the whole genome level, a total of 75 Mb CNV variation regions between them and the polymorphism hotspot regions were mainly distributed at 3H, 6H and 7H.

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    Comprehensive Evaluation on Production Performance and Nutritional Quality of Different Varieties of Forage Oat in the Qinghai Lake Area
    WANG XiaoJun, WANG JinLan, JU ZeLiang, LIANG GuoLing, JIA ZhiFeng, LIU WenHui, MA Xiang, MA JinXiu, LI Wen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3730-3742.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.002
    Abstract782)   HTML16)    PDF (822KB)(593)       Save

    【Objective】In order to explore the adaptability of 10 oat (Avena sativa) varieties in the Qinghai Lake area and screen out the high-yield and high-quality oat varieties suitable for planting in this area, so as to provide data support for high-yield and high-quality forage production in this area and similar areas. 【Method】In this study, 10 oat varieties (Avena sativa cv. Qinghai No.444, A. sativa cv. Baiyan No.7, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4, A. nuda cv. Qingyou No.3, A. sativa cv. Qingyin No.2, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3, A. sativa cv. Lena, A. sativa cv. Qinghai, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.1 and A. sativa cv. Longyan No.1) commonly cultivated in Qinghai province were used. The experiment was established using a randomized complete block design. Three experimental blocks, located at least 3 m away from each other, were randomly chosen. Each block contained 10 different oat varieties plots, for a total of 30 plots. The area of each plot was 3 m × 5 m. The experiment was sown in strip. The row spacing was 25 cm and the sowing depth was 3-4 cm. According to the thousand seed weight, purity and germination rate of each variety, the seeding rate of each variety was calculated according to the seedling protection number of 6.75 million plants/hm2. Moreover, the diammonium phosphate (150 kg·hm-2) and urea (75 kg·hm-2) were used as base fertilizer. The seeds were sown on May 16, 2022 and May 19, 2023, and field observations and sample collection were conducted on September 23, 2022 and September 26, 2023, respectively. The production performance and nutritional quality of oat varieties were analyzed, and the piecewise structural equation model was used to explore how varieties, planting years and their interactions affected nutritional quality via agronomic traits and yield traits. Furthermore, the multi-criterion decision model-TOPSIS (Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal) was used to comprehensively evaluate the various indexes of the tested oat varieties. 【Result】Our results demonstrated that A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 had the highest plant height (89.4-92.5 cm), and the lowest acid detergent fiber (34.8%-34.9%) and neutral detergent fiber (51.8%-53.4%). The A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 had the most tillers number (2.7-3.6/plant) and the lowest crude ash content (10.9%-11.3%). The highest of forage yield, crude protein, relative feeding value were found in A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4. while the stem/leaf ratio of the A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 were significantly lower than that of other varieties. The highest crude fat was found in A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.1 (3.8%-3.9%). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the oat yield was positively correlated with crude protein content and relative feeding value, but negatively correlated with acid detergent fiber and crude ash. The stem/leaf ratio was positively correlated with acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, but negatively correlated with crude protein and relative feeding value. The structural equation model analysis showed that the varieties, planting years and their interactions had direct effects on the oat nutritional quality, and indirectly affected the nutritional quality by affecting plant height, tillering number, stem/leaf ratio and hay yield. The total effect value of stem/leaf ratio was the highest, which was -0.37.【Conclusion】The comprehensive evaluation of TOPSIS model showed that A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 could not only maintain higher production performance, but also have higher nutritional quality, which are ideal oat varieties for planting in Qinghai Lake area.

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    Effects of Sowing Date Adjustment on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in Northern Area of North China
    ZHAO HuaRong, ZHOU GuangSheng, QI Yue, GENG JinJian, TIAN XiaoLi
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2964-2985.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.005
    Abstract671)   HTML41)    PDF (698KB)(4856)       Save

    Objective】Based on the field staging experiments, this study revealed the different responses of winter wheat and summer maize sowing date adjustments in growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, grain filling, yield formation and quality to climate warming in northern area of North China, providing scientific basis for agricultural production measures to cope with climate change in North China Plain.【Method】Different sowing date experiments of winter wheat and summer maize have been conducted at Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station in northern area of North China from 2017 to 2023, which were set up in four sowing dates, including 10 d early sowing, 10 d late sowing, 20 d late sowing, and control. The growth process, above-ground dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, grain filling rate, yield agronomic traits, and grain nutrients of winter wheat and summer maize were observed. 【Result】 The whole growth period of winter wheat was shortened with the delay of sowing date, mainly because of the shortening of seedling stage before winter. There was a parabolic relationship between the whole growth period and sowing date of summer maize. The seedling stage was shortened by 1.3 d, and the flowering stage and grain formation-filling stage were extended by 1.5 d and 1.6 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. The grain filling characteristics of winter wheat and summer maize were not sensitive to sowing date adjustments, and the grain filling rate of summer maize was little different during different sowing dates, but the grain formation period, the filling end date and the peak date were successively delayed due to the delay of sowing date, and the duration of filling days was shortened by 4.0 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. Under the background of warm autumn and winter in northern wheat region, the sowing duration of winter wheat was extended, while its influence on the yield was obviously weakened. The delay of sowing date with the increase of sowing seed amount would result in yield increase slightly. The yield of summer maize decreased significantly with the delay of sowing date, and the decline rate of theoretical yield was 1 381.50 kg·hm-2 for every 10 d delay of sowing date, but the yield of winter wheat and summer maize showed a jumping decease for 20 d late sowing. The grain distribution rate increased by 1.67% for winter wheat, decreased by 1.57% for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. As a result, the harvest index increased by 0.017 for winter wheat, and decreased by 0.016 for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. The leaf photosynthetic rates (Pn) of winter wheat and summer maize were also different in response to sowing date, they were similar for winter wheat during different sowing dates, while decreased by 1.21 μmol·m-2·s-1 for summer maize for every 10 d delay after sowing date. Sowing date adjustments had no significant effects on grain quality of winter wheat and summer maize in northern area of North China. 【Conclusion】Extending suitable sowing date range and sowing date delay of winter wheat in North China Plain were positive and effective measures to adapt to climate warming. The early sowing of summer maize in North China Plain might avoid the negative effects of high temperature and heat damage, and would promote the increase of yield.

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    Application Status and Development Suggestion of Direct-Seeding Rice Cultivation in China
    LIAO Ping, WENG WenAn, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4854-4870.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.003
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    With the continuous improvement in rice cultivation techniques, China has maintained a high rice production level of about 210 million tons over the past decade. Direct-seeding rice cultivation technology, recognized for its efficiency and simplicity, has been favored by Chinese farmers. However, controversies persist regarding direct-seeding rice compared to transplanted rice in national-scale production. Thus, this study employed meta-analysis techniques to quantify disparities in grain yield, economic benefit, rice quality, lodging characteristic, and greenhouse gas emissions between direct-seeding rice and transplanted rice. Our results indicated that direct-seeding rice significantly reduced grain yield by an average of 6.3% relative to transplanted rice, which was main due to the reduced total spikelet (-3.8%) and filled-grain percentage (-1.8%). In different planting systems in China, the yield of direct-seeding rice had significantly decreased compared to transplanted rice, and the direct-seeding rice-induced reductions in yield of single rice (-10.9%) and late rice (-13.1%) were higher than those of middle rice (-4.8%) and early rice (-4.4%). The grain yield reductions for direct-seeding rice were from 10% to 20% in Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, meanwhile Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces saw reductions of 5% to 10%, but it had no significant effect in other provinces. Direct-seeding rice resulted in comparable net economic return relative to transplanted rice (p> 0.05). Direct-seeding rice reduced milled rice rate (-3.1%) and gel consistency (-3.5%), improved appearance quality (chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, which decreased by 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed on nutrition quality and taste value. Direct-seeding rice increased lodging index at base of the first (+12.4%) and third (+10.3%) internodes, but not at the second internode, indicating an increase in risk of lodging relative to transplanted rice. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, direct-seeding rice fields showed reductions in methane emissions (-42.8%), global warming potential (-36.2%), and greenhouse gas intensity (-41.1%) compared to transplanted rice fields, while promoting nitrous oxide emissions (+29.1%). In addition, a review was recounted on nitrogen utilization and its loss, water and energy use efficiency, and weed incidence. Finally, the recommendations for the future advancement of direct-seeding rice were proposed, main focusing on rice variety breeding, rice cultivation technique optimization, rice planting area layout, as well as policies and services with the goal of technological innovation and regionalized application of direct-seeding rice cultivation technology in China.

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    QTN Mining and Candidate Gene Screening of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seed-Related Traits
    BAI BingNan, QIAO Dan, GE Qun, LUAN YuJuan, LIU XiaoFang, LU QuanWei, NIU Hao, GONG JuWu, GONG WanKui, ELAMEER ELSAMMAN, YAN HaoLiang, LI JunWen, LIU AiYing, SHI YuZhen, WANG HaiZe, YUAN YouLu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2901-2913.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.001
    Abstract628)   HTML119)    PDF (3621KB)(726)       Save

    Objective】Exploring the genetic loci and related genes that control cottonseed size traits to lay a foundation for subsequent study on the molecular mechanism cottonseed size formation. 【Method】The upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population composed of 300 lines was used as the research material. Seven phenotypic traits including cottonseed index (SI), seed length-cutting acreage (SLA), seed length-cutting perimeter (SLP), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), length-width ratio (LWR) and seed roundness (SR) were evaluated in four environments. The RIL population was genotyped by liquid phase chip strategy. The high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and phenotypic data were subjected to perform genome-wide association study (GWAS), and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with cottonseed size-related traits were mined. The genetic effects of QTNs were analyzed to identify candidate genes. 【Result】Seven cottonseed size-related traits showed a continuous normal distribution in four environments, which expressed a sizable phenotypic variation. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1.82% to 10.70%. The influencing effect on trait formation were basically as genotype>environment>genotype × environment, indicating suitability for GWAS analysis of these results. Correlation analysis showed that the seed index was significantly correlated with SLA, SLP, SL and SW, and LWR was significantly correlated with SR, indicating the possible existence of pleiotropic loci. GWAS was performed using the 3VmrMLM model, and a total of 47 QTNs were associated with these seven traits. A total of 11 QTNs were associated on chromosome A07, of which three physical loci in the region of 71.99-72.87 Mb, A07:71993462, A07:72067994 and A07:72198802 were very close and simultaneously associated with SI, SLA, SLP, SL and SW in four environments. The average value of R2 between markers was>0.8 (P<0.001), showing a large linkage disequilibrium. Genetic effect analysis showed that there were two haplotypes in this region. Among these cottonseed size relating traits, haplotype Ⅱ and haplotype I were significantly different, indicating that these loci directly affected cottonseed size traits and could be used for molecular marker-assisted selection. The expression patterns of the genes in the interval were analyzed using TM-1 transcriptome data. The results revealed that Gh_A07G1767 was preferentially expressed and Gh_A07G1766 specifically expressed at the stage of cottonseed development. These results speculated that these genes may play an important role in the growth and development of cottonseed.【Conclusion】47 QTNs were identified, and two candidate genes related to cottonseed development were screened.

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    Isolation and Identification of Soybean Rhizosphere Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Their Salt Tolerance and Growth-Promoting Effects
    SHAO JiaZhu, LÜ Wen, LIAO XinLin, YUAN XinYu, SONG Zhen, JIANG DongHua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4248-4263.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.007
    Abstract571)   HTML51)    PDF (6181KB)(2082)       Save

    【Objective】Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can effectively promote plant growth through long-term mutualistic symbiosis with plants. The objective of this study is to screen and identify rhizosphere growth-promoting actinomycetes from soybean rhizosphere soil and clarify their growth-promoting mechanisms, and to lay a foundation for the development and utilization of microbial agents. 【Method】Different actinomycetes were collected using soil dilution coating method and plate streak inoculation method. The growth-promoting characteristics of isolates were analyzed using phosphorus solubilization, potassium solubilization, and siderophore assay media. Through microscopic observation, physiological and biochemical experiments, and multi-gene sequence analysis, the target growth-promoting actinomycetes were identified. Different salt concentrations (0-10%) were set to determine the salt tolerance of the target isolate. The growth-promoting ability of the isolate on soybean seedlings was detected by pot experiments and whether spraying the culture medium of the isolate under salt stress conditions could improve the stress resistance of soybean plants was evaluated. 【Result】Thirteen PGPR isolates were screened and obtained. Among then, the Sg-7 isolate not only had strong abilities to dissolve phosphorus, potassium, siderophore, and IAA production, but also effectively antagonized Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). Based on morphological characteristics, biochemical, and multi-gene analyses, the soybean rhizosphere growth-promoting bacterium Sg-7 was identified as Streptomyces griseocarneus. The Sg-7 strain had certain salt tolerance characteristics, with a maximum tolerance to 7% NaCl salt concentration. Pot experiments showed that the diluted culture fluid after irrigation could effectively promote the germination of soybean seeds and improve growth indicators such as root length, stem diameter, fresh weight, and leaf area. Under 150 mmol·L-1 salt stress, irrigation with a 50× dilution of the Sg-7 culture fluid could effectively enhance SOD enzyme activity of soybean leaf, which was 1.84 times that of the salt stress treatment group. The CAT enzyme activity after irrigation with 100× dilution of culture fluid was 4.33 times higher than that of the salt stress treatment group. The POD enzyme activity after irrigation with 10× dilution of culture fluid was 1.10 times that of the salt stress treatment group. The culture fluid of Sg-7 strain could also enhance the root activity of soybean plants and promote the increase of carotenoid content in leaves to resist stress, which was 3.05 and 1.12 times that of salt stress treatment group, respectively. 【Conclusion】S. griseocarneus Sg-7 strain is a potential plant rhizosphere growth-promoting bacterium with broad development potential and practical application value.

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    Identification and Evaluation of Phenotypic Characters and Genetic Diversity Analysis of 169 Tomato Germplasm Resources
    LI YuShan, XIAO Jing, MA Yue, TIAN Chao, ZHAO LianJia, WANG Fan, SONG Yu, JIANG ChengYao
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3671-3683.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.012
    Abstract569)   HTML17)    PDF (3378KB)(184)       Save

    【Objective】 The phenotypic genetic diversity and taste performance of cultivated and wild tomato germplasm resources from around the world was analyzed, in order to screen specific and high-quality tomato resources, so as to provide the germplasm and theoretical support for the exploration of excellent tomato genes and tomato breeding. 【Method】 A total of 169 tomato resources collected domestically and internationally were used as the research object, and 38 phenotypic traits of them were measured throughout the entire growth period. The genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, and comprehensive evaluation of tomato germplasm phenotypes were conducted through multiple statistical analysis methods, such as genetic diversity index, principal component analysis, weight, systematic clustering, and membership function. 【Result】 The variation coefficient of phenotypic traits in 169 tomato samples ranged from 18% to 368%, and the genetic diversity index ranged from 0.036 to 2.302. There were 26 traits with a genetic diversity index >1, among which the genetic diversity index for mature fruit color was the highest (2.302), indicating that the 169 tomato samples in this study were diverse in type and rich in genetic diversity. Correlation analysis showed that tomatoes with the higher plant height, the more flowers per inflorescence, and the smaller fruits had a higher sugar-to-acid ratio. Principal component analysis showed that 16 phenotypic traits (single fruit weight, number of ventricles, fruit shoulder shape, fruit shoulder furrows, longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruits, ratio of sugar to acid, soluble solids, cork size, growth habits, plant height, second inflorescence node position, inflorescence type, mature fruit color, number of inflorescence flowers, and plant type) had a relatively large contribution rate to resource variation, and could be used as the main indicator for cluster analysis. The clustering analysis results showed that 169 tomato resources were divided into 10 major groups at a Euclidean distance of 5.0. The first and second groups were Solanum cheesmanii, the third and tenth groups were upright tomatoes with different fruit sizes, the fourth and fifth groups were ordinary large fruit tomatoes with unlimited growth, the sixth group was large fruit tomatoes in the upright type, the seventh and eighth groups were mostly cherry tomatoes and a small number of Solanum Pimpinellifolium, and the ninth group was limited growth large fruit tomatoes. Using the membership function method and weight analysis, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the taste and flavor of tomato fruits. Based on the D-value ranking of the comprehensive evaluation, 10 sweet and sour-tasting Solanum Pimpinellifolium and cherry tomatoes with good taste were selected, and 5 sweet, fleshy, and sandy-soft-tasting large fruit tomato resources were selected. 【Conclusion】 The research results clarified the phenotypic specificity and rich genetic diversity of 169 tomato germplasm resources. Cluster analysis screened out tomato resources specific to each group and used fruit taste-related indicators to screen cherry tomatoes and ordinary large fruit tomato resources for better performance. This study could serve as the theoretical and material basis for the genetic improvement of excellent tomato resources and new variety breeding.

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    A Retrieval System for Great Soil Groups from China’s Provisional Soil Classification System for the 3rd National Soil Census
    LONG HuaiYu, LU ChangAi, JI HongJie, ZHANG RenLian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4264-4275.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.008
    Abstract534)   HTML45)    PDF (482KB)(1104)       Save

    【Objective】The State Council’s Office of the Leading Group for the 3rd National Soil Census released China’s Provisional Soil Classification System for the 3rd National Soil Census (Trial), abbreviated as 3PSC-T, in 2023, without retrieval system, which is unable to address long-standing questions such as “one soil having multiple names” and “different soils sharing the same name”. Therefore, the retrieval system for great soil groups need be built. 【Method】The retrieval indicators for each great soil group were extracted from the soil classification basis in 3PSC-T by using multiple methods, such as referring to existing diagnostic horizons and characteristics, refining existing diagnostic horizons and characteristics, simplifying descriptive statements, and inducting characteristic soil layers. Four principles for retrieval order were set up, which included prioritizing the importance of agriculture, prioritizing ease over difficulty in identification, narrowing down meaning, clustering similar types, and reflecting the spatial evolution and development patterns of soil. 【Result】Consequently, the retrieval system for 62 great soil groups in 3PSC-T was established, and the retrieval order was: 1 Artificial soils, 2 Paddy soils, 3 Vegetable cultivated soils, 4 Irrigation silting soils, 5 Irrigated desert soils, 6 Solonetzs, 7 Frigid plateau solonchaks, 8 Desert solonchaks, 9 Acid sulphate soils, 10 Coastal solonchaks, 11 Meadow solonchaks, 12 Volcanic soils, 13 Frigid frozen soils, 14 Purplish soils, 15 Phospho-calcic soils, 16 Lithosols, 17 Skeletal soils, 18 Takyr, 19 Neo-alluvial soils, 20 Aeolian soils, 21 Loessial soils, 22 Red primitive soils, 23 Limestone soils, 24 Bleached baijiang soils, 25 Podzolic soils, 26 Brown coniferous forest soils, 27 Dark-brown earths, 28 Brown earths, 29 Yellow-brown earths, 30 Yellow-cinnamon soils, 31 Gray forest soils, 32 Black soils, 33 Gray-cinnamon soils, 34 Cinnamon soils, 35 Torrid red soils, 36 Chernozems, 37 Castanozems, 38 Castano-cinnamon soils, 39 Black loessial soils, 40 Brown calcic soils, 41 Sierozems, 42 Gray desert soils, 43 Gray-brown desert soils, 44 Brown desert soils, 45 Mountain meadow soils, 46 Shrubby meadow soils, 47 Shajiang black soils, 48 Meadow soils, 49 Fluvo-aquic soils, 50 Bog soils, 51 Peat soils, 52 Latosols, 53 Latosolic red earths, 54 Red earths, 55 Yellow earths, 56 Dark felty soils, 57 Felty soils, 58 Frigid calcic soils, 59 Cold calcic soils, 60 Cold brown calcic soils, 61 Frigid desert soils, 62 Cold desert soils, and 63 Cambosol. 【Conclusion】It was found that some soil groups in 3PSC-T had overlapping or inclusive associations with one another. This necessitates the creation of a retrieval system to effectively address the issue of “one soil having multiple names” and “different soils sharing the same name”. In general, the majority of the soil groups in 3PSC-T had the ability to provide retrieval indicators through the examination of profile morphology as well as physical and chemical properties of the soil. Nevertheless, the soil groups within the alpine soil order deviated from the classification principles of the overall classification system. This deviation posed challenges in differentiating them based on profile morphology and soil physicochemical properties. Instead, distinguishing these soil groups required consideration of non-soil properties, such as distribution area and altitude. Further efforts were required to enhance the categorization of soil types in 3PSC-T. It is suggested to incorporate specific groups and to establish a new group called Cambosol.

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    Construction of ms1 Basic Recurrent Populations Adapted to Different Ecological Regions Using Maturity Genes E1 and E2 in Soybean
    HU XueJie, LIU LuPing, WANG FengMin, HAN YuHua, SUN BinCheng, MA QiBin, HUANG ZhiPing, FENG Yan, CHEN Qiang, YANG ChunYan, ZHANG MengChen, ZHANG Kai, QIN Jun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3305-3317.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.001
    Abstract481)   HTML48)    PDF (1730KB)(976)       Save

    【Objective】Soybean is a short day crop that is sensitive to photoperiod, and it maybe lead to premature or late flowering when it is planted in different ecological areas. Therefore, in the application of ms1 (male sterility 1) basic population for recurrent selection in different ecological regions, there are problems such as the flowering time unsynchronization between local donor parents and acceptor sterile plants and low introduction rate. The purpose of this study is to construct ms1 basic recurrent population adapted to three ecological regions for improving the probability of flowering time synchronization between donor parents and acceptor sterile plants and reveal the changes of maturity genes E1 and E2 genotypes and phenotype of each population after two rounds of cross-fertilize for providing evidence for improvement of the flowering and maturity time of soybeans.【Method】We used 528 donor parents from different ecological regions and the ms1 basic population as materials. The donor parents were genotyping with the KASP markers of maturity genes E1 and E2 reported by previous research. The donor parents were classified according to E1 and E2 genotypes and mixed with seeds of ms1 basic population respectively, and these populations were planted in different ecological areas according to the suitable genotypes of each region for two rounds of cross-fertilize in two years. Northeast ecological region population was planted in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia and Chengde, Hebei, respectively. Huang-Huai-Hai ecological region population was planted in Shijiazhuang, Hebei and Xuchang, Henan. South ecological region population was planted in Guangzhou, Guangdong. Seeds harvested from different ms1 populations were planted in Sanya, Hainan every winter. The flowering and maturity time of donor parents and ms1 basic population were investigated, and the proportions of E1 and E2 genotypes in populations of different region were calculated.【Result】According to genotypes of maturity genes E1 and E2, the donor parents were divided into four groups E1E1/E2E2, E1E1/e2e2, e1e1/E2E2 and e1e1/e2e2 with ratios of 12.1%, 65.0%, 19.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. In the ms1 basic population, the late flowering genotype E1E1/E2E2 had the highest proportion (48.6%), and the flowering time of the population was late, mainly concentrated in 45-51 days. After two rounds of import by cross-fertilize, the percentage of target genotype e1e1/e2e2 increased from 33.0% to 51.6% in Hulunbuir of Northeast China, and the percentage of the e1e1/e2e2 genotype increased from 1.6% to 8% in Chengde. The percentage of target genotype e1e1/E2E2 increased from 18% to 23.1% in Shijiazhuang of Huang-Huai-Hai ecological area, and the percentage of E1E1/e2e2 increased from 12.5% to 30% in Xuchang, respectively. The percentage of E1E1/E2E2 remains above 80% in Guangzhou of South ecological region. The proportion of heterozygous genotypes of target imported genotypes was also increasing in the population. After two rounds of cross-fertilize, there were significant differences in flowering time among ms1 populations of different ecological regions, indicating that phenotypes of different populations also changed with the change of genotype of flowering genes.【Conclusion】Importing genotype of donor parents into the ms1 population based on their genotypes of flowering genes can increase the frequency of suitable genotypes in each ecological region, construct ms1 basic recurrent populations adapted to different ecological regions, increase the probability of flower time synchronization of local donor parents and acceptor ms1 sterile plants, achieve open pollination, gene aggregation and accumulation in soybean, and enrich the genetic diversity of the population, further improve breeding efficiency.

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    Effects of Soil Film Tillage on Soil and Crop in Farmland
    YANG ShiQi, YAN Xin, HAN Yu
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 3010-3022.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.008
    Abstract471)   HTML49)    PDF (1317KB)(229)       Save

    Objective】To make clear the agricultural productive value of soil film tillage, the effects of soil film tillage on soil moisture, temperature and nutrient changes in farmland were explored, and the effects of soil film on crop root growth and yield were revealed too, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the application of soil film.【Method】Soil film was induced by spraying a 1.0% concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH4) aqueous solution, and the field experiment was conducted with five treatments, including 0 (CK), 50.0 (T1), 100.0 (T2), 200.0 (T3), and 300.0 kg·hm-2 (T4). The effects of CMC-NH4 application rate on soil moisture, temperature, nutrients, microorganisms, crop roots and yield in multiple cropping of spring wheat and summer maize were studied.【Result】Soil film treatment of spring wheat and summer maize could increase average daily soil moisture content by 3.3%-7.0% (P<0.05, the same as below) and 1.9%-6.1%, average daily temperature by 7.9%-12.6% and 5.6%-11.7%, contribution of soil accumulated temperature of growth period by 88.98-141.94 ℃ and 60.25-136.65 ℃, root length of 0-30 cm soil layer by 37.5%-17.1% and 11.2%-1.7%, root surface area of 0-30 cm soil layer by 15.3%-4.5% and 12.5%-9.2%, respectively, and root biomass (dry weight) in 0-30 cm soil layer were enhanced by 17.0%-41.5% and 30.9%-36.7%, respectively. Finally, the grain yield of spring wheat per unit area was increased by 7.3%-18.8% and above-ground dry weight of summer maize per unit area was increased by 33.6%-49.0%. and the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as soil microbial diversity were improved too. 【Conclusion】As a novel type of soil tillage, soil film had the function of farmland coverage, which greatly contributed to improve soil hydrothermal environment, and promote nutrient absorption and utilization, root growth and crop yield. At the same time, soil film produced the important technique and method to make the better plough layer structure that is “compact surface, loose top and tight bottom of plough layer”, which would support the improvement of crop productivity, farmland soil amendment and agricultural high-quality development. In this study, the recommended application rate was 100.0 kg·hm-2 in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area.

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    Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Aggregate Stability and Its Driving Factors in Black Soil and Brown Soil
    LI TianJiao, ZHANG NaiYu, SHEN WenYan, SONG TianHao, LIU HongFang, LIU XiaoYan, ZHANG XiuZhi, PENG Chang, YANG JinFeng, ZHANG ShuXiang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3835-3847.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.010
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    【Objective】 The effects of long-term different fertilization practices on aggregate distribution and stability of two typical soils (black soil and brown soil) in the black soil area were compared, and the key factors affecting aggregate stability were explored to provide the theoretical support for alleviating soil structural degradation. 【Method】 Based on a 34-year long-term positioning experiment in black soil and a 45-year long-term positioning experiment in brown soil, soil samples of 0-20 cm were collected by selecting the common fertilization treatments: no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM), as well as the special treatments of chemical fertilizer plus straw (NPKS) in black soil and manure (M) in brown soil. Soil chemical properties were determined and soil aggregates were sieved by wet-sieving procedure. 【Result】 Compared with CK, the proportion of microaggregates (>0.25 mm) under the NPK treatment in black soil and brown soil was significantly reduced by 8.6% and 11.3%, respectively, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was significantly reduced by 18.6% and 10.7%, respectively, indicating that the stability of aggregates in black soil and brown soil was significantly reduced by chemical fertilizer alone. The MWD under the NPKM and M treatments in brown soil increased significantly by 44.2% and 17.9%, respectively, whereas that had not noticeably changed under the NPKM treatment and significantly increased by 11.8% under the NPKS treatment in black soil, indicating that the application of pig manure in brown soil and straw return in black soil were important measures to improve aggregate stability. The stability of soil aggregates was mainly affected by soil chemical properties. NPK resulted in the decrease of pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg ions in black soil and brown soil, which hindered the formation and stability of microaggregates. The application of organic fertilizers (M, NPKM, NPKS) inhibited the decrease of soil pH, increased the content of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), and promoted the association of organic carbon with Fe/Al oxides and Ca/Mg ions, which accelerated the aggregation process of soil particles, maintaining and improving the stability of aggregates. The comprehensive analysis showed that the factors affecting the stability of black soil aggregates were chelated Al (Alp), Ca2+, POC, pH and MAOC in order from the largest to the smallest, among which the stability of black soil aggregates was significantly negatively correlated with Alp and positively correlated with other factors. The key factors affecting the stability of brown soil aggregates were POC, chelated Fe (Fep), pH, Mg2+, Ca2+, amorphous Al (Alo), Alp and amorphous Fe (Feo) in order from the largest to the smallest, among which the stability of brown soil aggregates was significantly negatively correlated with Alo and Feo and positively correlated with other factors. 【Conclusion】 The application of organic fertilizers (pig manure, straw return) could mainly increase the contents of soil POC and Ca2+, inhibit soil acidification, and improve the stability of aggregates in black soil and brown soil, which were important fertilization practices to delay the degradation of soil structure in black soil areas.

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    Research Progress on Seed Shattering of Rice
    LÜ ShuWei, TANG Xuan, LI Chen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.001
    Abstract435)   HTML76)    PDF (2046KB)(901)       Save

    Seed shattering is a major factor limiting rice production, and breeding new rice varieties with moderate seed shattering is a key challenge faced by rice breeders worldwide. Rice is the most important cereal crop in China, plays a vital role for national food security. Seed shattering is one of the most important traits during rice domestication, and the abscission zone is the important region to control seed shattering. Compared with wild rice, cultivar has eliminated the seed shattering with partially developed abscission layer. Seed shattering not only has a direct impact on the yield, but also affects the way of its mechanical harvest. In order to breed rice varieties with moderate seed shattering in agricultural production, it is necessary to mine and utilize important seed shattering genes and introduce them into excellent rice varieties for genetic improvement, so as to breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering. Several seed shattering genes had been identified by map-based cloning, such as SH4/SHA1, qSH1, OsSh1/ObSH3, and their functional mechanisms had been analyzed. At the same time, new rice materials with moderate seed shattering have been successfully developed through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, gamma ray mutagenesis technology and gene introduction methods. Seed shattering has an important effect on grain yield and rice harvesting methods, in this paper, we reviewed the methods, physiologic basis, the identification of seed shattering genes and genetic mechanism of seed shattering in rice. At the same time, it is proposed that by using the important genes in excellent rice germplasm resources, could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of rice seed shattering, and breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering.

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    QTL Mapping and Candidate Gene Screening for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Maize
    HAN XuDong, YANG ChuanQi, ZHANG Qing, LI YaWei, YANG XiaXia, HE JiaTian, XUE JiQuan, ZHANG XingHua, XU ShuTu, LIU JianChao
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4175-4191.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.002
    Abstract416)   HTML34)    PDF (7416KB)(358)       Save

    【Objective】Genetic improvement for efficient utilization of maize nutrients represents a crucial method to ensure national food security. Exploring quantitative trait locus (QTL) and related candidate genes of nitrogen use efficiency can provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in maize and cultivating high-yield and high-efficiency maize varieties. 【Method】In this study, QTL mapping analysis in one recombinant inbred line (RIL) population constructed by KA105 and KB024 was performed for grain yield under two different nitrogen treatments, including the derived traits partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PFPN), low nitrogen tolerance coefficient (LNTC) and nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE). Concurrently, integrating the seedling transcriptome data of the parent KA105 under nitrogen treatment, differentially expressed genes were identified, and candidate genes associated with maize nitrogen use efficiency were mined through co-expression analysis. Subsequently, the selected candidate genes were validated using qRT-PCR. 【Result】Through mapping analysis, a total of 36 QTLs distributed across different chromosomes were detected, explaining 1.63% to 17.26% of the phenotypic variation. Among these, eight major QTLs with a phenotypic variation explanation rate exceeding 10% were identified, along with seven genetically stable QTLs commonly identified across different traits or environments. Notably, qNNGYP1 located on chromosome 1 has been repeatedly detected in previous studies, with a phenotypic explanation rate of up to 11.73%. Additionally, other QTLs (qNNGYP1, qPFPN1) co-located in this interval across different environments, suggesting it as a focal region for further investigation. Combining transcriptome data of seedlings under low nitrogen stress, 39 differentially expressed genes within these QTL intervals were identified, and 6 key genes were identified through co-expression network prediction. The result of qRT-PCR indicated that the expression trends of the candidate genes under both nitrogen treatments were consistent with the transcriptome data. Specifically, GRMZM2G366873 was involved in the regulation of auxin homeostasis and may participate in maize responses to low nitrogen stress, drought stress, and boron stress through auxin signal transduction, also regulating ear length. GRMZM2G414192 was involved in the response of the photosynthetic system to low nitrogen stress and was regulated by brassinosteroids. GRMZM2G414043 was associated with maize grain length and biomass, while GRMZM2G040642 may be involved in the long-distance signal transduction of nitrogen. 【Conclusion】In summary, a total of 36 QTLs were identified, distributed across chromosomes 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9, including eight major QTLs (PVE>10%). The candidate genes GRMZM2G366873, GRMZM2G414192, GRMZM2G414043, and GRMZM2G040642 were identified as potential genes for maize nitrogen efficiency.

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    An EIN3/EIL Family Gene, ZmEIL9 Regulates Grain Development in Maize
    ZHU JunJie, ZHANG XinYue, PAN MengYing, ZHANG JingWen, ZHENG Qi, LI YuLing, DONG YongBin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3522-3532.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.002
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    【Objective】 Grain size and weight are the important factors affecting the yield of maize. The EIN3/EIL gene family is a sort of key transcription factors in the ethylene signaling transduction pathway, and the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the EIN3/EIL gene ZmEIL9 were analyzed in maize kernel development to elucidate its molecular mechanisms.【Method】 The expression patterns of ZmEIL9 in maize kernel at different developmental stages were analyzed by bioinformatics and RT-qPCR. The multiple sequence alignment of ZmEIL9 and its homologs from different species was performed, and the phylogenetic trees was constructed based on the neighbor-joining method. The sequence characteristics of ZmEIL9 protein were analyzed, and subcellular localization of ZmEIL9 was performed. The insertion mutants of Mu transposon and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants of ZmEIL9 were screened, and the agronomic traits including grain filling rate, storage substances such as starch granule and protein content were analyzed. 【Result】 According to the members of EIN3/EIL family in maize, phylogenetic trees showed that ZmEIL9 was closely related to ZmEIL1 and SbEIL1. In the transcriptomic database of maize inbred line B73, the expression levels of ZmEIL9 were higher in the grain at early and late developmental stages. However, the expression levels were higher in inbred line N04 at the middle and late developmental stages. ZmEIL9 encoded 644 amino acids in the inbred lines Dan232 and N04, while its homolog in inbred line B73 has 642 amino acids. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that ZmEIL9 was localized in nucleus. The ZmEIL9 mutants with different Mu transposon insertion sites and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants with amino acid frameshift mutations were obtained, respectively. The plant height, grain length, and 100-grain weight of Mu mutants and knockout mutants were significantly lower than those of its wild counterpart. The grain dry weights at different developmental stages were also analyzed, and the grain filling rates of Zmeil9 mutant were lower than those of the wild type. The starch granules of Zmeil9 mutant were significantly smaller and had an irregular shape based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The contents of total starch and the concentration of zein protein in the Zmeil9 mutant were significantly lower than those in the control. 【Conclusion】ZmEIL9 plays an important regulatory role in the kernel development of maize.

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    Interactive Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Plant Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Two Maize Cultivars
    TIAN LongBing, SHEN ZhaoYin, ZHAO XiaoTian, ZHANG Fang, HOU WenFeng, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4221-4237.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.005
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    【Objective】Reasonably increasing planting density combined with appropriate nitrogen (N) application rate is an important technical approach for increasing maize yield and resource use efficiency. Understanding the interactive effects of planting density and N rate on maize growth, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) during the growing season, could provide a basis for improving its use efficiency when increasing planting density and controlling N input in maize production. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted during 2022 to 2023 in Jilin Province. Two maize cultivars, Liangyu 99 (LY99) and Demeiya 3 (DMY3), were used in this study. Three planting densities of 50 000, 70 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2 and four N application rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N·hm-2 were designed to investigate the effects of planting density and N application rate on grain yield and water productivity of different maize cultivars, as well as the dry matter (DM), soil water content, ET and WUE at various growth stages. 【Result】Planting density significantly affected DM and grain yield of maize, but the response trends varied between cultivars. Grain yields of LY99 with 70 000 plants/hm2 was 11.1% and 18.3% higher than that with 50 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2, respectively. The average yield of DMY3 planted with 70 000 plants/hm2 and 90 000 plants/hm2 was 10.5% and 9.3% higher than that of 50 000 plants/hm2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased DM and grain yield of maize, and also showed significant interactive effects with cultivar or planting density. Compared with N0, grain yields of LY99 were increased by 38.0% to 60.7% under N1, and the yield increases for DMY3 were 24.4% to 38.2%. Notably, the yield responses to N rates were more pronounced for LY99 compared with DMY3. For both cultivars, the yield differences between low N rate and high N rate enlarged with increasing planting density, with LY99 showing a more distinct performance. The water consumption and utilization of maize plants were also significantly affected by planting density, N rate and their interaction. During the growing season, the total ET of DMY3 continually increased with increasing density, while that of LY99 showed the highest values with 70 000 plants/hm2 among different densities. In each density condition, the ET of both cultivars increased with increasing N application rates. The WUE of maize plants showed complex responses to planting density and N rate at different growth stages, due to the varied annual precipitation and distribution patterns. The average increase of water productivity of LY99 under planting 50 000 and 70 000 plants/hm2 was 8.6% and 10.4% compared with 90 000 plants/hm2 respectively. DMY3 had the highest water productivity when planting 70 000 plants/hm2, which increased by 5.8% and 5.3% compared with 50 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2, respectively. The water productivity showed different responses to N rate among the three densities. In general, the difference of nitrogen application under low density was small, but it increased significantly under medium and high density. Compared wtih DMY3, LY99 showed higher increases for water productivity when N fertilizer was applied under medium and high density conditions. The correlation analysis showed that interactive effects of planting density and N rate significantly affected maize yield and water productivity by influencing the water utilization at various growth stages. 【Conclusion】Planting density and N rate had significant interactive effects on maize yield and water utilization in the rain-fed region of Northeast China. The two maize cultivars used in this study could obtain high grain yield and water productivity under a moderately higher density of 70 000 plants/hm2 combined with 200 kg N·hm-2 rate.

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    Development and Identification of Molecular Markers for Oil-Related Functional Genes and Polymerization Analysis of Excellent Alleles in Soybean
    WU ChuanLei, HU XiaoYu, WANG Wei, MIAO Long, BAI PengYu, WANG GuoJi, LI Na, SHU Kuo, QIU LiJuan, WANG XiaoBo
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4402-4415.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.002
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    【Objective】Polymerizing soybean high oil genotypes aims at breeding varieties with higher oil content to improve economic efficiency and nutritional value. It is of great significance to increase agricultural output, reduce processing costs and meet global demand for vegetable oil growth.【Method】Glyma.18G027100 C2 gene family was identified by bioinformatic analysis method at the whole genome level. A total of 66 soybean C2 gene family members were identified, named GmC2-01.1-GmC2-20.2 according to chromosome position. Tissue pattern analysis revealed that 7 genes were highly expressed in grains among 66 C2 family genes (GmC2-03.6, GmC2-02.7, GmC2-07.2, GmC2-18.1, GmC2-18.4, GmC2-19.1 and GmC2-20.2). In order to analyze the effect sites of these genes on soybean oil content, SNP sites in the coding regions of these genes were obtained from SFGB database. Correlation analysis of oil content in two years showed that GmC2-18.1 has SNP loci that significantly affect oil content. The genetic diversity of GmC2-18.1 coding region was analyzed by 12 extreme materials. There was a G/A mutation at 2 038 273 bp in coding region of Wm82.a2.v1 version, which regulated seed oil content. It was preliminarily speculated that this gene played a role in seed development or nutrient accumulation. Then, SNP/InDel molecular markers were developed for GmC2-18.1-G/A gene combined with InDel natural allelic variation site 225 bp upstream of the start codon of GmSWEET39, T/C natural allelic variation site at 8 381 058 bp in coding region of GmST1, A/C natural allelic variation site at the third exon of 41 854 422 bp in coding region of GmMFT. 1 200 soybean germplasm resources from three ecological regions in China were identified by markers in 2 years.【Result】Analysis of variance showed that GmC2-18.1-G, GmSWEET39-Deletion, GmST1-T and GmMFT-A significantly increased oil content by 1.72, 1.95, 1.58 and 2.06 percentage points (P<0.01). The results showed that the average oil content of soybean seeds carrying GmC2-18.1-G, GmSWEET39-Deletion, GmST1-T and GmMFT-A high-oil allele type (PFAT-1) was 22.89%, which increased by about 4.5% compared with that carrying GmC2-18.1-A, GmSWEET39-Insertion, GmST1-C and GmMFT-C low-oil allele type (PFAT-14). 5 percentage points, the contribution rate to oil content is about 21.69%. 【Conclusion】Based on the markers developed above, 115 PFAT-1 high oil alleles were screened.

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    Aroma Quality Analysis of Guangdongxiangshui Lemon Based on Molecular Sensory Technology
    ZHANG SiNing, ZHANG XingRui, WU DongXuan, KANG JingBo, CHEN XiaoLin, GENG LiJun, YIN GuangMin, CHEN JiaJing, GAO JunYan, CAI ZhongHu, LIU Yuan, XU Juan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 141-155.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.011
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    【Objective】Tea drinks made from Guangdongxiangshui lemon is popular among consumers, but its aroma profile, main aroma-active compounds and corresponding key biosynthesis genes still need to be analyzed. In this study, integrated molecular sensory technology including metabolomics and sensory evaluation was used to explore the material basis and corresponding key genes for the aroma quality of Guangdongxiangshui lemon, aiming at laying a foundation of the citrus aroma quality. 【Method】The volatiles of Guangdongxiangshui lemon from three areas, including Weishan, Yunfu and Wuzhou, were detected via GC-MS, and the aroma quality were evaluated by sensory evaluation panels. The aroma active compounds of Guangdongxiangshui lemon were identified by GC/O-MS combined with aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), aroma activity value (OAV) analysis and aroma recombination experiment, and then the characteristic aroma compounds were further identified. Based on gene family analysis, the genes related to aroma formation were illustrated. 【Result】A total of 40, 21 and 33 volatiles were identified in the flavedo, pulp and slices of Guangdongxiangshui lemon, respectively. The samples with the highest volatile content in flavedo and pulp tissues were from Weishan and Yunfu, respectively. In terms of aroma attributes, the aroma intensity of Guangdongxiangshui lemon slices from Weishan and Yunfu was significantly higher than that of Wuzhou. The whole fruit aroma quality of samples from Wuzhou was better than that of samples from other origins. Solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and other methods were used to extract the essential oil of Guangdongxiangshui lemon in Weishan, and 25 aroma active compounds were identified. Combined with OAV analysis and aroma recombination experiments, citronellal and citral were further identified as its characteristic aroma compounds, and the aroma flavor wheel was further constructed. Based on the conserved domain and Blast comparison, 52 terpene synthase (TPS) genes were identified in Guangdongxiangshui lemon genome, which might be involved in the aroma compounds synthesis. 【Conclusion】The volatile spectrum and sensory evaluation showed that the aroma quality of Guangdongxiangshui lemon slices from Weishan were outstanding. A total of 25 aroma active compounds were identified. Among them, citronellal and citral were the characteristic aroma compounds of Guangdongxiangshui lemon, while d-limonene provided a background aroma. Combined with quantitative descriptive analysis and odor note collected via GC/O-MS, the aroma wheel of Guangdongxiangshui lemon was constructed with 15 aroma descriptors in 6 categories, including ‘fruity’ ‘woody’ ‘medicinal’ ‘spicy’ ‘floral’ and ‘grassy’. Furthermore, 52 TPS genes were mined in Guangdongxiangshui lemon genome, which might participate in the aroma compounds synthesis.

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    Cloning and Heat Tolerance Function of Wheat TaGRAS34-5A Gene
    DIAO DengChao, LI YunLi, MENG XiangYu, JI SongHan, SUN YuChen, MA XueHong, LI Jie, FENG YongJia, LI ChunLian, WU JianHui, ZENG QingDong, HAN DeJun, $\boxed{\hbox{WANG ChangFa}}$, ZHENG WeiJun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 617-634.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.001
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    【Objective】The GRAS family constitutes a unique class of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant development and stress response. To elucidate the function of GRAS family genes in wheat heat tolerance,which can provide genetic resources and theoretical foundation for wheat heat-resistant breeding.【Method】A potential heat stress-responsive transcription factor gene, TaGRAS34-5A, was identified through transcriptome analysis of TAM107 and Chinese spring wheat seedlings under high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis was performed on TaGRAS34-5A, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate its molecular characteristics. The expression pattern of TaGRAS34-5A under various stresses, including high temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The subcellular localization of the TaGRAS34-5A protein was determined using wheat protoplast transient expression technique. Furthermore, the heat tolerance function of TaGRAS34-5A was validated using the heterologous expression system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the BSMV:VIGS (Barley stripe mosaic virus: Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) silencing technique. potential interacting proteins of TaGRAS34-5A were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology, and the heat tolerance function was verified, providing preliminary insights into its heat tolerance mechanism.【Result】TaGRAS34-5A, equipped with a characteristic GRAS domain and belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family, is localized to both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the TaGRAS34-5A promoter contains a large number of hormone response elements and light response elements, and it is most closely related to TaSCL14, OsGRAS23, and AtSCL14 in terms of phylogenetic relationships, suggesting its potential function in responding to oxidative stress. Its expression is upregulated under high-temperature, ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, peaking at 4, 6, 0.5, and 12 hours post-treatment, respectively, with the most significant induction observed under heat stress and SA. Functional assays in yeast demonstrated that heterologous expression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of the yeast. The results of BSMV:VIGS transient silencing experiment showed that after the 42 ℃ high-temperature treatment, TaGRAS34-5A silenced plants exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, reduced POD enzyme activity, increased cellular peroxidation, and decreased heat tolerance compared to the control. Preliminary studies on the heat tolerance mechanism suggest that TaGRAS34-5A exhibits strong transcriptional self-activation activity.it may modulate wheat heat tolerance by interacting with proteins such as the bZIP family transcription factor HBP-1b and the E3 ubiquitin ligase hel2, thereby regulating cellular redox homeostasis and detoxification processes, positively influencing the heat tolerance of wheat.【Conclusion】TaGRAS34-5A is induced by heat, ABA, ETH, and SA, and its encoded protein is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silencing TaGRAS34-5A in wheat plants increases cellular peroxidation, decreases chlorophyll content, and reduces heat tolerance. TaGRAS34-5A may regulate the heat tolerance of wheat by modulating cellular redox state and detoxification processes.

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    Genetic Composition Analysis of a New High Quality and High Yield Wheat Cultivar Taikemai33
    QI XiaoLei, WANG Jun, LÜ GuangDe, MU QiuHuan, MI Yong, SUN YingYing, YIN XunDong, QIAN ZhaoGuo, WANG RuiXia, WU Ke
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4391-4401.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.001
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    【Objective】Taikemai33, derived from a cross between Zhengmai366 and Huaiyin9908, is a new released wheat cultivar with high quality, high yield, and excellent disease resistance, which has a broad genetic base, and a high potential for application in wheat production. The objective of this study is to dissect the genetic composition of Taikemai33 to provide information for parental selection to use this cultivar to develop more new wheat cultivars. 【Method】Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents including Zhengmai366, Huaiyin9908, Yumai47, PH82-2-2, Yumai13, Yumai 2 hao, Bainong3217, Yanda24, Xiannong39, Fengchan 3 hao and Funo were screened using the 55K wheat SNP chip to dissect the genomic composition of Taikemai33 to evaluate the genetic contributions of each parental line to Taikemai33. 【Result】The similarity coefficient between Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents ranged from 0.72 to 0.93, and the genetic composition of Taikemai33 was highly similar to Zhengmai366, the pedigree mother parent, with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.93. SNP marker analysis showed that the pedigree parents contributed different proportion to the genome of Taikemai33, with the pedigree mother contributed 66.57%, whereas the pedigree father contributed 33.43%, indicating that Taikemai 33 inherits more genetic materials from the maternal lineage. Furthermore, the pedigree mother contributed 71.0%, 85.0% and 49.4% to subgenome A, B and D of Taikeimai33, whereas those were 29.0%, 15.0% and 50.6% contributed by the pedigree father. For each chromosome, the pedigree mother contributed more on chromosome 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 7A, 1B to 7B, 1D and 2D, whereas the pedigree father contributed more on chromosome 5A, 4D, 6D and 7D. The contributions of the pedigree parents on 6A, 3D and 5D were equal. Taikemai33 genotype map showed that the contribution loci of the pedigree mother were distributed in clusters on chromosome 1A, 5A, 7A, 2B, 7B, 2D, with those from the pedigree father were on chromosome 4A, 5A, 6D, 7D. Interestingly, among the polymorphic SNP loci, between Zhenmai366 and Huaiyin9908, Taikemai33 showed 109 loci that were absent in both parents, distributing on 19 chromosomes except 1A and 6A. Chromosome 4A, 2B, 6B and 7D of Taikemai33 confer most of the polymorphic SNPs in clusters with cluster number of 10, 9, 11, and 9. 【Conclusion】We constructed the genotype map and dissected the genetic composition of Taikemai33, determined the loci contributed by the pedigree parents and identified that Taikemai33 inherited more genetic materials from the pedigree mother and conferring some specific loci different with the pedigree parents.

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    Yield Gain Analysis of Wheat Varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020
    LUO JiangTao, ZHENG JianMin, DENG QingYan, LIU PeiXun, PU ZongJun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 3945-3956.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.001
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    【Objective】Analyzing the yield and yield related traits of Sichuan wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020, providing reference for genetic improvement of yield in Sichuan wheat varieties. 【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a community trial design was used to measure the yield and related traits of 145 wheat varieties in Sichuan Province since 2001 to 2016, as well as 60 high-yield wheat varieties (Varieties with top yields in regional trials in Sichuan Province over the years) since 2000 to 2020. This data was used to analyze the trend of yield and yield related trait changes in Sichuan wheat cultivars cultivated from 2000 to 2020. 【Result】145 Sichuan wheat varieties from 2001 to 2016 have an average annual genetic gain of 37.20 kg·hm-2 or 0.66% in yield. Grain number per spike and effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, while thousand grain weight and plant height showed a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that effective spike number per unit area was positively correlated with yield. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase of effective spike number per unit area (annual increase 0.42×104/hm2 or 0.13%) was the main factor for the increase of yield potential of high-yielding varieties. The average annual yield genetic gain of 60 high-yield wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020 was 61.10 kg·hm-2 or 0.89%, the effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, the plant height showed a decreasing trend, and the grain number per spike and thousand grain weight had almost no change. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and the number of effective ears per unit area. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase in effective spike number per unit area (with an average annual increase of 1.80×104/hm2 or 0.51%) was also a major factor in improving the yield potential of 60 high-yield wheat varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020. 【Conclusion】The improvement and breeding of wheat yield heritage in Sichuan Province has made some progress, especially the improvement effect of high yield breeding is remarkable, and the yield level of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province is gradually increasing. The continuous increase in effective ears per unit area was the main factor for improving the yield potential of Sichuan wheat varieties. High grain number per spike and thousand grain weight are important foundations for high yield in Sichuan wheat, but their genetic improvement is in a bottleneck period. Increasing the effective spike number per unit area is the key to furtherly improve the yield of wheat in Sichuan.

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    Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits
    WENG WenAn, XING ZhiPeng, HU Qun, WEI HaiYan, SHI YangJie, XI XiaoBo, LI XiuLi, LIU GuiYun, CHEN Juan, YUAN FengPing, MENG Yi, LIAO Ping, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3350-3365.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.004
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    【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency unmanned dry direct-seeded (UDDS) cultivation technology of rice.【Method】Medium-maturing medium japonica rice (Nanjing 5718) was selected as the experimental material, with unmanned carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (UCSMT), and conventional carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (CSMT) serving as control methods. A three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of UDDS on growth, yield formation, quality characteristics of rice, and its economic benefits.【Result】(1) Although UDDS was carried out with 2-3 days earlier than the control, it exhibited a full growth cycle that was 12-13 days shorter than those of UCSMT and CSMT, primarily due to the shortened period from sowing to jointing stage. (2) The average yield under UDDS from 2020 to 2022 was 10.5 t·hm-2, representing a 3.0% increase than that of CSMT, although this difference was not statistically significant. In comparison with UCSMT, UDDS exhibited a significant yield reduction of 5.4%, and this decrease could be attributed to a reduction in the spikelet number per panicle, resulting in fewer total spikelet numbers and a decrease in dry matter accumulation and transport capacity from heading to maturity. (3) Compared with CSMT, UDDS exhibited slightly reduced processing quality, amylose, and protein contents, with no significant differences were observed. However, the significant reductions in chalkiness percentage and degree were noted, while the taste value increased, though not significantly. Compared with UCSMT, UDDS demonstrated a significant decrease in head milled rice rate, chalkiness percentage, degree, and amylose content, and protein content also decreased, though not significantly. Additionally, UDDS exhibited higher RVA peak viscosity and a significant improvement in taste value. (4) Under the UDDS mode, the cost of rice planting decreased, and the net income increased by 1.15 × 103 yuan·hm-2 and 0.93 × 103 yuan·hm-2, than that under UCSMT and CSMT, respectively.【Conclusion】In the rice-wheat rotation system, UDDS realized the synergy of high yield and income increase, and improved the appearance quality and cooking and eating quality of rice, the UDDS cultivation technology should be optimized in terms of improving the total spikelet number, accumulation and translocation of dry matter during filling stage, thereby getting the goals of high rice yield, great quality, and efficient synergy, simultaneously.

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    Optimization and Application of Rapid Evaluation System for Citrus Huanglongbing Resistance Mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes
    CAO Peng, ZHOU JinHuan, WANG XinLiang, LI ChuXin, LI JiaXIN, JIANG Pei, LIU JinXiang, SONG Zhen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (16): 3182-3191.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.007
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    【Objective】Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive citrus disease primarily caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The objective of this research is to investigate the growth pattern of CLas in citrus hairy roots at the initial stage of infection, optimize the rapid evaluation system of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated HLB resistance and apply it to the resistance evaluation of antimicrobial peptides.【Method】A plant expression vector, pGNGM1300, was employed to transform different citrus varieties via the hairy root transformation system, which was mediated by A. rhizogenes K599. Subsequently, varieties with rapid induction and high transformation rate were then selected. Following inoculation with CLas, the presence of CLas in hairy roots was consistently demonstrated through the use of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), which allowed for the monitoring of its growth pattern. Further, the optimization of the HLB resistance evaluation system permitted the HLB resistance evaluation of antimicrobial peptides to be conducted via (RT-) qPCR analysis of CLas and related genes, quantification of callose deposition, microstructure observation, and symptom assessment.【Result】Among the 11 tested citrus varieties, citron (Citrus medica) exhibited the fastest induction of hairy roots (15 d), accompanied by the highest induction rate (73.75%) and a substantial transgene positivity rate (53.54%) in hairy roots. The results of regular qPCR monitoring indicated that CLas began to colonize roots on 20-30 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 30-50 dpi, there was a notable increase in the CLas content. The content of the CLas exhibited a slight fluctuation at a range of 60 to 120 dpi, though the discrepancy with 50 dpi was not statistically significant. The results of the antimicrobial peptide resistance evaluation, conducted on MaSAMP (stable antimicrobial peptide), HBD-4 (homo sapiens defensin beta 4), and CB (cecropin B), revealed that at 50-120 dpi, the content of CLas in both MaSAMP- and CB-expressing plants was significantly lower than that of the control. However, except that at 90 dpi, the CLas content was also significantly lower in HBD-4-expressing plants than the control. The callose content in all three plants expressing antimicrobial peptides was significantly lower than that of the control (60 dpi). There was no visible cell wall thickening in the phloem, and no significant deposition of starch grains or callus was observed. Furthermore, none of the plants exhibited signs of root death at 90 dpi.【Conclusion】This study elucidates the growth dynamics of CLas in citrus hairy roots during the early stages of infection and optimizes a rapid scoring system for A. rhizogenes-mediated HLB resistance. In addition, the results show that overexpression of MaSAMP, HBD-4 and CB effectively suppresses CLas proliferation, reduces callose deposition and alleviates HLB symptoms. These findings have the potential to be used in the prevention and control of HLB.

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    CRISPR-Cas12a Gene Editing Technology and Its Application in Agricultural Production
    LUO Gang, CHENG YiYi, YANG Wen, XIAO YiMeng, YANG ChengXi
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1434-1450.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.014
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    The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR- Cas) gene editing technology has not only revolutionized life sciences but also catalyzed transformative advancements in agriculture. As a critical branch of the CRISPR system, the CRISPR-Cas12a system exhibits unique molecular characteristics and distinct application potential in biological breeding and disease diagnosis compared to the classical CRISPR-Cas9 system. Unlike the Type II Cas9 system, the Type V Cas12a protein possesses a single RuvC-like nuclease domain, contrasting sharply with the dual HNH-RuvC nuclease domains of Cas9. Cas12a generates staggered double-strand breaks (DSBs) in target DNA while retaining the CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and Cas12a-formed "R-loop". The preservation of this R-loop constitutes the the structural basis for the collateral cleavage activity inherent to the CRISPR-Cas12a system, which underpins its utility in developing nucleic acid and small molecule detection technologies. Recognizing thymine-rich protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs), CRISPR-Cas12a acts as a powerful complement to existing CRISPR-Cas systems. Its crRNA-dependent autonomous processing mechanism, distinct from the tracrRNA-dependent system of Cas9, offers superior advantages in multiplex gene editing. These features have driven breakthroughs in crop genetic improvement, including the successful development of disease-resistant and high-yield commercial crop varieties. In basic research, catalytically inactive Cas12a (dCas12a) fused with transcriptional regulators or epigenetic modifiers enables precise gene expression regulation without inducing DSBs. Furthermore, its integration with isothermal amplification techniques allows for visual disease detection.This review systematically introduced the CRISPR-Cas12a system from multiple perspectives: (1) classification of Type V Cas proteins, (2) mechanistic principles of Cas12a in bacterial immunity, and (3) functional domains of the Cas12a-crRNA complex. A comparative analysis between CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cas9 was conducted across four dimensions: crRNA processing mechanisms, structural-functional features of Cas effectors, editing efficiency, and application scenarios. Additionally, the regulatory systems of CRISPR-dCas12a and CRISPR-dCas9 were evaluated regarding gene expression modulation, epigenetic editing, and base editing. The review also elucidated the molecular detection principles of CRISPR-Cas12a in targeting nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules, as well as its agricultural applications in gene regulation, base editing, pathogen detection, disease diagnosis, and bio-breeding.With the emergence of safer non-DSB- dependent technologies such as prime editing, the CRISPR-Cas12a system was poised to play an increasingly vital role in crop precision breeding, livestock genetic improvement, and rapid clinical diagnostics. These advancemented promise innovative solutions to global food security challenges and infectious disease control, further cementing CRISPR-Cas12a as a cornerstone tool in agricultural biotechnology and molecular medicine.

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    Genome-Wide Identification of Soybean LOX Gene Family and the Effect of GmLOX15A1 Gene Allele on 100-Seed Weight
    WANG Wei, WU ChuanLei, HU XiaoYu, LI JiaJia, BAI PengYu, WANG GuoJi, MIAO Long, WANG XiaoBo
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 10-29.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.002
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    【Objective】Based on whole genome identification and analysis of soybean LOX gene family members, to understand the taxonomic evolutionary relationships of each member, to study the expression specificity of each gene member in different tissues and their response to abiotic stress, which provided a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular characteristics, evolutionary process, and function of the LOX gene family. 【Method】Based on the LOX protein sequences of rice and Arabidopsis species in Ensembl database, BLASTP alignment of homologous LOX protein sequences in soybean whole genome database was performed, and MEGA X software was used to construct a phylogenetic tree; Using website MEME for protein conserved motif analysis; Using online software GSDS 2.0 to analyze gene structure; Using TBtools for chromosome localization drawing; Analyze soybean LOX family replication genes using McscanX; Using the PlantCARE website to predict the promoter elements of soybean LOX gene family; Draw gene expression heatmaps of soybean under different tissues and abiotic stress using TBtools, and develop molecular markers for the excellent allele variant GmLOX15A1-G/A significantly correlated with 100-seed weight.【Result】A total of 43 LOX genes were identified in soybean, unevenly distributed on 13 chromosomes. Collinearity analysis indicates that the GmLOX gene has undergone extensive replication during the evolutionary process. Meanwhile, 39 different types of cis regulatory elements were detected in the LOX gene promoter, indicating that they may be involved in different pathways such as growth and development, light response, stress response, and hormone induction. Expression pattern analysis revealed that the LOX gene has different levels of expression in different tissues of soybean, indicating that members of this family have tissue and spatiotemporal expression specificity. Under drought stress conditions, the GmLOX gene was significantly differentially expressed in soybean roots and leaves (P<0.05). Among them, GmLOX3A3, GmLOX7A1, GmLOX20B1, GmLOX13A1, and GmLOX20A2 were significantly upregulated or downregulated in roots and leaves, suggesting that the GmLOX gene may play an important role in response to stress. At the same time, it was found that GmLOX15A1 is highly expressed in grain tissue and there is an excellent G/A allele variation in the seventh exon of the gene coding region. Molecular markers were developed for this variant site, and the correlation between different haplotypes of GmLOX15A1 and 100-seed weight was analyzed using 1 200 soybean germplasm resources from different ecological regions over a period of 2 years. The results showed that compared to the GmLOX15A1-A genotype, the average 100-seed weight of soybean germplasm carrying the GmLOX15A1-G allele gene increased by 2.33 g (P<0.001). 【Conclusion】A total of 43 members of the LOX family were identified in soybeans, which can be divided into 3 subfamilies. The promoter region of the GmLOX gene contains a large number of cis acting elements that respond to hormones and stress, playing different roles in drought stress response. Among them, GmLOX15A1 is highly expressed in grain tissue and there is an excellent G/A allele variation in the seventh exon of the coding region of this gene. Compared with the GmLOX15A1-A genotype, the average 100-seed weight of soybean germplasm carrying the GmLOX15A1-G allele gene is significantly increased by 2.33 g. This locus can be used as an excellent haplotype for genetic improvement of soybean grain size.

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    The Impact of Diversified Crops and Wheat-Maize Rotations on Soil Quality in the North China Plain
    ZHANG SiJia, YANG Jie, ZHAO Shuai, LI LiWei, WANG GuiYan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 238-251.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.003
    Abstract349)   HTML23)    PDF (2431KB)(230)       Save

    【Objective】Based on the long-term experiment in the North China Plain (NCP), the differences in soil nutrient and aggregate nutrient distribution between diversified crops and wheat-maize rotation systems were investigated. Additionally, it provided a comprehensive evaluation of soil quality indices (SQI), offering a scientific basis for enhancing soil quality and productivity in the NCP. 【Method】Four diversified crop rotation systems were evaluated, including spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize (Psw-WM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize (Pns-WM), spring sorghum-winter wheat-summer maize (Ps-WM), with winter wheat-summer maize (WM-WM) serving as the control. The soil samples from the 0-40 cm depth were collected during the second rotation in 2022, at the flowering and harvesting stages of winter wheat. The soil enzymes activities, aggregate stability, organic matter, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil and aggregates of different sizes (>2.00 mm, 0.50-2.00 mm, 0.25-0.50 mm, and <0.25 mm) were assessed. The SQI for each crop rotation system was then comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】Compared with WM-WM, the three other crop rotations increased soil inorganic nitrogen content. Psw-WM significantly enhanced organic matter in the 0-20 cm layer, total nitrogen in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), and organic matter in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm and 0.50-2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), which also increased cellulase, catalase, and alkaline protease activities. Pns-WM improved organic matter in the 20-40 cm layer and available potassium in soil aggregates (0.25-0.50 mm and >2.00 mm, 10-20 cm), as well as organic matter in soil aggregates (0-10 cm, >2.00 mm and 10-20 cm, >0.50 mm), which also increased sucrase, urease, and alkaline protease activities. Psw-WM improved the stability of 0-10 cm soil aggregates, while Pns-WM improved the stability of 0-30 cm soil aggregates. Both Pns-WM and Psw-WM significantly improved the SQI, with Pns-WM showing a higher improvement than Psw-WM. The path analysis revealed that the average weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was a direct and significant affecting SQI. It also had a significant indirect positive effect on SQI by influencing inorganic nitrogen. Additionally, the increased organic matter led to a higher proportion of large aggregates, which significantly affected SQI indirectly. 【Conclusion】Legume (peanut) and root crop (sweet potato) rotations with wheat-maize rotations could significantly improve soil quality and enhance the soil nutrient supply capacity in the NCP.

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    Effects on Pollen Release Related Traits of the Differential Genotypes Indica by High-Temperature Stress at Anthesis
    DU SiQi, WEN YuLun, NING LiXing, YIN XiaoYu, WANG ShuFen, SONG HaiYan, WANG ZhaoHai, LI WeiXing, LIAO JiangLin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (10): 1867-1877.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.10.001
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    【Objective】 To elucidate the causes of high-temperature stress inducing rice floret infertility, the present study analyzed the effects of high-temperature stresses on pollen release related traits including pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma of the differential genotypes Indica at anthesis. 【Method】Indica germplasms were sown in batches and cultivated in the Nanchang region, Jiangxi Province, China. The rice plants flowering at natural high-temperature environments on early August with 36.5-37.8 ℃ canopy temperature was used as treatments, and the rice plants flowering at suitable environments on middle September with 30.8-32.5 ℃ canopy temperature were used as controls. The pollen release related traits, such as pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma from treatments and controls, were detected and analyzed. 【Result】 After flowering under high-temperature stress, the rice germplasms Jiangxijiansimiao, Yuexiangzhan and Huangguangyouzhan show high-temperature tolerant at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are 91.6%, 89.2% and 87.9%, respectively; while the germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 show high-temperature sensitive at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are just 55.2%, 60.3%, 61.1% and 73.2%, which are very significantly or significantly lower than that of its corresponding controls. Under high-temperature environments, the pollen grain swelling rates for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are just 1.99%, 1.16%, 1.12% and 2.70%, which are very significant smaller than that of its corresponding controls; while the pollen grain swelling rates of the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatment and its corresponding control. Under high-temperature environments, the rates of anther dehiscence length in total anther length for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are respective 66.0%, 45.4%, 48.7% and 63.6%, which are very significantly or significantly shorter than that of the corresponding controls, and the pollen grain residue are obvious more than that of the corresponding controls; while the anther dehiscence length rates and the pollen grain residue from the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. After flowering under high-temperature environments, the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the sensitive germplasms were about 20, which were significant less than that of the controls; while the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the other rice germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. 【Conclusion】 The high-temperature stresses inhibit the pollen grain swelling, effect the anther normal dehiscence, increase the pollen viscidity to impede the pollen grain releasing from anther and decrease the pollen grain number scattering on the stigma, inducing rice floret infertility and decreasing the seed set.

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    Cloning of the Promoters and Analysis of Expression Patterns of Maturity Genes E1 and E2 in Soybean
    LIU LuPing, HU XueJie, QI Jin, CHEN Qiang, LIU Zhi, ZHAO TianTian, SHI XiaoLei, LIU BingQiang, MENG QingMin, ZHANG MengChen, HAN TianFu, YANG ChunYan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 840-850.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.002
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    【Objective】Maturity time is an essential phenotypic measure of ecological adaptability of soybean and an important trait related to its yield formation. The study of promoters and expression patterns of major maturity genes E1 and E2 would provide basis for the study of gene function and molecular regulatory network of maturity time and lay foundation for adaptability improvement and yield increase in soybean.【Method】The promoter sequences of major maturity genes E1 and E2 were analyzed through the promoter cis-element analysis website PlantCARE, and the important regulatory elements were detected. The promoters of E1 and E2 were cloned, the GUS vectors were constructed, and transformation of Arabidopsis was performed to detect GUS activity in different tissues and organs of transgenic plants. Under low light and strong light conditions, the expression levels of E1 and E2 were compared between long day and short day conditions. The expression levels of E1 and E2 were detected in soybean varieties of different maturity groups, which is for the analysis of correlation between expression levels and maturity time of soybean varieties.【Result】Both E1 and E2 promoters contained multiple photoresponsive elements such as AE-box, Box4 and G-box, E1 promoter also contained auxin-response, abolic acid-response elements, and E2 promoter also contained low temperature-response, drought-response elements and meristem expression elements. In GUS activity detection of transgenic Arabidopsis, E1 promoter had strong transcriptional activity in all organs of the plant, and transcriptional activity of E2 promoter in fibrovascular tissues of seedling hypocotyl, leaf and root was relatively strong. Under both low light and strong light conditions, the expression level of E1 was significantly higher in long day than in short day. Under low light conditions, the expression level of E2 was higher in short day than in long day. Under strong light conditions, the expression level of E2 was higher in long day than in short day. With the increase of maturity time of different soybean varieties, expression level of E1 increased gradually, while E2 expression level did not change regularly.【Conclusion】The promoter of E1 gene was a widely expressed promoter, and its expression level was significantly regulated by photoperiod and significantly correlated with the maturity time of soybean varieties. The promoter of E2 was strongly expressed in vascular tissues of various organs, the photoperiodic regulation mode of this gene was different under strong light and low light conditions, and there was no significant correlation between expression level of E2 and maturity time.

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    Analysis of Genome-Wide Methylation Differences and Associated Gene Expression of Sesame Varieties Under High Temperature Stress
    SU XiaoYu, TAN ZhengWei, LI ChunMing, LI Lei, LU DanDan, YU YongLiang, DONG Wei, AN SuFang, YANG Qing, SUN Yao, XU LanJie, YANG HongQi, LIANG HuiZhen
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4825-4838.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.001
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    【Objective】This study aimed to explore the differences in genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and their relationships with associated gene expression in different heat-tolerant sesame varieties under high temperature stress, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in sesame's response to high temperature stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for heat tolerance breeding in sesame. 【Method】Two sesame varieties, Zhengtaizhi 3 (heat-tolerant) and Shandong White Sesame (heat-sensitive), were selected as experimental materials and cultivated under high temperature (41 ℃) and control (30 ℃) conditions for 10 days. Nanopore sequencing technology was used to conduct methylation sequencing of the genomic DNA of these two sesame varieties, and transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze changes in the expression of associated genes. Minimap 2 software was utilized for reference genome sequence alignment, and Tombo software was employed to detect 5mC, CpG, and 6mA methylation sites. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified based on a genome segmentation approach. Finally, functional annotation and pathway analysis of DMR-associated differentially expressed genes (DMR-DEGs) were conducted using GO, COG, and KEGG databases. 【Result】Under high temperature stress, significant changes were observed in the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of both Zhengtaizhi 3 and Shandong White Sesame. Specifically, the m6A and cytosine methylation (mC) contents of Zhengtaizhi 3 increased, while those of Shandong White Sesame decreased. A total of 621 DMRs (Zhengtaizhi 3) and 374 DMRs (Shandong White Sesame) were identified across the entire genome, mainly distributed in promoter and intergenic regions. Further analysis revealed that these DMRs were significantly associated with 113 DMR-DEGs (Zhengtaizhi 3) and 56 DMR-DEGs (Shandong White Sesame), respectively, and that demethylated DMRs were closely related to upregulated gene expression. Functional annotation results indicated that these DMR-DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes such as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, signal transduction, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. 【Conclusion】This study revealed the differences in genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and their relationships with associated gene expression in different heat-tolerant sesame varieties under high temperature stress. Zhengtaizhi 3, a heat-tolerant sesame variety, regulated the expression of related genes by increasing DNA methylation levels under high temperature stress, while Shandong White Sesame, a heat-sensitive variety, exhibited a decreasing trend in methylation levels. In particular, the dynamic changes in CpG site methylation played a crucial role in regulating sesame's response to high temperature stress. These findings provide new insights and theoretical support for understanding the mechanisms of sesame heat tolerance and for heat tolerance breeding.

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    Preliminary Study on Appearance Quality Evaluation of Semi-Waxy Rice in Yangtze River Delta Region
    FAN Peng, YANG TianLe, ZHU ShaoLong, WANG ZhiJie, ZHANG MingYue, WEI HaiYan, LIU GuoDong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (16): 3105-3115.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.16.001
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    【Objective】Due to the cloudy and translucent appearance characteristics of semi-waxy rice, there is a lack of effective evaluation methods in the industry at present. It is necessary to construct an evaluation method for the appearance quality of semi-waxy, and classify the appearance quality of semi-waxy rice, so as to provide technical support for the standardization and development of semi-waxy rice industry. 【Method】In this study, according to GB/T 15682-2008 "Grain and Oil Inspection of rice, Rice cooking and edible quality sensory evaluation method", the appearance quality score of semi-waxy rice was obtained by artificial evaluation method, and various appearance indexes of semi-waxy rice were measured, including chalkiness, transparency, grain type and color space related indexes. Pearson correlation coefficient, max-relevance and min-redundancy, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and intersection feature selection methods were used to analyze the relationship between chalkiness, transparency, grain shape and color space related indicators and the appearance sensory score of semi-waxy rice, and select the core indicators that can determine the appearance quality of semi-waxy rice for constructing and verification of semi-waxy rice appearance evaluation model. Finally, the model was used to estimate the overall appearance quality of semi-waxy rice in the Yangtze River Delta region and graded according to the estimated score. 【Result】Through comparing the estimation accuracy and stability of four models, this study found that the semi-waxy rice appearance evaluation model, represented by the equation Y=5.68+0.17X4+0.19X6-0.03X9-0.12X10, demonstrated the highest accuracy and stability. This model was constructed using chalk rice transparency (X4), overall transparency (X6), chalkiness (X9), and L*(X10), which were selected by the intersection feature selection method. Notably, this model incorporates the fewest number of indicators, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.86 during model validation and a simulated root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.32. After using this model to estimate the appearance of most of the semi-waxy rice in the three rice-growing areas of the Yangtze River Delta, It was found that the appearance scores of the first 20%, 20%-50%, 50%-90% and last 10% of semi-waxy rice materials in the Yangtze River Delta region in this study were greater than 0.23, -0.48-0.23, -1.68--0.48 and less than -1.68, respectively, which can represent four levels of appearance quality of semi-waxy rice in practical applications: Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Out of level. At the same time, it was found that there were significant gradient differences in grain type, chalkiness, transparency and color space among different appearance grades of semi-waxy rice, but there were different degrees of crossover between their value ranges.【Conclusion】Using chalk rice transparency (X4), overall transparency (X6), chalkiness (X9), and L*(X10), an effective estimation model of semi-waxy rice appearance could be established: Y=5.68+0.17X4+0.19X6-0.03X9-0.12X10. With reference to the scoring range of each appearance grade of semi-waxy rice in Yangtze River Delta region, the appearance of a single semi-waxy rice material can be quickly determined by the appearance estimation score. The evaluation of semi-waxy rice by appearance estimation model is beneficial to take into account the different appearance phenotypes of semi-waxy rice, and can accurately reflect the actual situation of semi-waxy rice appearance.

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    Re-Evaluation of China’s Agricultural Net Carbon Sink: Current Situation, Spatial-Temporal Pattern and Influencing Factors
    TIAN Yun, WANG XiaoRui, YIN MinHao, ZHANG HuiJie
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4507-4521.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.010
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    【Objective】Based on the current “dual carbon” strategic goal, this study aimed to clarify the current characteristics, spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of agricultural net carbon sink, so as to provide the important support for accelerating agricultural sink increase and emission reduction.【Method】Based on the scientific reconstruction of the index system, the carbon sink/carbon emission factor method was used to measure and analyze the current situation of China’s agricultural net carbon sink. Then the spatial autocorrelation model was used to discuss the spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Finally, the least-squares method was used to analyze the main factors affecting the change of its intensity. 【Result】From 2005 to 2022, the total amount of agricultural net carbon sink in China was in an obvious upward trend, although there were some interannual fluctuations, and its evolutionary characteristics could be roughly divided into four stages, namely, “continuous rise”, “fluctuating decline”, “rapid rise”, and “slow rise”; the intensity of agricultural net carbon sink was also in an obvious upward trend, with only a slight difference in the trajectory of the evolution, and the difference in its growth rate could be roughly categorized into four stages: “continuous rapid growth”, “slow growth”, “fluctuating ups and downs”, and “slow growth”. 2022, the amount of agricultural net carbon sink had a large interprovincial difference, with Inner Mongolia being the first and Shanghai being the last, and compared with the year of 2005, all the provinces had a significant increase. In 2022, the net carbon sink intensity of agriculture would be the highest in Henan and the lowest in Qinghai, with all provinces showing different degrees of increase compared with 2005. China’s provincial agricultural net carbon sink intensity as a whole showed obvious spatial dependence, but there was also a local spatial clustering phenomenon, more than 70% of the provinces showed obvious spatial clustering characteristics, and the number of provinces located in the high-high clustering and the low-low clustering was approaching. The structure of arable land use, urbanization level, rural residents' income level and the internal industrial structure of agriculture all had a significant impact on the intensity of agricultural net carbon sink; specifically, the higher the ratio of sown area of grain crops, or the higher the urbanization rate, or the higher the income level of rural residents, or the larger the ratio of plantation industry to animal husbandry, the higher the intensity of net carbon sink in agriculture.【Conclusion】The total amount and intensity of China’s agricultural net carbon sink were in a fluctuating upward trend and there were obvious inter-provincial differences. The intensity of China’s agricultural net carbon sink showed obvious spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. The intensity of the agricultural net carbon sink was affected by the structure of arable land use, the level of urbanization, the level of rural residents' income, and the structure of the internal industries of agriculture. The measures should be taken to promote the enhancement of sink and emission reductions and to promote the enhancement of agricultural net carbon sink in agriculture, such as establishing a sound policy support system for the development of low-carbon agriculture, strengthening inter-provincial exchanges and cooperation, and increasing financial support for agriculture.

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    Effects of One-Off Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Grain Yield and Quality in Dryland Wheat
    WANG RongRong, XU NingLu, HUANG XiuLi, ZHAO KaiNan, HUANG Ming, WANG HeZheng, FU GuoZhan, WU JinZhi, LI YouJun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 43-57.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.004
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    【Objective】The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of one-off irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on grain yield and quality in dryland winter wheat (hereinafter referred to as wheat).【Method】From 2020 to 2022, the split-plot field experiment was conducted at the Mengjin, Yichuan and Luoning counties of Luoyang city in Henan province, China, in the typical dryland wheat production area at the intersection between Loess Plateau and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The two irrigation levels of no-irrigation during wheat growth period (I0) and soil-moisture-based one-off irrigation after regreening (I1, one-off supplemental irrigation was conducted to 85% of field capacity when the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer after wheat regreening was lower than 60% of field capacity at the first time, there was only this irrigation during the whole growth stage) were assigned as the main plots; and the four N fertilizer managements of N0, N120, N180 and N240 were set as sub-plots, where N rates were 0, 120, 180 and 240 kg·hm-2, respectively, and all of them were applied at sowing under I0 treatment, and 50% as basal, and 50% were applied along with the one-off irrigation under I1. The grain yield and protein yield, zinc content, protein and its components content, and main processing quality indicators of wheat were determined. 【Result】 Compared with I0, I1 significantly increased wheat grain yield and protein yield by 11.5%-73.0% and 9.1%-57.0%, respectively, in which the amplification enlarged with the increase of N rates, and that in the 2020-2021 was higher than that in the 2021-2022. However, I1 reduced the contents of zinc, and protein and its components in wheat grain, as well as the most indicators of processing quality compared with I0. Except for the globulin content at Yichuan in 2020-2021, compared with I0, I1 significantly decreased the content of zinc, protein and its components, and the processing quality of wheat grain. Among them, the content of zinc, albumin, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin were decreased by 5.0%-13.8%, 4.5%-14.1%, 6.4%-17.3%, 2.3%-24.8%, and 8.0%-13.9%, respectively, and the development time, stability time, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, extensibility, and maximum resistance were decreased by 5.3%-23.2%, 8.5%-51.1%, 2.0%-13.3%, 4.5%-18.1%, 4.6%-12.2% and 3.3%-10.6%, respectively. With the increase of N rate, wheat yield firstly increased and then decreased and wheat protein yield firstly increased and then stabilized under I0, while wheat yield firstly increased and then stabilized and wheat protein yield gradually increased under I1, however, the wheat quality indicators mostly tended to increase firstly and then stabilized under both I0 and I1. There were no significant differences between N240 and N180 for most quality indicators, but most of them were significantly higher than N120. The quality indicators of wheat grain under N120 were also significantly higher than that under N0. Considering the interaction effect, irrigation levels and N managements had significant interaction effects on yield and protein yield, but there was no interaction effect on most quality indicators. The grain yield under I1N180 did not change significantly but the protein yield was significantly decreased by 3.9%-4.9% compared with I1N240, however, both the grain yield and protein yield under I1N180 were significantly increased compared with other treatments. Although the content of protein and protein components and the processing quality in wheat grain under I1N180 were significantly lower than that under I0N180 and I0N240, these quality indicators were not significantly lower than that under I1N240. 【Conclusion】 The soil-moisture-based one-off irrigation after regreening combined with the N rate of 180 kg·hm-2 and 50% N topdressing along with irrigation (I1N180) could synchronously improve the grain yield and stabilize the grain quality in dryland wheat. Therefore, I1N180 was suitable for wheat production in the dryland area, where one-off irrigation was guaranteed due to High-Standard Farmland Construction Program.

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    The Dilemma and Way Out of Patent Regulation for Gene-Edited Crops
    XU YiHeng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 831-839.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.001
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    Gene-edited crops, the product of the intersection between biotechnology and agricultural science, represent a crucial direction in the development of modern agriculture. With the rapid advancement of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the scientific research and commercial development of crop trait improvement have gradually shifted towards a “technology-driven” path, which has not only overturned traditional crop cultivation methods but also fundamentally propelled humanity’s exploration of crop research. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of patenting fundamental research tools has sparked widespread controversy within academia and profoundly impacted the sharing and utilization of crop resources. Private entities patenting CRISPR-Cas9 technology restrict other researchers and farmers’ opportunities to explore and harness genetic resources. This practice not only hinders scientific progress but also violates the fundamental consensus that genetic resources should be shared by all humanity. The sharing and openness of crop resources are crucial for the sustainable development of global agriculture and ecological balance, serving as a necessary condition for safeguarding public interests. A key issue that the governance of biotechnology patents urgently needs to address is how to reasonably allocate benefits and risks among traditional communities, researchers, research investors, and the public. This is also essential for constructing a new scientific ethics framework and regulating emerging technologies. However, China’s policy responses in this area are still insufficient. To mitigate the negative effects stemming from the exclusivity of patents, it is imperative to reassess and reconstruct the framework of relevant systems. Firstly, we should adhere to the principle of moral utility, emphasizing the public nature of scientific research and its social responsibilities, while carefully considering the “harmful” nature of inventions to social morality. Secondly, implementing a mandatory disclosure system for biological genetic resources is a crucial step towards achieving transparency and fairness, with “applicants truthfully disclosing the actual origin of crop genes based on the principle of good faith” elevated to a mandatory norm. Lastly, the open licensing of fundamental patented technologies can draw inspiration from the experience of open-source software, encouraging more researchers to participate in the exploration of crop resources through the open sharing of research tools, thereby facilitating broader scientific collaboration and the transformation of research outcomes.

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    Preparation of Fluopyram-Loaded Nanofiber Nematicide and Its Biological Activity Against Meloidogyne incognita
    LING WenZheng, CAO HaiChao, YU JiaMin, ZONG Hao, WANG Kai, FENG Chao, CHEN Dan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2997-3009.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.007
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    Objective】Root-knot nematode disease has become an important influencing factor restricting the development of protected agriculture in China, among which Meloidogyne incognita has caused the most serious yield loss. At present, there are few types of nematicides in China, the objectives of this study are to prepare the fluopyram-loaded nanofiber nematicide based on the electrospinning technique, evaluate its biological activity against M. incognita, and to enrich the types of effective nematicides for controlling root-knot nematode disease of crops and expand the application field of nanofiber agents.【Method】Two kinds of fluopyram-loaded nanofiber nematicide (Flu@NF) were prepared by coaxial electrospinning technology with different biodegradable materials as shell materials and solvated fluopyram as core materials. The morphology, structure, elemental composition, functional components and thermal stability of Flu@NF were characterized by SEM, EDS, TEM, FTIR and TGA. With 41.7% fluropyram suspension as control agent, the biological activity of Flu@NF against 2nd stage juveniles (J2) and egg mass of M. incognita was evaluated.【Result】PEG/PCL-Flu@NF and CA-Flu@NF using polyethylene glycol (PEG), polycaprolactone (PCL) and cellulose acetate (CA) as shell materials were successfully prepared under high pressure +15 kV, core-shell solution flow rate 1﹕4 and receiver side distance of 24 cm. The average diameter of two kinds of agents was 316 and 440 nm, respectively. Fibers were in accordance with the inner and outer microstructure of core-shell, and the shell thickness was separately 71.15 and 24.84 nm. The loading capacity of two kinds of fluopyram-loaded fibers was 15.32% and 20.37%, respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of fluopyram was significantly improved after shell coating by coaxial electrospinning. Compared with fluropyram suspension, the slow-release performance of fluopyram-loaded fibers was significantly improved, and the mortality of J2 was significantly increased with the extension of treatment time at different concentrations. The lethality rate of the two fiber agents against J2 was higher than 98% after 24 h treatment at high concentration (25 mg·L-1). After treatment with low concentration (4 mg·L-1) for 24 h, the lethality rate of the two fiber agents against J2 was 91.4% and 79.6%, respectively. The two kinds of nematicides had good inhibition effects on the hatching of nematode eggs, after 3 d treatment at high concentration (25 mg·L-1), the unhatched rate of eggs was 71.8% and 89.2%, respectively, and after 3 d treatment at low concentration (4 mg·L-1), the unhatched rate of eggs was 59.4% and 76.2%, respectively.【Conclusion】Based on coaxial electrospinning technology, the nanofibers prepared with PEG/PCL and CA as shell materials have excellent coating effect on fluopyram, and the fluopyram-loaded fibers have high biological activities on M. incognita through slow-release action, which has great potential to prevent and control root-knot nematode disease through crop root protection.

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    Progress on Detection Methods for Gene-Edited Organisms
    WU YuHua, ZHAI ShanShan, PU HaoZhen, GAO HongFei, ZHANG Hua, LI Jun, LI YunJing, XIAO Fang, WU Gang, XU LiQun
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3318-3334.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.002
    Abstract323)   HTML30)    PDF (570KB)(2254)       Save

    Gene editing techniques have made gene edited (GE) organisms enter commercial applications from laboratories. In 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs specifically issued the “Guidelines for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Edited Plants for Agricultural Use (Trial)” for the safety evaluation of GE plants without introducing exogenous genes. In 2023, China granted the first biosafety certificate for GE soybean AE15-18-1, marking the official start of the commercialization process of GE crops in China. GE organisms are different from traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs) containing exogenous DNA sequences, making common GM detection strategies inapplicable to the detection of GE organisms. As the industrialization of GE crops progresses positively, how to efficiently and accurately detect whether a product is gene-edited and its editing characteristics is an important basis for the commercial use and intellectual property protection of GE products. There is an urgent need to develop detection technologies suitable for GE products. With the goal of detecting whether the target sequence has been edited, many detection technologies have been developed based on PCR, sequencing, and other technologies, and are widely used in the screening of GE products in the research and development process. After industrialization, safety supervision and intellectual property protection require not only the detection of whether the sample has been edited but also the rapid identification of the nucleotide sequence characteristics of the sample to determine its origin and identity. Subsequently, precise quantification of the GE components is necessary to determine whether quantitative labeling is required. Currently, it is difficult to quickly identify the identity of GE products with only a few base insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide variations (SNV) using conventional PCR or sequencing technologies. It is even more challenging to accurately quantify the content of GE components. Aiming at the rapid identification of the DNA sequence characteristics after editing and precise quantification, based on the molecular characteristics of GE products, this paper reviews the application of the gel electrophoresis-based PCR method, the sequencing-based method, the real-time PCR-based method, the digital PCR-based method, the editing enzyme-based method, and the instrument-based method in detection of GE organisms, and expounds the advantages and disadvantages of each method during detection. This review initially explores the detection and quantification strategies suitable for GE organisms and provides a reference for subsequent development of detection methods for GE organisms.

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    Identification of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) MsCEP Genes and Functional Analysis of Its Regulation in Root Growth and Development
    ZENG XiangCui, YANG YongNian, LI RuYue, JIANG XueQian, JIANG Xu, XU YanRan, LIU ZhongKuan, LONG RuiCai, KANG JunMei, YANG QingChuan, LI MingNa
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4839-4853.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.002
    Abstract322)   HTML47)    PDF (3483KB)(185)       Save

    【Objective】CEP (C-terminal encoded peptides) is a gene that encodes hormone-like peptides secreted by roots and serves as a key regulator of plant root growth and development. To provide a molecular theoretical basis for further elucidating the function of MsCEP genes in root growth and development, members of the Medicago sativa MsCEP gene family, basic characteristics, expression differences in different tissues, and their roles in root growth were identified and analyzed. 【Method】Based on the genomic information of the alfalfa cultivar Xinjiang Daye, the MsCEP gene family members of alfalfa were accurately identified using local Blast analysis in TBtools and feature domain by referring to MtCEP family protein of Medicago truncatula sequence. The fundamental genetic and protein characteristics and the phylogenetic relationship of the MsCEP genes were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The expression patterns of alfalfa MsCEP gene family members in various tissues were assessed using transcriptome data and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The functional roles of mature MsCEP peptides in root growth and development were analyzed by exogenous application experiments. 【Result】A total of 35 MsCEP family members were identified in the genome of alfalfa Xinjiang Daye, and these genes are distributed across 18 chromosomes, lack introns, and all possess an N-terminal signal peptide and one or two conserved domains of the CEP family. The MsCEP members displayed predicted amino acid length ranging from 59 to 150, with molecular weights spanning 6.7 to 16.2 kDa, the isoelectric points varying from 5.80 to 10.41, instability indices ranging from 30.63 to 89.93, aliphatic indices ranging from 54.41 to 134.88, and the grand average of hydropathicity ranging from -1.110 to 0.377. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that the MsCEP protein predominantly localizes to the nucleus, plasma membrane, chloroplast, and Golgi apparatus. Cluster analysis delineated three distinct branches within the family, aligning with counterparts from Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. The largest branch encompassed 48 CEP members. Collinearity analysis highlighted a collinear relationship between the MsCEP genes in alfalfa and those in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. Tissue expression analysis revealed that members of the MsCEP family exhibit distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, with higher expression levels in roots and lower or no expression detected in leaves. Among them, 22 members exhibited higher expression levels in roots compared to other tissues. The exogenous application of synthetic mature MsCEP2 peptide suppressed the growth of primary and lateral roots, reduced the number of lateral roots, and decreased the density of lateral roots. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, our investigation identified a total of 35 MsCEP members from the alfalfa 'Xinjiangdaye' genome database, which are revealed to be highly conserved. The MsCEP genes are primarily expressed in roots, and the exogenous application of synthetic mature MsCEP peptides can regulate root morphology, indicating that MsCEP peptides play important roles in root growth and development of alfalfa.

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    Identification of Key Genes in the Flavonoid Synthesis Pathway of Meconopsis integrifolia Based on WGCNA
    CHEN XiaoJuan, WANG HaiJu, WANG FuMin, YONG QingQing, HUANG ShunMan, QU Yan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 3053-3070.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.011
    Abstract317)   HTML36)    PDF (9745KB)(3718)       Save

    Objective】Flavonoids are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties, and are one of the main medicinal components of Meconopsis integrifolia. By analyzing the spatial metabolome information and transcriptome data from various parts (roots, stems, leaves and petals) of M. integrifolia, the key genes regulating the flavonoid synthesis could be excavated. This research could provide valuable insights into the mechanism underlying flavonoids synthesis in M. integrifolia, paving the way for genetic breeding aimed at enhancing flavonoid content. 【Method】Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on the root, stem, leave and petal of M. integrifolia to analyze the distribution of flavonoids across different parts using spatial metabolomic data. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to identify key modules and key genes closely related to flavonoid synthesis. To validate the reliability of the transcriptome data, 12 genes were selected for qRT-PCR analysis. 【Result】Flavonoids accumulation in M. integrifolia varied across different parts, with petals being the primary site of accumulation, where 8 main flavonoids were identified. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 20 085 expressed genes, among which 286 genes expressed were exclusively expressed in flowers, showing 3.6-4.2 times more expression than that in other plant parts. Using WGCNA to categorize highly expressed differential genes, a total of 14 co-expression modules were identified, and the key modules, including MEturquoise and MEgreen, were significantly associated with 8 main flavonoids (P<0.05). KEGG analysis demonstrated that the genes within these two modules were primarily enriched in metabolism-related pathways, with some genes enriched in pathways related to flavonoid synthesis. MEturquoise and MEgreen comprised 18 and 6 genes related to flavonoid synthesis, respectively, and screened 14 core structural genes (5 CHSs, 2 HIDHs, 2 CCoAOMTs and FLS, CYP75B1, CHI, HCT, and CYP73A) and one transcription factor HB2, which were predominantly highly expressed in petals or stems. The consistent gene expression trends between qRT-PCR and transcriptome data were observed, which showed that the analysis results derived from the transcriptome data were reliable. 【Conclusion】The accumulation of flavonoids and gene expression patterns in different organs of M. integrifolia varied significantly, and 14 core structural genes and one transcription factor were screened to be closely related to the accumulation of flavonoids across different organs. These genes might play a key role in regulating the synthesis and differential accumulation of flavonoids in different organs of M. integrifolia.

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    Wheat Enolase Gene TaENO1-5B Involved in Regulating Plant Height and Grain Number Per Spike in Multiple Environments
    ZHANG ZiHui, ZHANG YanFei, LI Long, LI ChaoNan, WANG JingYi, YANG DeLong, MAO XinGuo, JING RuiLian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (14): 2717-2731.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.14.002
    Abstract316)   HTML28)    PDF (7663KB)(328)       Save

    【Objective】 Enolase is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of glycolysis, and plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, and response to abiotic stress. The function of common wheat enolase gene TaENO1-5B was revealed and molecular markers were developed to provide genetic resources for improving wheat through molecular breeding. 【Method】 TaENO1-5B was cloned from wheat variety Hanxuan 10. The domains of its encoded protein were analyzed on the SMART website. The secondary and tertiary structures of the protein were predicted by Phyre2 software. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of the target gene in wheat tissues at different developmental stages and its expression patterns under phytohormone treatment and abiotic stress. Thirty wheat germplasm with rich genetic diversity were used as plant materials to analyze the gene sequence polymorphisms, and develop molecular markers. The association analysis between TaENO1-5B haplotypes and phenotypic traits was carried out in a natural population consisting of 323 wheat accessions. The trend of breeding selection of superior haplotype in different wheat production zones in China was analyzed by using a landrace population and a modern variety population. 【Result】 TaENO1-5B gene consists of 17 exons and 16 introns encoding 446 amino acids and contains a conserved N-terminal domain and a C-terminal TIM (triose-phosphate isomerase) barrel domain. TaENO1-5B was expressed in all tissues of wheat at seedling, jointing, heading and flowering stages, and the expression level was higher in roots, root bases and spikes. The TaENO1-5B promoter region contains a variety of cis-acting elements, including elements responding to plant hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), as well as elements responding to drought and low temperature. The expression of TaENO1-5B was significantly induced by phytohormones and abiotic stress in wheat. Four SNPs were detected in the promoter region and three SNPs in the gene region of the TaENO1-5B gene, which constituted three haplotypes, i.e., Hap-5B-1, Hap-5B-2, and Hap-5B-3. Among them, Hap-5B-2 was a favorable haplotype highly associated with shorter plant height, more spikelets per spike, and more grains per spike under various environments such as drought and high temperature, and had been positively selected in the breeding history of major wheat production zones in China. The KASP (kompetitive allele-specific PCR) marker developed based on the SNP (2 399 bp, G/A) of the TaENO1-5B promoter region was significantly correlated with the spikelet number per spike in multiple environments. 【Conclusion】 TaENO1-5B gene responds to phytohormones and abiotic stress, and is significantly correlated with plant height, spikelet number per spike and grain number per spike under various environments such as drought and high temperature. Hap-5B-2 is a favorable haplotype with shorter plant height and more number of spikelets and grains per spike. Molecular markers developed based on the variation sites of TaENO1-5B gene sequence can be used for genetic improvement of plant height and related yield traits in wheat.

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    Residual Effects of Tillage Regime on Soil Moisture Dynamics, Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize in Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System
    LIU ShuiMiao, GUAN XiaoKang, ZHAO ZhiHeng, WANG JingHui, LIU ShiLong, GAO PeiMeng, WANG YanLi, WU PengNian, GAO ChenKai, LI YuMing, SHAO Jing, YU HaoLin, WANG TongChao, WEN PengFei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3568-3585.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.005
    Abstract315)   HTML18)    PDF (946KB)(139)       Save

    【Objective】 The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China, and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment, three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up, including Deep tillage (DT), No-tillage (NT), and Rotation tillage (RT) with deep tillage for one year and two years, to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield. 【Result】 RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage, which was 4.89% to 11.02% (2022) and 4.43% to 6.06% (2023) higher than that under DT treatment, and 8.16% to 16.69% (2022) and 6.78% to 17.23% (2023) higher than that under NT treatments, respectively. RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage, and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41% to 14.28% (2022) and 9.03% to 14.46% (2023) compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage, respectively and increased by 14.80% to 27.56% (2022) and 21.25% to 29.39% (2023) compared with NT treatment, respectively. Compared with DT and NT treatments, the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%, 40.36% (2022) and 7.26%, 19.91% (2023), respectively. The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage, and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain, and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT, in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance, and the average grouting rate was the highest, thereby increasing the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight. In 2022 and 2023, the yield under RT was significantly increased by 8.92%, 14.15%, 6.25% and 19.45% compared with DT and NT treatments, respectively, and in 2022 and 2023, the 100-grain weight RT and DT treatments were significantly increased by 2.71%, 6.03%, 9.02% and 12.56% compared with NT treatments, respectively. According to the structural equation model of yield formation, the direct effect and indirect effect of 0-40 cm soil water storage on yield were 0.420 and 0.551, respectively. 0-40 cm soil water storage not only directly promoted yield formation, but also affected yield through aboveground biomass and average grain filling rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, soil water storage was an important driving factor for increasing yield, and RT could increase soil water storage at summer maize filling stage, thereby increasing leaf area index with higher activity, delaying leaf senescence time, increasing dry matter accumulation, optimizing grain filling characteristics, promoting the increase of dry matter to grain filling rate, and ultimately increasing summer maize yield.

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    Heterosis Groups Research in Maize Inbred Lines Based on Machine Learning
    CAO ShiLiang, ZHANG JianGuo, YU Tao, YANG GengBin, LI WenYue, MA XueNa, SUN YanJie, HAN WeiBo, TANG Gui, SHAN DaPeng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 203-213.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.001
    Abstract315)   HTML34)    PDF (1709KB)(160)       Save

    【Objective】The objective of this study is to optimize the classification and discriminant method of maize heterotic groups, and provide guidance and reference for maize breeding practices.【Method】Solid-phase chips were used to genotype 60 waxy maize inbred lines, and high-quality SNP markers with different density were obtained through quality control. Population structure analysis and genetic distance clustering were used to classify the 60 waxy maize inbred lines into different groups, and the differences between different classification methods were compared. On this basis, random forest and support vector machine methods were used to sample and discriminate the results of different classification methods. Five-fold cross-validation was used for sampling, and the prediction accuracy of maize group classification based on different classification methods was compared.【Result】Using different quality control standards, 11 431 and 4 022 molecular markers were obtained, respectively. Based on these two molecular marker densities, 60 materials were divided into 5 and 4 clusters, respectively. When using 11 431 SNP markers, the population structure analysis and genetic distance clustering results showed that the intra-cluster sample consistency was 63.33%. When using 4 022 SNP markers for clustering, the intra-cluster sample consistency was 90.00%. The prediction accuracy results for discriminating maize inbred line clusters showed that the average prediction accuracy (91.43%) of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine using 4 022 markers were higher than that of 11 431 markers (86.25%). Among them, the highest prediction accuracy was achieved by Random Forest using 4 022 markers, with a prediction accuracy of 94.17%.【Conclusion】Clustering analysis ultimately divided 60 waxy maize inbred lines into 4 clusters. Sampling and cross-validation results using Random Forest and Support Vector Machine for cluster classification showed that Random Forest achieved higher prediction accuracy than Support Vector Machine.

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    Research on the Production Potential of Main Sugarcane Varieties Under Different Planting Modes in Hilly and Mountainous Areas
    ZHAO Yong, AI Jing, WANG YuTong, ZHANG ZhongFu, YANG HongQi, LI JiaQun, GUO ZhaoJian, LIU HaiJun, QIN Wei, DENG Jun, ZHANG YueBin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3743-3757.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.003
    Abstract313)   HTML12)    PDF (3568KB)(738)       Save

    【Objective】The research focused on the production potential of sugarcane main varieties under the different planting modes in mountainous and hilly regions, in order to explore the relationship between the varieties and mechanical adaptation, screen the adaptable varieties for mechanical production, and clarify the main characteristics of the varieties, thus to provide the theory for promoting the completely mechanical production of sugarcane in mountainous and hilly regions.【Method】Two different ecological types of sugarcane production regions in mountainous regions of Yunnan were selected to study the production potential of four main planting varieties, including LC05-136, YZ05-49, YZ05-51, and YZ08-1609, under two different planting modes (the completely mechanical or manual production).【Result】The yield and sucrose content of sugarcane varied between the two factors of varieties and planting modes, and the yield was significantly affected. Under the mechanical production, the yield of YZ08-1609 was significantly higher than that with the treatment of artificial production (P<0.01), while YZ05-51 showed the opposite trend (P<0.01), under the mechanical production, the sucrose content of YZ08-1609 is slightly higher than that with the artificial production (P>0.05), while these of LC05-136 and YZ05-49 were slightly decreased (P>0.05). The planting density and the emergence rate of sugarcane varied with both varieties and production modes. The planting density under the machinery production was generally higher than that under the artificial production, while the emergence rate was generally lower than that with the treatment of the artificial production. The emergence rate of YZ05-51 under the machinery production significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the emergence rate of YZ08-1609 remained relatively stable (P>0.05). The main agronomic traits of sugarcanes varied with both varieties and the production modes. The millable stalks of YZ08-1609 under the machinery production were significantly higher than that under the artificial production (P<0.05); the industrial characteristics were mainly influenced by the variety. YZ08-1609 owned higher growth potential under the machinery production, with significantly higher yield and millable stalks compared with these under the artificial production, and slightly higher sucrose content; YZ05-51 owned higher growth potential under the artificial production with the performance of higher yield under the artificial production. 【Conclusion】Different sugarcane varieties owned the different adaptabilities to the machinery production, like some sugarcane varieties were suitable for the machinery production and some were suitable for the manual production. During pushing forward the progress of the application of mechanical production in sugarcane planting, the adaptability of varieties should be fully considered. Overall, sugarcane varieties suitable for the machinery production should own higher sugarcane yield and more millable stalks, and the sucrose content should be less affected or even slightly higher than that under the manual production.

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    Research Progress on Adsorption Properties of Solid Particles with Different Morphologies at the Interface of Pickering Emulsions
    LU LiRong, YAO XiaoLin, LI Dan, WEI XiangYing, YUE Juan, YI GaoYang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3469-3481.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.012
    Abstract310)   HTML32)    PDF (2396KB)(3195)       Save

    Pickering emulsions represent a novel type of emulsion that employs solid particles as stabilizers. Solid particles can be tightly arranged at the oil-water interface by irreversible adsorption to form a monolayer or multilayer film, providing a spatial physical barrier for droplets. Compared with traditional emulsions, Pickering emulsions have attracted wide attention due to their advantages of high stability, low toxicity and low cost. The stability of Pickering emulsion is affected by many factors, such as solid particle properties, concentration, pH and preparation method, etc. Among them, the morphology of solid particles is one of the important factors that determines the interface adsorption behavior and the stabilization ability of emulsion. The different morphology of the solid particles leads to different ways of stabilizing the emulsion at the oil-water interface, mainly includes electrostatic interaction, capillary force, and mutual entanglement to form three-dimensional network structure. However, there is currently no systematic summary on the effects of solid particles with different morphologies on the interfacial adsorption characteristics of Pickering emulsions. Based on this, this review summarized the types of solid particles with different morphologies used to stabilize Pickering emulsions at home and abroad in recent years, including spherical, rod-like, thread-like, flaky, cubic, nanotube, dumbbell, ellipsoid and disc-like, etc. It focused on their interfacial adsorption properties for stabilizing Pickering emulsions, such as adsorption activity, arrangement and assembly behavior, inter-particle interactions and emulsion viscosity, etc. Based on the special interfacial adsorption properties of Pickering emulsions, the applications of Pickering emulsions in food fields such as active component encapsulation and delivery, lipid substitution, interfacial catalysis, antimicrobial and so on were reviewed. Furthermore, the study discussed the problems in the study of Pickering emulsions stabilized by non-spherical solid particles, and analyzed the development potential for active component encapsulation and delivery. The review provided the reference for the in-depth research and application of Pickering emulsions stabilized by solid particles with different morphologies.

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    Effect of Long-Term Straw Returning on the Soil Organic Carbon Bound to Iron Oxides in Black Soil and Fluvo-Aquic Soil
    SUN Yue, REN KeYu, ZOU HongQin, GAO HongJun, ZHANG ShuiQing, LI DeJin, LI BingJie, LIAO ChuQian, DUAN YingHua, XU MingGang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3823-3834.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.009
    Abstract310)   HTML21)    PDF (517KB)(127)       Save

    【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in the content and properties of different types of iron oxide bound organic carbon in different dryland soils and their responses to long-term straw returning. 【Method】 Based on the long-term fertilization experiments of black soil and fluvo-aquic soil in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province and Zhengzhou, Henan Province since 1990, soil samples under no fertilization (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer +straw returning (NPKS) for 29 years were collected, and the complex iron (FePP), amorphous iron oxides (FeHH) and crystalline iron oxides (FeDH) were obtained through continuous extraction method. The differences in the content of different forms of iron oxides and their bound organic carbons were explored. Combined with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, the differences in the properties of iron oxide-bound organic carbon were also accessed. 【Result】 Compared with CK and NPK treatments, the soil organic carbon content under NPKS treatment in black soil was significantly increased by 18.1% and 14.9%, respectively, and fluvo-aquic soil was significantly increased by 46.1% and 13.3%, respectively. The content of FePP in the two soils were lower than those under FeHH and FeDH, but the content of complexed iron-bound organic carbon (OCPP) were significantly higher than those of amorphous iron oxide-bound organic carbon (OCHH) and crystalline iron oxide-bound organic carbon (OCDH), accounting for 71.4%-93.2% of the total iron oxide-bound organic carbon content, indicating that OCPP was the main form of iron oxide-bound organic carbon. Compared with NPK treatment, the FePP content in black soil was significantly reduced by 65.6%. FeHH content was significantly reduced by 17.8%, and FeDH content was not significantly changed under NPKS treatment, while the FePP content in fluvo-aquic soil was significantly increased by 15.9%. FeHH content was not significantly changed, and FeDH content was significantly increased by 24.6%. Compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly reduced the content of total iron oxide bound organic carbon in black soil, among which OCPP decreased by 11.3%, while OCDH increased by 53.7%, and OCHH did not change significantly, but had no significant effect on the content of total iron oxide bound organic carbon in fluvo-aquic soil. Further analysis of the binding organic carbon content per gram of iron oxides showed that compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the binding capacity of three iron oxides in black soil, but had no significant effect in the fluvo-aquic soil. FePP was mainly combined with macromolecular organic carbon with strong hydrophobicity and weak aromaticity while FeHH was mainly combined with small molecule organic carbon with strong hydrophobicity and aromaticity, and FeDH was mainly combined with some macromolecular compounds with poor hydrophobicity and aromaticity. 【Conclusion】 Comparing with the single application of chemical fertilizer, the content of crystalline and amorphous iron oxide bound organic carbon in black soil and fluvo-aquic soil increased significantly after long-term straw returning to the field, while the content of complexed iron bound organic carbon in black soil decreased significantly and did not change in fluvo-aquic soil. This was one of the important mechanisms for the different increases of soil organic carbon levels in different soil types after straw returning.

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    Screening and Identification of Drought-Tolerant Sweet Potato Germplasm Resources
    CHEN YongXian, CHEN RuiJiang, DU YiZhi, ZHU JunJie, CHEN WanXia, ZHAO ZiHan, WANG JiChun, DU Kang, ZHANG Kai
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 214-237.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.002
    Abstract308)   HTML25)    PDF (2909KB)(311)       Save

    【Objective】Seeking key indicators and methods for accurately characterize drought tolerance in sweet potato, and screening and identifying drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, to provide effective methods for the rapid and accurate identification of drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, and to provide material and theoretical basis for selection and breeding of high quality and drought-tolerant sweet potato varieties. 【Method】Fifty-four sweet potato germplasm resources were used as materials for drought stress experiments. By using two treatments including drought stress and control, and combining with drought pool cultivation experiment and field test, the effects of drought stress on the growth and development, physiological and biochemical characteristics, antioxidant metabolism, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different sweet potato germplasm resources were investigated, the response characteristics of different sweet potato germplasm resources to drought were analyzed, and the effective indicators for drought tolerance evaluation in sweet potato were selected. The drought tolerance evaluation was preformed using principal component analysis, correlation analysis, direct evaluation of drought resistance coefficient, and calculation of comprehensive drought tolerance measurement value (D value) based on membership function, and the drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources were screened and identified.【Result】The results obtained from the drought pool cultivation experiment showed the influences of drought treatment on the main stem length, aboveground fresh weight, underground dry weight and fresh weight of storage root were extremely significant (P<0.01), and eight drought-tolerant germplasm resources were screened based on cluster analysis of D values. In the field test, the main stem length, stem diameter, number of branches, leaf area index, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MAD), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) under drought stress when compared with control. Through the establishment of regression models, it could be initially determined that eight indicators including the leaf area index, root tip, leaf POD, leaf APX, storage root Pro, storage root SOD, storage root CAT, and yield could be used as indicators for drought tolerance identification in sweet potato. XN18111-1, 20XN18-1, XN1834-11 and XN17104-46 were classified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources according to grading of drought resistance coefficient based on yield. The D values of XN18111-1, 20XN18-1 and XN1862-61 were over 0.6 and showed high drought tolerance based on comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation. 【Conclusion】Based on results of comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation in drought pool cultivation experiment, as well as the comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation and yield evaluation in field test, XN18111-1 and 20XN18-1 were finally identified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources, which can be used as drought-tolerant breeding materials or ideal resource materials for study on drought-tolerance mechanism in sweet potato.

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    Study on the Involvement of OsFWL3 in the Regulation of Metal Ion Transport and Accumulation in Rice
    LIU YiHan, MU QingShan, HE Xiang, CHEN Min, HU Jin, GUAN YaJing
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4161-4174.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.001
    Abstract307)   HTML55)    PDF (5657KB)(236)       Save

    【Objective】FWL (Fruit Weight2.2-Like) gene is a negative regulator of cell proliferation, which not only regulates plant organogenesis and organ size, but also participates in the regulation of metal ion transport accumulation and signal transduction. Analyzing of the function of OsFWL3 gene is helpful to reveal the transport mechanism of trace metal elements in crops. It provides theoretical support for reducing heavy metal accumulation and improving crop quality. 【Method】The gene information, genome structure and phylogenetic tree of OsFWLs family were analyzed by bioinformatics method, and the expression profile of OsFWL3 gene was predicted. Two OsFWL3 knockout lines were obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Then wild type and Osfwl3 mutants were treated with ZnSO4 at seedling stage and filling stage, respectively. The phenotypes of plants and grains after treatment were analyzed, and the content variation of metal elements such as Zn was determined to explore the effects of OsFWL3 on the transport and accumulation of metal ions and seed quality. 【Result】The gene function of OsFWLs family is similar to some extent. OsFWL3 gene is highly expressed in anther and panicle, indicating that it is closely related to reproductive development of rice. The number of primary branches, grian length, grain thickness and 100-grain weight of Osfwl3 mutants are significantly larger than WT. OsFWL3 affects the content and distribution of Zn and other metal ions in rice seedlings and grains. The deletion of OsFWL3 gene affects the competitive transport of Zn, Cd and Mn from underground to above-ground, lower grain to central grain and husk to brown rice. 【Conclusion】OsFWL3 gene affects the distribution of Zn and other metal ions in rice grains and plants, and it plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of rice plants and grain size.

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