Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Genome-Wide Association Study of Chlorophyll Content in Maize

SHI DaKun, YAO TianLong, LIU NanNan, DENG Min, DUAN HaiYang, WANG LuLin, WAN Jiong, GAO JiongHao, XIE HuiLing, TANG JiHua, ZHANG XueHai

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1839-1857. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.001

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【Objective】 Chlorophyll content was positively correlated with crop yield, improving crop yield by increasing chlorophyll content has become an important breeding goal in maize. Thus, elucidating the genetic basis of chlorophyll content using genome-wide association study (GWAS) can provide theoretical support for ideotype-based maize breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency. 【Method】 The association mapping panel (AMP) used in this study was consisted of 538 maize inbred lines, chlorophyll content of maize three leaves (above the uppermost ear leaf, uppermost ear leaf and below the uppermost ear leaf ) of the AMP was investigated at 5 days after pollination at five locations, then a GWAS with three models (Q, K, Q+K) were carried out using 558 629 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The combination of optimal GWAS model with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, natural variation of chlorophyll content was further explored. 【Result】 All traits measured at the five locations exhibited an approximately normal distribution and positive correlations between paired traits were also observed. Analysis of variance indicated that significant variations were observed across environment, genotype and the genotype × environment interaction. In addition, the heritability of chlorophyll content was 0.66, 0.66, and 0.67 for above the uppermost ear leaf, uppermost ear leaf and below the uppermost ear leaf, respectively. When test with the optimal GWAS model, K model has the greatest success in reducing false positive (type I errors) than other two models. Based on the result of K model, a total of 18 loci involving in 29 significantly SNP-traits associations were detected (P≤3.99×10 ^-6), and 76 candidate genes were found, including 42 genes that have functional annotation that involved in energy metabolism, biosynthetic regulation and material transportation and metabolic pathways. Of which, 85.5% (65/76) of the candidate genes have eQTLs and 11.8% (9/76) of the candidate genes were significantly associated with the corresponding phenotype (P＜0.05), indicating that these nine genes may affect phenotypic variation by regulating their expression. Moreover, two loci were found to be co-localized in two environments or leaves, the gene GRMZM2G074759 within the co-localized locus, encodes an acyl-activating enzyme, highly similar to AAE3. It can increase the lysine content and improve maize quality by increasing the content of α-ketoglutarate (ALA) and oxaloacetate, in addition, ALA could promote chlorophyll biosynthesis and improve crop yield, this gene was considered as the most likely candidate gene. 【Conclusion】 The results indicated that K model having the best result in reducing the false positive. Based on the K model, a total of 18 loci associated with chlorophyll content and several candidate genes may be involved in chlorophyll synthesis pathway were identified.

Cloning and Functional Characterization of Gene CRVW Involved in Cotton Resistance to Verticillium Wilt

WANG QiuYing,WANG WeiQiao,ZHANG Yan,WANG GuoNing,WU LiQiang,ZHANG GuiYin,MA ZhiYing,YANG Jun,WANG XingFen

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1858-1869. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.002

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【Objective】 Verticillium wilt is an important disease in cotton production, and it seriously affects the yield and quality of cotton. Genome sequences of Gossypium hirsutum provide valuable information resources for searching for resistance genes. In this study, an uncharacterized gene, designed as CRVW (cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt), was cloned and identified for disease resistance. The results will lay a foundation for upgrading cotton genomic information, further studying the resistance mechanism and molecular breeding. 【Method】 The open reading frame (ORF) of CRVW was cloned from upland cotton cultivar ND601 using the primers, which were designed according to the reference genome sequence. The online software ProtParam was used to predict protein properties, including amino acid composition, molecular weight, the theoretic isoelectric point, instability index and grand average of hydropathicity. PSIPRED v3.3 was used to predict the protein secondary structure. The prediction of protein subcellular localization and cis-acting elements in the promoter was performed using ProtComp v. 9.0 and PlantCARE, respectively. To elucidate the subcellular localization of the CRVW protein, the CRVW-GFP fusion construct was transformed into onion epidermal cells by particle bombardment. qRT-PCR was performed using normal cotton tissues and tissues that were treated with exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and Verticillium dahliae stress. The function of CRVW involving in cotton resistance to V. dahliae was further verified by the technology of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To preliminarily analyze the disease resistance pathway mediated by CRVW, the expression of some marker genes related to plant disease resistance was assayed in CRVW-silenced plants.【Result】 A 780 bp ORF of CRVW was successfully cloned from G. hirsutum ND601. CRVW encodes a putative protein of 259 amino acids with a molecular mass of 30.2 kD and an isoelectric point of 9.59. The protein secondary structure of CRVW contains 69.50% random coil, 17.76% α-helical, 11.20% extension and 1.54% β-sheet. By bioinformatics prediction and fluorescence observation, we found that CRVW was mainly located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. CRVW was expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of cotton, but the highest expression occurred in the roots. The upstream sequence of CRVW ORF (CRVW-P) contains cis-acting elements in response to four kinds of hormones, including ethylene, SA, auxin and abscisic acid. Additionally, CRVW-P includes a few other elements relating to injury, defense, stress, disease, drought and low temperature. The expression of CRVW was significantly upregulated in the leaves sprayed with SA. After inoculated with V. dahliae, CRVW was dramatically upregulated both in resistant cultivar ND601 and susceptible cultivar CCRI8, but the upregulated expression in susceptible cultivar lagged behind in the resistant cultivar. After 20 days inoculated with V. dahliae, CRVW-silenced cotton seedlings showed more clearly chlorosis, wilting and defoliating comparing to CK. Further statistical analysis showed that CRVW-silenced cotton seedlings had higher disease index than the CK, suggesting that the silence of CRVW significantly reduced the resistance of cotton seedling to V. dahliae. Endogenous SA content in CRVW-silenced cotton seedlings was significantly lower than in CK. The expression of marker genes related to SA accumulation and signal regulation, including ICS1 (isochorismate synthase 1), EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1), PAD4 (phytoalexin deficient 4), NPR1 (nonexpresser of PR gene 1) and PR1 (pathogenesis- related protein 1), were significantly down-regulated after silencing CRVW.【Conclusion】 CRVW is located in the cytoplasm and the cell membrane, mainly expressed in cotton roots, and involved in the process of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt, perhaps through SA-mediated defense pathway.

Effects of No-Tillage/Subsoiling Rotational Tillage System on Increasing Soil Water Storage and Crop Yield Under Different Precipitation Patterns of Winter Wheat in the Loess Plateau

YU Qi,LI Jun,ZHOU Dong,WANG ShuLan,WANG Hao,LI Ao,ZHANG YuanHong,NING Fang,WANG XiaoLi,WANG Rui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1870-1882. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.003

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【Objective】 The aims of this study were to provide scientific basis for the selection of tillage method of soil moisture accumulation and yield increase in different precipitation types of winter wheat in the arid region of China. 【Method】 Long-term no-tillage and subsoiling rotational tillage experiments were carried out in the Loess Plateau dryland, Shaanxi province from 2007 to 2018. Three tillage treatments, including no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling(NNS), no-tillage/subsoiling(NS) and continuous no-tillage (N), were set up to compare and analyze the effects of different precipitation patterns and tillage treatments on soil water storage, ET, WUE, yield and economic profits of winter wheat during its summer-fallow and growth period. 【Result】 Different precipitation patterns had significant impact on soil water storage, ET, WUE, yield and economic profits during the fallow and growth period of winter wheat. Compared with dry and normal year, the soil water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer in fallow period (23.9% and 31.9%) and growth period (6.5% and 16.6%) of winter wheat could be increased in humid precipitation pattern, and the water consumption in elongation and grain-filling period of winter wheat with rapid water consumption increased by more than 1 and 3 times, respectively; Whilst, the WUE increased by 21.1% and 16.3%, yield increased by 70.0% and 25.8%, and economic profits increased by more than 2 and 1/2 times, respectively. The soil water storage of 0-200 cm in fallow period was better treated by dry, humid and normal year under no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) (106.1mm), continuous no-tillage (N) (192.0 mm) and continuous no-tillage (N) (91.5 mm), respectively. The soil water accumulation of 0-100 cm in the growth period fluctuates greatly under the influence of precipitation and the growth of winter wheat. However, the soil water storage in 120-200 cm soil depth showed a stable change trend of “first increase, then decrease”, and the water storage effect of no-tillage and subsoiling rotational system was better. No-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) treatment had significant advantages in prompting yield and increasing the WUE in dry and humid year. In normal year, the yield and economic profits of continuous no-tillage (N) treatment were the highest, 4 297 kg·hm ^-2 and 4 773 yuan/hm ², respectively. Under the influence of subsoiling and its frequency, the production cost of no-tillage/no- tillage/subsoiling (NNS) and no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) average increased by 172 and 227 yuan/hm ², respectively, but the level of production input was not the key factor affecting economic profits. Compared with no-tillage/subsoiling (NS) treatment, no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) treatment could save production input with less subsoiling frequency and increase grain yield at the same time to maximize economic benefits. It had the advantages of reducing consumption and saving water, improving WUE and saving cost of winter wheat and increasing economic profit and maintains a positive production effect in most experimental years, also had more universal application. 【Conclusion】 Based on the comprehensive analysis of sustainable agricultural production and the development goals of green, low consumption and high water efficiency, no-tillage/no-tillage/subsoiling (NNS) rotational tillage was recommended as the most suitable tillage method for the winter wheat continuous cropping field in the Loess Plateau.

Spatiotemporal Variation and Regional Advantages of Foxtail Millet Production in Recent 30 Years in China

LIU JieAn, WANG XiaoHui, WU Yao, JIA Hao, YIN XiaoGang, SHI LeiGang, CHU QingQuan, CHEN Fu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1883-1894. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.004

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【Objective】 Foxtail millet (Setariaitalica (L.) P. Beauv.) is rich in nutrition, has a short growth period, and is resistant to drought and barren. Planting foxtail millet plays an important role in optimizing the agricultural planting structure and promoting farmers’ income in arid and semi-arid areas. It was of great significance for the sustainable development of foxtail millet production to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and regional advantages of foxtail millet production in China. 【Method】 Based on the provincial and county production statistics of foxtail millet from 1985 to 2015, the spatial and temporal variation rules of foxtail millet production in China were analyzed by using the yield contribution rate, center of gravity migration, comparative advantage index and other indicators.【Result】 In the last thirty years, the sown area of foxtail millet in China decreased from 3.318×10 ⁶hm ² to 7.88×10 ⁵ hm ² and then recovered to 8.39×10 ⁵hm ². The yield increased from 1 801.2 kg·hm ^-2 to 2 342.9 kg·hm ^-2. The area contribution rate of total production change was 80.3%, the yield contribution rate was 18.4%, and the yield contribution rate gradually increased. The center of foxtail millet production in China varied little in recent 30 years. The advantageous production areas were stable in the midwest part of northeast China, the north-central part of the North China Plain and the southeastern part of the middle-low plateau area in the north, which were concentrated in the counties bordering Inner Mongolia and the three provinces in northeast China, most of Hebei, northwest Henan, central Shandong, most of Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, eastern Gansu and central Ningxia. In the last thirty years, the yield increased in the North China Plain, the northeast plain and some counties in the northwest area, but the sown area decreased significantly, which made these regions show efficiency advantage and scale disadvantage. After 2000, the sown area of Jilin Tongyu, Inner Mongolia Aohan banner and some counties in Shanxi province in the middle and low plateau area in the north were recovered. The counties with scale advantage and efficiency disadvantage were concentrated in Shaanxi and parts of north-central Shanxi in Loess Plateau area.【Conclusion】 In the past 30 years, the sown area of millet decreased first and then increased, the concentration of foxtail millet production in China had been increasing, the advantageous production areas tended to be stable, and the yield had been gradually increased. The summer foxtail millet replaced by summer corn in North China Plain was difficult to recover, and the foxtail millet production in the midwest regions of northeast China, the northern agro-pastoral interleaving areas and the areas along Taihang mountain had the potential to recover. The progress of foxtail millet breeding, cultivation technology and production processing machinery were very important for improving the quality and efficiency of foxtail millet production and realizing industrialization development.

Composition of Fusarium Species Causing Maize Ear Rot and Analysis of Toxigenic Chemotype in Guangxi

DU Qing, TANG ZhaoLei, LI ShiChu, SHANGGUAN LingLing, LI HuaJiao, DUAN CanXing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1895-1907. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.005

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to clarify the composition and toxigenic chemotype of Fusarium species causing maize ear rot in Guangxi, and to provide important guidance and theoretical basis for comprehensive control of maize ear rot and reasonable distribution of varieties and resistance breeding.【Method】 The diseased ear samples were collected from main maize producing areas in Guangxi between 2016 and 2018, a total of 138 isolates from 21 counties (districts) were obtained by tissue separation and single-spore purification. Fusarium species were identified and determined according to morphological characteristics and molecular methods. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on TEF-1α gene sequences, and specific primers were used to detect toxigenic chemotype.【Result】 A total of 10 Fusarium species were identified and confirmed among 138 isolates, including F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. kyushuense, F. meridionale, F. sacchari, F. fujikuroi, F. asiaticum, F. concentricum, F. incarnatum and F. graminearum, with the isolation frequencies of 50.72%, 12.32%, 10.87%, 8.70%, 6.52%, 3.62%, 3.62%, 1.45%, 1.45% and 0.72%, respectively. F. graminearum species complex (FGSC) contained three independent species, i.e. F. meridionale, F. asiaticum and F. graminearum. F. verticillioides was the predominant pathogen, FGSC, F. proliferatum and F. kyushuense were the secondary predominant pathogens. F. sacchari and F. concentricum were the first reported to be the pathogen of maize ear rot in China. The key gene FUM1 responsible for the biosynthesis of fumonisins was detected among 67 F. verticillioides, 13 F. proliferatum, 5 F. sacchari and 3 F. fujikuroi strains, respectively, which indicated the potential ability of producing fumonisins. FUM1 was not detected in the F. concentricum strains. Four toxigenic chemotypes including NIV, 15-ADON, NIV+15-ADON and DON+15-ADON were detected among FGSC, F. kyushuense and F. incarnatum strains. Strains containing NIV chemotype included 8 F. kyushuense, 2 F. asiaticum, 2 F. meridionale, and 1 F. incarnatum. Strains containing 15-ADON chemotype included 2 F. meridionale. The NIV+15-ADON chemotype was detected among 8 F. meridionale, 2 F. kyushuense, 1 F. asiaticum and 1 F. incarnatum strains. Only 1 F. graminearum strain carried DON+15-ADON chemotype. The 3-ADON chemotype was not detected among these strains.【Conclusion】 F. verticillioides is the predominant pathogen of maize ear rot in Guangxi. FGSC, F. proliferatum and F. kyushuense are the secondary predominant species. FUM1 was detected among F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. sacchari and F. fujikuroi. The main toxigenic chemtype of FGSC in Guangxi is NIV+15-ADON, while NIV is the main toxigenic chemotype of F. incarnatum and some F. kyushuense. The population composition of Fusarium species causing maize ear rot in Guangxi is different from equivalent study of temperate zone in China, which may be due to the fact that Fusarium species adapt to the high temperature and humidity growth environment in tropical and subtropical Guangxi and thus leads to the differences of toxigenic chemotypes.

Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus velezensis Strain E69 Against Rice Blast and Other Fungal Diseases

SHA YueXia,SUI ShuTing,ZENG QingChao,SHEN RuiQing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1908-1917. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.006

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to clarify the antagonistic effect of Bacillus velezensis strain E69 isolated from rice endophytic bacteria against various fungal plant pathogens in vitro, especially the control efficacy of B. velezensis E69 on rice blast, and to reduce the use of chemical pesticides.【Method】 B. velezensis E69 and B. subtilis (most commonly used microorganisms in biological control of rice blast) E66 strains were isolated from endophytic bacteria of rice leaf tissue. The antagonistic effect of strains E69 and E66 and their fermented liquid, sterile supernatant against Magnaporthe oryzae was tested by confrontation culture method. Also, the antagonistic effect of strains E69 and E66 against other 11 pathogenic fungi, such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeospoioides, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Alternaria alternate, F. oxysporum, et al., was determined. The preventive efficacy of E69 and E66 was tested for the control of rice leaf blast under greenhouse condition. The field experiments were conducted to evaluate the preventive efficacy of E69 and E66 against rice leaf blast and neck blast. The inhibitory effect of E69 and E66 against conidial germination and appressorial formation of M. oryzae was assessed in laboratory. The colonization of GFP-marked strain E69 in rice stem was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope.【Result】 Strains E69 and E66 significantly suppressed the mycelia growth rate of M. oryzae P131, the preventive efficacy against rice blast under greenhouse condition was 83.24% and 76.57%, respectively. The preventive efficacy of E69, E66 against rice leaf blast and neck blast in field was 85.97%, 79.76% and 69.67%, 68.82%, respectively. The preventive effect of E69 on leaf blast was significantly higher than that of 75% tricyclozole wettable powder, but there was no significant difference between the preventive efficacy of strain E69 and 75% tricyclazole powder against rice neck blast. E69 and E66 had significant antagonistic effects against 11 plant pathogens, such as R. solani, Fusarium spp., B. cinerea, C. gloeospoioides, P. parasitica var. nicotianae, A. alternate, F. oxysporum, et al. The antagonistic effect of E69 was higher than that of E66. E69 and E66 could strongly inhibit the conidial germination and appressorial formation of M. oryzae P131, the inhibitory effect of E69 fermented liquid was 95.28% and 94.16%, respectively, and the inhibitory effect of E69 sterile supernatant was 85.36% and 84.31%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of E66 fermented liquid was 89.15% and 87.38%, respectively, and the inhibitory effect of E66 sterile supernatant were 79.65% and 72.45%, respectively. The GFP-marked strain E69 showed good colonization ability in rice stem, and could be stably colonized in rice stem epidermis, parenchyma and vascular bundles. 【Conclusion】 B. velezensis strain E69 is a potential biocontrol strain with obvious preventive effects, which has the application potential of preventing rice blast, sheath blight and other fungal diseases.

Variation in Rice Yield Response to Fertilization in China: Meta-analysis

HAN TianFu, MA ChangBao, HUANG Jing, LIU KaiLou, XUE YanDong, LI DongChu, LIU LiSheng, ZHANG Lu, LIU ShuJun, ZHANG HuiMin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1918-1929. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.007

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【Objective】 A meta study was conducted to investigate the comprehensive effect of fertilization on rice yield in Chinese paddy soils during the past 30 years, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific correct application of fertilizers in rice cultivation areas. 【Method】 Based on the long-term paddy soil monitoring sites from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, we conducted meta-analysis to investigate the rice yield response to no fertilization versus fertilization in different agro-climatic regions. 【Result】 Rice yield in the past 10 years (2008-2017) was significantly higher than the corresponding rice yield in 1988-1997 and 1998-2007, regardless of fertilization. The increase of rice yield with fertilization in southwest of China was by 98.5%, which was significantly higher than that of in north of China (70.3%). Fertilization increased rice yield by 99.1%, 84.2% and 78.1% during 1988-1997, 1998-2007 and 2008-2017, respectively. For the cropping system, the increase of rice yield under triple cropping system (92.0%) was significantly higher than that under single cropping system (76.2%) and double cropping system (81.9%). Fertilization increased rice yield by 85.9% under double rice cropping system, by 75.9% under single cropping system, and by 79.5% under other cropping system. Compared with no fertilizer, chemical plus organic fertilizer application increased rice yield by 88.3%, which was higher than that of single chemical fertilizer application (76.6%). Fertilization significantly increased rice yield in clay soil by 92.0%, compared with no fertilization, which significantly higher than that in sandy soil (58.0%) and loam soil (77.5%). With the increase of soil organic matter and available phosphorus, the increasing trend of fertilization on rice yield was decreased compared with no fertilization. Under higher soil pH (＞7.5) and lower soil total nitrogen (＜1.5 g·kg ^-1) and slow available potassium (＜150 mg·kg ^-1), the rice yield increasing was more than that of corresponding the rest of level. Random forest analysis showed that the region, soil total nitrogen and cropping system had greater impact on the response ratio (RR) of rice yield. In addition, the agronomic efficiency of fertilizer was positively correlated with rice yield RR. 【Conclusion】 Although the trend of increasing rice yield by fertilization was decreasing at present, but combined appropriate chemical plus organic fertilizer, especially in southwest of China, were important measures to improve and maintain high rice yield. Base on the cropping system, combining soil texture, soil nitrogen and potassium content should be the main basis for fertilizer input in different rice cultivation areas.

Effect of Drip Fertigation on Summer Maize in North China

LI Ge, BAI YouLu, YANG LiPing, LU YanLi, WANG Lei, ZHANG JingJing, ZHANG YinJie

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1930-1941. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.008

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【Objective】 The experiment was carried out to study the fertilizer effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates on summer maize under low-yield soil conditions in North China, and provided a theoretical basis for high-efficiency drip fertigation of summer maize, in order to optimize drip fertigation system and promote the technology of water and fertilizer integration. 【Method】 Maize variety “Zhengdan 958” was used as materials in the two-year field experiment. Under the condition of one tube with two rows of drip fertigation belts, the experiment was subjected to four treatments for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively, of which nitrogen fertilizer treatments were 0, 144, 180, and 216 kg·hm ^-2(denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively), phosphate fertilizer treatments were 0, 72, 90, and 108 kg·hm ^-2(denoted as P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively) and potassium fertilizer treatments were 0, 72, 90, and 108 kg·hm ^-2 (denoted as K0, K1, K2, and K3, respectively). The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were divided into four times by drip fertigation. The study analyzed the effects of different nitrogen, phosphate and potassium application rates on crop yield and the dry matter in different growing stages of summer maize, and analyzed the fertilizer use efficiency. 【Result】 (1) The yield of summer maize under the conditions of low-yield field in North China showed a parabolic linear change with the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. The crop yield was the highest when the nitrogen application was 180 kg·hm ^-2 and the phosphorus application was 90 kg·hm ^-2. When the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application exceeded the maximum yield fertilization amount, the crop yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus application, but the difference of nitrogen fertilizer treatment was not significant. And when the application rate of phosphate fertilizer exceeded 90 kg·hm ^-2, the yield of crop decreased significantly with the increase of phosphorus application (P＜0.05). In this treatment, the yield of summer maize increased with the amount of potassium applied. (2) Different fertilization treatments had little effect on the dry matter accumulation of summer maize in the early growth stage. The change of crop yield and the dry matter accumulation showed the same parabolic linear change along with the increase of nitrogen application rate and phosphorus application rate in the filling period and harvesting period. (3) The use efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 33.39%-58.44%, 14.15%-28.88% and 54.70%-65.75%, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer average use efficiencies were 51.21%, 28.88% and 65.75%, respectively, when the yield of summer maize was the highest. The average agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 8.08 kg·kg ^-1, 11.41 kg·kg ^-1 and 8.83 kg·kg ^-1, respectively, under the highest yield conditions. At this point, the average partial factor productivity of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 59.88 kg·kg ^-1, 119.75 kg·kg ^-1 and 100.65 kg·kg ^-1, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of drip fertigation in low-yield soil in North China, the optimum nitrogen and phosphorus application were 180 kg·hm ^-2 and 90 kg·hm ^-2, respectively. The yield of summer maize would decrease when nitrogen application exceeded 180 kg·hm ^-2or phosphorus application rate surpassed 90 kg·hm ^-2, but the yield of summer maize would increase along with the increase of potassium application. Drip fertigation could obtain higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use efficiency, which was 51.21%, 28.88% and 65.75%, respectively.

Genome Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the U-box Gene Family in Citrus

LI QiuYue,ZHANG YaFei,PENG Jie,WANG Xu,ZHANG ZhiQiang,DAI XiangSheng,JIANG Dong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1942-1960. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.009

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【Objective】 The objectives of this study were to analyze the distribution, structure and evolution of U-box in citrus genome by bioinformatics, to study the expression specificity of family members in different tissues and their responses to abiotic stress and hormones, and to investigate the biological function of U-box gene family in citrus. 【Method】 According to the reported U-box gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, the U-box gene in citrus genome was identified by BLASTp tool in Phytozome database. Phylogenetic tree, subcellular localization prediction, relative mass and isoelectric point and other physical and chemical properties, and scaffold location of U-box member were analyzed with MEGA6.0, Cello, SMART, GSDS2.0, ExPASy and MapChart, respectively. The expression pattern of U-box gene family under low temperature stress was analyzed, and the expression of some members of U-box gene family in citrus treated with NaCl, PEG6000 and different hormones was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). 【Result】 Fifty-six members of CcPUBs gene family were identified from the whole genome of Citrus clementina, and they could be divided into 7 categories, namely as U-box only, U-box+ARM-1, U-box+WD40-1, TPR+U-box, Kinase+U-box, U-box+ARM-2 and U-box+WD40-2. The theoretical isoelectric point of the family protein was ranged from 5.19 to 9.14, and the number of amino acids encoded was 281 to 1 441. The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that the members of the gene family were located in different positions of the cell, mainly in the nucleus or chloroplast, and a few in the plasma membrane. Cluster analysis showed that citrus U-box was closely related to monocotyledonous rice, and members with the same domain in citrus and Arabidopsis thaliana were clustered together. The results showed that U-box members of citrus had different biological functions, and scaffold localization analysis showed that 56 U-box members were unevenly distributed on citrus 1-9 scaffold. The results of RNA-Seq analysis under cold stress showed that U-box gene family was involved in the response of plants to cold stress and showed four different response patterns. One representative gene was selected respectively from five different clusters of citrus U-box gene family for qRT-PCR analysis. The results showed that CcPUB48 was expressed in all tissues of kumquat, and CcPUB9 and CcPUB4 were mainly expressed in stems and flowers, CcPUB10 was mainly expressed in flowers, stems and young fruits, and CcPUB41 was mainly expressed in leaves and stems. It reflected the tissue-specific expression difference of different U-box members. The expression of CcPUB4, CcPUB10 and CcPUB41 was up-regulated under NaCl stress, but the expression of CcPUB48 had no significant change under salt stress. The expression of CcPUB4 was up-regulated under Na₂CO₃ treatment, which was consistent with that of NaCl treatment, but the expression trend of CaCl₂ treatment was different from that of NaCl treatment. Under the treatment of PEG6000, the expression of CcPUB4 increased at first and then decreased, while CcPUB9, CcPUB41 and CcPUB48 did not change significantly under the treatment of PEG6000. Under gibberellin (GA3) treatment, CcPUB4 was significantly up-regulated at 3 h, while under auxin (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), the expression of CcPUB10 showed irregular changes, and the expression of CcPUB10 increased gradually under gibberellin (gibberellin) treatment.【Conclusion】 Fifty-six members of U-box gene were identified from the whole genome of Citrus clementina. All members contained U-box conserved domain and were located in different positions of cells. U-box gene family was involved in the response of plants to cold stress and showed four different response patterns. Under NaCl, PEG6000 and hormone treatment, CcPUB4 and CcPUB10 had different degrees of response, but CcPUB9, CcPUB41 and CcPUB48 had no obvious or no response. This experiment provided a theoretical guidance for the further study of U-box gene family in citrus stress resistance and growth and development mechanism.

The Relationship Between Anthocyanins and Flower Colors of Bud Mutation in Camellia japonica

LI XinLei,YIN HengFu,FAN ZhengQi,LI JiYuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1961-1969. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.010

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【Objective】 The object of this study was to determine the relationship between anthocyanins and flower colors of bud mutation in Camellia japonica, so as to provide the scientific basis for the bud mutation breeding of flower colors in C. japonica. 【Method】 Flower colors in C. japonica cultivars and their bud mutation cultivars were measured by CIE L*a*b* scale, and anthocyanin components and contents were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-T OF-MS). The relationship between flower colors and anthocyanins was explored by multiple liner regression analyses. 【Result】 Seven anthocyanins were detected in C. japonica cultivars and their bud mutation cultivars, which were cyanidin-3-O-β-galactoside (Cy3Ga),cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy3G),cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(E)-caffeoyl)-β-galactoside (Cy3GaECaf), cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(E)- caffeoyl)-β-glucoside (Cy3GECaf), cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside (Cy3GZpC), cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(E)-p- coumaroyl)-β-galactoside (Cy3GaEpC) and cyanidin-3-O-(6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucoside (Cy3GEpC). Among the bud mutation cultivars of C. japonica, anthocyanins were not detected in white petals, and anthocyanins in red petals were identical with that in pink petals, but the contents of anthocyanin components and total anthocyanin in red petals were far higher than that in pink petals. The main anthocyanin components were Cy3G and Cy3GEpC in red and pink petals. The proportion of Cy3G and Cy3Ga in red petals were larger than that in pink petals, while the proportion of else anthocyanins, such as Cy3GEpC, were smaller than that in pink petals.【Conclusion】 Among the bud mutation cultivars of C. japonica, the greater the contents of various anthocyanin components and total anthocyanin were, the deeper the red of petal were. Cy3G, Cy3Ga and Cy3GEpC were the main anthocyanins which determined the flower colors of bud mutation in C. japonica, and the accumulation of their contents enhanced the red color of petals.

Survey on Distribution of Mineral Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

LIAO Xiudong,ZHANG Liyang,LÜ Lin,LUO Xugang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1970-1972. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.011

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A Survey on Distribution of Calcium Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

CHEN ZhiYong, ZHANG LiYang, MA XueLian, WANG LiangZhi, XING GuanZhong, YANG Liu, LIU DongYuan, LIAO XiuDong, LI SuFen, HUANG YanLing, LÜ Lin, LUO XuGang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1973-1981. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.012

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【Objective】 The distribution of calcium contents in feed resources for livestock and poultry feed in China was investigated to provide scientific basis for rational use of feed resources and precise formulation of livestock and poultry’s diets.【Method】 Thirty-seven kinds of feedstuffs, a total of 3 862 samples, were collected from 31 provinces (cities, regions) of China according to a unified data collection specification, and the samples were digested by microwave to determine Ca contents by inductively IRIS IntrepidⅡ coupled plasma emission spectrometer.【Result】 Average Ca contents in feedstuffs were as follows: cereal seeds, 457 mg·kg ^-1 (74.5-832 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the barley and corn, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 21.2% to 85.3%; cereal by-products, 1 090 mg·kg ^-1 (93.4-3 264 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the wheat DDGS and broke rice, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 19.5% to 142%; plant-protein feeds, 3 987 mg·kg ^-1 (1 742-7 909 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the rapeseed meal and peanut meal, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 0.92%-34.6%; animal-protein feeds, 14 448 mg·kg ^-1 (115-50 007 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the fish meal and dried blood cells, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 25.0%-239%; straw feeds, 5 969 mg·kg ^-1 (1 931-13 524 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the sweet potato vines and wheat straw, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 27.6% to 39.0%; forge feeds, 6 667 mg·kg ^-1 (4 157-13 963 mg·kg ^-1), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the alfalfa and leynus chinensis, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 30.3% to 94.6%; mineral feeds, 30% (19.2%-41.2%), the highest and lowest Ca contents were observed in the shell meal and bone meal, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 2.67% to 24.0%. The distribution regularities of Ca contents in feedstuffs were as follows: mineral feeds＞animal-protein feeds＞forage feeds＞straw feeds＞plant-protein feeds＞cereal by-products＞cereal seeds. A significant difference (P＜0.05) was also observed in Ca contents among different feeds in the same category. Regional comparisons on a basis of provinces (regions) were made among Ca contents of corn, wheat and soybean meal, and showed that the Ca contents in corn and soybean meal but not wheat (P＞0.05) were greatly affected (P＜0.05) by environmental changes in different regions. The average Ca contents of corn in provinces (regions) ranged from 48.1 to 155 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of corn were observed in Shanxi and Liaoning, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 20.1% to 321%; the average Ca contents of wheat of provinces (regions) ranged from 362 to 590 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of wheat were observed in the Shanxi and Hubei, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 8.29% to 66.1%; the average Ca contents of soybean meal of provinces (regions) ranged from 3 001 to 4 153 mg·kg ^-1, the highest and lowest Ca contents of wheat were observed in the Shanxi and Jiangsu, respectively, and coefficients of variation ranged from 1.30%-21.4%.【Conclusion】 The Ca contents in feedstuffs of our country were greatly influenced by types and regions. The results from the current study would be of great significances toward having knowledge of actual Ca contents in the feedstuffs to precisely formulate diets in order to ensure animal health and efficient production.

A Survey on Distribution of Copper Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

WANG LiSai, ZHANG LiYang, SHAO YuXin, MA XueLian, WANG LiangZhi, XING GuanZhong, YANG Liu, LI SuFen, LÜ Lin, LIAO XiuDong, LUO XuGang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1982-1992. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.013

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【Objective】 The purpose of this survey was to study the distribution of copper (Cu) contents in various feed ingredients from different regions, as well as the Cu content in the basal diets of livestock and poultry in China, so as to provide a basis for the reasonable addition of Cu to diets. 【Method】 A total of 3 903 feed samples from 37 feed ingredients which fallen into seven types (cereal feeds, cereal by-products, plant protein feeds, animal protein feeds, pasture feeds, straw feeds and mineral feeds) from 31 regions (provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions). After pretreatment of those samples, microwave digestion was performed with MARS6 high-throughput closed microwave digestion system, and then the Cu contents of feed samples were determined by IRIS Intrepid Ⅱ. The pig liver or soybean powder were used as a reference material to ensure the reliability of the measurement results. 【Result】 The determination of Cu contents in feedstuffs showed that the average Cu content of cereal feeds (including corn, wheat, rice and barley) was 3.95 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 2.50 to 5.34 mg·kg ^-1); the average Cu content of cereal by-products (including corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, corn germ meal, wheat middling, wheat bran, wheat DDGS, broken rice and rice bran) was 7.16 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 1.62 to 12.13 mg·kg ^-1); the average Cu content of plant protein feeds (including extruded soybean, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal and sunflower meal) was 16.37 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 6.45 to 30.40 mg·kg ^-1); the average Cu content of animal protein feeds (including fish meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, dried porcine soluble, plasma protein powder and blood cells protein powder) was 11.14 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 1.90 to 20.04 mg·kg ^-1); the average Cu content of pasture feeds (including Leymus chinensis, ryegrass, alfalfa and corn silage) was 7.85 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 4.31 to 9.92 mg·kg ^-1; the average Cu content of straw feeds (including corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw and sweet potato vine) was 7.50 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 3.38 to 13.89 mg·kg ^-1); the average Cu content of mineral feeds (including limestone, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal and oyster shell meal) was 6.79 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 3.39 to 11.45 mg·kg ^-1). Results showed that the average Cu contents of these 37 kinds of feeds ranged from 1.62 to 30.40 mg·kg ^-1 and the Cu contents distribution of different species feeds were as follows: plant protein feeds (16.37 mg·kg ^-1)＞animal protein feeds (11.14 mg·kg ^-1)＞pasture feeds (7.85 mg·kg ^-1)＞straw feeds (7.50 mg·kg ^-1)＞cereal by-products (7.16 mg·kg ^-1)＞mineral feeds (6.79 mg·kg ^-1)＞cereal feeds (3.95 mg·kg ^-1). It was found that the Cu contents in corn, wheat or soybean meal from some provinces (regions) were significantly different (P＜0.05). The highest and lowest Cu contents of corn and soybean meal were observed in Sichuan (2.97 and 15.74 mg·kg ^-1) and Inner Mongolia (1.66 and 11.72 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; the highest and lowest Cu contents of wheat were observed in Gansu (5.61 mg·kg ^-1) and Hebei (4.02 mg·kg ^-1) provinces, respectively. Calculated Cu contents from 152 feed formulas commonly used in pigs and chickens all over the country ranged from 5.07 to 6.54 mg·kg ^-1. According to Cu requirements of pigs and chickens from feeding standards of China and NRC of the United States, the Cu contents in the basal diets could provide the Cu nutrition requirements of pigs basically and provide most of the Cu nutrition requirements of chickens. However, the utilization rate of Cu in different feed ingredients had not been considered. 【Conclusion】 The above results showed that the Cu contents in feed ingredients varied greatly in different kinds and regions, and the Cu contents in the basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country could provide most of the nutritional requirements for pigs and chickens. Therefore, it was suggested that the Cu contents and its utilization rate of the basal diets from different regions should be considered to formulate the diets accurately, so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce the environmental pollution caused by Cu addition and emission.

A Survey on Distribution of Manganese Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

WANG ChuanLong, ZHANG LiYang, LIU GuoQing, WANG LiSai, YANG Liu, XING GuanZhong, SHAO YuXin, MA XueLian, LI SuFen, WANG LiangZhi, LIU YuanDong, LÜ Lin, LIAO XiuDong, LUO XuGang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 1993-2001. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.014

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【Objective】 The purpose of this survey was to study the manganese (Mn) contents in various feed ingredients from different provinces (municipalities, regions) and the basal diets of pigs and chickens in China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable addition of Mn to the diets. 【Method】 A total of 37 kinds of 3 922 feed samples from 31 provinces, municipalities and regions were digested by microwave, and then the Mn contents were measured by IRIS IntrepidⅡ plasma emission spectrometer. The feed samples fall into seven types: cereals (corn, wheat, rice and barley), cereal by-products (broken rice, wheat middling, wheat bran, rice bran, corn DDGS, wheat DDGS, corn germ meal and corn gluten meal), plant protein ingredients (extruded soybean, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal and sunflower seed meal), animal protein ingredients (fish meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, dried porcine solubles, plasma protein powder and dried blood cells), straw ingredients (corn straw, sweet potato vine, rice straw and wheat straw), pasture ingredients (Leymus chinensis, ryegrass, alfalfa and corn silage) and mineral ingredients (limestone, dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell meal and bone meal). 【Result】 The results showed that the average Mn contents of these 37 kinds of feed ingredients ranged from 0.4 to 1 104.8 mg·kg ^-1, and the distribution regularities of Mn contents in different species of feed ingredients were as follows: mineral ingredients＞straw ingredients＞cereal by-productscpasture ingredients＞plant protein ingredients＞cereals＞animal protein ingredients. Among the same kind of feed samples, there were significant differences (P＜0.0003) in the Mn contents from all types of feed ingredients. In the cereals, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the rice (77.7 mg·kg ^-1) and corn (5.7 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the cereal by-products, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the rice bran (166.0 mg·kg ^-1) and corn gluten meal (4.6 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the plant protein ingredients, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the rapeseed meal (68.0 mg·kg ^-1) and cottonseed meal (27.0 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the animal protein ingredients, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the fish meal (48.5 mg·kg ^-1) and dried blood cells (0.4 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the straw ingredients, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the rice straw (458.1 mg·kg ^-1) and wheat straw (37.8 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the pasture feeds, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the Leymus chinensis (89.1 mg·kg ^-1) and alfalfa (33.0 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the mineral ingredients, the highest and lowest Mn contents were observed in the dicalcium phosphate (1 104.8 mg·kg ^-1) and bone meal (16.9 mg·kg ^-1), respectively. Regional comparisons on a basis of provinces (regions) were made of Mn contents of corn, wheat and soybean meal, showing significant effects (P＜0.0004) of regional environments on Mn contents in corn and soybean meal. The highest and lowest Mn contents of corn were observed in Guizhou (7.9 mg·kg ^-1) and Inner Mongolia (4.2 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; the highest and lowest Mn contents of soybean meal were observed in Zhejiang province (48.3 mg·kg ^-1) and Guangdong province (34.4 mg·kg ^-1), respectively. Calculated Mn contents in basal diets from 142 common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country ranged from 14.4 to 32.1 mg·kg ^-1. According to Mn requirements of pigs and chickens from feeding standards of China and NRC of the United States, the Mn contents in the basal diets could provide about one-fourth and all the nutritional needs of recommended Mn requirements for pigs and chickens, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The above results showed that the Mn contents in feed ingredients varied greatly in different kinds and regions, and the Mn contents in basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country could partly provide the nutritional requirements for chickens and the full needs of pigs. However, the bioavailabilities of Mn in different feed ingredients have not been considered in above evaluation. Therefore, the Mn contents in feed ingredients of different kinds and regions should be considered in the preparation of diets, so as to formulate the diets accurately and ensure efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce supplemental Mn level and environmental pollution caused by Mn emission.

A Survey on Distribution of Zinc Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

SHAO YuXin, ZHANG LiYang, MA XueLian, WANG LiangZhi, LIU DongYuan, LÜ Lin, LIAO XiuDong, LUO XuGang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 2002-2010. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.015

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【Objective】 The purpose of this survey was to study the zinc (Zn) contents in various feed ingredients from different provinces and the basal diets of pigs and chickens in China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the reasonable addition of Zn in the livestock and poultry’s diets. 【Method】 A total of 37 kinds of 3 919 feed samples from 31 provinces, municipalities and regions were digested by microwave, and then the Zn contents were measured by IRIS IntrepidⅡplasma emission spectrometer. The feed samples fall into seven types: cereals (corn, wheat, rice and barley), cereal by-products (broken rice, wheat middling, wheat bran, rice bran, corn DDGS, wheat DDGS, corn germ meal and corn gluten meal), plant protein ingredients (extruded soybean, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal and sunflower seed meal), animal protein ingredients (fish meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, dried porcine solubles, plasma protein powder and dried blood cells), straw ingredients (corn straw, sweet potato vine, rice straw and wheat straw), pasture ingredients (Leymus chinensis, ryegrass, alfalfa and corn silage) and mineral ingredients (limestone, dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell meal and bone meal).【Result】 The results showed that the average Zn contents of these 37 kinds of feed ingredients ranged from 5.5 to 268.2 mg·kg ^-1, and the distribution of Zn contents in different species of feed ingredients was as follows: mineral ingredients (107.8 mg·kg ^-1)＞animal protein ingredients (69.8 mg·kg ^-1)＞plant protein ingredients (54.9 mg·kg ^-1)＞cereal by-products (43.0 mg·kg ^-1)＞pasture ingredients (26.4 mg·kg ^-1)＞cereals (22.7 mg·kg ^-1)＞straw ingredients (18.8 mg·kg ^-1). Among the same kind of feed samples, there were significant differences (P＜0.05) in the Zn contents from other six types of feed ingredients except pasture ingredients. In the mineral ingredients, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the dicalcium phosphate (268.2 mg·kg ^-1) and limestone (7.3 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the animal protein ingredients, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the hydrolyzed feather meal (120.8 mg·kg ^-1) and dried blood cells (19.6 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the plant protein ingredients, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the linseed meal (85.2 mg·kg ^-1) and extruded soybean (38.9 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the cereal by-products, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat bran (86.2 mg·kg ^-1) and broken rice (12.5 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the cereals, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the wheat (30.4 mg·kg ^-1) and corn (16.9 mg·kg ^-1), respectively; in the straw ingredients, the highest and lowest Zn contents were observed in the rice straw (27.6 mg·kg ^-1) and wheat straw (5.5 mg·kg ^-1), respectively. Regional comparison of Zn contents on a basis of provinces (regions) were made for Zn contents of corn, wheat and soybean meal, showing a significant effect (P＜0.05) of regional environments on Zn contents of the same ingredient. The highest and lowest Zn contents of corn were observed in Guangdong (20.6 mg·kg ^-1) and Jilin (13.7 mg·kg ^-1) provinces, respectively; the highest and lowest Zn contents of wheat were observed in Sichuan (41.4 mg·kg ^-1) and Gansu (22.4 mg·kg ^-1) provinces, respectively; the highest and lowest Zn contents of soybean meal were observed in Shanxi (51.5 mg·kg ^-1) and Jiangsu (46.6 mg·kg ^-1) provinces, respectively. Calculated Zn contents in basal diets from 142 common formulations of pigs and chickens in our country ranged from 21.3 to 31.0 mg·kg ^-1. According to Zn requirements of pigs and chicks from feeding standards of China and NRC of United States, the Zn contents in the basal diets could provide about one-fourth and one-second of the recommended Zn requirements for pigs and chickens in growing and finishing phase, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Results showed that the Zn contents in feed ingredients varied greatly among different kinds and regions, and the Zn contents in basal diets from common formulations of pigs and chickens could partly meet the nutrient requirements of pigs and chickens. Therefore, the Zn contents in basal diets from different regions should be considered in the preparation of diets, so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and to reduce supplemental Zn level and environmental pollution caused by Zn emission.

A Survey on Distribution of Selenium Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

WANG LiSai,ZHANG LiYang,MA XueLian,WANG LiangZhi,XING GuanZhong,YANG Liu,YU Tao,LÜ Lin,LIAO XiuDong,LI SuFen,LUO XuGang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2019, 52(11): 2011-2020. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.016

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【Objective】 The purpose of this survey was to study the distribution of selenium (Se) contents in various feed ingredients from different regions and the basal diets of pigs and chickens of China, so as to provide a basis for the reasonable addition of Se to the diets.【Method】 A total of 3 785 feed samples from 37 feed ingredients which fallen into seven types (cereal feeds, cereal by-products, plant protein feeds, animal protein feeds, pasture feeds, straw feeds and mineral feeds) from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. After pretreatment, microwave digestion was performed with MARS6 high-throughput closed microwave digestion system, and then feed samples were determined by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (IC-ICP-MS). The pig liver powder was used as a reference material to ensure the reliability of the measurement results.【Result】 The determination of Se contents in feedstuffs showed that the average Se content of cereal feeds (including corn, wheat, rice and barley) was 0.037 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.025 to 0.044 mg·kg ^-1); cereal by-products (including corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, corn germ meal, wheat middling, wheat bran, wheat DDGS, broken rice and rice bran) was 0.071 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.034 to 0.124 mg·kg ^-1); plant protein feeds (including extruded soybean, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal and sunflower meal) was 0.209 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.097 to 0.502 mg·kg ^-1); animal protein feeds (including fish meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, dried porcine soluble, plasma protein powder and blood cells protein powder) was 1.217 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.611 to 2.220 mg·kg ^-1); pasture feeds (including Leymus chinensis, ryegrass, alfalfa and corn silage) was 0.062 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.057 to 0.070 mg·kg ^-1); straw feeds (including corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw and sweet potato vine) was 0.069 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.033 to 0.128 mg·kg ^-1); mineral feeds (including limestone, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal and oyster shell meal) was 0.352 mg·kg ^-1 (ranged from 0.085 to 0.544 mg·kg ^-1). Results showed that the average Se contents of these 37 kinds of feeds ranged from 0.025 to 2.220 mg·kg ^-1 and the Se contents distribution of different species feeds were as follows: animal protein feeds (1.217 mg·kg ^-1)＞ mineral feeds (0.352 mg·kg ^-1) ＞ plant protein feeds (0.209 mg·kg ^-1) ＞cereal by-products (0.071 mg·kg ^-1) ＞straw feeds (0.069 mg·kg ^-1) ＞ pasture feeds (0.062 mg·kg ^-1) ＞cereal feeds (0.037 mg·kg ^-1).The Se contents in corn, wheat or soybean meal from some provinces (regions) were significantly different (P＜0.05). The Se contents of corn samples from all the provinces (regions) were deficient (≤0.05 mg·kg ^-1), and 61.1% provinces (regions) were severely deficient (≤0.02 mg·kg ^-1). The Se contents of wheat samples from Sichuan province were serious deficient (≤0.02 mg·kg ^-1). The Se contents of soybean meal samples from Sichuan province and Inner Mongolia were deficient (0.03-0.05 mg·kg ^-1), and that from Henan province were critical deficient (0.06-0.09 mg·kg ^-1). Calculated Se contents from 153 feed formulas commonly used in pigs and chickens all over the country ranged from 0.06 to 0.11 mg·kg ^-1, which could provide about a quarter of the Se requirement for pigs and chickens according to feeding standards of China. 【Conclusion】 The Se contents enrichments of feeds in livestock and poultry are different among different types and regions in China. The Se contents in the basal diet formula could provide about a quarter of the Se requirement for pigs and chickens in China. Therefore, it is suggested that we should formulate the diet accurately according to distribution data of Se contents in feedstuffs from different types and different areas, so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce supplemental Se level.

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