Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Analysis of Genetic Similarity for Japonica Rice Variety from Different Origin of Geography in the World

Aiping Shu Jonghwan Kim Sanyuan Zhang Zhonghao Nan Kyuseong Lee Qin Lu Heejong Koh

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1879-1886 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.001

Abstract ( 1411 )

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The genetic similarity of 313 japonica developing varieties from 17 countries and 2 international organizations was analyzed using SSR markers. With 34 SSR primers which were polymorphic and uniformly distributed in rice genome, total 198 alleles were detected among these developing varieties with the average number of alleles per pair of primers was 5.8235. RM320, RM531, RM1, RM21 and RM336 possessed more alleles, which were 16, 13, 12, 10 and 10 respectively. RM320, RM336, RM286, RM531 and RM21 showed higher genetic diversity indexes, which were 2.3668, 2.0041, 1.9684, 1.9508 and 1.7203 respectively. The latitudes of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Russia, China, America, Hungary, Bulgaria, France, Italy and Turkey (group I) were higher than 30ºN, in which the genetic similarity coefficients of japonica developing varieties ranged from 0.697 to 0.918 with the average of 0.797. The latitudes of Nepal, Egypt, Mexico and Senegal (group II) were between 15ºN and 30ºN, in which the genetic similarity coefficients of japonica developing varieties ranged from 0.381 to 0.618 with the average of 0.503. The latitudes of Brazil, West Africa Rice Center(WARDA), International Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT) and Chile (group III) were lower than 15ºN, in which the genetic similarity coefficients of japonica developing varieties ranged from 0.649 to 0.757 with the average of 0.701. The genetic similarity coefficients of japonica developing varieties among different countries or organizations of different groups were smaller than them among different countries or organizations of the same group on the whole. The rice varieties from higher latitude countries were clustered together, while the rice varieties from lower latitude countries or organizations were clustered together. The results indicated the genetic similarities among japonica developing varieties had a close relationship with the geographical position, especially with the latitude of these japonica developing varieties.

QTL Mapping of Yield and Root Traits under Irrigation and Drought Conditions Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines in Rice

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1887-1893 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.002

Abstract ( 1615 )

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[Objective] In rice breeding community, drought tolerance (DT) is becoming one of the most important target traits for variety improvement under ever-increasing severe drought situation all over the world. Identification of the root character QTLs which are directly related to DT will provide useful marker information for development of DT rice variety via marker-assisted selection against root QTL. [Method] The 55 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) derived from Lemont/Teqing with Teqing genetic background was planted in PVC pipes and phenotyped for root characters and grain yield under irrigation and drought stress conditions.QTLs affecting root length (RL), root number (RN), root weight (RW), grain yield (GY) and their stability of expression between drought and water conditions were identified. [Result] A total of 25 main-effect QTL for four traits were identified, which can be grouped into three types based on their behaviors. TypeⅠincluded 4 QTLs which were detected both in the two conditions, type Ⅱ consisted of 12 QTLs which were mapped only in the control condition, and type Ⅲ comprised 9 QTLs which were induced by drought and detected only under the stress. In addition, eleven QTLs (QGy6,QGy8,QGy1, QRl8a, QRl12, QRn11, QRn12, QRw1a，QRw1b, QRw7 and QRw12a) affecting trait differences between stress and control were identified. [Conclusion]There were three QTLs (QRl2b, QRl8b and QRn12) which expressed both in the two conditions with same direction and magnitude of gene effect. These three root-QTLs and other eleven QTLs affecting trait differences were considered to directly contribute to DT. The results would facilitate fine-mapping of DT-related root QTL and DT rice breeding by MAS.

Cytological Traits of F2 of China Spring-Ae.cylindryca Host. Gametocidal Chromosome 2C Disomic Addition Lines Hybridized with wheat-A. cristatum (L.) Beauv. Addition Lines

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1894-1899 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.003

Abstract ( 1277 )

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Abstract：【Objective】Identify the F2 PMCs chromosome variations of five crosses of wheat-A. cristatum (L.) Beauv. addition lines hybridized with China spring-Ae.cylindryca Host. gametocidal chromosome 2C disomic addition line and the types and frequencies of the chromosome variations induced by gametocidal chromosome in order to construct wheat- A. cristatum (L.) Beauv．translocation lines.【Method】The chromosome variations of F2 PMCs was observed using the routine method and P genome were detected by GISH.【Result】The results showed that plurivalents , multi-univalents , lagging chromosomes and chromosomes fragments was observed in PMCI metaphase in all of F2 hybrid crosses, chromosome bridges in most of crosses and ring chromosomes in very few crosses．The frequencies of F2 aberrant chromosome are as follows in mean : 36.72% cells with plurivalent, 20.16% cells with multi univalent, 30.86% cells and 11.7% cells with fragments and chromosome bridges respectively. Multifid quadrants and retrogression were observed in PMCI metaphase in certain crosses. Many different size microkernels are observed in dimidiate and quadrants. Five crosses had different self seed setting percentage from 23.9% to 40.95%. The result showed that the P genome usually was univalent in some F2 crosses detected by GISH．【Conclusion】These aberrations of chromosome behaviors indicated that the gametocidal chromosome was effective in the meiosis of the formation of gametes. The gametocidal chromosome 2C had a different effect on fertility in various wheat-Agropyron chromosome addition lines.

Genetic Analysis of Photosynthetic Characters in Maize During Late Growth Stage

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1900-1907 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.004

Abstract ( 1253 )

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【Objective】Maize genotypes have been shown to differ in photosynthetic characters. Grain yield in maize was mainly attributable to photosynthetic efficiency during grain-filling period. So it was important for improving photosynthetic efficiency to pick out the hereditary regularity and combing ability in the main photosynthetic characters of maize during the late stage. 【Method】8 inbred lines with different photosynthetic rate were used as parents to make 36 combinations by (1/2)n(n+1) diallel crossing model. By using Griffing Ⅱ and Hayman methods, combing ability and genetic parameters were analyzed in 4 photosynthetic characters. 【Result】It was indicated that the inheritance of chlorophyll content fit to “additive-dominant” model, both additive and dormant effect were important and it was determined by one complete dominant gene. The inheritance of Pn also fit to “additive-dominant” model, it was controlled by 1 major gene; but SW was not conformed to “additive-dominant” model, it was controlled by many minor genes and few major genes. Both Pn and SW depended on the non-additive genetic effect and there were predominant effects. The h2N% was ordered from high to low as Chl, SW, Pn. The analysis of combining ability showed highly significant GCA and significant SCA effects indicating the importance of additive and dominant genetic components in controlling photosynthetic characters. There were 5 inbred lines with high GCA and high average value, such as B114, Chang7-2, Luyuan92, Huangzao4 and A150. The comparison of the combinations with high photosynthetic efficient showed that such combinations involved at least one parent with high positive GCA effect. 【Conclusion】The results revealed that it was feasible to use highly photosynthetic efficient inbred lines to achieve combination with high photosynthetic efficiency. It was necessary to make as many crosses as possible.

The Natural Selection Effect on Major Quantitative Characters in RILs Population Derived from The Same Soybean Hybrid Combination Under Different Enviroments.

Yong-Chun LI

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1917-1926 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.006

Abstract ( 1346 )

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【Objective】The study was conducted to reveal that wheather there are differences in genetic structure between two RILs populations derived from the same soybean hybrid combination under two different environments and what the reason is for that.【Method】Four RILs populations were tested in this experiment. Populations “NJ(RN)P7”and “JN(RN)P7”were derived respectively from cross between Peking (as female) and 7605 (as male parents) under Nanjing and Jinan. And populations “NJ(RN)R7” and “JN(RN)R7” were derived respectively from cross between RN-9( as female) and 7605( as male parents) under Nanjing and Jinan.The natural selection effect on soybean major quantitative traits was distinguished under different environments by comparative the difference of its phenotype which was derived from the same cross.【Results】When these four RILs populations were planted respectively in Nanjing and Jinan, defferent significances were detected for plant height and branches in the two populations which derived from cross “Peking×7605”; so did the branches ,availability pods,seeds per plant,100 seeds weight in the other two populations derive from cross “RN-9×7605”. 【Conclusion】There are obviously natural selection effects on described traits as hereinbefore. It can be explained that there are really differences between two populations deriving from the same cross and it is confirmed by analyzing variation of phenotype.

Yield Formation and Dry Matter Characteristics of Super Hybrid rice under Different Locations and Fertilizer Applications

He-Jun Ao Shu-hong wang Ying-bin Zou Shao-bing Peng Qi-yuan Tang Yuan-xiang Fang Yu-mei Chen An-ming Xiao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1927-1936 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.007

Abstract ( 1504 )

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[Objective] The yield performance, the growth characteristics and the ecological adaptability of super hybrid rice were ascertained under different fertilizer application conditions in different tested sites. [Method] Field experiments with three fertilizer rate treatments (135, 180, 225 kg N/hm2) and two combinations (Zhunliangyou-527 and Liangyou-293) were conducted in ChangSha, GuiDong, HengYang, NanXian and YongZhou of Hunan province in 2004 and 2005. [Results] The significant differences of the dry matter accumulation, the harvest yield and its components were founded among the five tested sites and between two years, but no significant differences were founded among three fertilizer rate treatments. The yield components of super hybrid rice performed multifarious properties, of which the harvest yield showed the significantly positive correlations with the productive panicles, the grain filling percentage and 1000 grains weight, and the significantly negative correlation with grain number per panicle and no correlation with spikelet number per unit area. [Conclusion] The harvest yield of super hybrid rice was mainly influenced by the temperature and sunshine conditions of the tested sites and years. The fertilizer rate in the range from 135 kg N/hm2 to 225 kg N/hm2 was not the factor of harvest yield limited. And to increase panicle number was the possible path to increase harvest yield.

Monitoring Plant Nitrogen Accumulation Dynamics with Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in Wheat

Feng Wei Zhu yan Tian Yong-chao Yao xia Sen Zhuang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1937-1946 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.008

Abstract ( 1490 )

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【Objective】Crop nitrogen status is a key indicator for evaluating crop growth, enhancing grain yield and quality. Non-destructive and rapid assessment of leaf nitrogen is required for improving nitrogen management in wheat production. 【Method】This study aimed at identification of the quantitative relationship between plant nitrogen accumulation and canopy reflectance spectra in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using three field experiments with different wheat varieties and nitrogen levels. The time-course measurements were taken on canopy hyperspectral reflectance and weights and nitrogen contents in different plant parts during the experiment periods. 【Result】The results showed that the nitrogen accumulation in wheat plant increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization rates, with significant differences among growing seasons. The bands sensitive to plant nitrogen accumulation occurred during visible light and near-infrared region mostly, and correlation decreased between canopy reflectance and above-ground nitrogen accumulation. The regression analyses between vegetation indices and plant N accumulation indicated that several key spectral parameters could accurately estimate the changes in plant N status across different growth stages, nitrogen levels and growing seasons, with same spectral parameters for each wheat cultivar. The cumulative value of plant N accumulation from anthesis to specific day were highly correlated with grain N accumulation at corresponding day, with the determination of coefficient (R2) as 0.883 and standard error (SE) from linear equation, respectively. Based on the technical route of key spectral parametersplant N nutrition indexgrain N accumulation, estimating models on grain N accumulation were constructed on the basis of canopy hyper-spectral parameters by linking the above two models with plant N nutrition as intersection in wheat. Total monitoring models on above-ground N accumulation during filling period were established using canopy hyper-spectral parameters by adding grain N accumulation to plant N accumulation. Tests with other independent dataset showed that several key spectral indices such as SDr/SDb, VOG2, VOG3, RVI(810,560), [(R750-800)/(R695-740)]-1 and Dr/Db could be used to predict above-ground nitrogen accumulation. 【Conclusion】It can be concluded that above-ground N accumulation in wheat could be monitored directly by key vegetation indices, with more reliable estimation from VOG2, VOG3 and [(R750-800)/(R695-740)]-1．

Hyperspectral Estimation of Corn Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Fei YANG Bai ZHANG Kai-shan SONG Zong-ming WANG Dian-wei LIU Jing-ping XU

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1947-1954 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.009

Abstract ( 1346 )

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【OBJECTIVE】Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) is one of important variables in many productivity and biomass estimation models, therefore, it is significant to retrieve FPAR accurately for the improvement of model precision. 【METHOD】Based on the field experiment of corn, this paper analyzed the correlations between FPAR and spectral reflectance or the differential coefficient, and discussed the regression of FPAR and the typical spectrum bands reflectance or differential coefficient，which was compared with the regression of NDVI, RVI and FPAR. 【RESULTS】The reflectance of visible bands shows much better correlations with FPAR than near-infrared bands. The correlation curve between FPAR and differential coefficient varies more frequently and greatly than the curve of FPAR and reflectance. Reflectance and differential coefficient both have good regressions with FPAR of the typical single band, with the maximum R2 of 0.873 and 0.882, and have better stepwise regressions of multiple bands (R2 is 0.906 and 0.944, individually). In a word, differential coefficient is a little more effective than reflectance for FPAR estimation. However, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI) show the best regression results, compared to reflectance and differential coefficient. 【CONCLUSION】On the whole, the reflectance and differential coefficient have good relationships with FPAR , and could be used for FAPR estimation effectively.

Regulating Effects of Soil Moisture Content on Production and Distribution of Photosynthate and Yield of Cotton during Flowering and Boll-Setting Stage Under Mulch Drip Irrigation in Xinjiang

Hong-Hai LUO Jun-Hua LI Ling GOU Wang-Feng ZHANF Zai-Ju HE Xin-Jun YANG

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1955-1962 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.010

Abstract ( 1571 )

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【Objective】Under-mulch-drip irrigation is a precision irrigation technology which combines drip irrigation with mulched with plastic film to form. It is of great importance to study the effect of soil moisture content on production and distribution of photosynthate and seed yield of cotton for realizing water saving and high yield with under-mulch-drip irrigation. 【Method】With the materials of different water-sensitivity Xinluzao 10 and Xinluzao 13, we designed three soil moisture content treatments, controlled the lower limited of soil water content in 0~60 cm soil layer at 85%~90%, 70%~75% and 55%~60% of the field water capacity and upper limit of soil water content at field capacity by applying drip irrigation. Leaf gas exchange and isotopic tracer techniques were used to investigate the change of photosynthesis, production and distribution of photosynthate and seed yield during flowering and boll-setting stage with different soil moisture content under field condition.【Result】Different soil moisture content had significant influence on the production and distribution of photosynthate and yield. Under 60% field water capacity, export and distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in boll increased, but photosynthetic rate and photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part reduced, so the seed yield was lower. Under 90% field water capacity, leaf photosynthetic rate was low and distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in stem and leaf significant increased. Under 75% field water capacity, photosynthetic rate was high, photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part were more weighty and distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in various organs were moderate, hence the seed yield obvious increased. The differences of response to drip irrigation among varieties were great. Xinluzao 10 under water deficits, photosynthetic rate was low and rapidly reduced in later growth stage, photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part were light and seeding yield was low. Xinluzao 13 under water abundances, photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part significant increased, but distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in boll significant reduced, so the seed yield was lower than 75% field water capacity. 【Conclusion】Water deficiency before drip in cotton field caused photosynthetic rate and photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part significant decreased which led to seed yield obvious reduced. The main reason that seed yield decreased under water abundance before drip in cotton field was distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in bud and boll significant reduced. 70%~75% field water capacity took precedence over insignificant decreased cotton plant photosynthetic rate and photosynthesis products accumulation of aerial part under mulch drip irrigation, at the same time promoted distribution percentage 14C-assimilates in boll, the seed yield and water efficiency significant increased. According to the differences of response to soil moisture content among varieties, instituting irrigation scheduling will be propitious to exploit the potential of increasing yield and water saving under mulch drip irrigation.

Farmers' acceptance and response to new agricultural technology based on participatory rural appraisal

Qi-Feng LI

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1963-1968 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.011

Abstract ( 1474 )

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【Objective】The study examined the issues of household action, policy of agricultural technology extension and development of new agricultural technologies, 【Method】We surveyed 245 farming households in the main grain producing district of Northeast China by means of participatory rural appraisal (PRA), to determine their acceptance and response to new agricultural technologies. from the analysis of farmer behavior, acceptance of agricultural technologies, type of technology in current use and types required, as well as attitude to agro-technical extension. 【Result】 Improvement in income and output were prime factors (accounting for 95 and 53% of respondents) for a farming household to accept a new technology. About 75% of farmers accepted new technologies through agricultural extension and farmer to farmer interaction. More than 96% households have already adopted new cultivars.Although new fertilizers and new agricultural vehicles or equipment are currently being used by only 2.0% and 6.5% of households about half of surveyed farmers consider them useful technologies for their future needs. For maize output, 90% of the households selected extensive cultivation and 60% poor cultivars as factors limiting their production. More than 64% of households is affected by the rising agriculture input prices and none has signed a sales contract. Although the farmers have been completely exempted from agricultural tax, more than 68% of them are still burdened by other taxes. Close to 90% of the farming households welcomed agricultural technology extension, particularly in the off season. One half of households had no access to extension services, but most farmers were satisfied with recent agricultural technology extension services. More than 93% of farmers agreed that the extension worker could deal in agricultural inputs but close to 85% felt that prices were too high.

Molecular Character of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus China Strain（BSMV-CH） RNA1

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1969-1974 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.012

Abstract ( 1451 )

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[objective] The study conducted to obtain the full-length cDNA of BSMV-CH RNA1, analysis its molecular character and determine its genetic relationship to foreign strains.[method] The full-length cDNA of BSMV-CH RNA1 was obtained by RT-PCR from the total RNA extracted from the barley leaves infected by BSMV-CH, and cloned into pMD18 vector for sequencing. The sequence together with sequences of BSMV RNA1 available in Genbank was used for nucleotide identity analysis and molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. [result] The full-length cDNA of BSMV-CH RNA1 was 3795bp（AY789693） with a 5`cap in the 5`-terminal, a polyA structure and a tRNA-like structure in the 3`terminal. An open reading frame(ORF) was found in BSMV-CH RNA1. The ORF was 3417bp and deduced to encode the replicase with 1138 amino acids. BSMV-CH RNA1 shares 95.4~95.6% nucleotides identity with that of other strains, and the replicase shares 94.9~95.2% and 96.5~96.8% identities with that of other strains in nucleotides and amino acids, respectively. BSMV-CH RNA1 has more polyA in the 3`terminal than that of other stains. [conclusion] The genetic relationship between BSMV-CH or CV42 and other strains is obviously lower than that among other strains. BSMV-CH and CV42 are relatively close to each other. But BSMV-CH is a new strain that is different from CV42.

Construction of infectious clone for Cucumber mosaic virus pepper isolate

Qian-Sheng LIAO Ji-Shuang CHEN

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1975-1982 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.013

Abstract ( 1438 )

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Abstract: By serological ELISA, and TBE electrophoresis of viral RNAs，the pathogen in chlorosis symptom on the seedlings of Capsicum frutescens from Hangzhou was Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV-Phy). When inoculated with the CMV-Phy viroin, Nicotiana glutinosa expressed chlorosis symptom. The complete genome of CMV-Phy RNA1，RNA2 and RNA3 was obtained in a reaction，by touch-up RT-PCR. Full length of RNA1, RNA2 and RNA was 33356 nt, 3048 nt and 2220nt, respectively. Sequences aliment suggested that CMV-Phy belonged to SubgroupⅠbut consisted of SubgroupⅠA RNA1, RNA2 and SubgroupⅠB RNA3. In vitro transcription efficiency improved but transcripts RNA was no activity when guanosine added to the 5′ end of CMV-Phy genomic RNA1, RNA2 and RNA3. Biological assays of CMV-Phy infectious clone showed that the symptom induced by CMV-Phy infectious clone was the same as that induced by its virus particle.

EPG Compare of Sitobion avenae (Fab.) Feeding behavior on 3 Wheat Varieties

Xiang-shun Hu Hui-Yan ZHAO Zu-qing HU Yu-Hong ZHANG Dong-hong LI

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1989-1994 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.015

Abstract ( 1287 )

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【Objective】The object was to study resistance mechanism of 3 different wheat varieties to S. avenae. 【Method】Aphids feeding behavior had been ascertained used EPG technique. 【Results】When this aphids feeding onWw2730 seedlings, time to 1st duration probing late than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly, probing interrupt before 1st duration probing more than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly, 1st duration probing shorter than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly; Duration of pd II-1 on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan22 longer than Batis significantly; Duration of pd in C wave on Ww2730 longer than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly; Times and duration of G wave (ingestion in xylem) on Ww2730 more and longer than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly; Times of spot G wave on Batis more than Ww2730 significantly, but duration of spot G shorter than Xiaoyan22 and Batis significantly; All time and Max duration of E1 fractions, and time of E1 fractions than following E2 wave period on Xiaoyan22 and Batis were all longer than Ww2730 significantly; there are no different of mean duration of 1st E1 wave on 3 varieties, but other E1 wave mean duration on Ww2730 and Xiaoyan22 shorter than Batis significantly; the other wave parameters, include times and duration of F and E2 were all no different on 3 wheat varieties.【Conclusion】Resistance mechanism of Ww2730 seelding to S. avenae is repress factor to S. avenae feeding in epidermis, thicker cell wall in mesophyll and has secondary metabolites in phloem. Resistance mechanism of Xiaoyan22 seelding to S. avenae is thicker cell wall and more cell layer in mesophyll. The feeding strategy of S. avenae against resistance of ww2730 is shorten second duration of secrete watery salivation to xylem than first.

Safety evaluation of insecticides on Cyrtohinus lividipennis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae), a predator of Nilaparvata lugens (St錶) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Ding-Wei SUN Jin－Liang SHEN

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 1995-2002 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.016

Abstract ( 1734 )

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【OBJECTIVE】Evaluating the safety of 14 insecticides in 7 groups to adults, nymphs and eggs of Cyrtohinus lividipennis (Reuter), an important predator of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). 【METHOD】Toxic film method, rice spray method and rice stem dipping method were used to test the effect of insecticides on C. lividipennis under laboratory conditions. 【RESULTS】The results tested by toxic film method showed that fipronl, thiamethoxam and isoprocarb were unsafe to adults (Ⅳclass) , their LC50 values were 0.20-0.74 mg a.i./L, while silafluofen and etofenprox were safe to adults (Ⅰclass), and their LC50 values were＞160.0 mg a.i./L. Buprofezin was safe to adults of C. lividipennis (Ⅰclass) by rice spray method, caused only 1.7% mortality at 1day after treated, while carbosulfan, fipronil, thiamethoxam and imidapcloprid were moderate toxic or highly toxic to adults (Ⅲ or Ⅳ class), caused 70%-100% mortality at 4-10days after treated. The results tested by rice stem dipping method showed that tested insecticides were unsafe to nymphs of C. lividipennis except buprofezin and abamectin (Ⅳclass). The results tested by rice spray method explained that etofenprox, abamectin, silafluofen, dichorbos and buprofezin were safe to eggs of C. lividipennis (Ⅰclass), their hatching inhibition rate were lower than 20.0%, while carbosulfan were the most harmful insecticide to eggs of C. lividipennis, its hatching inhibition rate were 52.24% (Ⅲclass). 【CONCLUSION】IGRs buprofezin were safe to each stage of C. lividipennis, while effects of other tested insecticides was varied with insecticides and stages.

Study on Toxic Effect of ALA on Oxya chinensis

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2003-2007 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.017

Abstract ( 1563 )

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Fourth-instar nymphs of Oxya chinensis were treated (48h: 14h/3h/31h, dark/illumination/nature) with different dose 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (A1:250mM; A2:450mM; A3:750Mm; A4: 1000mM)，the activities of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of Oxya chinensis were determinated. The results showed that the mortality of Oxya chinensis increased with increasing dose of ALA. The mortality of high-dose treatments A3, A4 reached 66.19%, 80.21%. Biochemical studies showed that ALA inhibited AChE and GPx activities of Oxya chinensis，the AChE activities of female and male Oxya chinensis in A4 treatment declined 51.53%, 42.65% significantly (P<0.05); the GPx activities of female and male Oxya chinensis in A4 treatments declined 42.82%; 43.85% compared to control respectively(P<0.05). Meanwhile, GSTs activities of Oxya chinensis increased with increasing dose of ALA，the GSTs activities of female and male Oxya chinensis in A4 treatment remarkably increased 171.05%, 97.42% compared to control(P<0.05). The results indicated that ALA had obviously toxic effect on Oxya chinensis. The reasons causing Oxya chinensis dead analyzed, ALA could inhibit AChE and GPx activities of Oxya chinensis which caused nerve transmission blocking and the capabilities to defend oxidation damage declining. Meanwhile high-dose ALA could activate GSTs which caused a feedback inhibition of insect to the phototoxic substance.

Impacts of Mechanical Compaction on Soil Properties, Growth of Crop and Soil-borne Organisms and Environment

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2008-2015 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.018

Abstract ( 1293 )

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Overuse of farm machinery in agricultural production and intensive grazing lead to the soil compaction, which causes soil degradation, inhibits plant growth and the activities of the soil-borne organisms, and increases discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The recent progresses of the international and domestic research on soil deterioration caused by agricultural machinery were summarized in this paper, in order to use the experience of developed countries for reference to rationally use machinery in our modern agricultural production, and to reduce soil degradation.

Definition of Management Zones of Soil Nutrients Based on FCM algorithmin in Oasis Field

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2016-2024 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.019

Abstract ( 1428 )

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【Objective】OM, AN, AP, AK determined in 193 topsoil (0-30cm) samples were collected from the cotton field in the 148th regiment of the 7th Agricultural Division in Xinjiang, the study of management zones was achieved by the use of fuzzy c-mean algorithm (FCM).【Method】In this paper fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was used to delineate management zones and the cotton yield was chosen as the external variable, FPI (Fuzziness Performance Index) and the derivative of the objective function with respect to fuzziness exponent and the adjusted coefficient of determination of the external variable were used to select the most suitable number of classes and fuzziness exponent. 【Result】The optimal number of management zones for the study area was 4. Management zone 1 presented the highest nutrient level, whereas management zone 2 was the lowest. Meanwhile, the mean confusion index of study area was 0.1875.【Conclusion】It was demonstrated that FCM approach combined with geostatistical techniques could produce a desirable prediction results which has more information compared with conventional direct kriging methods. On the other hand, the external variable can help to select the most suitable number of classes and fuzziness exponent.The results revealed that the defined management zones not only direct soil-sampling design, but can be used for fertilizer recommendation to manage soil properties more efficiently in semiarid cotton system of Xinjiang.

Effects of alternate furrow Irrigation on transport of water and nitrogen in maize rootzone soil

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2025-2032 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.020

Abstract ( 1289 )

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【Objection】study the effect of alternative furrow irrigation on transport and acumulation of water and nitrogen in maize rootzone soil.【Method】little section was adopted for this experiment about maize. Treatments included: a. water, b nitrogen. The water and nitrogen treatments included: high level and low level. The mode of irrigation is alternate furrow Irrigation.【Result】NO3--N contents increased quickly after fertilization, most of it was concentrated in the sub-surface of 0-30cm. With the time went on, the upper soil water took the nitrogen contents down, and all this lead to the NO3--N contents of subsoil raised. The maximal accumulated NO3--N of low water and high nitrogen that gained at harvest time in the whole profile was 1.2 times of that of high water and high nitrogen. The accumulation of NO3--N of low water and low nitrogen was 1.27 times of that of low nitrogen and high water. The maximum residual value of NO3--N of per nitrogen fertilized was found in the treatment of low water and low nitrogen, the treatment of low water and high nitrogen was followed and the treatment of high water and high nitrogen was less. The treatment of high water high nitrogen was lest, in which the residual value of NO3--N of per nitrogen fertilized was only half of the treatment of low water and low nitrogen. After fertilizing the NH4+-N contents in the soil of sub-surface of 0-30cm reached a peak, and the contents basically did not change at the same level in the soil of 30cm below surface. The accumulation and distribution of NH4+-N of every treatment were basically the same. The level of water obviously effected accumulation and distribution of soil moisture. The acumulation soil water content of high water was obviously larger than that of low water. The level of nitrogen was not obviously affected of them.【Conclusion】The distribution and accumulation of NO3--N, NH4+-N and soil moisture were commonly affected by the amount of nitrogen application and irrigation. The treatment of high water reduced the accumulation of NO3--N in root zone, which lead to leaching and reduced nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The treatment of low water kept high content of NO3--N in root zone, helped the absorption of the crops and raised the efficiency of water and nitrogen. A positive correlation existed in amount of nitrogen application and NO3--N accumulation in root zone. Compared with NO3--N, the content of NH4+-N was lower and basically did not change. The best coupling form was the treatment of low water and high nitrogen.

Effect of Partial Rootzone Irrigation and N Fertilizer on Hydraulic Conductivity of Maize

Zhang Zhi-Liang 张志亮

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2033-2039 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.021

Abstract ( 1431 )

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【Objective】The effects of partial rootzone irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on hydraulic conductivity of root and shoot of maize.【Method】Take No.9 ShanDan maize as experiment material, we adopted the High Pressure Flow Meter (HPFM for short) which made by US Dynamax Company to measure hydraulic conductivity (K) of maize. The irrigation ways included: fixed partial rootzone irrigation and alternate partial rootzone irrigation. For each irrigation method, water was supplied by three levels: sufficient irrigation, milder deficiency irrigation and serious deficiency irrigation. Three nitrogen levels: high, moderate and low nitrogen with pure nitrogen per kg soil 0.3g, 0.2g, 0.1g respectively.【Result】The result showed that there are remarkable differences between two irrigation ways. The K value under AI is greater than under FI. The effect of water, nitrogen on crown and root K of maize achieved the extremely remarkable level. And there is a larger K value in jointing stage.【Conclusion】The K value increases with the increase of water content, nitrogen fertilizer can enhance moisture content absorption of maize under the condition that the fertilizer does not burn out seedling. Alternate irrigation can promote the capacity of hydraulic conductivity more effectively than fixed irrigation and thus can enhance water absorption and efficiency of water utilization. For this reason, the advantage can obviously display under the proper condition where in arid and semi-arid area.

Soil and nutrient effects and economic benefits in a tea and soybean intercropping system

Jian-Long Li Pan-Feng Tu Na Chen Jing-Chi Tang Xiu-Rong Wang Hai Nian Hong Liao Xiao-Long Yan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2040-2047 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.022

Abstract ( 1689 )

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【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the soil and nutrient effects and economic benefits in a tea and soybean intercropping system. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted on an acid soil at the Tea Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences located in Yingde County for both spring and summer seasons. Two nationally certificated soybean varieties and two provincially certificated tea varieties were used to investigate the effects of tea-soybean intercropping on soil characteristics, nutrient status, tea plant growth, weed control, and protection of pest and disease in the intercropping system. 【Result】Tea and soybean intercropping significantly improved soil and nutrient status of the tea plantation by decreasing exchangeable Al content, increasing pH value and enhancing organic matter, available N and total N contents. Intercropping significantly facilitated tea tree growth as indicated by increased vigor of young leaves and enhanced tree crown necessary for a high-yield tea production. Intercropping also significantly improved the micro-ecology of the tea plantation by reducing weed growth, pest and disease occurrence, and therefore increased tea yield and economic benefits of the tea plantation. 【conclusion】Intercropping tea tree with appropriate soybean varieties is an effective cultivation method with great ecological and economic benefits. In addition to the harvest of two seasons of soybean, tee and soybean intercropping could increase soil fertility, improve microecology and enhance tree yield, and therefore may provide a useful approach to developing high-yield organic tea plantations.

Investigation and Assessment on Soil Residual Pesticide Contamination in the Mountain-Hilly Transitive Zone: A Case from Wutongqiao County in Sichuan

Yi JIAN Wan-qin YANG

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2048-2054 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.023

Abstract ( 1462 )

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HCHs, DDTs and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in 103 soil samples collected from Wutongqiao country Sichuan were analyzed to understand the spatial distribution characteristics of residual pesticide in soils of transitive zone from mountain to plain in Sichuan, employing the methods of GIS and geostatistical techniques. HCHs concentration in 94% soil samples was in the range of the 2nd level of National Soil Environment Quality Standard (GB15618-1995) (50~500μg.kg-1). Similarly, DDTs concentration in 70% soil samples accorded with the 1st level of National Soil Environment Quality Standard (GB15618-1995) (＜50μg.kg-1). Fenitrothion and bromohos were detected in 60.4% and 55.5% of all samples, which were higher than those of the rest of OPPs. The results indicated that residual HCHs and DDTs in soils of the study region were safe for agriculture, while residual OPPs were harmful for agriculture to a certain extent. Seen from the spatial distribution map of residual pesticide drawn by ArcGIS 9.0 software, obvious difference was found among different function zones and among towns, however, little difference was found among plains and between hilly region and plain. The diversity of pesticides in different function zone, nature villages and towns were more than those in different banks, mountain-hilly zone.

Application Advances on Molecular Genetic Linkage Map in Brassica Crops Research

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2055-2062 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.024

Abstract ( 1584 )

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According to the state of molecular genetic linkage map and analyzing the known data, the recent application advances of the map in Brassica crops research were summarized from the following aspects: gene mapping of important agronomy characters and marker assistant selection, comparing map, gene structures and origin and evolution. Suggestions on the forthcoming studies were also made in the present paper.

Soluble Sugar Contents in Fruits and Leaves during Fruit Development and Their Relationship in Peach Cultivars that Differ in Fruit Glucose/Fructose

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2063-2069 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.025

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Abstract: 【Objective】The objective was to find out when the difference of glucose/fructose (G/F) took place during fruit development in peach cultivars of two G/F types in fruits (G/F≈1 and High G/F) at maturity and if there was influence of end products in leaves on G/F in fruits. 【Method】Six peach cultivars were used as materials, which differ in G/F in fruits at maturity (G/F≈1 cultivars: ‘Hakuto’, ‘Shanyibaitao’ and ‘Yanhong’; High G/F cultivars: ‘Zhanghuang 7’, ‘Long 246’ and ‘Linbai 7’). Seasonal changes of soluble sugar contents in fruits and leaves were investigated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography method (HPLC). Moreover, soluble sugar in phloem at 74th day or 101st day after full bloom were measured for ‘Hakuto’, ‘Shanyibaitao’, ‘Zhanghuang 7’ and ‘Long 246’.【Result】Sucrose, main soluble sugar in fruit, was lower at the early stage, and accumulated quickly till maturity; Sorbitol content increased from early fruit development stage, and tended to decrease around the beginning of final fruit rapid growth stage; Glucose and fructose contents were high at the early fruit development stage, then decreased gradually. However, glucose and fructose contents were approximately equal to each other in G/F≈1 cultivars while bigger G/F values were observed for high G/F cultivars throughout fruit development. Sucrose and sorbitol were main soluble sugars in leaves, whereas G/F ranged 1-3 in leaves of G/F≈1 cultivars, and 2-7 in leaves of high G/F cultivars. There was significant correlation between G/F in fruits and G/F in leaves (r = 0.47***). Sorbitol was remarkably more than sucrose, glucose and fructose in phloem of 4 peach cultivars, accounting for 47-58% of the total soluble sugars. G/Fs in phloem were 0.8-0.91, and there were no obvious differences among the four peach cultivars.【Conclusion】Transportation of the assimilates through phloem from leaves to fruits should have no obvious effect on G/F in fruits. Different G/F in fruits for the two type cultivars should result from different sugar metabolisms in fruits. Sugar metabolisms in fruits and leaves might be independent, but could have similar regulation mechanisms.

Effects of Different Herbage on Soil Physical Properties of non-irrigated Apple Orchard in Weibei Loess Plateau

Li Hui-Ke

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2070-2076 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.026

Abstract ( 1359 )

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The plots were layout in planting herbage areas and till areas of different herbage in non-irrigated apple orchard from the Weibei Loess Plateau, soil samples from different soil layers within 60 cm in every plot were collected. By analyzing soil samples, effects of different herbage on soil physical properties of the apple orchard were studied. The results showed that soil bulk density was reduced, soil porosity was increased and the content of water-stable aggregates was increased after different herbage was planted. The changes in soil physical properties with growing different herbage in non-irrigated apple orchard were mainly in 40 cm soil layer. The change feature of soil physical properties was different in various growing herbage land. With growing herbage years, soil physical properties of growing herbage land were improved better. Soil water content and soil water-holding capacity were enhanced greatly. Consequently, growing herbage in orchard in long term can improve the soil properties of orchard lastly, white clover was better than perennial ryegrass in improving soil physical properties.

Creating novel germplasms of chrysanthemum by employing the Ajania pacifica

Hong-Bo Zhao Fa-di Chen Wei-ming Guo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2077-2084 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.027

Abstract ( 1466 )

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【Objective】A. pacifica as a charming ornamental plant mainly dues to its silver color leaf and high potentiality in branching as compared to the commercial cultivars of chrysanthemum. However, the small capitula and absence of ray florets made it less attractive than commercial cultivars that are with larger capitula and rich in color. In this study, we attempted to introduce the unique ornamental characteristics of A. pacifica to commercial cultivars, to create novel germplasm of chrysanthemum that both leaves and flowers are of ornamental values, thus enhance the germplasm of chrysanthemum.【Method】Reciprocal cross between cultivar ‘Yidalihong’ (2n=6x=54) and A. pacifica (2n=10x=90) were conducted via conventional hybridization. The obtained F1 progeny was subsequently backcrossed with one of the parents of ‘Yidalihong’. The mitosis metaphase chromosome numbers were investigated in root tips of cutting seedling. The morphology parameters were measured according to method of Li Hong-jian.【Result】The chromosome numbers of F1 progeny of reciprocal cross varied from 64 to 72, and mostly diverged from 70 to 72. While the chromosome numbers in progenies of backcross between F1 progeny and ‘Yidalihong’ varied from 52 to 63, mostly varied from 60 to 63. Morphological characteristics such as plant height, canopy, phylliform, epidermal hair of leaf, branching and ramification in progenies of backcross were overall heredity universal, which exhibited intermediate characteristics between parents, but more resembled those of ‘Yidalihong’ than those of F1 progeny to some extend. It implied that these characteristics were quantitatively heredity traits. However, individuals of progenies of backcross differed in the morphology of ray florets. The anterior extremity of ray florets in progenies of backcross between F1 progeny (‘Yidalihong’ and A. pacifica) and‘Yidalihong’ was not cloven and rich in flower color. However, progenies of backcross between F1 progeny (A. pacifica and ‘Yidalihong’) and‘Yidalihong’showed 1 to 4 lobe-ray-florets (mainly 2 or 3 lobes) and were poor in flower color. It suggested that phenotype of ray florets in progenies of backcross was likely regulated by cytoplasmic genes.【Conclusion】Intergeneric hybridization was successfully attempted between A. pacifica and commercial cultivars. When the F1 progeny of intergeneric hybridization was subsequently backcrossed with commercial cultivar, novel germplasm that both leaves and flowers are of ornamental values was created.

Cytological observation of microsporogenesis of male sterile lines in Chinese pink (Dianthus chinensis L.)

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2085-2091 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.028

Abstract ( 1291 )

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【Objective】In order to study the difference of microsporogenesis between the male-sterile line and fertile line of Chinese pink. 【Method】The microsporogenesis of male sterile and fertile lines in Chinese pink was histologically examined using squashed pollen and paraffin embedded sections. The stable male-sterile line (H-37B) was obtained from one 6 generation inbred lines crossed for several rounds and 2 generations’ backcross. 【Result】Results showed that mature pollen was developed through the stage of the initiation of the sporogenous cell, microsporocyte, and tetrad period, microspore formation and eventually developed into normal pollen. Compared with fertile pollens, the inhibition of microsporogenesis of male sterility occurred at the tetrad stage to uninucleate stage. And the irregular triangle contour and hollow interior of tetrad-microspore were observed. In uninuclear stage, the tapetum layer cells retained in the home position and expanded and crimpy microspore stopped development. There were less pollen and almost all the pollens were empty and lack of vitality. 【Conclusion】This male-sterile line inherits stably and will be a useful material for breeding.

Studies on the Antioxidants of Buckwheat by HPLC/ ESI-MS

Ya-ping YAO

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2092-2097 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.029

Abstract ( 1355 )

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[Objective] To study the main antioxidants in common buckwheat and tartary buckwheat . [Method] It takes the buckwheat ethanol extraction subtracts with the DPPH free radicals reaction, identify the antioxidants in the extrcats with HPLC, study the structure character of antioxidation compositions by Electro Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and determine the antioxidation compositions of buckwheat ethanol extracts. [Result] Both the common buckwheat and the tartary buckwheat ethanol extracts can scavenge free radical. From the HPLC figure there were two main peaks, which included two kinds of antioxidants in the extracts. Meanwhile, the corresponding chromatograph retention time was the same as the spectrum information. The ESI-MS indicated that, the molecular weights and MS fragmentation pattern of antioxidants in the extracts were similar to the reference material of rutin and quercetin. [Conclusion] The method of HPLC-MS/MS can be used to screen the antioxidants in the extraction quickly; the main antioxidants of the buckwheat extracts were rutin and quercetin, while the activity of antioxidant activity of quercetin was higher than rutin.

Progress of Aromatic Compounds in Grape and Wine

Chang-qing Duan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2098-2104 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.030

Abstract ( 1730 )

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Aroma of wine is one of important sensory qualities. Compositions of aroma are complex and diverse. Aromatic compounds coming directly from grape varieties play a decisive role in variety and region of wine. This paper detailedly described composition of aromatic compounds in grape and wine. Effects of various factors on formation of aromatic compounds were discussed. It is prospected to provide theoretical guidance for wine industry.

The feasibility of tracing cattle life history based on carbon isotopic fingerprint analysis in cattle tail hair

Yi-min WEI

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2105-2111 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.031

Abstract ( 1287 )

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【Objective】To verify the feasibility of tracing cattle life history using carbon isotopic analysis in cattle tail hair.【Method】The experiment of cattle model were designed by changing the feeds composition, the changed trends of δ13C values in different segment of cattle tail hair with the change of feeds composition were analyzed, and the relation of carbon isotope composition between cattle tail hair, feeds and individual were analyzed. 【Results】There was very significant difference between carbon isotopic composition in different cattle tail hair segment with the feeds composition changed, and the feeds have more effects on carbon isotopic composition of cattle tail hair than individual. The significant correlations were showed between δ13C values of cattle tail hair segment and feeds, and they were significantly correlated with the proportion of C4 plant of feeds, but there were no significant correlations between δ13C values of whole cattle tail hair and feeds, which indicated that the carbon isotopic composition of every segment of hair could reflect the feeds information when it was produced, and cattle tail hair can be regarded as an isotopic archives recording feeds changes. 【Conclusion】The cattle life history could be traced by carbon isotopic fingerprint analysis in cattle tail hair.

Development and application of a PCR approach for detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2112-2119 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.032

Abstract ( 1555 )

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【Objective】To improve the existing method and develop a fast, precise and reliable PCR method for detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff. 【Method】Firstly, general primer designed according to 16S rRNA gene sequence of bovis, sheep, pig, chicken, fish and horse mtDNA was used for primary detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff. Species-specific primers designed according to conserved sequence of mtDNA of bovis, sheep, pig and chicken were used for amplification of a 271bp, 274bp, 149bp and 266bp fragment respectively. Further confirmation of the detection result was then performed. 【Result】PCR method for detection of animal derived materials in unknown feedstuff was developed by using general primer, relevant PCR system and PCR condition. Also a PCR method for detection of each species (bovis, sheep, pig and chicken) was designed by using our species-specific primers. High sensitivity and specificity of our method was confirmed with a minimum detection level of 0.1%. 【Conclusion】Method for detection of animal derived materials in this research is not only cheap and easy for operation, but also precise and reliable for result. It could be one of the effective methods for detection animal derived materials in feedstuff.

Cloning, Characterization and Polymorphism of the Porcine (Sus Scrofa) Cystatin B Gene

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2120-2127 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.033

Abstract ( 1288 )

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Utilizing technique of RT-PCR and sequencing, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the porcine cystatin B (CSTB) gene were obtained in this study. The open reading frames (ORFs) of the CSTB gene were 294bp long (encoding for 98 amino acids). The nucleotide sequence identities of porcine CSTB Complete Coding Sequence (CDS) were 81%, 85% and 89% compare to that of the human, rat, and bovine CSTB CDS respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence identities of the porcine CSTB protein were 83%, 76%, and 85% compare to that of the rat, human, and bovine CSTB proteins, respectively. The structure of CSTB protein was predicted by homologous modelling which was similar to the results observed previously in humans and mouse. The five-stranded antiparallel β-sheet and the wedge shaped edge were found in the structure model. The polymorphisms of porcine CSTB gene was detected in 84 pigs by PCR-RFLP. Base on the polymorphism detection, the influence of CSTB genotype on tenderness traits were analyzed. The genotype AA in CSTB gene PvuII locus had significantly lower Shear force (5.11 kg), Toughness (19.31 kg.s) and Mean Shear force (3.26 kg) than genotype AB and BB (P<0.01).

Comparative study of calf and adult cattle bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell biological characteristics

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2128-2135 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.034

Abstract ( 1498 )

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Abstract:【Objective】 To establish a method of isolating, culturing and amplification bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)in vitro and to explore the effect of age on the proliferation of bovine BMSCs. 【Method】 BMSCs were isolated and purified with adherence plasticity method, passage amplified, measured growth curve and attachment rate, morphological observations of BMSCs. 【Result】 BMSCs that are in low abundance can grow quickly when cultured in vitro. Calf BMSCs than adult cattle easy isolation and purification, adherence rate and reproductive activity significant super adult cattle. 【Conclusion】 Calf were more appropriate than those of adult cattle for BMSCs extraction. Between the age and the biological characterstics of bovine BMSCs is intimate relationship, the proliferation capability and activity of bovine BMSCs decrease with age. The method for isolation and culture of BMSCs has been successfully established in this study, some biological features were observed. It found a base for further investigation and using of BMSCs.

Effects of Limiting Amino Acids on the Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Community in vitro

WangMeng-zhi hongrong wang hengchun cao guoxiang li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2136-2142 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.035

Abstract ( 1474 )

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Three goats fitted with cannula, were used to provide rumen liquor to investigate the effects of limiting amino acids on rumen fermentation and microbial community in vitro. The removel method was used in current experiments. Treatments: Total essential amino acid (TEAA), His-removel, Lys-removel, Met-removel, branch chain amino acid (BCAA)-removel. Results showed that, the pH-value ranged between 5.9 and 6.8, with the highest mean value was observed for the group with BCAA-removel (6.54) in the culture. Concentration of NH3-N ranged between 10.99 to 30.51mg/100ml, with the group of TEAA recorded the highest average NH3-N concentration (17.85mg/100ml). Yields of microbial protein and limiting degree on microbial growth were varied with treatments, and lowest accrued in treatment with BCAA-removel (0.1389 mg/ml, 0.1772mg/ml and 0.3161mg/ml for bacteria, protozoa, and mixed microbes) (P<0.01) respectively, compared to the group with TEAA, microbial production of mixed microbes decreased by 44.52%. As for micro-flora, the protozoa to bacteria ratio was lowest for the group with Lys-removel (89.12%), while highest for the group with BCAA-removel (127.60%) (P<0.01). Furthermore, PCR - SSCP analysis revealed that, microbial profile subjected to the substrates within bacteria and protozoa group. It was therefore concluded that dietary amino acid influenced both fermentation and microbial characteristics.

Study on the Effect of Different application rate of Beef Cattle Feces on Yields and Nutrients Level of Dwarf elephant grass and on the Degradation Rate of Nutrients

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2143-2148 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.036

Abstract ( 1463 )

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Abstract: 【Objective】 We conducted an experiment to study the effect of different application rate of fresh cattle feces on Dwarf elephant grass yield, nutrients content and nutrient degradation rate in order to find a measure of increasing nutrients value of Dwarf elephant grass and decreasing the pollution of nitrogen, ferrus, zinc and copper of feces on environment by the way of reasonable application with cattle feces.【Method】Dwarf elephant grass were treated with fresh beef cattle feces at three application rate: Nil, low application rate(3kg fresh cattle feces/10kg soil)and high application rate(6kg fresh cattle feces/10kg soil), respectively to study the effect of cattle feces on Dwarf elephant grass yield, nutrients content and nutrient degradation rate with a trial of planting Dwarf elephant grass with plastic pot and a trial of degrading nutrients in ruman with nyron bag. 【Result】Results indicated that low and high application rate of fresh cattle feces significantly(p<0.01) increased the yield of stem and leaf drymatter, it was 45.5% and 54.5% higher in the yield of stem drymatter than that of Dwarf elephant grass applied fresh feces at a level of nil , respectively; for the yield of leaf drymatter, it was 87.5% and 121.4% higher, respectively. Low and high application rate of fresh cattle feces significantly(p<0.05) increased the level of leaf protein and neutral detergent fibre of Dwarf elephant grass, it was 13.3% and 20.9% higher than that of Dwarf elephant grass applied fresh feces at a level of nil, respectively. The ability of accumulating Zn and Cu ranked as follows: root> leaf > stem. Degradation rate of N, Fe,Zn,and Cu increased as the increase of application rate of feces and duration of sample in rumen.【Conclusion】the yield, nutrients content and nutrients degradation rate of Dwarf elephant grass increased as the application rate of feces increased, much more works still need to be done for the optimun application rate of feces used for planting Dwarf elephant grass. To plant Dwarf elephant grass with cattle feces is a good method of increasing the level of N, Zn and Cu of Dwarf elephant grass and alleviating pollution on feces on environment.

The Effect of LPS Challenge on PPARγ Protein Expression in Immune Organs and Immune Cells of Weaned Pigs

Jing LU

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2149-2153 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.037

Abstract ( 1327 )

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【Objective】An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) protein expression in immune organs and immune cells of weaned pigs. 【Method】Pigs were allotted to two treatments (6 replicates/treatment and 1 pig/replicate). The pigs in the treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 100μg/kg BW LPS, whereas pigs in the control group were injected with an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were collected at 3h post-challenge for isolating plasma or leucocytes. Following blood collection, the pigs were slaughtered to collect spleens, thymus and intestinal lymph nodes. PPARγ protein expression of immune organs and the leucocytes were determined by Western Blot. 【Result】(1) LPS challenge increased significantly plasma interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cortisol and Prostaglandin E2 (P<0.05), and decreased insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (P<0.05); (2) LPS challenge decreased significantly plasma glucose, total protein, albumin and globulin (P<0.05); (3) LPS challenge increased significantly PPARγ protein expression of spleens (P<0.05), thymus (P<0.1) and leucocytes (P<0.05), and decreased PPARγ protein expression of intestinal lymph nodes (P<0.05).【Conclusion】Immunological stress changes PPARγ protein expression in immune organs and immune cells of weaned pigs, which indicates PPARγ plays an important role in regulation of immunological stress, and may prove to be an important target of alleviating the immunological stress in pigs.

Clone and expression of broiler HSP70 gene in E. coli and preparation of HSP70 monoclonal antibody

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2154-2161 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.038

Abstract ( 1456 )

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The mRNA of broiler HSP70 gene was amplified by RT-PCR and the production was cloned into the PGEM-T Easy vector and the expression vector pET-28a（+）. The recombinant expression vector was transformed into E. coli BL-21 and induced by IPTG to express. The recombinant broiler HSP70 was purified to prepare the polyclonal antibody and the immunel activity of recombinant broiler HSP70 was proved by western-blot. The recombinant broiler HSP70 was used to immunize BALB/ c mice and two hyridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibody of broiler HSP70 were established by hybridoma technique. One of the high-specific monoclonal antibody for broiler HSP70 was selected by western-blot and named as BH70-1. The immunohistochemistry results showed that the monoclonal antibody BH70-1 has high affinity with broiler tissues. The results suggest that the prepared monoclonal antibody BH70-1 is effective.

Comparative proteomics analysis of plasma from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2162-2167 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.039

Abstract ( 1220 )

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To investigate the differential proteomic expressions in plasma from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows, the current research presents the protein changes using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), after the stained with silver nitrate and colloidal coomassie, differential expression proteins were detected by PDQuest 7.4 software and subjected to ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Surveyor HPLC system, differential spots of protein were identified. The results showed that 3 protein spots were differentially expressed proteins and identified to be 2 proteins. Overall, haptoglobin precursor was an up-regulated in cows infected with clinical mastitis and could be a mastitis-associated diagnostic marker, while SCGB 2A1 (secretoglobin, family 2A, member 1) was down-regulated protein. There was a significant difference at protein level in plasma from healthy dairy cows and clinical mastitic cows, it suggests that the differential proteome expression analysis of may be useful to clarify the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology, and to further study of the related proteins and the molecular markers of clinical mastitis.

Sequence Analysis of α-Gliadin Genes from Wheat Variety “Chuannong 16”

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2168-2173 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.040

Abstract ( 1585 )

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The full coding regions of α-gliadin genes were amplified from wheat variety “Chuannong 16” by using the primer pairs, which were designed according to the known α-gliadin gene sequences. The amplified DNA fragments were separated and recovered from agrose gel, subsequently ligated into pMD18-T vector, and then transformed into E. coli strain DH5α. Four positive clones were screened out and sequenced. Four gliadin gene sequences were obtained, designated as Gli2-CN16-9, Gli2-CN16-12, Gli2-CN16-14 and Gli2-CN16-6, and the GenBank accession numbers were DQ246446, DQ246447, DQ246448 and DQ246449, respectively. Among which, the coding regions of Gli2-CN16-9, Gli2-CN16-12 and Gli2-CN16-14 are 861bp, 870bp and 900bp, respectively, and could encode three mature proteins with 286, 289 and 299 amino acid residues, respectively. Gli2-CN16-6 is a pseudogene due to that two stop codons are in its coding region. Multiple sequence alignment analysis suggested that the cloned gliadin gene sequences have the higher similarity in their structure with the known α-gliadin genes, whereas they have much difference with the γ- and ω-gliadin genes.

Starch Accumulation and Enzymes Activities Associated with Starch Synthesis in Maize Kernels

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2174-2181 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.041

Abstract ( 1540 )

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Two types of maize cultivars, high starch maize (Feiyu3) and normal maize (Yuyu22) were used in the present study. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis in developing kernel were investigated. Grain filling rate and starch accumulation were analyzed. The results showed that sucrose transport capacity, grain filling rate, starch accumulation rates and the activities of sucrose synthase (SS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) of Feiyu3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu22, that has low starch content, after 10DAP. Correlation analysis indicated that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and starch debranching enzyme (DBE) were not correlated with starch accumulation rates and grain filling rate, but SS activity and sucrose transport capacity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with starch accumulation rates and grain filling rate. GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with amylose accumulation rate, but not correlated with grain filling rate. SBE activities were highly significantly correlated with amylopectin accumulation rate. These showed that it was not AGPase and DBE, but SS and sucrose transport capacity was the rate-limited factor of starch biosynthesis in maize kernel. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, SBE had a significant effect on the amylopectin accumulation.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity on Shanxi’s Wild Soybean (Glycine soja)

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2182-2190 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.042

Abstract ( 1722 )

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【Objective】Annual wild soybeans (Glycine soja), the ancestors of cultivated soybean (G. max), are important sources of major genes for resistance to pests, diseases and environmental stresses. The study of genetic diversity is invaluable for efficient utilization and conservation of annual wild soybeans.【Method】Genetic diversity of 544 accessions of annual wild soybeans, collected from Shanxi province, was evaluated by the traits of qualitative, quantitative and SSR molecular markers.【Results】Of 8 qualitative traits, the distribution of Shannon-weaver index and PIC were 0.0243-1.1814 and 0.0073-0.6582, with the mean of 0.5965 and 0.3262, respectively. The leaf shape value was the highest one of the Shannon-weaver index and the stem type value was the largest one of the PIC, while the cotyledon color value was the lowest in both. Of 4 quantitative traits, coefficients of variation were 99.40%, 24.63%, 13.49% and 5.70% for 100-seed weight, oil content, days to maturity and protein content, respectively; and the materials in 37-38W×112-113E plots were richest in accessions (190) and genetic diversity (1.9308). In 53 accessions, 218 alleles were found in 30 loci, with each locus having a mean of 7.27 alleles; and the mean of genetic diversity index was 1.5431,with a range of 0.7869～2.1561; while the mean of PIC was 0.6432, with a range of 0.3164～0.8637.【Conclusion】Of 8 qualitative traits and 4 quantitative traits, there was no correlation between genetic diversity index (shannon-weaver) and longitude or latitude (︱r︱=0.77 and ︱r︱=0.08，P﹥0.05) in Shanxi’s wild soybean. Based on the results of SSR analysis, Shanxi’s wild soybean, with high genetic diversity, was clustered into 5 groups, which showed some rules in the geographical distribution.

Identification of RAPD and SCAR markers linked Fulvia fulv

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2191-2196 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.043

Abstract ( 1497 )

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Abstract: 【Objective】The study screened the molecular marker linked to the tomato Fulvia fulva resistant gene.【Method】With a F2 population between a resistant and a susceptible parent (03036×03748), the linked marker was screened by BSA method and RAPD technology.【Result】Two special bands were found at 500bp or so using F2 plants. The marker was tightly linked to the tomato Fulvia fulva resistance gene, and the genetic distance was 8.7cM. Sequencing of the fragment indicated that the length was 619bp and 559bp respectively.【Conclusion】The study provided a molecular method to identify tomato Fulvia fulva resistance , and can be used in molecular marker assisted selection.

Relationship of tissue browning and phenolic acids and related enzymes in phalaenopsis.Spp

FangYin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2197-2203 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.044

Abstract ( 1514 )

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Three varieties of phalaenopsis. Spp including A1(P. “China Best Girl”)、B3(P. amabilis B1. “Jude Butterfly”) and R4( Dtps. “King Shiang’s Rose×Jetgreen Firbird) were used as materials, qualitative and quantitative deterimation of 9 phenolic acids were studied by high performance loquid chromatography (HPLC). And the dynamic changes of total phenolic acids contents ,activity of PAL,PPO,POD were studied. The results showed that the types and contents of phenolic acids and total phenols were different among three varieties of phalaenopsis. Spp. Total phenols and PAL、PPO correlated positively with browning ; A direct ratio between total phenols and PAL、PPO was showed in the experimentation , and the relationship between total phenols and POD showed a inverse ratio.

Construction of cDNA Expression Library from Eggs Of Haemaphysalis Longicornis

guang-yuan Liu zhan-cheng Tian Xue Peng Cai zhi-xin Li jun-ren Xie lu Wang lin Zhang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2204-2208 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.045

Abstract ( 1698 )

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Abstract: 【OBJECTIVE】The cDNA Expression Library, based on the source of eggs of Haemaphysalis longicornis, was constructed successfully for further screening the potential candidate antigens angist the Haemaphysalis longicornis. 【METHOD】Total RNA were isolated from eggs of Haemaphysalis Longicornis, subsequently mRNA were purified a library of oligo(dT)-primed cDNA with added directional EcoRⅠ/Hind Ⅲ linkers was constructed from the purified mRNA. The constructed cDNA was ligated to the EcoRⅠ/Eind Ⅲ arms of the λSCREEN vector. 【RESULT】The recombinant phage DNA was packaged by using Phagemarker packaging extracts, resulting in a primary cDNA library with a size of 1.38×106 PFU. Data showed 100% of the library were recombinant and the titer of the amplified library was 2×109 PFU. A cDNA encoding follistatin-related protein was cloned from the expression library. 【CONCLUSION】The results suggested that the cDNA expression library was constructed successfully.

Effects of Phosphodiesterasr on e InhibitoCell Growth in Mouse Primary Cultured Myocytes

Wu Chen Tong-Quan Yu Ping Lu Xiang Mu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2209-2214 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.046

Abstract ( 1524 )

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【OBJECTIVE】To understand the mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine phosphodiesterase inhibitor to increase growth of muscle, theophylline used as reference, the effect of arctiin on phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and protein synthesis of primary cultured myocytes was investigate;【METHOD】Myoblasts were isolated from 1-3-day-old newborn ICR mice limbs. The medium containing different concentration of arctiin and theophylline was added into cultured myocytes when myotubes were formed. After continuous incubation in incubator for 24 hours, cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’- monophosphate (cAMP) PDE activity, intracellular cAMP and cell total protein were assessed; 【RESULTS】The results were that cAMP PDE activity was most significantly inhibited (P<0.01）, intracellular cAMP level was greatly increased (P<0.05) and amount of cell total protein was most markedly accelerated (P<0.01) by arctiin and theophylline which concentration were respectively 2.5μg/ml and 20μg/ml in medium;【CONCLUSION】These results suggest that Chinese herbal medicine PDE inhibitor may increase skeletal muscle growth by inhibiting the activity of myocytes PDE to regulate the intracellular cAMP level and enhance protein synthesis.

Studies on protein of the occlusion-derived virus of Bombyx mori L. Nucleopolyhedrovirus using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry

Ke-Ping CHEN

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2008, 41(7): 2215-2218 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.07.047

Abstract ( 1328 )

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【Objective】The occlusion-derived virus (ODV) is produced when nucleocapsids retained in the nucleus are enveloped using virus-induced intranuclear membranes which appear to be derived from the nuclear membrane.It is specially adapted for primary infection of the host midgut epithelium. As such, the virion must contain the proteins essential for host range determination and initiation of infection.So knowledge of virion composition is a prerequisite for functional investigation.【Methods】In the present study we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques to identify the proteins present within or associated with the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) virion, the separated proteins were visualized by Coomassie-Brilliant-Blue-G-250 staining. 【Results and Conclusion】The separated proteins revealed 70 spots for the sample.Among them,most proteins were concentrated in pI 5-9, which reached 61% of the total protein spots.The results of this study suggest that 20 proteins were identified with confidence. Interestingly, the result showed that 21 spots of GP41 and 9 spots of VP39 were identified from the gel, respectively.

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