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Table of Content

    16 June 2024, Volume 57 Issue 12
    CONTENTS
    CONTENTS
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  0. 
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    CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS
    Analysis of Maize Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) Family Genes and Functional Study of ZmPAL5
    CAO LiRu, YE FeiYu, KU LiXia, MA ChenChen, PANG YunYun, LIANG XiaoHan, ZHANG Xin, LU XiaoMin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2265-2281.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.001
    Abstract ( 465 )   HTML ( 62 )   PDF (6268KB) ( 304 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Mining the key drought-resistant genes of maize, revealing its drought-resistant molecular mechanism, and providing genetic resources and theoretical guidance for the cultivation of new drought-resistant maize varieties.【Method】Transcriptome data combined with weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) and screening methods for physiological and biochemical indicators of drought resistance were used to identify ZmPAL genes associated with drought resistance and rewatering. Genome-wide analysis of the genes encoding PAL was performed using bioinformatics methods. Quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of ZmPAL genes under drought treatment conditions, as well as the expression characteristics of ZmPAL5 among different inbred lines and the expression patterns in different tissues. Finally, genetic transformation was used to analyze the drought resistance function of ZmPAL5 in maize, and the deletion-type Arabidopsis mutant was analyzed for drought resistance with the help of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the PAL5 homologous gene.【Result】Nineteen maize ZmPAL genes were identified, six of which were clustered on chromosome 5 and encoded proteins that were mostly hydrophilic acidic proteins and relatively evolutionarily conserved in the PAL family of genes. The promoter region of ZmPAL genes contained a large number of cis-acting elements associated with hormonal and abiotic stress responses. Six core genes were identified, four of which were significantly up-regulated for expression after drought treatment. In particular, ZmPAL5 showed an 8.57-fold increase in expression after drought stress. The expression level of ZmPAL5 was found to be significantly higher in the drought-resistant inbred line Zheng 8713 than in the drought-sensitive inbred line B73 under both drought stress and rewatering treatments. Meanwhile, ZmPAL5, a constitutively expressed gene, showed a high level of expression in young stems. Overexpressed ZmPAL5 maize grew well under drought stress, and its relative water content, lignin, chlorophyll, soluble protein, proline content, and activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were 1.52, 1.49, 1.47, 1.43, 1.44, 1.41, 1.53, 1.41, and 1.35 times, but the malondialdehyde content was 0.65 times that of the wild type. The PAL5-deficient Arabidopsis mutant was sensitive to drought. Under drought stress, its physiological and biochemical indexes showed the opposite trend to those of overexpression of ZmPAL5 maize. 【Conclusion】 Six core genes (ZmPAL3, ZmPAL5, ZmPAL6, ZmPAL8, ZmPAL11, and ZmPAL13) were screened in response to drought stress, in which the expression of ZmPAL5 was positively correlated with drought resistance. ZmPAL5 positively regulated the drought resistance and resilience of the plant by influencing the content of osmotically regulated substances and antioxidant enzyme activities.

    Establishment of High-Throughput Detection Method for Phytic Acid Content in Sesame Seeds and Screening of Low Phytic Acid Germplasms
    YANG Xi, YOU Jun, ZHOU Rong, FANG Sheng, ZHANG YanXin, WU ZiMing, WANG LinHai
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2282-2294.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.002
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    【Objective】 Phytic acid is one of the main anti-nutritional components in sesame. To explore the optimal conditions for efficient extraction of phytic acid from sesame seeds, establish a high-throughput detection method for phytic acid content, and apply it to the detection of phytic acid content variation in sesame population materials and the screening of low phytic acid germplasm resources, so as to promote the basic research of phytic acid in sesame and the breeding of sesame varieties with low phytic acid content. 【Method】Using 0.4 mol·L-1 HCl as the extraction solvent, single factor tests such as seed weight, crusher time, crusher frequency and extraction solution volume were carried out to extract phytic acid from sesame seeds, and the content of phytic acid was determined in a high-throughput manner using modified iron precipitation method. On the basis of the single factor test, the response surface experiment of Box-Behnken four factors and three levels was carried out. The quadratic polynomial regression equation model with phytic acid yield as the response value was established, and the response surface plot and contour plot were drawn. The main factors affecting phytic acid yield and the interaction between the factors were analyzed to determine the optimal extraction conditions for the detection of phytic acid content. Using this parameter condition, the phytic acid content of 200 sesame germplasm resources planted in two environments was determined to screen low phytic acid germplasm. 【Result】Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the established regression model was highly significant (P<0.0001), the lack of fit was not significant (P>0.05), the equation fitted the test well, and this regression equation could be used to optimize the extraction of phytic acid from sesame seeds. The linear term of the four factors had a very significant effect on phytic acid yield, and the order of influence on the yield of phytic acid was seed weight>crusher time>crusher frequency>extract solution volume. The response surface analysis diagram showed that there were some interactions between seed weight and crusher time, seed weight and crusher frequency, crusher time and crusher frequency, crusher time and extraction solution volume, and crusher frequency and extraction solution volume. The optimal phytic acid extraction conditions optimized by single factor test and response surface design were as follows: seed weight of 30 mg, crusher time of 6.5 min, crusher frequency of 50 Hz, extraction solution volume of 435 μL. The predicted phytic acid yield under this condition was 14.03 mg·g-1, and the actual average phytic acid yield was 14.14 mg·g-1, the model prediction was very close to the actual value of the test. Three stable low phytic acid sesame germplasms were screened out from 200 germplasm resources, with an average content of 11.63 mg·g-1【Conclusion】 An efficient phytic acid extraction and detection technology for sesame seeds was established, which could significantly reduce the experimental time and the amount of samples used, and provided a feasible method for the high-throughput detection of phytic acid content in sesame seeds with good reproducibility and high accuracy.

    Screening of Low Glycemic Potato Varieties
    DUAN HuiMin, LIU LingLing, XIA LuLu, YUAN JianLong, CHENG LiXiang, CHEN AiRong, ZHANG Feng
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2295-2308.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.003
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    【Objective】 The selection of low glycemic index potato varieties is not only essential for controlling blood glucose, reducing obesity, and maintaining oral health but also constitutes a crucial approach to meeting diverse consumer demands and enhancing potato production efficiency. This process provides a foundation for the breeding of low glycemic index potato varieties and the improvement of biological breeding methods.【Method】 Eight domestically and internationally cultivated potato varieties were employed as experimental materials. The study involved the examination of tuber agronomic traits, analysis of total starch, amylose, rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, resistant starch, soluble sugars, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and soluble protein content in tubers before and after steaming processing. Additionally, the investigation included the evaluation of the retention levels of these components and the post-processing tuber flavor quality and in vitro/vivo glycemic index.【Result】 Among the eight varieties, the yield ranged from 21.50 to 49.90 t·hm-2, with marketable yield percentages ranging from 60.04% to 90.21% and length-to-width ratios from 1.21 to 2.90. Sensory evaluation scores for flavor ranged from 64 to 73. Texture profile analysis results indicated that hardness ranged from 9.78 N to 19.97 N, adhesiveness from 0.44 mJ to 1.66 mJ, cohesiveness from 0.052 to 0.070, springiness from 0.51 to 1.02 mm, and chewiness from 0.28 to 1.38 mJ. Before and after steaming, the total starch content of eight potato varieties ranged from 67.07% to 76.72% dry weight (DW) and 57.69% to 67.40% DW, respectively. The range of amylose content was 5.36% to 19.23% DW and 5.43% to 6.83% DW, while rapidly digestible starch content varied from 1.18% to 8.23% DW and 14.31% to 28.56% DW. The range of slowly digestible starch content was 3.33% to 7.69% DW and 12.81% to 27.65% DW, and resistant starch content varied from 53.71% to 70.36% DW and 11.80% to 25.80% DW. Soluble sugar content ranged from 25.98 to 56.86 mg·g-1 DW and 11.38 to 50.24 mg·g-1 DW, while total dietary fiber content varied from 29.62% to 36.17% DW and 43.67% to 52.55% DW. Insoluble dietary fiber content ranged from 17.69% to 23.70% DW and 30.31% to 44.12% DW, and soluble dietary fiber content ranged from 11.07% to 18.48% DW and 7.37% to 14.09% DW. Soluble protein content varied from 42.26 to 64.14 mg·g-1 DW and 0.71 to 4.82 mg·g-1 DW. Following steaming, the total starch content of the eight varieties exhibited a range of -15.49% to -5.97%, with changes in amylose content ranging from -12.39% to 0.56%. The variations in rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch were in the ranges of 10.44% to 25.86%, 5.12% to 23.09%, and -56.8% to -29.88%, respectively. Soluble sugar content varied from -27.07% to 15.70%, while changes in insoluble dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber ranged from 11.41% to 25.19% and -4.73% to 0.77%, respectively. Soluble protein content exhibited a range of -60.86% to -39.67%. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the glycemic index and tuber total starch and rapidly digestible starch content, while a significant negative correlation was observed with resistant starch and insoluble dietary fiber content. The glycemic index of the eight varieties ranged from 58.08 to 100.64 in vitro and from 57.80 to 92.47 in vivo【Conclusion】 Under potato breeding program, the in vitro glycemic index can replace the in vivo glycemic index as an alternative evaluation method. The content of tuber total starch, rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch, resistant starch, and insoluble dietary fiber are key agronomic traits be considered in the breeding process of low glycemic index potato varieties. The Lucinda was identified as a low glycemic index potato variety with superior flavor quality after cooking processing.

    TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
    Distribution Characteristics of Photosynthetic Products of Nanjing Series of Super Rice During Filling Stage
    WEI XiaoDong, SONG XueMei, WANG Ning, ZHAO QingYong, ZHU Zhen, CHEN Tao, ZHAO Ling, WANG CaiLin, ZHANG YaDong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2309-2321.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.004
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    【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the transport and distribution of photosynthetic products and related gene expression levels during the grain filling period of the Nanjing series of super rice, as well as the differences with the control varieties, to summarize the physiological advantages of high-yield in the Nanjing series super rice, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the development of high-quality and high-yield japonica rice.【Method】Nanjing 5718, Nanjingjinggu, Nanjing 3908, and Nanjing 5055 were used as the research materials, with Huaidao 5 as the control. The photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, distribution and transportation of aboveground dry matter, and expression levels of photosynthetic product transport related genes at different stages of flag leaf and seed development were measured every 7 days during the booting stage, flowering stage, and flowering to maturity stage, and yield differences were statistically analyzed too.【Result】The yield and 1000-grain weight of the Nanjing series of super rice were higher than those of Huaidao 5, and its net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was significantly higher than that in Huaidao 5 during the booting stage and 28 days after flowering. In terms of photosynthetic product transport, the stem and leaf dry weight, leaf output, output rate, and transport rate of the Nanjing series super rice were significantly higher than those of Huaidao 5 after flowering, with Nanjing 5718 having the highest leaf output and output rate. The expression of genes related to starch degradation and carbohydrate metabolism (OsSPS1, OsSUT2, and OsGWD1) in the flag leaves of Nanjing 5718 was initiated earlier than other varieties, and the highest expression level was also higher than other varieties. The SWEET gene in grains played an important role in early sucrose transport during grain filling, while the OsPK3, OsSUT1, and OsSUT2 genes played an important role in sugar transport and unloading during the middle and late filling stages. The OsAGPL2 and OsDPE1 genes played the important roles in starch synthesis during the middle and late filling stages. The expression levels of genes related to starch synthesis and sugar transport in grains of Nanjing 5718, Nanjingjinggu, and Nanjing 3908 were significantly higher than those of Huaidao 5 at different stages. 【Conclusion】 The higher yield of the Nanjing series of super rice was mainly characterized by the following characteristics in terms of material transport: a large accumulation of dry matter in stem, leaf and panicles, and a high transport rate of leaf and stem dry matter; the high expression levels of genes related to sucrose metabolism and transport in leaves were beneficial for the synthesis, loading, and transport of sucrose at the source end; the high expression levels of genes related to sucrose transport and starch synthesis in grains were conducive to the unloading of sucrose at the storage end and the synthesis of starch in grains.

    A Method for Testing Phenotype Parameters of Wheat Grains on Spike Based on Improved Mask R-CNN
    WANG YunYun, LI YiNian, CHEN YuLun, DING QiShuo, HE RuiYin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2322-2335.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.005
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    【Objective】 Wheat grain phenotype parameters were tested after grains only must been threshed by combine, this process was time-consuming, laborious and complicate. Therefore, a method to test morphological parameters of wheat grains on spike based on improved Mask R-CNN was proposed in this research.【Method】Two sides front images of three varieties wheat spikes, including Zhenmai 25, Ningmai 13 and Longmai 88 (Early maturity variety), were collected, and then the image enhancement data set was constructed by using Gaussian filter, salt and pepper noise, and vertical flip image enhancement method. A method combined with deep learning and morphological processing for testing phenotype parameters of wheat grains on spike was proposed. Firstly, the improved Mask R-CNN network model for segmenting spike glume was constructed, which was based on feature extraction networks of ResNet and FNP, and the innovative components Coordinate Attention (CA) module, Aggregation module, and Halfconv module were integrated into it. And the glumes on spike image were accurately detected, located, segmented and counted by the improved Mask R-CNN network model. Secondly, five phenotype parameters of the glumes on spike were extracted by using morphologic processing method from the segmented mask image of wheat spike glume, and the linear correlation equations between the phenotype parameters of the glumes and the phenotype parameters of grains were established. Finally, the linear correlation equations between the phenotype parameters of glume and the phenotypic parameters of grain were used to predict the phenotype parameters of grain.【Result】(1) F1 score, average precision (AP) and recall rate of the optimal model for separating spike glume based on the improved Mask R-CNN network model were 91.12%, 94.13% and 88.30%, respectively, and the average consuming time for detecting a single image was 97 milliseconds, so the improved Mask R-CNN network model could quickly and accurately identify the glumes on the single wheat spike. The root-mean-square error and average relative error for segmenting spike grain by the model were 0.94 piece and 0.65%, respectively, so this showed that spike glumes were segmented precisely by the model. (2) The established linear correlation equations for length, thickness, area, circumference, and length-thickness ratio between wheat spike glume and actual grain were y=0.7258x, y=0.5166x, y=0.3748x, y=0.6756x and y=1.4085x, respectively, and the determination coefficient (R2) of the linear correlation equations all were greater than 0.85. (3) The above correlation equations were verified and phenotype parameters of grain were predicted by using the extracted phenotype parameter data of wheat spike glume, the root-mean-square errors and average relative error for length, thickness, area, circumference and length-thickness ratio between predicted values and actual values of wheat grains were 0.17 mm, 0.08 mm, 0.46 mm2, 0.33 mm, 0.12, and 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.03%, respectively. The determination coefficient (R2) for each phenotype parameter between the predicted data and the actual data was above 0.85, research results indicated that the proposed method in this study was feasible【Conclusion】 The method for testing phenotype parameters of wheat grains on spike based on improved Mask R-CNN was proposed in this research, and the phenotype parameters of wheat grain on spike could be predicted accurately and effectively by the phenotype parameters of wheat spike glume. This research provided a new method to extract rapidly and simply wheat grain phenotype parameters on spike.

    Drought Risk for Spring Maize in the Future and Response to Climate Change in the Northeast China
    YANG WangHua, LIU ZhiJuan, GONG JingJin, FU ZhenZhen, ZHANG TaiLin, ZHANG XiaoLong, SHEN YanJun, YANG XiaoGuang
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2336-2349.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.006
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    【Objective】 Drought was one of the main natural disasters which influencing agricultural production in China. As the largest maize production region in China, the frequent droughts caused by climate change have significantly affected the production of spring maize in the Northeast China. In this study, the risk of spring maize drought and its spatial pattern under future climate scenarios in the Northeast China was assessed, so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing spring maize drought and ensuring high-stable spring maize yield. 【Method】The spring maize potential planting area was focused on. Based on the daily weather data of three climate scenarios (shared socioeconomic pathways, SSPs), i.e., SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 output from MPI-ESM1.2-HR model under the Inter Statistical Impact Model Intercomparision Project (ISIMIP) from 1981 to 2060 and the spring maize phenology data from 53 agro-meteorological observation stations, the Crop Water Deficit Index (CWDI) as the agricultural drought index was selected to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of different levels of drought in different growth periods of spring maize in Northeast China. The optimal probability theory distribution function was selected to estimate the probability of drought index series. The drought risk index was constructed by using different levels of drought risk for spring maize at each point estimated based on information diffusion theory. Then, spring maize drought risk in the Northeast China was assessed under different climate scenarios and future changes in the spatial pattern of risk areas by class. 【Result】(1) The drought index of spring maize in the whole growth period in research region from 1981 to 2014 was generally characterized by a high drought in the southwest and low in the northeast, showing that the four eastern leagues of Inner Mongolia (57.3%)>Heilongjiang Province (40.6%)>Liaoning Province (39.5%)>Jilin Province (38.9%). (2) The drought intensity in the middle of spring maize growth was overall higher than that in the early and late growth periods in the study area. In the 2030s and 2050s, the probability of drought risk in early growth was light drought>moderate drought ≈ severe drought>extreme drought. The probability of drought risk in middle growth was extreme drought>severe drought>light drought ≈ moderate drought. And the probability of drought risk in late growth was light drought>medium drought>heavy drought>exceptional drought. (3) From 1981 to 2060, under the SSP1-2.6 low emission scenario, the probability of occurrence of higher-grade drought risk for spring maize in Northeast China decreased, and the extremely high and higher drought risk zones was obviously shrink to the southwest, with the area share decreasing by 5.4% and 9.6% in the 2030s, and by 0.8% and 2.5% in the 2050s, respectively; while under the SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 two high emission scenarios, the probability of occurrence of higher-grade drought risk increased, and the higher drought risk area expanded to the northeast, with the area share increasing by 8.5% and 9.7% in the 2050s, respectively【Conclusion】 According to the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of future drought risk based on the drought risk index, the drought risk of spring maize in Northeast China decreased from southwest to northeast, and the higher-grade drought risk area expanded to northeast under the scenarios of SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 in the future, so it was necessary to pay attention to the critical growth period of maize to propose targeted defense measures.

    PLANT PROTECTION
    Identification of Pathogen Causing Tomato White Tip and Curl Leaf Disease and Its Pathogenicity in Guangdong Province
    WANG Yuan, DU MengDan, LI ZhengGang, SHE XiaoMan, YU Lin, LAN GuoBing, DING ShanWen, HE ZiFu, TANG YaFei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2350-2363.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.007
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    【Objective】 Lisianthus enation leaf curl virus (LELCV) is a new species of the genus Begomovirus discovered in 2015. The objective of this study is to explore the molecular characteristics, genetic relationship, pathogenicity and effective transmission vector of the first isolate Tomato-2022 of LELCV invading mainland China, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the virus disease.【Method】In 2022, a new disease of tomato occurred in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province. The diseased plants exhibited small leaf, curling and leaf tips whitening symptoms. Total DNA was extracted from two diseased samples, respectively, and used as template for PCR detection with degenerate Begomovirus primers AV494/CoPR. The full genome sequence of isolate Tomato-2022 was obtained by RCA amplification, gene cloning and sequencing from positive samples by PCR detection. The virus sequence was analyzed with BLASTn program and the representative isolate sequences with high similarity were downloaded. Further the sequence similarity was compared using MUSCLE alignment of SDTv1.2 software. Phylogenetic analysis between isolate Tomato-2022 and the reported representative isolates with high similarity was performed using MEGA7.0. Infectious clone pGreenII0229-1.6A of isolate Tomato-2022 was constructed using restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. The infectious clone was inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and tomato stems by Agrobacterium-mediated injection to determine its pathogenicity. The efficiency of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 cryptic species transmitting isolate Tomato-2022 was determined by indoor artificial virus transmission method. PCR specific primers of LELCV were used to detect 135 diseased tomato samples collected from the main tomato producing areas of Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023 to clarify the distribution of LELCV in Guangdong Province.【Result】The PCR detection result showed that two diseased tomato samples with small leaf, curling and leaf tips whitening symptoms were infected by begomoviruses. Gene cloning and sequence analysis indicated that the genome of the virus isolate Tomato-2022 contained only DNA-A, with a size of 2 757 nt, and encoded six ORFs. The comparison of sequence similarity showed that the genomic sequence of isolate Tomato-2022 had high similarity with LELCV isolates registered in GenBank, and had the highest similarity with LELCV Taiwan, China Eustoma grandiflorum isolates (LC091539, LC091538) at 98.33%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tomato-2022 and 19 isolates of LELCV were clustered in a separate branch and had a close relationship. The constructed Tomato-2022 infectious clone pGreenII0229-1.6A was inoculated into N. benthamiana and tomato by Agrobacterium-mediated injection. At 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), the upper leaf margins of N. benthamiana showed slight upward curling symptoms, and new leaves of one tomato plant showed slight curling symptoms. At 18 dpi, N. benthamiana and tomato plants showed more obvious curling symptoms. As time went by, the symptoms of the inoculated plants became more and more obvious. At 30 dpi, N. benthamiana showed veins swelling and leaves severe curling symptoms, and the leaves of tomato plants showed curling and leaf tips whitening symptoms. The results of PCR showed that LELCV could be detected in both the inoculated plants. The indoor virus transmission experiments proved that B. tabaci MEAM1 cryptic species could efficiently transmit Tomato-2022. When each tomato plant was inoculated with 1, 5 and 10 MEAM1 B. tabaci fed LELCV for 48 h, the average virus transmission efficiency was 26.67%, 93.33% and 96.67%, respectively. LELCV was detected from 8 of 135 diseased tomato samples by PCR using specific primer, indicating that LELCV had been colonized in Guangdong Province【Conclusion】 Tomato-2022 is a new isolate of LELCV, and also the first isolate found in Chinese mainland. Its genome is a single-stranded circular DNA with a total length of 2 757 nt, encoding six ORFs. The virus isolate is the pathogen of tomato curl leaf and white tip disease in Guangdong Province, and can be efficiently transmitted by B. tabaci MEAM1 cryptic species.

    Species Identification of Beauveria brongniartii Strain JG-17 and Virulence Against Three Scarabaeoidae Pests
    CAO WeiPing, FENG Shuo, CHENG JiaXu, CHEN Dan, WU QingJun, SONG Jian
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2364-2377.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.008
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    【Objective】 Based on the current situation of the wide variety and serious damage of scarabs, and the urgent demand of agriculture for biological control with eco-friendly and sustainable management, the virulence of Beauveria brongniartii strain JG-17 to the larvae and adults of three important scarabs in China was studied in order to provide excellent microbial resources for the research and development of scarabs biological control agents.【Method】A high virulence fungus strain was isolated from the infected adult scarab cadavers by spore dilution method and re-inoculation experiment. The taxonomic status of strain JG-17 was determined by morphology and rDNA-ITS gene sequence analysis. The growth rate and sporulation of strain JG-17 at different culture temperatures were measured by cross method and hemocytometer method. The virulence of strain JG-17 to the adults and larvae of Holotrichia oblita, Holotrichia parallela and Anomala corpulenta was determined by immersion method and the control efficacy against the 2nd instar larvae of H. parallela was determined by peanut pot experiment.【Result】A strain of Beauveria JG-17, which caused high virulence against adults and larvae of three scarabs, was isolated from the naturally infected scarabs adult. Strain JG-17 was identified as B. brongniartii combined with the morphological and molecular identification results. 25-29 ℃ is the optimal growth temperature for strain JG-17, and the growth rate is greater than 4 mm·d-1. The growth rate and sporulation of strain JG-17 are the highest at 27 ℃. The cumulative mortality at 13 d of the adults of H. oblita, A. corpulenta and H. parallela treated with 1×108 spores/mL of strain JG-17 spore suspension was 78.0%, 100.0% and 86.0% with the LT50 values of 9.458, 6.911 and 8.391 d, respectively. At the same treatment concentration, the virulence of JG-17 to the larvae of H. parallela was higher than that of A. corpulenta and H. oblita. At the 1×108 spores/mL of JG-17 concentration treatment, the cumulative mortality at 13 d of the 1st instar larvae of H. oblita, A. corpulenta and H. parallela was 76.7%, 96.7% and 100.0%, respectively, and that of the 2nd instar larvae was 66.7%, 36.7% and 100.0%, respectively. Under different spore concentrations of JG-17 treatment, the LT50 of JG-17 against the 1st and 2nd instar larvae of H. parallela was significantly lower than that of A. corpulenta and H. oblita. In the pot experiment, there was no significant difference in larvae mortality between spraying evenly around the root and the furrow application with same spore dosage during the inter-tillage period, and more than 10 times of spore were needed to achieve similar control efficacy with spreading application before sowing.【Conclusion】B. brongniartii JG-17 has a high lethality rate to the adults and larvae of H. oblita, H. parallela and A. corpulenta. It is a biocontrol microbial resource with great potential for development and application to control underground scarab pests.

    SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
    Study on Dominant Factors Affecting Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon in Hulunbuir Grassland
    XUE Wei, XU LiJun, NIE YingYing, WU XinJia, YAN YiDan, YE LiMing, LIU XinWei
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2378-2389.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.009
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    【Background】 Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key component of the global carbon cycle in grassland ecosystems. In the context of climate change and grassland soil degradation, the study of the grassland carbon cycle has garnered extensive attention, particularly the in-depth analysis of the dynamics and driving factors of soil organic carbon in grasslands at different temporal and spatial scales. However, the estimation of long-term dynamic changes and the analysis of drivers for spatial variation in grassland SOC are primarily based on remote sensing modeling methods and simulation predictions, rather than direct measurements. 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative importance of SOC spatial variation factors and their variation characteristics in different periods of Hulunbuir grassland. 【Method】 Based on the data of the second national soil survey in the 1980, the soil profiles of 31 sample sites in Hulunbuir grassland in 2022 were collected again, and the SOC changes and driving factors of Hulunbuir grassland were quantitatively analyzed in these two periods by establishing a multivariate linear model and a generalized additive model. 【Result】 From 1980 to 2022, the SOC of Hulunbuir grassland increased from 17.25 g·kg-1 to 17.62 g·kg-1 in 40 years, with an increase of 0.37 g·kg-1. The relative importance of climatic factors increased from 22.1% in the 1980 to 72.9% in 2022, compared with a decrease in the relative importance of the topography and utilization intensity factors, which decreased from 38.8% and 39.2% in the 1980 to 13.5% and 13.5% in 2022, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The climatic factors, topography and use intensity jointly dominated the spatial variation of soil organic carbon in Hulunbuir grassland. Over the past 40 years, the climate factors have evolved from a secondary contributor to grassland SOC change to a major controlling factor.

    Effects of Long-Term Fertilization and Deep Plough on Crop Potassium Utilization and Soil Potassium Forms in Maize-Sorghum Rotation System
    YANG WenHui, LUO HaoCheng, DONG ErWei, WANG JinSong, WANG Yuan, LIU QiuXia, HUANG XiaoLei, JIAO XiaoYan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2390-2403.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.010
    Abstract ( 193 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (2439KB) ( 120 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The effects of long-term different fertilizations and deep plough on grain yield, potassium utilization, potassium forms in soil profile and non-exchange potassium release in maize-sorghum rotation system was evaluated to provide the theoretical basis for potassium nutrient management. 【Method】The experiment was conducted in Jinzhong city of Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2022. There were 6 treatments: no fertilizer (CK), NP, NPK, straw return and manure (MS), NPK with MS (NPKMS) and NPKMS with deep plough for 30 cm (NPKMSD). The influences of different treatments on grain yield, potassium uptake, potassium apparent utilization efficiency (KUE), potassium agronomy utilization efficiency (KAUE) and kinetics of non-exchange release were investigated. 【Result】Compared with NP and NPK treatments, the accumulative grain yield was increased 6%-8% under MS, NPKMS and NPKMSD, whereas potassium uptake was promoted 22%-43%. Moreover, the values of PAUE produced by NPKMS and NPKMSD were only half under NPK and MS treatments. The available K content of 0-20 cm soil layer under MS, NPKMS and NPKMSD treatments were 2.2 to 2.8 times higher than those under CK, NP and NPK treatments. Meanwhile, the slow available K was increased 8%-10%. The deep plough enhanced available K content of 20-40 cm soil layer. The K uptake aboveground was more related to available K content of both 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer and slow available K content of 20-40 cm soil layer. When the soil non-exchangeable K was extracted by CaCl2, the accumulative amount of K released under NPK, MS, NPKMS, and NPKMSD were 1.04, 1.77, 1.99, and 1.81 times than that under NP treatment, respectively, while these values were 1.05, 1.41, 1.85, and 1.63 times under NP treatment when soil non-exchangeable K was extracted by citric acid. 【Conclusion】 Taken together, straw return and manure could activate soil potassium. Thus soil available K content, slow available K content, KUE and KAUE were improved relative to NPK treatments when total potassium input was comparative for 12-years. NPK with MS treatments could induce potassium luxury absorption and resulted in low values of KUE and KAUE. Deep plough could increase subsoil available K content, but its impact on accumulative grain yield was not noticed. Straw return and manure increased cumulative non-exchangeable potassium release amount and release rates. Therefore long-term combination of straw return and appropriate amount manure could substitute chemical potassium fertilizer.

    Characteristics of Root Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution in Winter Rapeseed in Different Ecological Regions
    HUANG FangYuan, BIAN XiaoHua, JIANG Zhan, XIAO XiaoLu, DUAN Bo, CHEN Chang, MA Ni, GUAN ZhouBo
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2404-2423.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.011
    Abstract ( 259 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4817KB) ( 728 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The crop yield is significantly affected by the ecological environment. In this study, the yield formation mechanism of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different climatic conditions was studied to provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield breeding and cultivation of winter rapeseed. 【Method】The three different varieties of winter rapeseed were selected, including high-yield rapeseed (Qinyou 1618, Q1618), rapeseed materials (QF1), and conventional rapeseed (Zhongshuang 11, ZS11). Field experiments were conducted in the Huanghuai region (Yongshou, Shaanxi) and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (Yangluo, Hubei) from 2020 to 2021 to study the characteristics of growth, development and physiological characteristics of the three different varieties of winter rapeseed in different ecological regions. 【Result】Different ecological regions significantly affected the root growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, carbon and nitrogen metabolism response characteristics of winter rapeseed. The root growth of Q1618 was the most vigorous at the two sites, and its root length increased by 21.0% and 6.0% on average compared with ZS11 and QF1 during the overwintering period, respectively. In addition, the spatial distribution differences of root systems among the three varieties at the flowering stage were mainly concentrated in the shallow soil (0-15 cm) at Yangluo, while they were mainly concentrated in the deep soil (15-30 cm) at Yongshou. Compared with ZS11 and QF1, Q1618 showed an average increase of 138.1%, 78.8%, 24.2%, 83.3%, and 104.8%, 103.1%, 44.2%, 41.6% in root length, root surface area, root diameter, and root tip number of deep soil layer during flowering stage at the two sites, respectively. The root growth and yield of rapeseed during overwintering and flowering period were significantly positively correlated, and the correlation was stronger at Yongshou. During the overwintering period of rapeseed in the Huanghuai region, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground parts slowed down, and the nitrogen content in the leaves was decreased, the soluble sugar content in roots were accumulated, and the sucrose and fructose content in various organs (roots, stems, and leaves) with the overall performance being QF1>Q1618>ZS11, and the soluble sugar content in all organs in this area was positively correlated with yield. The roots, stems and leaves of winter rapeseed in the middle reaches of Yangtze River were basically in a synchronous growth stage, and the dry matter accumulation during the overwintering period was 3.0 times higher than that in the Huanghuai region, and the dry matter accumulation during the overwintering period was significantly positively correlated with the effective pod number per plant in this area. After the bolting stage, the dry matter accumulation of Q1618 was the highest at the two sites. The dry matter accumulation of winter rapeseed at maturity and the dry matter distribution ratio were significantly increased by 10.3% and 39.0% at Yongshou, compared with that at Yangluo site, respectively. On the whole, although the effective number of pods per plant was increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the measured of winter rapeseed (except ZS11 which was reduced by freezing damage) increased by 21.1% on average by increasing the number of grains per pod and the 1000-grain weight in the Huanghuai region compared with that in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Correlation analysis also showed that the rapeseed yield at Yongshou site was significantly positively correlated with the seed number per pod and the 1000-grain weight, while the yield of rapeseed at Yangluo site was significantly positively correlated with the effective number of pods per plant【Conclusion】 The effective number of pod per plant was increased by promoting the growth of rapeseed before the overwintering period in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. However, in the Huanghuai region, the vegetative growth of aboveground plants during the overwintering period was properly controlled, and the dry matter of roots and stems was promoted to be distributed to grains after bolting, and the number of grains per corner and 1000-grain weight were increased, which was conducive to achieving high yield of winter rapeseed.

    HORTICULTURE
    Identification and Comparative Analysis of Processed/Fresh-Eating Chili Pepper Fruits at Different Maturation Stages by Metabolomics
    GAO ChengAn, WAN HongJian, YE QingJing, CHENG Yuan, LIU ChenXu, HE Yong
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2424-2438.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.012
    Abstract ( 180 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4279KB) ( 1270 )   Save
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    【Objective】 Chili pepper, the most widely cultivated vegetable crop in China, is classified into processing or fresh-eating types based on their utilizations. This study aimed to thoroughly explore the metabolic differences between these two categories by analyzing and comparing the metabolites in the fruits of processing and fresh-eating chili peppers at both the mature green and mature red stages. The research sought to lay a theoretical groundwork for understanding the metabolic and quality variations between the two types of chili peppers. 【Method】Fruit samples from the processing type chili pepper, P059, and the fresh-eating type, F270, were collected at the mature green and mature red stages. Differential metabolites were identified and analyzed by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with multivariate statistical techniques. 【Result】A comprehensive analysis identified 1 465 metabolites in the fruits of processing type P059 and fresh-eating type F270 at both mature green and mature red stages. These metabolites spanned various categories, including lipids, amino acids, and terpenes. The comparative assessments at identical maturity stages showed that the lipid content in P059 fruits was significantly higher than in F270 at both maturity stages. Notably, metabolites such as linoleic acid and 9, 10-dihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid from the linoleic acid pathway (map00591) exhibited substantial differences. At the mature green stage, the spermidine level in P059 was over twice that was found in F270, while the homovanillic acid level in F270 was 2.93 times higher than that in P059. At the mature red stage, P059 contained 5.74 times more capsaicin than F270, whereas the proline level in F270 was 2.47 times higher than in P059. Moreover, the comparative analysis of differential metabolites during the maturation process of these two chili peppers revealed distinct metabolic changes. N-Carbamoyl-putrescine, involving in the arginine and proline metabolism pathway (map00330), showed significant variation in P059 but remained unchanged in F270. Conversely, vitamin A levels in F270 increased by 277% throughout maturation. Both varieties exhibited a substantial increase in citric acid and abscisic acid, with concentrations rising approximately 1.7-fold for citric acid and 8.4-fold for abscisic acid in P059; and 1.7-fold and 12-fold, respectively, in F270. In contrast, 13-hydroxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid levels diverged, surging by 300% in P059 from the mature green to the red stage, while F270 showed a significant decrease. 【Conclusion】 This study employed metabolomics techniques to explore the metabolic differentials between mature green and mature red fruits in processing type P059 and fresh-eating type F270 chili peppers. The results revealed distinct metabolites, including lipids, amino acids, vitamins, and organic acids, that differentiate the two chili pepper types. Additionally, this study shed light on the changing trends of specific metabolites, such as citric acid, abscisic acid, and 13-hydroxy-9,11- octadecadienoic acid during the maturation process of these chili peppers. These insights contribute to a more detailed understanding of the quality differences between processing and fresh-eating chili peppers.

    Targeted Metabolomics-Based Analysis of Peel Color Differences Between Yellow and Red Hawthorn
    GUO RongKun, DONG NingGuang, NONG HuiLan, WANG Han, TENG WeiChao, MENG JiaXin
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2439-2453.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.013
    Abstract ( 334 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (3121KB) ( 328 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the accumulation pattern of flavonoids and carotenoids of yellow and red hawthorn peel during the fruit ripening process, as well as to deepen the understanding of the coloration mechanism of hawthorn peel, so as to provide the guidance for peel color-directed genetic breeding. 【Method】The fruit peel of yellow hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Jinruyi) and red hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Ruanzi) was used as test materials. The components and content of flavonoid and carotenoid in the peel of the two cultivars during different growth stages were examined qualitatively and quantitatively based on targeted metabolomics analysis. The differential accumulation of flavonoids and carotenoid metabolites between the two cultivars was analyzed by the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). 【Result】A total of 130 kinds of flavonoids and 49 kinds of carotenoids were detected in the peel of the two hawthorn cultivars, and the components and content of these metabolites were significantly different between the two cultivars during different growth stages. The anthocyanin content of the Ruanzi peel was 400 times higher than that of the Jinruyi peel, which in the Ruanzi peel and Jinruyi peel at the mature period (S5) was 930.04 and 2.32 µg·g-1, respectively. The major anthocyanin species was cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, which accounted for more than 95% of total anthocyanins. The carotenoid metabolism analysis showed that there was no significant difference in total carotenoid content between Ruanzi and Jinruyi during the S1-S3 period, and lutein was the predominant accumulated carotenoid. The content of β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, neoxanthin, α-carotene, and zeaxanthin in the Jinruyi peel were significantly higher than that in the Ruanzi peel during the S4-S5 period. The massive accumulation of these carotenoid metabolites in the Jinruyi peel led to the difference in carotenoid content in the two hawthorn cultivars during the S4-S5 period. 【Conclusion】 In the hawthorn fruit mature period, the accumulation of anthocyanin in the Ruanzi peel led to the appearance of red, and the accumulation of carotenoid in the Jinruyi peel led to the appearance of yellow. The differential accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids played an important role in the hawthorn peel different coloration.

    FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
    Study on Characterization and Interaction Analysis of Co-Contamination of Multi-Mycotoxins in the Flours of Rice, Maize, Soybean and Wheat Flour in Shanghai from 2021 to 2022
    ZHU ZuoYin, ZHAO HanKe, CHENG HaiSheng, HAN MengYi, QIU Zhi, WANG Jie, ZHOU XinLi, YANG JunHua
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2454-2466.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.014
    Abstract ( 178 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (3825KB) ( 139 )   Save
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    【Objective】 The co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in grain food ingredients has become one of most concerned problem of food safety. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination of 14 mycotoxins in the flours of rice, maize, soybean and wheat in Shanghai were explored, in order to provide the basic reference for safety assessment, early warning and supervision of mycotoxins, and development of efficient monitoring measures. 【Method】The content of 14 mycotoxins in 621 substrates of rice, maize, soybean and wheat flour from Shanghai were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The co-contaminated characteristics and interaction probabilities of multi-mycotoxin was analyzed by the common contamination index (CCEI), correlation cluster analysis (CCA), one-way ANOVA (one-way ANOVA), and the JAVA procedure. 【Result】The main exposure of mycotoxins in the grain ingredients in Shanghai regions included ochratoxin (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FUMs). Among them, rice was mainly contaminated by OTA and DON, maize was mainly contaminated by FUMs and DON, soybean was mainly contaminated by DON and AFs, and wheat flour was mainly contaminated with DON and its derivatives. Based on the safety limit standards of mycotoxins, the total excess rate was lower than 2.09% in four kinds of grain food ingredients, but the co-contamination rate of two or more kinds of mycotoxins were upper than 87.76%. Moreover, there was much higher interaction rates (25.44%) among different mycotoxins, such as FB1+FB2, DON+FB1, OTA+FB1, OTA+DON, AFM2+OTA, and DON+FB1+FB2. Among the higher interaction rates groups, the most of the mycotoxins cooccurrence showed weaker correlations, but the co-combinations of FB1+FB3, AFB1+DON, DON+15-ADON were all showed the significant moderate correlation. 【Conclusion】 The overall contaminated level and excessive rates of mycotoxins in the flours of rice, maize, soybean, and wheat flour from Shanghai was relatively low. However, the proportion of single samples contaminated by multi-mycotoxins was higher, and along with the difference of sample types. As a complex problem of the mycotoxin contamination in the flours of rice, maize, soybean and wheat, this study provided an important reference for the prevention and control of the co-occurrence of multi-mycotoxins in commercially available grain food ingredients in the future.

    ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE
    Dietary Addition of Cordyceps Militaris Can Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide- Induced Liver Damage and Skeletal Muscle Protein Degradation in Early Weaning Piglets
    CAI RuiJie, CHU YiXin, SHI XinE, JIN JianJun, YANG GongShe
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2467-2482.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.015
    Abstract ( 196 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (997KB) ( 639 )   Save
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    【Objective】 This study aims to explore the effect of cordyceps militaris on the growth and immune performance of early weaned piglets and the mechanism of regulating immune stress. 【Method】A total of Duroc × Landrace × large 144 early-weaned piglets of the same age and similar initial weight were randomly divided into 4 groups: NC (basal diet), LPS (LPS+ basal diet), LPS+500CM (LPS+ basal diet+ 500 mg·kg-1 CM) and LPS+1000CM (LPS+ basal diet+ 1 000 mg·kg-1 CM). Group NC and group LPS were fed with basal diet, while group LPS+500CM and group LPS+1000CM were fed by fully mixed basal diet with cordyceps militaris (CM) powder according to the proportion. After feeding, 6 piglets in each group (half male and half female) were randomly selected and slaughtered. Group LPS, group LPS+500CM and group LPS+1000CM were intraperitoneally injected with LPS according to body weight 4 hours before slaughter, and group NC was injected with the same amount of normal saline. After slaughtering, the longissimus dorsi, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney were collected for the next detection. 【Result】Statistical analysis of body weight and feed intake showed that adding Cordyceps militaris to the diet of piglets had no notable effect on the average daily feed intake of piglets, while the weight of piglets supplemented with 500 mg·kg-1 CM and 1 000 mg·kg-1CM was respectively higher than that of the control group. 8.58% (P<0.05) and 9.08% (P<0.05). Compared with the NC group, the spleen index of piglets in the LPS group was significantly lower (P<0.05), while the spleen index of the piglets in the LPS+500CM group and LPS+1000CM group was significantly higher than that in the LPS group (P<0.05). The detection of liver function biomarkers and total bile acids showed that the liver ALT level of piglets in the LPS group was significantly higher than that of the NC group (P<0.05), and the levels of AST, LDH, and total bile acids showed an upward trend. The ALT, AST, LDH and total bile acid levels of the LPS+500CM group and LPS+1000CM group with Cordyceps militaris added to the feed were significantly lower than those of the LPS group. The detection of liver antioxidant indicators and inflammatory factor expression showed that the levels of MDA, LPO, T-AOC and the expression of inflammatory factors in the liver of piglets in the LPS group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the levels of CAT, GSH-Px and T-SOD were significantly higher. There was a significant decrease (P<0.01), and feeding piglets with Cordyceps militaris could significantly alleviate the increase or decrease in these indicators. The crude protein and amino acid contents of skeletal muscle in the LPS group were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and adding Cordyceps militaris to the diet could significantly alleviate the decrease in protein and amino acid contents caused by LPS (P<0.01). Compared with NC, the expression of inflammatory factors in the LPS group was significantly higher (P<0.05), while the expression of inflammatory factors after feeding Cordyceps militaris in the diet was significantly lower than that in the LPS group (P<0.05). The levels of MDA and LPO in the longissimus dorsi muscle of piglets in the LPS group were significantly higher than those in the NC group (P<0.01), while the levels of T-AOC, CAT, GSH-Px and T-SOD were significantly lower (P<0.01), adding Cordyceps militaris to the diet can alleviate this abnormal increase or decrease. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, t-mTOR, 4EBP1, and FOXO1 were detected and it was found that the LPS group had a decreasing trend compared with the NC group, while the protein expression levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 were significantly increased (P<0.05). After Cordyceps militaris was added to the diet, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and FOXO1 in the longissimus dorsi muscle of piglets were significantly increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression levels of MAFbx and MuRF1 were significantly decreased (P<0.05)【Conclusion】 The results show that adding CM to the diet can improve the growth and immune performance of weaned piglets; CM can inhibit the decrease in crude protein and total amino acid content of longissimus dorsi caused by LPS; CM can inhibit liver inflammation and excessive proliferation and apoptosis and hepatocytes and improve liver antioxidant capacity; CM can inhibit longissimus dorsi inflammation, oxidative stress and protein degradation in weaned piglets. Overall, adding CM to the deit can improve the growth and immune performance of weaned piglets, alleviate liver damage and protein degradation cause by LPS, and provide a theoretical basis for screening new feed additives and preventing immune stress in weaned piglets.

    Effects of Adding Curcumin to Perinatal Diets on Production Performance, Blood Indexes and Gene Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Goats
    CHEN HengGuang, PEI XiaoMeng, XIA YuTing, LIU Jing, MAO DaGan
    Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2024, 57(12):  2483-2496.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.12.016
    Abstract ( 170 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (595KB) ( 122 )   Save
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    【Background】 The reproductive capacity of goat has a direct impact on the mutton sheep industry, and the perinatal period is a special physiological period in the goat breeding process. During this stage, the feed intake and energy intake decreases, and the nutritional needs of the offspring increase sharply. Goats are prone to enter a state of negative energy balance, which can induce a series of adverse reactions, such as metabolic diseases, inflammatory reactions, immune suppression, and even miscarriage.【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the alleviation role of curcumin in the perinatal diet on negative energy balance state of goats, by evaluating goat production performance, blood indicators and inflammatory factor gene expression, to improve the health of perinatal goats. 【Method】 Eighteen Subai goats with 122 days of gestation (i.e. 28 days before delivery) were divided into Con group (no supplement) and Cur group (supplemented with curcumin 800 mg·kg-1 DMI). Blood sample was collected on 21 days (d-21) before delivery and 0 (d0) and 21 days (d21) after delivery. Goat production performance, blood indicators and inflammatory factor gene expression were measured. 【Result】 Cur treatment did not affect goat feed intake, birth weight or daily gain of lambs. The goat feed intake of both groups before and after delivery tended to decrease and then increase, with the lowest feed intake on the day of delivery (P=0.097). Cur treatment tended to increase serum Glu concentration (P=0.075). Cur treatment significantly reduced serum NEFA content on d0 and d21 (P<0.05), but did not affect serum low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, or triglyceride content (P>0.05). Cur treatment tended to increase serum total T-AOC level on d21 (P=0.073), and significantly reduced serum MDA content on d0, but did not affect serum SOD or GSH-Px level (P>0.05). Cur treatment did not affect serum IgA, IgG or IgM content (P>0.05). Cur treatment significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 in whole blood on d21 (P<0.05) and decreased the expression of TNFα on d0 (P<0.05), but did not affect the gene expression of IL-1, IL-6 and IFNγ (P>0.05). 【Conclusion】 Adding curcumin to peripartum diets could reduce serum NEFA level, enhance antioxidant properties, and reduce inflammatory responses to a certain extent in goats.