Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Comparison of the Starches Properties of Waxy Wheat and Other Crops

ZHANG Xiao, GAO De-Rong, LU Guo-Feng , WU Hong-Ya, ZHANG Bo-Qiao, LI Man

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2183-2190. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.001

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【Objective】The purpose of this study is to clarify the difference in starch properties between the waxy wheat and other crops and analyze it’s potential application in food industry.【Method】The waxy wheat starch was processed by industral factory and starches of potato, cassava, sweet potato, waxy maize, common wheat, and common maize were purchased from market. The properties including amylose content, swelling power, color, transmission rate were determined using corresponding analyzers，starch-pasting properties by Rapid Visco Analyser, thermal characteristics by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and separated water rate by freeze thawing. 【Result】The amylose contents of both waxy wheat and waxy maize starches were less than 1% and the other crop starches ranged from 22% to 27%. The transmission rate of waxy wheat starch was significantly lower than that of potato, cassava and waxy maize starches, and higher than that of wheat and maize starches, being no difference with sweet potato starch. Swelling power and peak viscosity of waxy wheat starch were significantly lower than those of potato and cassava starches, and significantly higher than those of wheat and maize starches, with no significant differences with sweet potato and waxy maize starches. Both the pasting temperature tested by RVA and onset temperature tested by DSC were significantly lower than those of the other crops. The waxy wheat was similar to waxy maize in the starch setback, being significantly lower than other crops. The freeze-thaw stability of waxy wheat starch was the best among all crop starches.【Conclusion】Most physiochemical properties of waxy wheat starch were different from those of the other crops. The pasting temperature, onset temperature, setback and freeze-thaw stability of waxy wheat starch were superior to those of the other crops. So the waxy wheat starch can be applied in instant food, fast food and frozen food. Moreover, it can be used in extending the shelf-life of food.

Functional Analysis of a Stress-Induced SNARE Gene GsSNARE1 in Response to Salt and Drought Stresses

SUN Ming-Zhe, SUN Xiao-Li, YU Qing-Yue, JI Wei, CAI Hua, ZHU Yan-Ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2191-2200. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.002

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【Objective】The aim of this study is to isolate GsSNARE1, characterize its function under environmental stress, and provide an important basis for studying the precise function and molecular mechanism of GsSNARE1.【Method】Glycine soja 50109 was used as gene cloning material, and the interaction between GsSNARE1 and GsCBRLK was verified by yeast two hybrid analysis. Real-time PCR analysis was used to analyze the expression profile of GsSNARE1 under stress conditions and in different plant tissues. The GsSNARE1 protein was expressed in E. coli, and its function was analyzed under salt and drought stresses.【Result】In this study, the GsCBRLK interacting protein GsSNARE1 was isolated, the full length GsSNARE1 gene was cloned, and the interaction between GsSNARE1 and GsCBRLK in yeast NMY51 was verified. Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of GsSNARE1 was greatly induced by salt and drought stresses, and PLACE analysis revealed a serial of stress-related cis-elements in GsSNARE1 promoter. GsSNARE1 expressed in different tissues of G. soja. GsSNARE1 expression decreased salt and drought resistance of the recombinant E.coli.【Conclusion】GsSNARE1 interacted with GsCBRLK in yeast. GsSNARE1 transcripts were greatly accumulated under salt and drought stresses, and were detected in different tissues. Expression of GsSNARE1 in E.coli resulted in decreased salt and drought tolerance.

Changes of Winter Wheat Growth Period and Yield in Northern China from 2001-2009

GAO Hui-Ming, ZHANG Zheng-Bin, XU Ping, YANG Yin-Fu, WEI Yun-Zong, LIU Xin-Yue

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2201-2210. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.003

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to analyze the changes of wheat agronomic traits in northern China winter wheat zone adapted to climate warming, and provide scientific evidence for the variety improvement in the future.【Method】Agronomic traits data and meteorological data from 2001 to 2009 in Northern China were analyzed, and the correlation analysis was done in this paper. 【Result】 For check variety, its emergence and maturation date were later; and the growth period were shorten. Correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation with annual average temperature and ≥0℃ accumulated temperature in growth period. Along with the increase of ≥0℃ accumulated temperature corresponding period, reproductive growth stage tended to be longer, the 1000-kernal weight and yield per hectare increased. Correlation analysis also showed that the yield per hectare had a positive correlation significantly with 1000-kernal weight and reproductive growth stage. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 95.7% of yield per hectare variation was determined by plant height and 1000-kernal weight. 【Conclusion】 The impact of climate warming on wheat growth and development in irrigated land winter wheat zone in Northern China was obvious. Therefore, the variety improving direction needs to be adjusted to fit the climate warming, shorter growth period, longer reproductive growth stage, larger 1000-kernal weight and high yield should be the improving direction in irrigated land winter wheat zone in Northern China.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Root Morphology of Winter Wheat

QIU Xin-Qiang, GAO Yang, HUANG Ling, LI Xin-Qiang, SUN Jing-Sheng, DUAN Ai-Wang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2211-2219. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.004

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【Objective】The objective of this experiment was to further understand the dynamic distribution of root morphology of winter wheat, and to provide the optimization parameters of root configuration for the potential high yield.【Method】Root length density, root tips, root surface area, root diameter and net root growth rate of winter wheat were measured in situ with the minirhizotrons technique during the process of root growth and death.【Result】The maximum root length density and root tips occurred at elongation stage, and the maximum root surface area and root diameter appeared before heading. Until one week after harvest, root length density, surface area and root tips began to decrease significantly. The average root diameter of winter wheat in the soil layer of 0-40 cm was greater than that in the depth of 40-80 cm, and the maximum root length density always appeared below the depth of 30-40 cm during the observation period. Diameters of most root system of winter wheat were less than 0.5 mm, and fine roots with diameter between 0.10 mm and 0.25 mm were 1.3-2.1 times higher than the sum of other intervals. Root growth rate in the 0-40 cm soil layer increased significantly form reviving to early jointing stage, and root growth rate in the soil layer of 40-80 cm increased obviously at the late jointing stage.【Conclusion】 Root growth of winter wheat was exuberant from reviving to heading stage, and its growing center shifted downward gradually. The root death rhythm of winter wheat was lagging after harvest. Root diameter of winter wheat in deep soil layer was small. Root system of winter wheat was comprised of fine roots with diameter between 0.10 mm and 0.25 mm.

Parameters Optimization of Rice Development Stages Model Based on Individual Advantages Genetic Algorithm

ZHUANG Jia-Xiang, JIANG Hai-Yan, LIU Lei-Lei, WANG Fang-Fang, TANG Liang, ZHU Yan, CAO Wei-Xing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2220-2231. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.005

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【Objective】 Fast and accurate estimation of crop growth model parameters is the basis of the crop system simulation.【Method】In this paper, a newly improved genetic algorithm, named individual advantage genetic algorithm (IAGA), is proposed and applied to the field of the parameters evaluation of the rice development stages model. Firstly, the individual advantage operator was introduced into the genetic algorithm, thus improved the mutation operator and the update strategy of population. Secondly, two rice development stages models, RiceGrow and ORYZA2000, were coupled with IAGA in a way of total embedment, and realized automatic estimation of the parameters in the models. At last, a series of comparative experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of IAGA with multi-year field trial data of Shanyou63, and other four rice varieties in Xuzhou, Gaoyao, etc.【Result】The experimental verification results which cover RMSE＜3.05 d, NRMSE＜3.19%, MDA＜2.41 d, R2＞0.9877, indicated that the accuracy of the model parameters obtained by IAGA was pretty high. The amount of data used for the parameters estimation had little effect on the results. The maximum NRMSE of the fitting results increased from 2.58% to 3.08% when the amount of data used for the parameters estimation from three years to six years was changed. More accurate model parameters were obtained when we select the data of every other year, including the maximum and minimum value of the whole growth period. Compared with the shuffled complex evolution algorithm, genetic simulated annealing algorithm and standard particle swarm algorithm, IAGA could obtain more accurate model parameters.【Conclusion】The IAGA can achieve automatic determination of rice development stages model parameters, therefore it provides an effective and new method for estimating parameters for crop growth model quickly and accurately.

Construction of Bacillus subtilis Bs916 Mutant Libraries by Transposon Tagging and Cloning the Genes to the Organism’s Anti-Bacterial Activities

ZHOU Hua-Fei, LUO Chu-Ping, WANG Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Rong-Sheng, CHEN Zhi-Yi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2232-2239. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.006

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to construct Bacillus subtilis Bs916 mutant library by introducing transposon into Bs916 genomic DNA, screen mutants which to appear enhanced or decreased apparently in the inhibition zone to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xooc), and to obtain the genes which may be related to anti-bacterial activities changed by cloning the DNA sequence around the transposon inserted sites. 【Method】The pMarA shuttle vector which contained transposon TnYLB-1 was introduced into B. subtilis Bs916 through chemical transformation method and build the random inserted mutant library. The enhanced or decreased anti-bacterial activity mutants screened from the library by in vitro assay against Xooc and the mutants were verified by the PCR and Southern Blot. The genes around the insertion sites were amplified by the Inverse PCR and sequence analyzed by bioinformatics.【Result】The random inserted mutant library of B.subtilis 916 was constructed successfully by using TnYLB-1 transposon. The PCR and Southern Blot results showed that the transposon was inserted into Bs916 genomic DNA successfully, about 85% mutants were inserted by a single copy. More than 30 mutants whose antibacterial activities changed against Xooc strongly enhanced or sharply decreased were screened. Twenty-one genes around the insertion site were cloned from the mutants above and sequenced. The bioinformatic analysis results showed that these genes were related to competence development, bio-film formation and secondary metabolites synthesis.【Conclusion】A random transposon inserted mutant library of B. subtilis Bs916 was constructed successfully. These cloned genes in mutation points from the library to Xooc with inhibitory effect significantly changed. It was speculated that these genes may be related to synthesis and regulation of the anti-bacterial compound in B. subtilis Bs916.

Enzymatic Characteristics of 3-Acetyl Deoxynivalenol Oxidase by Devosia sp. DDS-1

XU Jian-Hong, PAN Yan-Mei, HU Xiao-Dan, JI Fang, YIN Xian-Chao, SHI Jian-Rong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2240-2248. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.007

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to investigate the enzymatic characteristics of 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol oxidase (3-AC-DON oxidase), understand the degradation characteristics of 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol by Devosia sp. DDS-1, and realize the application of the enzyme.【Method】After being cultured in LG medium , the strain DDS-1 was centrifuged and washed by PBS, and then broken by ultrasonic treatment. The crude enzyme of DDS-1 was obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The enzymatic activity of 3-AC-DON oxidase was then detected in different enzyme reaction systems. 【Result】 The optimal 3-AC-DON oxidase production conditions for DDS-1 were 25℃, pH 7.0 and 36 hours in LG medium. The optimum reaction conditions for the 3-AC-DON oxidase in DDS-1 were 35℃, pH 7.0. The enzymatic activity could be maintained above 80% from 20 to 40℃ and in the range of pH 5.0 to 9.0. Most metal ions at a concentration from 0.2 to 2 mmol•L-1 could promote the enzymatic activity. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited the enzyme activity on the contrary. The crude enzyme produced by DDS-1 could degrade DON, 3-AC-DON in wheat.【Conclusion】The enzymatic characteristics of 3-AC-DON oxidase produced by Devosia sp. DDS-1 was studied in this paper. The results showed that Devosia sp. DDS-1 can produce 3-AC-DON oxidase with good temperature and pH stability, and the enzyme requires metal ions as cofactor.

Influences of Conservation Tillage on Soil Carbon Extracted by Hot Water and Acid Hydrolysis in the Piedmont Region of Taihang Mountains

DU Zhang-Liu, REN Tu-Sheng, HU Chun-Sheng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2249-2256. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.008

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【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the profile distribution of soil carbon extracted by hot water and acid hydrolysis after shifting from conventional tillage to conservation tillage systems.【Method】 The field experiment, initiated from 2001 in Luancheng County of Hebei Province, included four tillage treatments for winter wheat: moldboard plow without corn residue (CK), moldboard plow with corn residue (CT), rotary tillage with corn residue (RT), and no-till with corn residue (NT). After winter wheat harvest in 2007, soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth in four increments (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm). Soil labile carbon was extracted by hot water (HWC, 80℃ for 24 h) and acid hydrolysis (AHC, 6 mol•L-1 HCl at 105℃ for 4 h), and the stratification ratios (SR) of HWC and AHC were estimated. The HWC and AHC stocks on an equivalent soil mass basis were calculated. 【Result】 Soil liable carbon concentrations in surface soil layer was increased after applying conservation tillage practices for 6 years, as indicated by significantly higher SR values of HWC and AHC. In the 0-10 cm layer, the SR value of HWC was 1.68-1.98 for RT and NT, and 1.30-1.50 for CK and CT; the SR value of AHC ranged from 1.62 to 1.83 under RT and NT, and from 1.12 to 1.63 under CK and CT. In the 0-30 cm layer, no significant changes in HWC stocks among treatments were observed, whereas NT significantly increased AHC stock compared to other treatments.【Conclusion】 Results of the study demonstrated that adoption of conservation tillage systems increased the accumulation of HWC and AHC and resulted in greater stratification of liable carbon in the surface soil. The changes in soil liable carbon may potentially affect soil quality and the rate of soil carbon sequestration.

Effect of No-Tillage with Different Stalk Mulching on Soil Organic Carbon and Mid-Infrared Spectral Characteristics

PENG Yi, JIE Hong-Tu, LI Jun, DONG Zhi, BAI Zhen, WANG Gui-Man, CHEN Zhi-Wen, ZHANG Xu-Dong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2257-2264. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.009

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【Objective】 The effects of no-tillage on soil organic carbon components and distribution of soil organic carbon from stalk mulching at different soil depths and the mid-infrared spectral characteristics of different stalk mulching conservation tillage at different soil depths were studied. 【Method】 Soils were sampled from different soil depths in a long-term experiment of conservation tillage carried out in Lishu, Jilin province. Four treatments were set as no-stalk mulching, 33% stalk mulching, 67% stalk mulching and 100% stalk mulching. Soil mid-infrared spectra were examined using Nicolet 6700 spectrometer with 64 scans and 4 cm-1 resolution. 【Result】 The mid-infrared absorbance decreased with the increasing soil depth in all treatments. The results of spectra subtraction, i.e. the soil (neat) spectra minus the ashed soil spectra showed that the top soil (0-5 cm) had greater absorbance at the aromatic, aliphatic and alkyl bands than deeper soil (5-20 cm). 【Conclusion】 Stalk mulching could promote soil organic carbon accumulation at 0-5 cm depths and increase significantly aromatic, aliphatic and alkyl organic carbon from straw mulching. The mid-infrared spectral characteristics provide a new tool for soil organic carbon components research.

Effects of Different Stalk Mulching on Soil Lignin Content

LI Jun, LI Zheng-Xiao, JIE Hong-Tu, DONG Zhi, BAI Zhen, WANG Gui-Man, CHEN Zhi-Wen, ZHANG Xu-Dong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2265-2270. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.010

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【Objective】The effects of different amounts of residue incorporation on the contents of no-tillage soil lignin (VSC) was examined to investigate the impact of the processes and mechanisms of conservation tillage on soil organic carbon sequestration and balance.【Method】 Soil samples were collected from four treatments (no stalk mulching, 33% stalk mulching, 67% stalk mulching and 100% stalk mulching) for assessing lignin and its degree of structural alteration in a long-term field experiment with conservation tillage in Lishu. 【Result】 Compared with no stalk mulching, lignin was accumulated on the soil surface layer with stalk mulching for four years, and lignin contents decreased with soil depth. VSC gradually increased along with the increasing residue incorporation in 0-2 cm layer, and the contents of VSC in 100% straw mulching was 5.06 times that of no stalk mulching. Compared with no stalk mulching, lignin contents was found among the treatments in 5-20 cm layer. The relative accumulation of lignin-derived carbon in SOM was reduced with depth, but increased with straw mulching. The ratios of syringyl-to-vanillyl phenols (S/V) and cinnamyl-to-vanillyl phenols (C/V) declined while the acid-aldehyde ratios of the S (Ac/Al)S and V (Ac/Al)V units increased, suggesting a lower state of lignin degradation with stalk mulching. 【Conclusion】 The results suggest that the lignin derived from plants was a selective accumulation, and lignin degradation was evidently retarded in no-tillage with straw mulching treatments. No-tillage has benefit effect on enhancing the sequestration and stabilization of carbon.

Influences of No-Tillage on Soil and Crop Performance in the North Cool Region of Northeast China

ZHANG Xing-Yi, CHEN Qiang, CHEN Yuan, LIU Shuang, LI Xu-Feng, LI Hao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2271-2277. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.011

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【Objective】 The effects of no-tillage (NT) on soil properties, crop yields, and soil and water conservations were studied in the north cool area of Northeast China. 【Method】 Two long-term filed experiments were established to compare the performance of two systems NT and conventional rotary tillage (CRT) in a flat field and a slope land, respectively. Soil properties and crop yield were measured and soil runoff was monitored continuously. 【Result】 Compared to CRT, soil water content under NT in the plowed layer was increased by 3 to 5 percentage points, which led to increasing soil water storage in the 110 cm layer. At the depth of 10 cm, soil temperature under NT was 2.1℃ lower than that under CRT. In the 0-15 cm soil layer, soil organic matter content under NT was 11% higher than that under CRT, which resulted in the increase of the diversity of soil animal community. With the adoption of NT, soil surface runoff and soil loss were decreased by 90% and 98%, respectively. Finally, compared to the CRT system, corn yield under NT was decreased by more than 20%, while soybean yield under NT was increased by approximately 10%. In addition, these benefits of NT were more significant in the slope land than those in the flat field. 【Conclusion】 NT displayed a significant role in soil and water conservation in the degraded land. On the other hand, NT decreased corn yield but increased soybean yield. It was concluded that NT is a useful practice for soybean and sloping farmland in the north cool region of Northeast China.

Effect of Conservation Tillage on Ammonia Volatilization from Nitrogen Fertilizer in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Cropping System

DONG Wen-Xu, HU Chun-Sheng, CHEN Su-Ying, QIN Shu-Ping, ZHANG Yu-Ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2278-2284. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.012

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【Objective】Conservation tillage is usually less prone to erosion and has a great soil organic matter content as compared to conventional tillage. However, the effect of conservation tillage on the ammonia volatilization is not well understood. In this study ammonia volatilization under conservation tillage was investigated to provide new strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency. 【Method】Continuous air-flow enclosure method was used to monitor ammonia volatilization under three tillage systems (No-tillage, NT; rotary tillage, RT; conventional tillage, CT) in a winter wheat and maize rotation in northern China. 【Result】Compared to CT and RT, NT significantly increased NH3 volatilization when nitrogen was top-dressed, reduced NH3 volatilization when nitrogen was incorporated into soil. In the winter wheat-summer maize cropping season, the cumulated NH3 volatilizations of two seasons was 15.8, 18.4 and 28.6 kg?hm-2?a-1 under CT, TR and NT, accounting for 4.9%, 5.7%, and 8.8% of the applied fertilizer, respectively. Laboratory incubation study showed that higher urease activity in surface soil resulted in rapid urea hydrolysis, which stimulated NH3 volatilization under NT. 【Conclusion】In the North China Plain, soil under NT soils are prone to NH3 volatilization following surface application of urea, and one-time deep application of nitrogen is recommended for reducing ammonia volatilization under no-tillage system.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Lipoxygenase Gene CsLOX2 in Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)

CHEN Qiao, CHEN Shu-Xia, WANG Cong-Ying, HAO Li-Ning, MENG Huan-Wen, WAN Xu-Hua, SHEN Xiao-Qing, CHENG Zhi-Hui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2285-2297. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.013

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【Objective】To investigate the mechanism of cucumber lipoxygenase gene participating in the formation of fruit aldehyde aroma, a full length cDNA named CsLOX2 was cloned from the Northern China germplasm No. 26 and the sequence characteristics of CsLOX2 were analyzed. Furthermore, the expression mode, the relative C6 aldehyde content and the lipoxygenase activity of cucumber fruit during fruit development were studied. 【Method】The full length cDNA of CsLOX2 gene was cloned using the methods of RT-PCR and 3′RACE, and the structure and the coded protein were analyzed. The expression mode of CsLOX2 gene using Real-time PCR and LOX activity were measured during the fruit developing. The head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combining with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method were used to measure the relative C6 aldehyde content of cucumber fruits. 【Result】The full length cDNA of cucumber lipoxygenase gene named CsLOX2 was 2 878 bp. The open reading frame encompassed 2 640 bp and encoded 879 polypeptides. The calculated protein molecular mass was 99.39 kD and isoelectric point was 6.28. The amino acids sequence of CsLOX2 shared three conserved regions and six highly conserved histidines with other plant LOXs. It showed that the sequence of CsLOX2 had high identity compared with other lipoxygenases by NCBI BLAST. The RT-PCR analysis showed that CsLOX2 gene expressed differently during the fruit development, and highest on the 3 d after anthesis, and then down-regulated gradually and lowest on the 15 d after anthesis. The total LOX activity rose from the 3 d to 12 d after anthesis, and it was up to the highest activity on the 12 d after anthesis, and then went down. The expression peak of CsLOX2 gene preceded that of the LOX activity during the fruit development. The relative C6 aldehyde content was higher at fruit early development stage and decreased gradually during the fruit development and which was the lowest on 12 d after anthesis.【Conclusion】A lipoxygenase gene CsLOX2 was cloned from the Northern China germplasm No. 26 by RT-PCR and RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsLOX2 gene contained the conserved motifs of LOXs family. The expression peak of CsLOX2 gene preceded that of the LOX activity during the fruit development. This study will provide a basis for probing the mechanism of CsLOX2 gene participating in the biosynthesis of aldehydes of cucumber fruits.

Influence of Exogenous ALA and Spd on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant System of Low Temperature and Poor Light Affected Pepper Seedlings

ZHANG Fan, YU Ji-Hua, JIE Jian-Ming, FENG Zhi, ZHANG Guo-Bin, LI Wen-Lin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2298-2306. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.014

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【Objective】 The objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and spermidine (Spd) on the hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and its mechanism with seedling leaves at low temperature and poor light. 【Method】 The effect of Spd and ALA on continuing cold resistance of hot pepper was investigated by using hot pepper seedlings as the test materials under low temperature (15℃/5℃) (day/night) and poor light (20-30 μmol•m-2•s-1) adverse circumstances simulated by artificial climate chamber with foliar spray by ALA (0.5 mg•L-1) and Spd (0.5 mmol•L-1). 【Result】 The results showed that the treatment with Spd and ALA alleviated the decline of the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II(PSII), the actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and the efficiency of light energy capture by open PSII reaction centers (Fv′/Fm′) under low temperature and dim light adverse circumstances, also significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and alleviated continual enhancement of MDA content and membrane permeability. The content of soluble protein and proline was positively correlated with tolerance. 【Conclusion】 The increasing cold resistance of hot pepper with ALA and Spd treatment under critical low temperature and dim light adverse circumstances is related to activated defensive system and protected cell membrane. Additionally, the increasing activity of SOD, POD and CAT also could promote metabolism of active oxygen to protect photosynthesis of cell.

Advances in Research of Biosynthesis and Hydrolysis Pathways of Gallated Catechins in Camellia sinensis

XIA Tao, GAO Li-Ping, LIU Ya-Jun, WANG Yun-Sheng, LIU Li, ZHAO Lei, JIANG Xiao-Lan, QIAN Yu-Mei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2307-2320. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.015

Abstract ( 814 )

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Gallated catechins have stronger effects than non-galloylated catechins, both on the product quality in tea processing and the pharmacological efficacy to human beings. The biosynthesis and hydrolysis pathways as well as molecular regulation mechanism of gallated catechins, have been a key problem that perplexes tea industry since long, and also been an unsolved scientific issue in Vitis vinifera or Diospyros kaki which is riched in procyanidins (PAs) or condensed tannins (CAs). Advances in research of biosynthetic and hydrolysis pathways of gallated catechins in Camellia sinensis by this research group were reviewed. The results showed that the means of catechin galloylation were similar to that of hydrolyzable tannin synthesis, in which, β-glucogallin (βG) acted as an acyl donor, and which involved two enzymes, UDP-glucose: galloyl-1-O-β-D- glucosyltransferase (UGGT) and epicatechin:1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose O-galloyltransferase (ECGT). Besides, the galloylated catechins could be hydrolyzed to ungalloylated catechins and gallic acid with the galloylated catechins hydrolase (GCH) action in Camellia sinensis. In addition, recent progress in biosynthesis, polymerization, glycosylation and methylation of flavan-3-ols in the world was also reviewed.

Relationship Between Solubility, Swelling Power and Main Substance Composition of Hazelnut Powder

YIN He-Zhong, LIANG Li-Song, WANG Gui-Xi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2321-2329. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.016

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【Objective】The experiments were conducted to contrast solubility and swelling power of four varieties of hazelnut powder and the changes of solubility and swelling power after peeling treatment. Through analysis of the relationship between solubility, swelling power and main substance composition of hazelnut powder then try to find the main factors that affecting the solubility and swelling power of hazelnut powder to provide a theoretical basis for fine processing of hazelnut.【Method】The alkali solution soaking method was used to remove the endopleura of hazelnut. Soxhlet extraction method was used to remove lipid (including fat and oil) within hazelnuts. Centrifugation method was used to measure the solubility and swelling power of hazelnut powder. Kjeldahl determination and Coomassie Brilliant Blue colorimetric method were used to measure the protein content and soluble protein content, respectively. Anthrone colorimetry was used to test starch content and soluble sugar content. Gravimetric method was used to determine crude fiber and ash content, analyse the correlation among material composition and solubility, swelling power.【Results】Different varieties of hazelnut powder solubility and swelling power were obviously different. The solubility of hazelnut powder from high to low was ‘Barcelona’, ‘Liaozhen3#’, ‘Pingzhen1#’ and ‘Dawei’ in sequence. The swelling power was reduced from ‘Barcelona’ to ‘Pingzhen1#’, ‘Dawei’ and ‘Liaozhen3#’in turn. Solubility of hazelnut powder was significantly influenced by temperature. With the increasing of temperature, the solubility of hazelnut powder showed an earlier raised and later decreased variation tendency remarkably, and the peak of solubility was at 70℃. The swelling power increased significantly with increasing temperature below 70℃, and did not change obviously while temperature was higher than 70℃. There were significant differences between different varieties of hazelnuts in substance composition. Hazelnut powder solubility was positively correlated to soluble protein, soluble sugar and starch content and negatively correlated to ash content. There was a positive correlation between starch content and swelling power of hazelnut powder while the correlation between protein content and swelling power of hazelnut powder was just opposite. Peeling treatment had no significant effect on solubility and swelling power.【Conclusion】The changing tendency of the solubility and swelling power were the same among different varieties of hazelnut with the changing temperature. Temperature had significant effects on solubility, but the swelling power did not change obviously when the temperature was higher than 70℃.Soluble protein, soluble sugar and starch were the main factors that influence the solubility, while swelling power was closely related to the starch. After peeling treatment, solubility and swelling power had no obvious change, and the solubility and swelling power of interaction between.

Analysis of Bacterial Community Structure of Cheddar Cheese During Ripening

JIA Hong-Xin, GONG Guang-Yu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2330-2336. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.017

Abstract ( 629 )

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【Objective】The diversity and dynamics of cheddar cheese bacterial community were studied at 6℃ for 180 d. 【Method】The selective medium was used for bacteria isolation and counting, then the colonies in the plate were collected and the total DNA was extracted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-DGGE analysis.【Result】As the cheddar cheese ripening, the population of the starter Streptococcus thermophilus decreased significantly, to the contrary, the species of non-starter Lactobacillus had an obvious increase. The amplification, sequencing, and BLAST comparative analysis of DGGE profiles bands showed that the main increasing Lactobacillus were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. 【Conclusion】Dynamic changes of bacterial community composition and quantity exist in cheddar cheese ripening period. PCR-DGGE as a follow-up analysis of selective medium analysis could define the kind of species and subspecies, and then could help us to get an objective and realistic analysis of the composition and dynamics of cheese bacterial community.

Effect of Different Amounts of Compost Fertilizer on Yields and Nutritive Values of Whole Corn Plant Silage

LI Meng-Meng, ZHANG Gui-Guo, YANG Zai-Bin, YANG Wei-Ren

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2337-2344. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.018

Abstract ( 624 )

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【Objective】The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fertilizing compost and chemical fertilizer on feed production potential of the whole corn plant silage, and thus providing a theoretical support for appropriate application of compost in corn silage cultivation. 【Method】 A field trial was conducted with a single-factor randomized block design. Three fertilizer treatments were different amounts of compost at 20, 40, and 60 t•hm-2, respectively. Chemical fertilizer with urea 400 kg•hm-2, superphosphate 450 kg•hm-2 and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) 300 kg•hm-2 was used as control. Biomass, dry matter (DM) yield, nutrients content and ruminal degradability were measured to elucidate the effect of compost amount on yields of DM, nutrients and degradable nutrients per unit land of the silage corn. 【Result】 Compared with control, the contents of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and gross energy (GE) of whole plant corn silage were significantly increased (P＜0.05) with the increased amount of compost. The content of crude fiber (CF), however, was notably decreased (P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference (P＞0.05) in carbohydrate content. Meanwhile, ruminal degradabilities of CP, EE, carbohydrate, and GE of corn silage were enhanced (P＜0.05) with increased fertilizer amount of compost. Regardless of fertilizer amount of compost, yields of biomass, nutrients, ruminally degradable nutrients, and relative feed value (RFV) of corn silage were higher than that of control (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results showed that compost administration can improve corn silage biomass and feeding values compared with administration of chemical fertilizer. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal fertilizing amount of compost was 40 t•hm-2.

Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Cello-Oligosaccharides Production from Wheat Straw by β-Glucanase Hydrolysis

LIU Sha-Sha, LI Jing-Mei, SHI Bo, LIANG Ping, LI Chao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2345-2352. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.019

Abstract ( 622 )

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【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the optimum conditions of wheat straw degradation by β-glucanase.【Method】The mixed-acid hydrolysis and chromatography were selected for the separation process, in which the cello- oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 5 were obtained. The single factor experiments for optimal conditions were temperature, pH, E/S concentration of wheat straw and the hydrolysis time. The optimal conditions for hydrolysis of wheat straw were obtained through analyzing the yield of cellobiose and the conversion rate of wheat straw.【Result】The experimental results showed that by activated carbon column chromatography, the standard cello-oligosaccharides were obtained and the optimum conditions for wheat straw hydrolysis were as follows: the reaction temperature was 50℃, pH was 5.5, E/S was 0.4, concentration of wheat straw was 2%, and hydrolysis time was 10 h. Using the optimum conditions, the cellobiose yield was 148.15 mg•g-1 wheat straw and the conversion rate of wheat straw was 55.57%. 【Conclusion】 The yield of cellobiose and the conversion rate of wheat straw were both increased under the optimum conditions. It was found that the chromatographic columns composed of charcoal could separate well cello-oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 5.

Identification of Silkworm Pupa-Specific Gene BmCP283 and Its Promoter

CHENG Dao-Jun, TANG Lin, MENG Meng, KANG Li-Xia, WANG Yong-Hu, PENG Jian, MA San-Yuan, XIA Qing-You

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2353-2362. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.020

Abstract ( 679 )

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【Objective】The objective of this study is to identify genes that are specifically expressed during silkworm pupa-adult transition, clone their promoters and provide supports for controlling artificially pupa-adult transition and develope pupal bioreactor in silkworm (Bombyx mori).【Method】Silkworm pupa-specific genes were identified through analysis of microarray data for gene expression during silkworm metamorphosis and confirmed by RT-PCR experiments. The promoters of silkworm pupa-specific genes were cloned by PCR experiments and their driving activities and pupa-specificity were detected by transgenic technology.【Result】Cuticular protein gene BmCP283 was found to be specifically expressed at pupal stage in silkworm and was regarded as a pupa-specific gene. The potential promoter with a length of 2 004 bp on the upstream of the translational initial site of BmCP283 was cloned. Transgenic experiments confirmed that the promoter of BmCP283 could drive the red fluorescent gene dsRed to be specifically expressed at late pupal stages, which was similar to the expression profile of endogenous BmCP283. 【Conclusion】Both the expression pattern of BmCP283 and the activities of its promoter is pupa-specific in silkworm.

猪瘟 |猪瘟病毒 |流行病学 |地理信息系统 |数据库

WANG Qin, TU Chang-Chun, HUANG Bao-Xu, XU Lu, GAI Hua-Wu, FAN Xue-Zheng, GUO Huan-Cheng, XU He-Min, LI Jin-Hua, ZHAO Qi-Zu, NING Yi-Bao, ZHENG Ran, SHEN Qing-Chun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2363-2369. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.021

Abstract ( 634 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to strengthen the epidemiology information management of classical swine fever (CSF), grasp the worldwide CSF data, analyze and track CSF and predict the epidemic situation accurately. 【Method】The novel software program epidemiology information system of classical swine fever, developed by using DB, GIS and Bioinformatics technology, was developed and named as CSFinfo, which integrated with ArcGIS Desktop, ArcMapObjects, Delphi and DNAStar 6.0 etc. and based on Digital Map Database of China. 【Result】Above 1000 classical swine fever virus isolates from China, 554 E2 sequences from China and 642 E2 sequences from CSF database on EU reference laboratory for CSF (Hanover German) generate into the CSFinfo. China has become the second country which has a complete CSF database after establishing CSFinfo successfully. 【Conclusion】By using CSFinfo, information and pattern of CSF outbreak can be demanded easily and conveniently. Additionally, CSFinfo is a coupled software DNAstar6.0 software and it is a great innovation. The capability for dataset extension and phylogenetic analysis were performed by using CSFinfo. Establishment of CSFinfo can provide technical supports for CSF epidemiology detection and analysis of data, strengthen the ability to understand and handle distribution and occurrence trend of CSFV, improve the quality of analyze and reduce strategic decision risk for government of China.

Inhibitory Activity of Chinese Herbal Aqueous Extracts to Tetracycline-Resistant E. coli of Swine

HUANG Ming-Qian, KONG Xiang-Feng, XIAO Li-Chun, GUO Xiao-Quan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2370-2376. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.022

Abstract ( 679 )

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【Objective】 This study was conducted to determine the inhibitory activity of Chinese herbal aqueous extracts to tetracycline-resistant E. coli of swine in order to provide a basis for their application in the swine production. 【Method】 Paper disk method and PCR method were used to evaluate tetracycline sensitivity to 10 isolates of E. coli of swine and their tetracycline-resistance genes, respectively, as well as the agar diffusion and double dilution to test the inhibitory activity of Chinese herbal aqueous extracts and their mixtures with tetracycline to 10 isolates of resistant E. coli of swine. 【Result】 All of the 10 tested isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 10 of which carried the tet A, two of which carried tet B, and 9 of which carried tet C. The extracts of Fructus crataegi, Fructus forsythiae, Flos lonicerae and Fructus schisandrae had stronger antibacterial activity, while their mixtures with tetracycline presented the decreased inhibition zone diameter and increased minimal inhibitory concentration. 【Conclusion】 The tetracycline resistance of the tested strains was related to the existances of resistance genes, including tetA, tetB and tetC. The extracts of 4 Chinese herbs tested in this study had stronger inhibitory activity against the isolates of E. coli, and could not be used with the tetracycline togather.

Cloning and Characterization of ACC Oxidase Gene (BnACO1) from Ramie (Boehmeria nivea)

XUE Li-Jun, ZHOU Jing-Hua, XING Hu-Cheng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2377-2385. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.023

Abstract ( 648 )

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【Objective】An 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic acid Oxidase gene (BnACO1) was cloned from ramie and analyzed by bioinformatics method. The expression pattern was revealed in different organs and under stresses.【Method】The full-length sequence of ACO gene cDNA was cloned from Xiangzhu 3 ramie by RT-PCR and RACE methods. Then the sequence of BnACO1 gene and protein sequences were analyzed through bioinformatics means. The relative expression level of BnACO1gene in various organs of ramie and under ABA, drought, NaCl stresses was examined by real-time fluorescence PCR.【Result】The full length sequence and the ORF of the BnACO1 gene were 1 476 bp and 981 bp, respectively, which encoded 326 amino acids. The molecular weight is 36.81 kD and the pI is 4.95. The similarity comparison revealed that the gene nucleotide sequence shared 83%, 81%, 79%, 79%, and 79% of homology with the Ficus carica (AB307720), Pelargonium (U19856), Diospyros kaki (AB073009), Pyrus pyrifolia (JN807390), Actinidia chinensis (HQ293208) ACO gene, and the similarity of the amino acid sequences with that of these species was 87%, 80%, 80%, 78%, and 83%, respectively. The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the BnACO1 expressed in root, stem, shoot tip and blade, female flowers and male flowers, with the higher expression level in male flowers, while the lowest expression level in root and stem. The results of real-time PCR showed that the BnACO1 was induced by ABA, dehydration and NaCl.【Conclusion】BnACO1 belongs to ACO gene family, which involved in abiotic stress responses to ABA, drought and NaCl. It may play a role in gender differences of ramie and have distinctive expression pattern in the regulation of development and stress responses.

Responses of Spectral Reflectance, Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Cotton During Drought Stress and Rewatering

XUE Hui-Yun, ZHANG Yong-Jiang, LIU Lian-Tao, SUN Hong-Chun, LI Cun-Dong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2386-2393. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.024

Abstract ( 655 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this paper was to identify photosynthetic and spectral indicators related to drought stress through analysis of photosynthetic traits and spectral index in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). 【Method】 The transgenic cotton cultivar Yinrui 361 was used as material, leaf spectral reflectance, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics were studied by a pot experiment during the continuous drought stress and rewatering.【Result】Two years results indicated that leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the dark (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the light (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) showed a downward trend along with the prolonging of the drought stress. Stomatal limitation value (Ls) increased at the early time, and then decreased later. While non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) showed an increasing trend. After rewatering, most parameters could not recover to the initial state except RWC. Compared with the initial state on two-year average, Pn, Gs, Tr, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, qP and PRI in the 4th day of stress decreased by 53.1%, 79.9%, 66.0%, 3.8%, 11.0%, 5.7% and 18.4%, respectively. While Ls and NPQ increased by 98.1% and 28.6%, respectively. Among them, only Pn, Gs, Tr, Ls, Fv/Fm and PRI had significant differences between values in the 4th day and the initial state, and R2 were 0.7640, 0.7058, 0.5625, 0.3665, 0.7319 and 0.4378, respectively. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded that Pn, Gs, Tr, Ls, Fv/Fm and PRI could be considered as reliable indicators in cotton leaves at the first stage of drought stress, while Pn, Gs, Fv/Fm can sensitively and accurately reflect the water condition of cotton leaves under continuous drought stress.

Genetic Diversity of Large-Flowered Chrysanthemum Cultivars Revealed by ISSR Analysis

LUO Xin-Yan, WANG Chen, DAI Si-Lan, LI Bao-Qin, LIU Qian-Qian, ZHU Jun, LU Jie

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2013, 46(11): 2394-2402. doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.11.025

Abstract ( 533 )

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【Objective】 Large-flowered chrysanthemum processes numerous cultivars with complex morphological types. This study aims to facilitate the research on classification and evolution history of chrysanthemum cultivars by a probe in genetic diversity of chrysanthemum cultivars belonging to different floral types respectively.【Method】 The genetic diversity of 150 large-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars belonging to 5 floral types were investigated using 10 primers with clear bands and steady repetitiveness chosen from 50 ISSR primers. 【Result】 A total of 229 bands were amplified, of which 220 were polymorphic loci. The main index were: PPB＝96.07%, He＝0.3485, I＝0.5154(at species level). The genetic variation in each floral types is quite high, in which the Flat-petal group is the highest (PPB＝95.20%), whereas the Anemone-petal group (PPB＝86.90%) and the Spoon-petal group (PPB＝89.52%) were the lowest. The level of genetic differentiation among floral types was very low, and genetic diversity mainly derived from variations of cultivars at flower type level. The result of UPGMA cluster was highly relevant to morphological variations among floral types. 【Conclusion】 The result of the research shows that genetic diversity of large-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars can be revealed well and truly by ISSR molecular marker，which processes of great meaning to research of classification, identification and evolution of chrysanthemum cultivars.

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