Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (16): 3220-3232.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.16.006

• SPECIAL FOCUS: NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR ANNUAL RICE-RAPESEED ROTATION • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Characteristics of Crop Yield, Stability and Nitrogen Utilization in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates

FANG Wen1(), LIU JunQuan2, CUI Xin1, LIU AiHua1, FANG YaTing1, CONG RiHuan1, LU ZhiFeng1, LI XiaoKun1, REN Tao1,*(), LU JianWei1   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2 Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuxue City, Huanggang 435401, Hubei
  • Received:2025-04-14 Accepted:2025-05-27 Online:2025-08-11 Published:2025-08-11
  • Contact: REN Tao

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Abstract:

【Objective】By studying the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates on the annual crop yields, stability, and nitrogen uptake in the rice-rapeseed rotation system, this study explored the changing trends of the appropriate annual nitrogen fertilizer application rates for rice and rapeseed, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization in the rice-rapeseed rotation in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River region.【Method】This locational trial was located in Wuxue City, Hubei Province, and was started in 2016. In this study, eight consecutive years of field locational trials were selected from 2016 to 2024. Five nitrogen fertilizer application rate gradients of 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg N·hm-2 were set up for both crops in the two seasons. The yields and their stability, nitrogen accumulation amounts, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, apparent nitrogen surplus, and the annual trends of appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application rates in the rice-rapeseed rotation system were analyzed. 【Result】Nitrogen fertilization significantly enhanced crop productivity in rice-rapeseed rotation systems. Compared with the nitrogen-free treatment, in each nitrogen-applied treatment, the average annual yield of rice increased by 1 035-1 769 kg·hm-2, with an increase range of 19.4%-33.2%. The application of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant yield-increasing effect on winter rape; compared with the nitrogen-free treatment, the average annual winter rape yield increased by 1 041-2 208 kg·hm-2, and the yield increased by 1.3-2.8 times. Aboveground nitrogen accumulation in rice and rapeseed increased progressively with elevated N inputs, averaging 36.8-108.2 kg·hm-2 and 43.4-139.3 kg·hm-2 higher than that under the zero-N control, respectively. Continuous observations indicated rising trends in both N accumulation and N recovery efficiency (NRE) for both crops under continuous rotation. During the rice season, with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer application rate, compared with the previous year, the average annual increase in nitrogen accumulation increased from 2.6% to 9.8%. In the rapeseed season, the increase in nitrogen accumulation in the nitrogen-free treatment was not significant among years. After applying nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen accumulation increased by an average of 3.4%-5.1% annually compared with the previous year. NRE in rice remained stable during the first three years but exhibited a parabolic rise starting from the fourth year. For rapeseed, NRE under 90-270 kg N·hm-2 N rates increased by 5.6% annually, whereas no significant improvement occurred at 360 kg N·hm-2. Apparent N balance in the zero-N treatment consistently showed deficits, while N-surplus in fertilized plots declined annually by 3.6%-8.3% (rice) and 2.4%-6.7% (rapeseed). Systematic analysis revealed an annual increase of 2.3% in optimal N rates for rice (annual mean: 146.8 kg N·hm-2) and 0.9% for rapeseed (annual mean: 198.0 kg N·hm-2).【Conclusion】In the continuous rice-rapeseed rotation planting mode, it was necessary to apply fertilizers with appropriate nitrogen application rates according to the nitrogen absorption characteristics of the crops in the rotation system, and to dynamically adjust the annual nitrogen allocation amount according to the soil nitrogen status.

Key words: rice-rapeseed rotation, nitrogen fertilizer application rates, yield stability, nitrogen accumulation, apparent nitrogen surplus, nitrogen use efficiency

Fig. 1

Monthly mean temperature and precipitation during the 2016-2024 rice-rapeseed rotation crop growing seasons"

Fig. 2

Effects of N fertilizer rate on annual yield trends in rice-rapeseed rotation system Y: Year effect; N: Nitrogen effect; Y×N: Interaction effect between year and nitrogen treatment; ***: P<0.001, **: P<0.01, *: P<0.05, and ns indicates no significant difference. In analysis of variance, the numerical value (F-value) is the ratio of the between-group variation (caused by factors or interactions) to the within-group variation (random error). The same as below. In Figure B, the dashed box indicates that the freezing climate during the rapeseed season in 2023/2024 led to a sharp decline in production, which belongs to the annual abnormal climate; Figure C shows the annual energy yield of rice-rapeseed rotation, and the nitrogen fertilizer application rate is treated as a gradient of the total nitrogen application amount for the two seasons"

Table 1

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate on annual yield stability in rice-rapeseed rotation system"

轮作系统
Crop rotation system		 氮肥用量
N fertilizer rate
(kg N·hm-2)		 周年稳定性 Annual stability 周年增产稳定性 Annual yield stability
产量稳定性指数
YSI (%)		 可持续指数
SYI		 产量稳定性指数
YSI (%)		 可持续指数
SYI
水稻产量
Rice yield		 0 13.6±4.4ab 0.650±0.026b — —
90 10.9±1.2b 0.736±0.030a 61.9±13.0a 0.192±0.086b
180 9.7±0.1b 0.768±0.016a 42.5±4.1b 0.365±0.019a
270 16.3±1.5a 0.650±0.029b 59.6±3.9a 0.201±0.007b
360 17.0±0.4a 0.631±0.024b 69.1±8.9a 0.140±0.062b
油菜产量
Rapeseed yield		 0 35.7±5.4a 0.413±0.004b — —
90 23.0±2.4b 0.622±0.010a 31.5±3.4a 0.501±0.077b
180 22.7±0.1b 0.625±0.006a 21.6±4.6b 0.645±0.058a
270 21.6±0.1b 0.666±0.050a 22.7±6.4b 0.606±0.073ab
360 23.7±0.1b 0.610±0.038a 24.1±3.0b 0.590±0.024ab
稻油轮作系统能值产量
Energy yield of rice-rapeseed rotation		 0 12.1±1.8a 0.727±0.014b — —
180 9.2±2.5ab 0.744±0.004b 41.0±0.3a 0.359±0.001c
360 9.1±0.8ab 0.814±0.004a 18.7±4.4c 0.651±0.053a
540 9.8±3.0ab 0.797±0.045a 30.7±0.2b 0.472±0.008b
720 7.8±1.0b 0.816±0.010a 34.2±0.1b 0.462±0.051b

Fig. 3

Effect of N fertilizer rate on annual N accumulation and distribution patterns in rice-rapeseed rotation system"

Fig. 4

Effect of N fertilizer rate on N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE) in rice-rapeseed rotation system In Figure B, the dashed box indicates that the freezing damage climate during the rapeseed season in 2023/2024 lead to a sharp decrease in NRE, which belongs to the annual abnormal climate"

Fig. 5

Effect of N fertilizer rate on the trend of N surplus in continuous rice-rapeseed rotations The black pattern represents the rice season, and the gray pattern represents the rape season. The area within the dashed box indicates that the freezing damage during the rape season in 2023/2024 lead to an increase in apparent nitrogen surplus, which belongs to an annual abnormal climate"

Fig. 6

Analysis of the annual trend of the appropriate N fertilizer rate in rice-rapeseed rotation system"

Fig. 7

Analysis of the relationship between N fertilizer rate and apparent N surplus and N fertilizer recovery efficiency in the annual rice-rapeseed rotation system"

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