Table of Content

10 December 2006, Volume 39 Issue 12

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES

Studies on Overwintered Character of Axillary Buds of glutinous 89-1

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2399-2405 . 

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Abstract It was analyzed that overwintered character of axillary buds of glutinous rice 89-1 in different altitudes, heritabilities on overwintered character of glutinous rice 89-1 in four different hybrid combination, heritabilities and variation of main agricultural trait in F2 populations of Glutinou89-1/MingHui63 in three different seasons.The results showed that glutinous rice 89-1 could overwinter by axillary buds in low temperature .Grain yields of main and overwintered ratoon season were very close. Heritabilities on overwintered character of glutinou89-1were very diversity in different hybrid combinations. Glutinou89-1/HongMangNuo and Glutinou89-1/FuHui838 were high. Glutinou89-1/MingHui63 and Glutinou89-1/Ce64 were low .Heritabilities of plant height and 1000-grain weights were relatively high,and highest in main crop ,but lowest in overwintered ratoon crop. Heritabilities of grains/panicle and seed set rate were highest in ratoon crop.Averages of Grains/panicle,1000-grain weights,plant height and panicle length in F2 populations of glutinou89-1/MingHui63 were close to F1.They all were nearly normal distribution. Genetic selection did not exist from F1 to F2 progeny.Amount range and coefficient of variation of seed set rate were most in main and overwintered ratoon crop,least in ratoon crop.But average seed set rate of ratoon crop was more . All average seed set rate of three crop were higher with F1 . Seed set rate was bimodal distribution .Genetic selection did exist from F1 to F2 progeny. Selection consequence always was propitious to high seed set rate.

High-molecular-weight Glutenin Subunit Compositions of Chinese Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Germplasms

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2406-2415 . 

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Variation in the electrophoretic banding patterns of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of 186 common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasms that originated from China was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in order to improve the effective utilization of these germplasms. The bread-making quality score of each genotype was calculated. The high level of genetic variation at Glu-1 locus was observed. Seventeen major glutenin HMW-GS were detected and 30 HMW-GS compositions were observed. The percentage of cultivars with more than two subunits related to good quality were 38.7% among 186 wheat lines. There were 13 lines with bread-making quality scores of 10 in combination with one or two good agronomical traits, such as high-yield, dwarfing, resistance to diseases and/or tolerant abiotic stress. These new germplasms can be the important resources for improvment bread making quality.

Establishing the Score System of HMW-GS on Hand-extended Noodle Score Indexes in Wheat

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2415-2421 . 

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As the shortage of the score system of HMW-GS formerly, 100 spring wheat varieties were selected to study the relationship between HMW-GS and hand-extended noodle score indexes in wheat by quantity theory and statistics estimation. Eight multiple regression equations could be used to forecast the eight hand-extended noodle score indexes, because the determination coefficient were all upwards of 0.98. The score system of HMW-GS on hand-extended noodle score indexes was established in wheat. The HMW-GS 1, 2*, 17+18, 5+10 and 10 were good quality subunits for hand-extended noodle, HMW-GS 5+10 could improve all of the hand-extended noodle score indexes, HMW-GS 1 could improve the color of hand-extended noodle. The role of HMW-GS 17+18 was as most same as HMW-GS 5+10. So, noodle wheat should possess the HMW-GS 1, 17+18 and 5+10. HMW-GS 2+10, 2+11 and 2+12 were the worst subunits for hand-extended noodle.

Study on Quality Improvement Effect and Separate Character of Soybean Male Serile(MS1) Recurrent Selection Population

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2422-2427 . 

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In this study we built two sub-population from the LD base population which fit for our ecology type by 6 years’ gene enrichment and recurrent selection. For the db(high protein content) sub-population, the protein content is 1.18% higher than the base population, and the individuals which protein content more than 45% are 22.38%, 10.99% higher than the base population; For the gy(high oil content) sub-population, oil content is 0.24% higher than the base population, and the individuals which oil content more than 20% are 11.05% higher than the base population. In addition, compare the two ms1 sub-population with the segregation population of general crosses on the type of flower date, mature date, pod type, hilum color and hair color etc , the former have wider separation, and has more types. On the other hand, we also discussed the breeding method, key technology and selection effect of soybean Ms1 population.

Advance of Molecular Breeding on Flax in China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2428-2434 . 

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The theory and current molecular breeding practice in flax was summarized,, including direct introduction exogenous DNA(DIED), transgenic technology and molecular maker assisted selection. Historical and present flax breeding practice in China was reviewed. Application of molecular technology in flax breeding with resistance to non-biological stress, herbicide, fungous disease, higher fiber yield and superior quality was discussed and forecasted. Due to factors such as gene intellectual property, little fund from government on flax research and some practical difficulty existing, the work of flax molecular breeding was hold back. This review serves to propose some strategies to flax breeders and entrepreneurs in flax industry.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Study on NIR Models of Protein Content in Rice Based on Representative Samples of Varieties and RILs

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2435-2440 . 

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After comparison of NIR spectra of 496 rice varieties and 178 RILs from the cross “II-32B/Yue-Zao-Xian No6”, 76 cultivars and 59 RILs were selected to develop three PLS regression models based on cultivar, RIL and mixture samples, respectively. By comparing the effect of validation and prediction, there was found some limitation of model based on RILs due to the narrow range of distribution of protein content. Nevertheless the models based on the representative cultivars or mixture samples had a high coefficient of determination (r2 >0.90) in validation and low absolute error (<1.1%) in prediction, which should be suitable for primary screening on protein content of rice germplasm and breeding lines.

Characteristics of carbon fixation in different rice cultivars during yield formation process

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2441-2448 . 

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Abstract: Characteristics of carbon fixation, followed by the previous study of dry matter accumulation in three different rice cultivars, Shanyou 63, Liangyou 2186 and IR64, were studied at the experimental farm of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou China in 2003. The results showed that the carbon contents of whole plant in the three rice cultivars, were 40.65%、41.81% and 40.44% for Shanyou 63, Liangyou 2186 and IR64 at full mature stage, respectively, and carbon contents in different rice plant parts showed the trends of grain>leaf>stem>sheath>root in order. In addition, the carbon accumulation in the three rice cultivars peaked at yellow mature stage, with a amount of 853.68 g·m-2,827.61 g·m-2 and 810.13 g·m-2 then went down to 773.17 g·m-2, 783.65 g·m-2 and 767.94 g·m-2 at full mature stage, and the amount of released oxygen reached to 2061.80 g·m-2, 2089.73 g·m-2 and 2047.84 g·m-2 in whole growing and developmental stage, which is important for maintaining the balance between CO2 and O2 in the field of rice ecosystem. From early heading stage to full heading stage, the net accumulation of carbon in Shanyou 63, Liangyou 2186 and IR 64 were 339.60 g·m-2, 369.33 g·m-2 and 309.62 g·m-2, and performanced the highest in whole growing and developmental stage, showing 43.92%, 47.13% and 40.31% of total carbon accumulation, which was considered a key stage for carbon fixing of rice. It was also shown that the three rice cultivars cost the carbon accumulated at previous developmental stages to further promote grain filling process, Shanyou 63 consumed oxygen 214.69 g·m-2 at full mature stage, which was 1.83 and 1.91 times as higher as those of Liangyou 2186 and IR64 respectively. The result implied that it appeared to be higher carbon consuming characteristics of Shanyou 63 during grain filling process, but further study is needed to elucidate its mechanism in yield formation.

Coordinated Variation Law of Yield and Grain Protein Content in Winter Wheat and Strategies of Irriagation and Fertilization

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2449-2458 . 

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Abstract Based on the pot cultivation and the field experiments, the effect functions of winter wheat yield and grain protein content were established, in which the soil water content and nitrogen and P2O5 were taked as the effect factors. The function curves reveal the coordinated variation law of yield and grain protein content with increase of soil water content (or nitrogen) at different nitrogen dose (or soil water content). The results indicated that the variation curves of yield and grain protein content with soil water content (or nitrogen) are convex and concave respectively in lower fertility and mean fertility (or 50% and 60% of soil water content), and that means the negative correlation of yield and grain protein content. But the yield and grain protein content are all increasing with soil water content increasing between minimum protein content and maximum yield in mean fertility. So the soil water content between minimum protein content and maximum yield are the soil water content of coordinated variation of yield and grain protein content (Fig.1 and Fig.2). The variation curves of yield and grain protein content with soil water content (or nitrogen) are convex in high fertility (or 70% and 80% of soil water content), and the soil water content (or nitrogen dose) before maximum protein content (or maximum yield) are the soil water content (or nitrogen dose) of coordinated variation of yield and grain protein content (Fig. 1 and Fig.2). The simulated value of yield and grain protein content were standardized using polar difference variant, and the intersection point of curves of the standardized variables is the best combination of yield and grain protein content（Fig.3 and Fig.4）. We can make the irrigation and fertilization management plan according to the intersection points and the variation state of the curves. The effect of yield and grain protein content with soil water content and nitrogen (or nitrogen and P2O5 ) was described by isopleth (Fig.5 and Fig.6). On the basis of the isogram, we can analyse the variation law of single factor or two factors in yield and grain protein content with soil water content, nitrogen and P2O5, and make management plans of high yield and high quality.

Adaptive mechanisms of salt tolerance in Hordeum brevisubulatum under salt stress

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2459-2466 . 

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The responses for seedling growth, regulation of Na+ and K+ uptake and transport to shoot, ion compartmentation and Na+ efflux in saline conditions were investigated to determine adaptive mechanisms of salt tolerance in H. brevisubulatum. The results showed that, (1) the dry mass of shoot and root had no significant difference in the range of 350mmol.L-1 NaCl stress, and NaCl stress inhibited the growth of shoot more severely than that of root; (2) the increment of Na+ content in root was more than that in shoot, the decrease of K+ content in shoot less than that in root, the ratios of K+ to Na+ in shoot and root were all more than 1.0, the higher K+/Na+ resulted from the higher K+-Na+ selectivity of plasm membrane; (3) X-ray microanalysis indicated Na+ in cytoplasm was compartmented into vacuole while NaCl≥150mmol.L-1; (4) salt gland was the main path for Na+ efflux out of shoot. The conclusions were made: plants grew normally when NaCl concentration was less than 350mmol.L-1, H. brevisubulatum tended to take up less Na+ and maintain higher K+ in the shoot, Na+ secretion via salt glands and Na+ compartmentation in vaculoe were the adaptive key mechanisms of salt tolerance in H. brevisubulatum.

Impact of Land Fragmentation on Small Rice Farmers’ Technical Efficiency in Southeast China

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2467-2473 . 

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Rice farming is important for income generation and poverty reduction in large parts of China. The high degree of land fragmentation, however, may constitute a major bottleneck to increasing productivity and reducing poverty. This paper applies detailed household, crop and plot level data to investigate the impact of land fragmentation on rice producers’ technical efficiency in a major rice growing area of Southeast China, using a stochastic frontier model. Average technical efficiency scores are 0.85 for early rice, 0.83 for late rice, and 0.79 for one-season rice production in our research area. This indicates that with the existing technologies, a considerable productivity improvement can still be reached by addressing the factors constraining technical efficiency increases. Land consolidation can be an important option in this respect, as average plots size is found to have a significant positive impact on technical efficiency for all three types of rice.

PLANT PROTECTION

Prediction for Secreted Proteins from Magnaporthe grisea Genome

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2474-2482 . 

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Many secreted proteins of plant pathogens have shown to be the elicitor and the pathogenetic factors for interacting with the plant receptors. Analysis of the secretome by utilizing genomic database information and computer prediction algorithms would facilitate to clarify the molecular mechanism on the interaction between plant and plant pathogens. To investigate the function of secreted proteins in Magnaporthe grisea, we used a set of prediction algorithms to predict the secreted proteins encoded M.grisea genome. First, the presences or absences of a N-terminal signal peptide of all 11108 ORFs from M.grisea were predicted by the SignalP program and 2468 ORFs were found to encode proteins with N- terminal signal peptide. Second, Protcomp program were used to predict the sub-cellular localization of these 2468 ORFs, and 1858 proteins were extracellularly localized. Then, the 1858 proteins were further predicted by using TMHMM program to move the proteins with more than one transmembrance domains, big-PI Predictor to move the GPI-anchored proteins and TargetP to eliminate proteins with mitochondrial targeting signals step by step. Finally, 1235 ORFs were predicted to be secreted proteins from M.grisea genome.

The Cotton Root Hurts Degree to the Verticillium dahliae Kleb Infection of Behind the Influence of Anti-enzyme Inside the Body

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2483-2490 . 

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【Objective】Explore the influence that the clear cotton Verticillium dahliae harms a root related anti- enzyme in the degree cotton seedling body to the dissimilarity.【Method】Threw away the paper pot and vermiculite etc. when the cotton seedling was long to go to four leaves, use a water to flush carefully, get:⑴ Complete root seedling, ⑵Root the remaining root of the lower part 3-5 cm use to disinfect of the knife slice in order to slice a seedling, ⑶ Stays a main root, cutting off the greatly parts of side root for harm a seedling. Three kinds of different roots cotton seedling that fasten condition immerses to go to by having no germ water dilution a different density in the germ liquid of the 20 ml cotton Verticillium dahliae kleb. Through the 0-48 h with the result that the wilt degree and measures the variety of related anti-enzyme【Result】Slice a seedling victimizes most seriously and secondly in order to harm a seedling, complete root the outbreak that fasten the cotton seedling is the most light.【Conclusion】Result harmed the cotton seedling exterior pathology in root reaction and the dynamic state bio-chemical reaction of the related enzyme inside the body to carry on a research for the cotton, acquired the plant exterior pathology to respond to test with internal bio-chemical to fit together mutually.

Detection of Citrus Huanglongbing by Conventional and two Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Assays

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2491-2497 . 

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Two types of Fluorescence Quantity Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including SYBR Green I DNA-binding dye and TaqMan Probe approaches are established and optimized based on two pair of primers, CQULA03F/CQULA03R, CQULA04F/CQULA04R and TaqMan fluorescent probe designed from ribosomal protein gene sequence of Ca. L. asiaticus. The specificity and limitation of both SGI and TaqMan FQ -PCR methods are compared with classical PCR for detecting suspensions of felted collection of Ca. L. asiaticus from midrib of citrus leaves and recombinant plasmid DNA with target fragment of ribosomal protein gene. The three techniques (Classical-PCR, SYBR Green I and TaqMan Q-PCR) can stably detect target bacteria from symptomatic or asymptomatic citrus samples, and the sensitivity of FQ-PCR is higher than Classical-PCR at 100～1000-fold (these are 439.0 fg/μl, 4.39 fg/μl, 0.44 fg/μl for classical PCR ,TaqMan and SGI PCR respectively)；the TaqMan Q-PCR has robust specificity and higher accuracy but is more expensive comparing with SGI approach. This specific, accurate, sensitive and fast technique will play a key role for the early diagnosis of HLB and identification of Ca. L. asiaticus.

Studies on selectivity and fitness of Bemisia tabaci B-biotype to different varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata W.

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2498-2504 . 

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The selectivity, development, survival, reproduction and life table parameters of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B-biotype on the different varieties of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata W. were studied at T=29±1℃ and RH=80%±5% in the laboratory. The results showed that the selectivity of B. tabaci B-biotype to the twelve varieties of the cowpea exhibited significantly difference, and the very preference for Ningjiang No.3 and Yangjiang 40 and the nonpreference for Bangda No.1. The fitness of B. tabaci B-biotype on the different varieties for the survival and the reproduction exhibited also significantly difference, and the highest fitness on Ningjiang No.3 and Yangjiang 40 and the lowest fitness on Zjijiang Tezao 30 and Bangda No.1. These results also showed that the Zjijiang Tezao 30 and Bangda No.1 have the higher resistance to B. tabaci B-biotype, and the resistance of Ningjiang No.3 and Yangjiang 40 were the lowest.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION

Studies on the mechanism of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers for increasing yield of rice (Oryza Sative L.)

ShuanHu Tang,

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2511-2520 . 

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Abstract: It has illustrated that application of controlled-release fertilizers obviously saved labor power and fertilizers, and significantly increased yield as well for rice production. Pot trials and cylinder trials were carried out in 2002-2005 to study the mechanism of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers for increasing yield of rice (Oryza Sative L.). The trials involved in the following 6 treatments, splitting Nongke rice-specific fertilizer (SNRSF, ck), single basal of Nongke rice-specific fertilizer (BNRSF), single basal of Nongke controlled-release fertilizer (BNCRF), single basal of controlled-release fertilizer with NH4MgPO4 coated (BLCRF), single basal of bulk blend fertilizer with resin coated urea (BCUF), no fertilization (NF). It was observed, that treatments of BLCRF and BNCRF resulted in apparently higher concentrations of soil available N than BCUF, while soil available N of SNRSF fluctuated greatly within 30 days after fertilization. After 30 days of fertilization, there were no significantly differences in soil available N concentrations among the fertilization treatments under rice planting, however, available N concentrations for the 3 treatments of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) were greater than SNRSF without rice planting. In comparison to SNRSF, better nutrition from the CRFs resulted in the following advanced characteristics. (1) CRFs developed larger rice root weights, volumes, total absorption areas and deeper distribution, higher root bleeding intensity, with greater output intensity of amino acids in root bleeding through out all the growth stages. (2) There were higher chlorophyll concent and activity of CAT, but lower POD for the CRFs in the flag leaves after 12 days of flowering, in which dissoluble protein decomposed slower during all filling stages. (3) Application of the CRFs enlarged the base of rice stems, declined the proportion of shoot and root, increased root depth index. These indicated that single basal application of the CRFs should be able significantly to promote development of root system, enhance nutrient uptake, slower senescence speed and strengthen the capacity of lodging resistance.

Effects of Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Surface Water N Dynamics and its Losses from Runoff

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2521-2530 . 

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This study quantified the effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) on dynamics of electrical conductivity (EC), pH, TN、NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration in rice surface water and TN losses from runoff in alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil (ASP) and Purple calcareous clayed paddy soil (PCP). After applying urea, the surface water TN and NH4+-N concentration reached peak at the 1st day and the 3rd day respectively, then it went down rapidly; though the floodwater NO3--N in PCP at the 3rd to 7th arose to some extent, it showed very low level as a whole; The surface water pH from early rice within 15d (late rice within 3d) after receiving urea rose gradually, and EC kept the pace with dynamics of NH4+. Compared with urea application, the peak of floodwater TN、NH4+ concentration fallen significantly after applying CRNF, and the peak of EC and pH also fallen distinctly, but NO3- concentration raised a little. The effect of raining event occurred within 20d after applying fertilizer on TN losses from runoff was significant. Compared with applying urea, the TN concentration in runoff water caused by raining event within 10d after receiving CRNF declined significantly, as result, the TN losses from runoff in rice field during whole rice growing season decreased significantly.

Study on the Green Tax Stimulation Measure of Nitrogen Fertilizer Non-point Source Pollution Control in the Dongting Lake Area

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2531-2537 . 

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【Objective】Study on designing the tax of nitrogen fertilizer can provide one of the new ways for controlling nitrogen fertilizer non-point source pollution. 【Method】The tax design of nitrogen fertilizer was discussed by utilizing the external theory and the demand elasticity theory.【Result】The results showed that the 11 counties (cities and districts) which the farmland nitrogen application in the Dongting Lake area surpassed the average ecological fertilization dosage are listed to the taxation scope of nitrogen fertilizer tax, the ecological environment loss will reduce 0.07×108 Yuan and the revenue will increase 0.89×108 Yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which brought about by the increasing of the food supplies production, will be 0.58×108 Yuan and the net social benefit will be 1.58×108 Yuan after the revenue collecting. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95％ to 1.49％. The increasing income of farmers will take up -5.93％ to 8.41％ of the net total income. The 6 counties (cities or districts), Huarong, Miluo, Anxiang, Lixian, Nanxian and Yuanjiang, in which the nitrogen application surpassed the ecological fertilization dosage and decreases the food supplies production are listed to the N fertilizer tax collecting scope, the ecological environment loss will reduce 0.06×108 Yuan and the revenue will increase 0.49×108 Yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which brought about by the increasing of the cereals production, will be 1.25×108 Yuan and the net social benefit will be 1.85×108 Yuan after the revenue collecting. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 1.01％ to1.49％. The increasing income of farmers will take up 2.57％ to 8.41％ of the net total income. The coefficient of price elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer demand is 0.21, which instructed that the market demand and supply are in lack of elasticity in the short period and the impact of nitrogen Fertilizer manufacturers is subtle. 【Conclusion】Considering from the entire social welfare, taxation of nitrogen fertilizer will have more advantages than the disadvantages in the Dongting Lake area. It is more appropriate to list the Nitrogen application surpassing the average ecological fertilization dosage and the food supplies production not decreasing areas as the nitrogen fertilizer tax collecting scope.

The spatial analysis of landuse ecological services value in loess plateau in northern Shaanxi pronvice

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2538-2544 . 

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The paper studied on comprehensive appraisal of dynamic change of the ecosystem service function value in loess plateau in northern Shaanxi province using 3S technologies. The results showed : the ecological services value in loess plateau in northern Shaanxi province was 46.723 billion yuan in 1978, the ecological services value in 1990 was 57.703 billion yuan, and the ecological services value in 2000 was 56.099 billion yuan. From 1978 to 1990 , the ecological services value rise by 19.03%, and from 1990 to 2000 drooped by 2.86%, but in the entire 22 years ecological value in northern Shaanxi province increased by 16.71%. Ecosystem services in loess plateau in northern Shaanxi province have the spatial distribution: on large regional terms, from 1978 to 2000, ecosystem services value in northern Shaanxi province slowly increase, and its increasing mainly in the south ,but in the north changed little. But it is noteworthy that although the general trend is slowly increasing, but the reducing of the ecosystem services value in local area was very keen. From 1990 to 2000 ecosystem services value in northern Shaanxi province is declining. Improvement of the ecological environment was regional disparity, but the northern region improved larger and the southern region improve slowly.

HORTICULTURE

Study on special appraisal of cs-acs1g gene and practice in cucumber

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2545-2550 . 

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Absract: 1013bp partial of cs-acs1g gene was special to gynoecium in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.) through combination of PCR method and investigation measure, trial result indicated that the accuracy is 100%. in addition, analysis on result which integrate of laboratory and flower investigation showed that 540bp partial did not has special relationship with various cucumber varieties .

Effect of different aestival utilization patterns on cucumber yeild and soil environment in continuous cropping greenhuose

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2551-2556 . 

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In order to appraise the effect of different aestival utilization patterns on cucumber yeild and soil environment in continuous cropping greenhuose,this paper analysed the soil fertility and microbial indexes.By conventional chemical analysis and relative selection medium in different utilization patterns and periods,the results indicated that planting scallion in summer reduced the soil salt notablely, following available N and Kwere decreased by 29.3% and 53% separately compared with CK. The composing of soil microbe was improved , with the number of bacteria and antinomyce were added,B/F value was increased, and he yeild of cucumber added by 22%. On the contrary,plinting leafy vegetables had no positive effect on the composing of soil microbe and the yeild of cucumber decreased.Therefore,plinting scallion in summer are beneficial for resolving continuous cropping obstacles and increasing yeild of cucumber.

A Review on Reproduction Biology in Diospyros kaki L.

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2557-2562 . 

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This paper reviewed reproductive events from floral morphology, floral initiation, flowering patterns, pollination biology to the capacity of parthenocarpy in nonastringent and astringent persimmon. The research works on mechanism of seed formation and abortion were summarized emphatically. The paper also put forward some research prospects for the status in Chinese persimmon breeding program.

Study on the biologic characteristic of rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd in vitro

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2563-2569 . 

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In this study, three clones of rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd (having passed the gus and PCR examination) were used as materials for further research. Molecular hybridization was made to identify their integrated copy numbers and expression at transcription level. Southern hybridization demonstrated that rolC gene had been integrated in the genome of the three clones of rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd, two of the three transformed clones had a single copy and another had double copies of the rolC gene integrated. In all the three transformed clones the rolC gene was integrated at different position in the plant chromosomal DNA. Northern hybridization demonstrated that different integrated copy numbers have influence on the expression of each rolC-transgenic clones, the clone with double rolC copies is less than the other two clones with a single rolC copy number on expression abundance at transcription level.The result of the biologic study demonstrated that: The three rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd clones all need significant lower than the control on the propagation of shoot,rooting and regeneration of leave. The three rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd clones all showed the characteristic rolC phenotype, such as dwarf shoot, shorter internodes, smaller leave area, shorter and more root.Among the three transgenic clones, it was found that the rolC gene integrated numbers and integrated location play an important role in the expression of the rolC-transgenic Malus robusta Rehd clones .

Molecular Distillation and Enzymatic Reaction for Concentration of vitamin E from rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2570-2576 . 

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Rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate was an important source of natural vitamin E. Molecular distillation and enzymatic reaction were applied for concentration of vitamin E. The model of content of fatty acid methyl ester produced by enzymatic reaction was presented by response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of molecular distillation and single factor experiments . The results indicated that when material 20g, reaction temperature 37℃,the amount of water 11.7ml and Candida rugosa lipase 30.78 U for hydrolysis time 16h followed by amount of methanol added 1.32ml with lipase 15 U per time of three times, and total reaction time 40h, the content of vitamin E was 25% after twice molecular distillation.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCERE·SOURCE INSECT

Studies on The Developmental Patterns of IGF-Ⅰand IGF-ⅠR Gene Expression in Liver Tissue of Lamb

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2577-2581 . 

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Abstract：In present experiment, A Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to investigate the development patterns of IGF-Ⅰ, IGF-ⅠR mRNA expression in liver tissue of lamb, and GAPDH internal standards were used as control. Fifty-fourth of XJXM and HSK sheep were sampled at 2,30,60,90,120 days of age respectively (Only there have sixth of 120 days of age in XJXM sheep). The results showed that (1) IGF-ⅠmRNA expression levels in liver tissue of XJXM and HSK sheep follow the same developmental pattern. The expression levels of IGF-ⅠmRNA in liver tissue increased firstly and declined thereafter gradually. The expression of IGF-ⅠmRNA in HSK sheep was increased gradually between 2 days of age and 60 days of age, and declined gradually after 60 days of age. The expression of IGF-ⅠmRNA in XJXM sheep was increased gradually between 2 days of age and 90 days of age, and declined gradually after 90 days of age. The expression of IGF-ⅠmRNA in HSK sheep was higher than that in XJXM sheep at 30 and 60 days of age (P<0.05), and at 90 days of age (P<0.01). (2) IGF-ⅠR mRNA expression levels in liver tissue of XJXM and HSK sheep follow the same developmental pattern. The expression levels of IGF-ⅠmRNA in liver tissue declined gradually. The expression of IGF-ⅠmRNA in HSK sheep was highest at 2 days of age and declined gradually thereafter. The expression of IGF-ⅠR mRNA in HSK sheep at 2 days of age was higher than that at the other days of age(P<0.05). The expression of IGF-ⅠmRNA in XJXM sheep was highest at 2 days of age and declined gradually thereafter. The expression of IGF-ⅠR mRNA in XJXM sheep at 2 days of age was higher than that at the other days of age(P<0.05). The expression of IGF-ⅠR mRNA in HSK sheep was lower than that in XJXM sheep at 2 and 90 days of age (P<0.01). The result show that the IGF-Ⅰand IGF-ⅠR mRNA expression in liver tissue follow specific developmental pattern respectively. Level of IGF-ⅠR mRNA expression does not depend on that of IGF-ⅠmRNA expression.

Studies on way of purifying Mendelian characters in Tupaia belangeri

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2582-2589 . 

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This treatise, on the basis of Rife-Buranamanas's law about frequencies of trait combinations between females and their children, discriminated genetic machinism of 8 kinds of Mendelian characters in Tupaia belanger, by means of population genetics and probability matrix probed into the efficiency of 4 different breeding systems (animal coloing, superovulation & embryo transfer, “breeding of habrid animals with desirable phenotype in themselves” and multiple testcross) in maintaining general genetic diversity while purifying the Mendelian characters in domesticating colony of Tupaia belangeri. It was confirmed that, in setting of genome of Tupaia belangeri, the coating color of wild type, black orbit, white fur of abdomen, seasonal spot, flesh color of palm, flat ear, round tail and symmetry breast are dominant Mendelain characteristics; as far as the breed with definite scale is concerned, the ratio between percentages of the cull of next generations under different systems is also the ratio between inbreeding increments under these systems and losses of gene heterozygosity under these systems. If n stands for the number of breeding characteristics based on dominant gene and t the number of generations selected, then probabilities of homozygosized individuals at all (as many as n) the loci in the tree shrew populations under the two sestems of “breeding of hybrid animals with desirable phenotype in themselves” and multiple testcross are in such a sequence: , In regard to purification, the latter is higher in efficiency than the former. Taking the wild type and 3 mutation types of Drosophila melanogaster as subject, simulated the selection and breeding meant to purify population of the tree shrew and the results conformed to theoretic investigation.

Cloning, Prokaryotic Expression of the Buffalo Mature PrP Gene

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2590-2596 . 

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There are no reports on buffalo PrP till now. For the sake, with the designed primers, the buffalo mature PrP gene was amplified by PCR method. And the recombinant plasmid was constructed,which expresses buffalo mature PrP fusion protein. Then the vector was sequenced. The PrP sequences of the family Bovidae were analyzed and it shows the buffalo mature PrP gene contain five copies of a short, G-C-rich element which encodes the octapeptide,and there are two nonapeptides and three octapeptides.After transformed the positive recombinant plasmids, which designated as pET-32a- BPrP , to BL21 (DE3), and the product was achieved a high expression level. After ultrasonicated, the sediment was isolated and purified. And the product was confirmed by Western Blot.

Genotyping of Multidrug-resistant E.coli Isolated from Animals, Farmers and Environment by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2597-2602 . 

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To study the resistance transfer mechanism of E.coli in animal farms and the possibility of resistant clones vertical spread between animals and huamns, 86 multidrug-resistant E.coli isolates with similar resistance profiles were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) after XbaI digestion and drug susceptibility testing to investigate the epidemiologic relationship among the isolates from animals, environment and farmers. The results showed that twenty different PFGE types were found among 37 strains isolated from poultry farm and twenty-four were found among 49 strains isolated from swine farm. The PFGE patterns of strains isolated from the same animal or farmer or environment were often identical. Some E. coli isolates from different animals in the same farm have identical PFGE patterns and some isolates from animals or farmers were identical to some isolates from environments. The PFGE patterns of five E.coli strains, one from chicken, three from one farmer and one from environment were quite heterogeneous. Three E.coli isolates from pig, farmer and environment separately were also found belong to the same PFGE genetype. All isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, doxycycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance patterns of isolates with identical PFGE genetype may different. And the same resistance profile may shared by isolates with different PFGE genetype. It is concluded that vertical transmission of resistant E. coli clones between farm animals, environment and farmers were commonly occurs. Resistance spectra and PFGE genetypes were not always uniform.

The Antioxidative Activity of Ganoderma lucidum Peptides in Vitro Test

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2603-2607 . 

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Abstract: The antioxidative activity of Ganoderma lucidum peptides (GLP) in vitro test was studied. The reagent kits were used to determine the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). The auto-hemolysis of mice red blood cells (RBC) and the swelling of mice liver mitochondria were observed by means of spectrophotometer. The results showed that the inhibiting rate of 0.25 mg·ml-1 GLP on the auto-hemolysis of mice RBC was 62.3% and the inhibiting rate on the MDA formation in mice RBC was 91.2%. 0.35 mg ml-1 GLP could extremely significantly prevent the MDA formation in mice liver homogenate ( p<0.01) with or without free radicals inducers (Fe2+or H2O2). They had the near inhibiting rate-around 60%. When 1.00 mg·ml-1 GLP was added, the inhibiting rate on the swelling of mice liver mitochondria was 90.5% and the inhibiting rate on the MDA formation in mice liver mitochondria was 65.4% in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: GLP was a good antioxidant in vitro test.

Genetic Relationships of Antheraea pernyi Cultivars based on RAPD Markers

YanQun Liu,Cheng Lu,Li Qin,ZhongHuai Xiang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2608-2614 . 

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The genetic relationships of 68 A. pernyi cultivars were analyzed with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 296 DNA fragments were amplified with 33 primers selected among A. pernyi cultivars, 269 of which (90.88%) were polymorphic. Only nine (12.68%) of A. pernyi cultivars used had one or more cultivar-specific markers. The value of pairwise genetic distance were from 0.120 to 0.324, and most of them were in the range of 0.200 to 0.300. We found 99.05% of the cultivar pairs with pairwise genetic distance less than 0.300 and 0.95% of cultivar pairs with pairwise genetic distance exceeding 0.300. Generally, there was great genetic similarity among A. pernyi cultivars. A dendrogram was constructed by Neighbor-Joining method. The A. pernyi cultvars used were classified into 6 genetic groups. Cultivargroupings were closely related to their geographic distribution in the present.

RESEARCH NOTES

The effects of environmental conditions on the acquisition of flue-cured tobacco images and correction

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2615-2610 . 

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Studies were made to address if the environmental conditions such as lamp voltage, camera brand, focus and image resolution have some effects on the recognition of tobacco images. The relative color was used to fast and timely correct the errors in tobacco image recognition. The reference plane was made of the material with constant color. The tobacco picture was taken by digital camera under various treatments in the lamp box. The effects of environmental factors were identified through the analysis of characteristics of image color and changing style. The color difference between the tobacco color and reference plane was used to correct the errors. The results showed that lamp voltage, camera brand, focus and image resolution do influence the recognition results. The correction by using relative color yields satisfactory results for it decreases the effects of environment. This study laid foundations for the standardization of digital tobacco collection framework.

Isolation and Characterization of Resistant Gene Analogs from Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(12):  2621-2626 . 

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The PCR degenerate primers were designed according to the conservative domain TIR-NBS-LRR of most disease resistant genes in plants. DNA fragments of 240 to 980 bp were amplified by genomic DNA and cDNA PCR from B. campestris ssp.chinensis resistant materials Xuekeqing and Suzhouqing. Ten resistant gene analogs were obtained which contain the TIR-NBS-LRR domain.The deduced amino acid sequences have different homology scores compared with those of resistance genes or resistance gene analogs from other plants in GeneBank. A cluster analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequences with several resistance genes from other plants, these RGAs can be classified into five major groups. Using RGA950 as probe, Southern bloting analysis showed there existed multi-copies in genomic DNA of Xuekeqing. These RGAs can further be used as probes for cloning of resistance gene and construction of genetic map in B. campestris ssp.chinensis.