Scientia Agricultura Sinica

Progress in Plant Small RNA Research via High-Throughput Sequencing

WEI Bo,ZHANG Rong-zhi,LI Ai-li,MAO Long

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3755-3764 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.001

Abstract ( 1187 )

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Small RNAs are 20-30 nucleotides long non-coding RNAs. Small RNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation represents a new mechanism of gene regulation and plays important roles in plant growth and development as well as responses to different environmental stresses. In plants, there are tremendous amount of small RNAs of various types. The advance of high- throughput sequencing technology has significantly facilitated their discoveries. In this review, in addition to a brief introduction of small RNA features, the authors attempted to summarize recent progresses in small RNA research using next generation sequencing technology and aim to highlight the new insights in their genome organization, function and evolution in plants.

Expression Profiling of Rice AP2/EREBP Genes Responsive to Abiotic Stresses

JIN Peng,HUANG Li-yu,WANG Di,WU Hui-min,ZHU Ling-hua,FU Bin-ying

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3765-3773 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.002

Abstract ( 1100 )

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【Objective】 The AP2/EREBP transcription factors are known to be unique in plants, and they are involved in growth, development and signal transduction in many physiological and biochemical responses. In this study, all the rice AP2/EREBP genes were cloned and used to dissect their expression alteration responsive to different abiotic stresses, providing a foundation for exploring the mechanism of rice stress-resistance molecular regulation. 【Method】 A microarray gene chip was used to analyze the AP2/EREBP gene expression profiling in rice seedlings under the treatment of PEG, low-temperature, high-salt, ABA and GA. The expression patterns of selected differentially expressed genes were further identified by quantitative real-time PCR. 【Result】 Forty-two AP2/EREBP genes were detected differentially expressed under at least one abiotic stress by using a microarray chip containing the whole AP2/EREBP gene family, and the alteration of gene expression from array data was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Two AP2/EREBP genes were found differentially regulated at the same direction by all stresses; however each of the rest forty differentially expressed AP2/EREBP genes had the same or distinct expression pattern responsive to different abiotic stresses. 【Conclusion】 Two AP2/EREBP genes might play key molecular regulation roles responding to abiotic stresses in rice. The identified differentially expressed AP2/EREBP genes have the same or distinct molecular responsive mechanism to different abiotic stresses.

Effects of Dwarfing Genes of Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht8 with Different Response to GA3 on Coleoptile Length and Plant Height of Wheat

TANG Na,JIANG Ying,HE Bei-ru,HU Yin-gang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3774-3784 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.003

Abstract ( 1032 )

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【Objective】 Understanding the effects of wheat dwarfing genes on coleoptile length and plant height is crucial for the proper utilization of dwarfing genes in yield improvement of wheat. 【Method】 Molecular markers analysis combined with pedigree information were used to classify wheat cultivars widely used in the major wheat growing regions of China into different categories based on the dwarfing genes carried, then the effects of dwarfing genes with different response to Gibberellins (GA3) on coleoptile length and plant height were analyzed based on plant height data from the field and coleoptile length data from the lab. 【Result】 The screening of 129 cultivars with molecular markers revealed that 58 genotypes contained the dwarfing gene Rht-B1b, 24 genotypes had Rht-D1b，and 73 genotypes possessed Rht8, and among them there were 35 genotypes with two dwarfing genes Rht-B1b+Rht8，and 16 genotypes with two dwarfing genes Rht-D1b+Rht8. Test on response to GA3 of these cultivars revealed that wheat cultivars with the dwarfing genes Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b were insensitive to GA3, and those with the dwarfing gene Rht8 were responsive to GA3. Genotypes with Rht-B1b+Rht8 and Rht-D1b+Rht8 were also insensitive to GA3. The height reducing effects of GA3 insensitive dwarfing genes Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b+Rht8, and Rht-D1b+Rht8 were as 24.6%, 30.4%, 28.2% and 32.2%, respectively, while that of GA3-responsive dwarfing gene Rht8 was 14.3%. The GA3 insensitive dwarfing genes Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b+Rht8, and Rht-D1b+Rht8 also shortened the coleoptile length by 25.4%, 31.3%, 28.4%, and 31.3%, respectively, whereas the GA3-responsive dwarfing gene Rht8 only shortened the coleoptile length by 6.2%. 【Conclusion】 To summarize, the GA3 insensitive dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b shorten the coleoptile length largely as well as reducing plant height and are not suitable to wheat improvement for dryland, while the GA3-responsive dwarfing gene Rht8 has much less effects on shortening coleoptile length and also could reduce plant height to some extent, it is the right dwarfing gene for wheat improvement of dry land.

Cloning and Characterization of a Putative CTR1 Gene from Wheat

BI Cai-li,WEN Xiao-jie,ZHANG Xue-yong,LIU Xu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3785-3794 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.004

Abstract ( 1046 )

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【Objective】 CTR1 is a key negative regulator in ethylene signal transduction. A salt-induced CTR1 like gene (TaCTR1)was cloned from wheat, the expression of TaCTR1 under abiotic stresses and ABA treatment, the subcellular localization and the effect of overexpression of TaCTR1 on salt tolerance in tobacco was studied. 【Method】 A putative CTR1 gene was cloned and characterized from wheat via rapid amplification of cDNA ends ( RACE) and RT-PCR, TaCTR1 expression under stresses was analyzed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the effect of overexpression of TaCTR1 on salt tolerance was conducted in tobacco.【Result】 The full-length cDNA of TaCTR1 is 2 635 bp which codes for a polypeptide of 759 amino acids. There is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase domain at the carboxyl terminus containing an ATP-binding site. Southern analysis revealed that TaCTR1 is consisted of a gene family in wheat. The amino acid homologies of CTR1 among different organisms share higher similarities. Expression analysis revealed that TaCTR1 was induced by NaCl and drought stress but inhibited by ABA treatment. Transient expression of TaCTR1:GFP in the onion epidermal cells revealed that TaCTR1 was probably localized to the plasma membrane. Over expressing TaCTR1 decreased salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants compared with control. 【Conclusion】 TaCTR1 is the first CTR1 gene cloned in wheat and may involve in various abiotic stresses. Overexpression of TaCTR1 decreased the salt-tolerance in tobacco suggested that TaCTR1 may act as a negative regulator of salt stress in plants.

Meta-Analysis of 100-Seed Weight QTLs in Soybean

QI Zhao-ming,SUN Ya-nan,CHEN Li-jun,GUO Qiang,LIU Chun-yan,HU Guo-hua,CHEN Qing-shan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3795-3803 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.005

Abstract ( 1039 )

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【Objective】 Soybean is a major crop in the world, and the yield is a very important trait. 100-seed weight is a very complicated quantitative trait of yield. The study of gene mapping for yield traits in soybean is very important for application. However, the mapping results of 100-seed weight was dispersive, thus the public map should be chosen which is suitable for the integration of published results, application of the process for improving yield. 【Method】 In this research, an integrated map of 100-seed weight QTL in soybean was established with the soymap2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of 100-seed weight in soybean were collected in recent 20 years. With the software BioMercator2.1, QTL from their own maps were projected to the reference map. Meta QTL position was concluded by 95% C.I. of original QTLs, the real QTL could be found. 【Result】 From the published papers, 65 QTLs of 100-seed weight were collected and 53 QTLs were integrated, including 17 reductive effect QTLs and 36 additive effect QTLs. Twelve clusters of QTLs were found in the integrated map. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 6 additive “consensus” QTLs and 6 reductive “consensus” QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained respectively. The minimum C.I. was shrunk to 1.52 cM. 【Conclusion】 These results would lay a foundation for marker-assisted selection and mapping QTL precisely, as well as QTL gene cloning in soybean.

Development of Novel Soybean Germplasms with Low Activity of Lipoxygenases by RNAi Method

MA Jian,ZHANG Jun,QU Jing,WANG Yun-peng,WEI Yi-fan,WANG Pi-wu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3804-3811 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.006

Abstract ( 1047 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study was try to find a new avenue of breeding technique in soybean to improve the quality of soybeans and create new superordinary germplasm resource of soybeans by RNAi, which prohibits the gene expression of lipoxygenase in soybean seed. 【Method】 The consensus sequence of lipoxygenase gene (Lx1, Lx2, Lx3) in soybean seeds was cloned by RT-PCR, the length of the sequence was 357 bp. An RNAi expression vector of soybean lipoxygenase gene was reconstructed by recombinant PCR, and transformed the vector in soybean (Jinong 18) by pollen tube pathway. 【Result】 Twelve transgenic strains were obtained and 10 of which demonstrated significant differences. SDS-PAGE and activity of lipoxygenase demonstrated that the lipoxygenase activity of transgenic soybeans decreased significantly, the degree of decreasing was 64.2% on average. The near-infrared analyses demonstrated that the fat content of the transgenic soybeans increased by 0.8%-1.5% and 1.2%-3.0% the total protein decreased by 1.2%-3.0% compared with the control group. The results of RT-PCR demonstrated that the mRNA of lipoxygenase in transgenic soybeans was significantly inhibited. In addition, the activity of lipoxygenase decreased significantly in the progenies of transgenic soybean seeds and the seeds had more fat. 【Conclusion】 The RNAi technology can effectively inhibit the expression of lipoxygenase gene in soybean seed, decrease the activity of lipoxygenase, increase the amount of oil content in its products, improve the quality of soybeans, and create new superordinary germplasm resources of soybean.

Evaluation of Selenium and Protein Content of Foxtail Millet Landraces Originated from Different Ecogical Regions of China

LIU San-cai,ZHU Zhi-hua,LI Wei-xi,LIU Fang,LI Yan,HUANG Rong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3812-3818 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.007

Abstract ( 1031 )

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【Objective】 Selenium and protein contents were analyzed and evaluated in foxtail millet landraces originated from different regions of China. 【Method】 The method for selenium determination was Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, and the method for protein determination was semi-micro Kjeldahl method. 【Result】 ① The average content of selenium in Chinese foxtail millet landraces was 53.3 μg?kg-1, deviation range was 20.8-89.2 μg?kg-1. The average content of protein was 15.82%, deviation range was 11.01%-20.77%. ② Selenium and protein content in different ecoregions in China appeared to be greatly diversified, landraces from Northwest China had the highest selenium content, and the followings were landraces from Loess Plateau, North China Plain, Northeast China Plain, and landraces from the Inner Mongolia Plateau had the lowest content. The protein content ranking was alike the selenium content and that from high content to low were landraces from Northwest China, Loess Plateau, Northeast China Plain, Northeast China Plain, and Inner Mongolia Plateau. ③ The correlation coefficient analysis between the two traits showed that they existed a positive correlation, and the coefficient was 0.534 which was at the significant level. ④ The correlation coefficient of selenium content to hull colour was 0.385 and selenium content of red hull seed was greater that of the yellow, grey, brown hull. 【Conclusion】 It was found from the study that selenium and protein contents in foxtail millet landraces germplasms exhibited wide genetic diversity, some foxtail millet landraces with higher selenium and protein contents were identified and they will be useful for quality breeding and germplasm innovation.

Discovery of Low Erucic Acid Wild Species and Functional Characterization of FAE1 Genes in Crucifer Species

WU Yu-hua,WU Gang,XIAO Ling,CAO Ying-long,LU Chang-ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3819-3827 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.008

Abstract ( 950 )

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【Objective】 This study was designed to discover the LEA (low erucic acid) wild species, and to reveal the genetic mechanism of the LEA trait. 【Method】 Homologous sequence amplification strategy was used in gene isolation. Heterologous expression of the FAE1 genes was made using the yeast system, and the fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas chromatography. 【Result】 The multiple sequence alignment showed that FAE1 genes shared over 85% identities between the wild species and the rapeseed variety. The amino acid residues (Ser282, Cys223, His302, His387, His391, and His420), reportedly active sites for β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, were conserved as those in high erucic acid rapeseed. Western blot analysis showed that the FAE1 genes from all of the wild crucifer species were expressed in yeast, whereas the yeast cells expressing FAE1 genes from Orychophragmus violaceus and Capsella buraspastroil showed no formation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA). Meanwhile, those expressing FAE1 genes from Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis alba, and Isatis indigotica produced small quantity of VLCFA which was absent in control yeast cells. 【Conclusion】 The experiment indicated that O. violaceus and C. buraspastroil are LEA wild species in which loss of activity of the protein encoded by the FAE1 gene might be responsible for the LEA trait.

Predicting Spatial Productivity in Wheat Based on Model and GIS

SHI Xiao-yan,TANG Liang,LIU Xiao-jun,CAO Wei-xing,ZHU Yan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3828-3835 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.009

Abstract ( 1213 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study was to predict regional wheat productivity, which would lay a foundation for quantitative evaluating agricultural productivity and precision management. 【Method】 Considering the approaches related to scaling-up the crop model from plot to region level, a regional wheat model was developed by integrating the WheatGrow model with GIS. To address the spatial variability, grid-based data as model input were generated in advance by interpolation and overlaying with the aid of GIS. When all the necessary input data were available, the target region was partitioned into smaller and relatively homogeneous spatial grids, and crop yields were simulated with WheatGrow for each grid cell. The regional wheat productivity of Jiangsu Province in 2000 was simulated. 【Result】 The distribution of wheat yield that simulated by the regional wheat model based on grid input data, was coincident with statistic data. The mean RMSE of wheat yield between simulated result and statistics was 496.48 kg?hm-2. 【Conclusion】 The results indicated that the GIS based regional wheat model has a good performance in predicting regional wheat productivity.

Maize Leaf Disease Identification Based on Fisher Discrimination Analysis

WANG Na,WANG Ke-ru,XIE Rui-zhi,LAI Jun-chen,MING Bo,LI Shao-kun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3836-3842 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.010

Abstract ( 1059 )

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【Objective】 The recognition and diagnosis methods of main maize leaf diseases using machine vision were studied in this paper. 【Method】 The diseases pictures of different varieties or periods were taken in fields, methods of threshold segmentation based on hue, iteration binarization, image morphological operation and contour extraction were adopted for image processing and image segmentation, then the texture, color and shape features were extracted. Genetic algorithm was used to get approximate features. Finally Fisher discrimination analysis was applied to recognize main maize leaf diseases. 【Result】 In the research, 28 characters including energy, informationization measure, fractal dimension, hue, cb, color moment, disease spot area, rotundity, figure factor, and others were extracted, and four approximate features were selected from 28 primordial features. The results indicated that the precision of the three kinds of maize disease recognition was higher than 90%. 【Conclusion】 Disease image obtained in fields were recognized by the application of digital image processing technology , analysis of image texture, color and figure characters, genetic algorithm and Fisher discrimination analysis. It has provided a technical support for the automatic recognition of crop diseases and insets with disease image obtained in fields.

Morphogenesis Model-Based Virtual Growth System of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

ZHOU Juan,ZHOU Zhi-guo,CHEN Bing-lin,MENG Ya-li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3843-3851 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.011

Abstract ( 1232 )

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【Objective】 Modeling dynamics of each organ size in cotton growth process, then a virtual growth system for cotton was implemented to provide a technical basis for research of virtual farming. 【Method】 Based on the potted plant research of cotton variety, sowing date, nitrogen, water and DPC in a summer seasons of 2005 and 2006, with the systematic analysis principle and mathematical modeling technique applied to cotton morphogenesis, a morphological model , which includes several sub-models of leaf, stem, boll, and so on, was developed by the quantitative analyses of experimental data. And a virtual growth system for cotton was implemented with usage of OpenGL for 3D graphic and MFC for graphical user interface. 【Result】 The results showed that the dynamic change of each organ size could be characterized by logistic equation in relation to GDD, nitrogen, water and DPC. The model was validated by the data from 2006, and the mean RMSEs were 0.85, 0.82, 0.87, 0.57, 0.086, 0.65, 0.74, 0.8, 0.73, 0. 016, 0.36 and 0.4 cm for main stem leaf length and width, main stem leaf stalk length, main stem internode length and diameter, fruiting branch leaf length and width, fruiting branch leaf stalk length, fruiting node length and diameter, and boll length and width, respectively. Then NURBS was applied to simulate the shape of cotton leaf and boll, internode and petiole were treated as cylinder. Finally, a cotton growth system which comprises of models, database and interface was implemented with OpenGL on the platform of Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. 【Conclusion】 The system can be used to simulate the real growth process of each organ, individual and group with some inputs.

Study on the Soybean Research and Development System in China

PENG Zhuo

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3852-3862 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.012

Abstract ( 1202 )

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【Objective】 In order to study the rationality and existing problems in China’s soybean research and development (R&D) system, an in-depth analysis on the soybean R&D system in China was made. 【Method】 By employing the methods of charrette, questionnaire, field survey and case study, through monographic study, pilot survey, formal survey, telephone interview, interview and supplementary survey, the obtained large sample data and the related public statistical data were analyzed in this paper. 【Result】 The analysis shows that China has built an integrated soybean R&D system, which including research system and industrial technology development system. The soybean research system in China includes 184 institutes at four administrative levels: 12 at national level, 76 at provincial level, 50 at prefectural level, 46 at county level or owned by companies, associations. The soybean industrial technology development system is built by Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Ministry of Science and Technology of PRC, National Development and Reform Commission of PRC and some provincial governments. Ministry of Agriculture system is the biggest and the most integrated. 【Conclusion】 China has established a government-led diversified investment soybean R&D system, and soybean breeding is the one spent the most among all research fields.

A Model for Predicting Grain Protein Content in Barley

XU Shou-jun,YANG Heng-shan,FAN Fu,WANG Yun,XU Ru-gen,ZHUANG Heng-yang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3863-3870 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.013

Abstract ( 890 )

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【Objective】 Modelling grain protein composition in barley is of significant importance for establishing production management decision support system. 【Method】 Based on time-course observations on the nitrogen accumulation, assignment, absorption and remobilization under various nitrogen rate regimes with different cultivars, a dynamic model was developed to simulate the nitrogen accumulation and assignment before anthesis and the nitrogen absorption and remobilization model after anthesis in barley. The critical nitrogen content in heading period was used to calculate the biggest accumulation quantity of nitrogen. The latent distribution index of leaf and stem, which was the variety heredity parameter, were used to distinguish the difference in nitrogen assignment in different varieties. The dynamic content of the nitrogen accumulation before anthesis could be described with a Richards model. The dynamic content of the nitrogen remobilization in leaf with leaf area index (LAI) could be described with a power model, and the nitrogen absorption of grain from soil with dry weight could be described with a power model. The dynamic content of nitrogen density in stem and spike with physiological development time(PDT) could be described with a nonlinear model. The model was validated with independent experiment data. 【Result】 The results showed that the absolute prediction error ranges for grain protein contents were 0.04%-1.27%, and RMSEs were 0.20%-0.72%. 【Conclusion】 The present model with empirical and mechanism appears to provide a reliable prediction.

Alleviative Effects of Exogenous CaCl2 on the Inhibition of Photosynthesis Induced by Heat Stress in Tobacco

TAN Wei,LI Qing-liang,LUO Yin ,WANG Wei,YANG Xing-hong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3871-3879 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.014

Abstract ( 1010 )

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【Objective】 The effects of CaCl2 on photosynthesis and antioxidative enzyme activities in tobacco under high temperature stress were investigated to reveal the mechanism of external Ca2+ enhances the thermotolerance of tobacco plants.【Method】 The K326 tobacco plants were sprayed with different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30) of CaCl2 for four days, at the fifth day exposed to 43℃ for 2 hours, then returned to normal growth condition for one day recovery. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence transients (OJIP), MDA content, H2O2 content and the activities of antioxidative enzymes were studied during the process. 【Result】 Under heat stress, CaCl2 pretreatment greatly reduced the decrease in net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm). Moreover,it alleviated the damage of heat stress to electron transportation of PSII center and oxygen-evolving complex, so that the PSII could maintain high activity. CaCl2 pretreatment also greatly enhanced the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX, reduced the accumulation of H2O2, and thus, the active oxygen species were scavenged efficiently; the accumulation of final product of membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA) greatly decreased. The tobacco plants pretreated with 20 mmol?L-1 CaCl2 maintained the highest antioxidant enzymes activities and photosynthetic ability. 【Conclusion】 CaCl2 pretreatment alleviated the heat stress damage to PSII center and oxygen evolving complex via enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities, reducing the accumulation of H2O2 and protecting the membrane from peroxidation. Exogenous CaCl2 application enhanced thermotolerance of tobacco plants under high temperature stress.

Study on Synthesis of HrpNEcc Protein in Recombinant Escherichia coli Induced by Yeast Extract

ZHANG Shu,WANG Min,HAN Mei-lin,CHEN Qiang,MA Rong-cai,GAO Jun-lian

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3880-3887 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.015

Abstract ( 1344 )

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【Objective】 HrpNEcc protein is a kind of cellular signal transduction elicitor, which can induce plants acquiring broad-spectrum disease resistance, worms disperse ability, stress resistance and stimulate plants growth and development through activating multiple-gene expression and regulation of plants heredity system. During the experiment of screening for cheap inducer in high cell density fermentation of recombinant Escherichia coli, the TB medium without adding any exogenous inducer was used as a negative control, surprisingly the negative control showed high expression of HrpNEcc protein. The aim of this study was to find the factors inducing synthesis of the HrpNEcc protein, and study the influence of the sources and concentration of the factors on synthesis of the HrpNEcc protein. 【Method】 The recombinant E. coli was cultured by flask fermentation, and cell pellets was harvested by centrifugation. Total protein was determined by the method of Coomassie brilliant blue, using bovine serum albumin as the standard. The qualitative analysis of protein was performed by SDS-PAGE, the Coomassie-stained protein bands were scanned by Bandscan software to estimate the percentage of HrpNEcc protein in total cellular proteins. And then the concentration of HrpNEcc protein was calculated. 【Result】 The highest yield of HrpNEcc protein of the recombinant E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET30a(+)hrpNEcc reached about 301.45 mg?L-1, when the recombinant E. coli was cultured in TB liquid medium without adding any exogenous inducer. The yield of HrpNEcc protein is 72.43% higher than that of the recombinant E. coli which was cultured in LB liquid medium and was induced with IPTG. Further studies indicated that high content of yeast extract in TB medium was responsible for the high-level synthesis of HrpNEcc protein , probably there are some inducing factors in yeast extract. And it also was found that the expression levels of hrpNEcc gene varied greatly with the concentrations and sources of the yeast extract used in the media. 【Conclusion】 High content of yeast extract is found to be responsible for high-level synthesis of HrpNEcc protein without any exogenous inducer, but the inducing mechanism needs to be further studied.

Damage and Epidemics of Citrus Huanglongbing in Fujian Province

XIE Zhong-chen,LI Jian,SHI Qing,XIE Wen-long,YANG Jian-rong,CHEN Yue-fei,ZHONG Lian-sheng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3888-3897 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.016

Abstract ( 1264 )

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【Objective】 To effectively control citrus huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease), the distribution, damage and epidemics of the disease were investigated in Fujian Province. 【Method】 The distribution of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, the putative pathogen, the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), the insect vectors, and the incidence of HLB were investigated in 245 citrus-producing towns in 48 counties in Fujian Province. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR）assay was carried out to verify the existence of HLB in the collected blotchy mottle leaves and color inversion fruits to analyze the epidemics of HLB. Sliding correlation analysis was applied to select climatic factors associated with HLB occurrence. 【Result】 HLB and D. citri could be observed in all citrus-producing towns and all counties in Fujian with the northern limit of N28°07′ and the altitude of 880 m. The average incidence rate of HLB was 16.59% in Fujian. Significant difference in incidence rate was observed in different varieties with an increasing order of pummelo, sweet orange, mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) The incidence of HLB was negatively correlated with latitude, altitude, slope of orchard. The field incidence was only related to the climate of the last 2 springs in Changtai county (N24°7′) in subtropical zone, with a positive correlation with the sunshine in spring flush period and a negative correlation with the humidity in young fruit period. Therefore, drought in spring could be related to the epidemic of HLB. The color inversion fruits and blotchy mottle leaves are the typical characteristics of HLB, in which “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” were detected in 93.8% and 73.1% of the samples by Nested-PCR, respectively. The reliability of the former is higher than the latter. 【Conclusion】“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”and D. citri could be observed in all citrus-producing areas in Fujian. The outbreak of HLB could occur in severe drought areas in spring. The color inversion fruit could be used to diagnose HLB in fields.

Pathogenicity of 6 Populations of Radopholus similis From Ornamentals to 4 Banana Cultivars

QIN Dan,XIE Hui,PEI Yan-yan,XU Chun-ling,HAN Yu-chun,HUANG Chun-xiao,LI Yun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3898-3903 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.017

Abstract ( 1287 )

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【Objective】 The pathogenicity of 6 populations of Radopholus similis from ornamental introduced into China were tested to seedlings of four banana cultivars. 【Method】 Pot inoculation was used in greenhouse tests. 【Result】 The six populations of R. similis tested obviously infected the roots of Musa paraolisiaca, Musa ABB Pisang Awak and Musa acuminata cv. Mas and reduced their plant growth. However only two populations of R. similis were weakly infected the roots of Musa AAA Giant Cavendish cv. Baxi. 【Conclusion】 The results demonstrated the significantly differences in pathogenicity of 6 populations of R. similis from ornamantals to seedlings of different Musa spp. The pathogenicity of 6 populations of R. similis was significantly different to the same variety of bananas, and different varieties of bananas showed different susceptibility to the same population of R. similis.

Effect of Intercropping Between Wheat and Pea on Spatial Distribution of Sitobion avenae Based on GIS

ZHOU Hai-bo,CHEN Lin,CHEN Ju-lian,CHENG Deng-fa,LIU Yong,SUN Jing-rui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3904-3913 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.018

Abstract ( 1065 )

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【Objective】 In order to research the effect of biodiversity on spatial distribution of Sitobion avenae in wheat, the population density of S. avenae was investigated in wheat fields in Langfang Experimental Station of Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, using wheat intercropped with pea by different patterns, and the field cultivar monoculture of wheat was planted as control. 【Method】 Using the Geographical Information System (GIS) and the traditional analysis methods of spatial distribution, the Kriging-interpolation figures, aggregation indices, Iwao and Taylor′s regression models were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that the spatial distribution of S. avenae was mainly aggregation distribution in intercropping patterns of wheat and pea, by the planting row of pea : wheat in 2﹕2, 2﹕4, 2﹕6, 2﹕8 and wheat monoculture, but the degrees of aggregation were different, 2﹕2 pattern ＞ 2﹕6 pattern ＞ 2﹕4 pattern ＞ wheat monoculture ＞ 2﹕8 pattern. Kriging-interpolation figures indicated that wheat aphids distributed mainly around the field during early stage, and spreaded to the middle of field gradually. There were many aggregation centers mostly at wheat monoculture and 2﹕2 patterns plots during aphid peak period. Compared with each intercropping field, there were higher population densities of aphid in field cultivar monocultures at the level of P＜0.01. 【Conclusion】 Although the reasonable biodiversity in wheat fields could control the population of wheat aphid effectively, but the spatial distribution did not change.

Study on the Death-Feigning Behavior of the Harmful Mollusk, Cathaica fasciola (Draparnaud 1801)

ZHANG Min-zhao,ZONG Yu,WANG Xue-ying,CAI Xue,ZHANG Zhi-yong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3914-3921 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.019

Abstract ( 1500 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of death-feigning in Cathaica fasciola and the effects of some factors such as body weight, temperature, illumination intensity, feeding and starvation on the duration of death-feigning. 【Method】 The effects of body weight, environmental temperature, illumination intensity, feeding and starvation on the duration of death-feigning were studied by touching the two pairs of snail tentacles and the center of head, pressing tail and shell and recording the duration from shrinkage to restoration of the posture of snail body. 【Result】 The death-feigning durations of the examined parts of the snail body increased with the increase of the snail body weight, the illumination intensity and starvation time, but decreased with the decrease of the environmental temperature and the feeding time. The snail body weight correlated highly positively with the duration of death-feigning (P＜0.0001). The death-feigning durations of three groups of snail (groupⅠ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ) under 30-40℃ and fed for 48 h were highly significantly shorter than those under 10℃ and fed for 12 h, respectively (P＜0.01). The death-feigning durations of three groups except the labial tentacles in group V under the lowest illumination intensity (37.8 lx) from electric incandescent lamps were highly significantly longer than those under the highest illumination intensity (4 310 lx) (P＜0.01). Under the same illumination intensity, the illumination from daylight lamps and electric incandescent lamps had different effects on the death-feigning. After being starved for 72 h, the death-feigning durations were highly significantly longer than those for 12 h. 【Conclusion】 After being stimulated, some body parts of Cathaica fasciola can exhibit the death-feigning behavior, the death-feigning durations of the stimulated body parts are related to body weight, temperature, illumination intensity, feeding and starvation.

Effects of Organic Materials on Several Forms of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen and Soil Acidity

LIAN Cheng-yan,ZHANG Tao-lin,WANG Xing-xiang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3922-3932 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.020

Abstract ( 996 )

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【Objective】 In order to prevent soil acidification by regulating soil carbon and nitrogen, the change of several forms of soil carbon, nitrogen and soil pH, and the corrrelations among them were studied after the application of several organic materials.【Method】 Incubation experiments were conducted at the temperature of (25±1)℃. The dynamics of NH4+-N, NO3--N, water-extracted soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-extracted soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) and pH after application of several organic materials (rice straw, Chinese milk vetch and pig manure) were measured. 【Result】 Compared with the control treatment, soil pH, SMBC and WSOC increased after application of organic materials, and increased with the application rates. After application of pig manure, NH4+-N, NO3--N and WSON in soil increased significantly. WSON and NO3--N in soil decreased after application of rice straw and Chinese milk vetch, and decreased with the application rates, while application of rice straw and Chinese milk vetch had no significant effect on NH4+-N. Soil pH reached its maximum between the 7th and 14th day of incubation after application of rice straw and Chinese milk vetch, while increased immediately after application of pig manure, decreased thereafter, and tended to be stable. Compared with the control treatment, soil pH increased by 0.26, 0.23 and 0.09 on average in the treatments of pig manure, rice straw and Chinese milk vetch at the end of incubation for 84 d. Soil pH was positively correlated with SMBC and WSOC in the treatments of organic materials, while soil pH was negatively correlated with WSON and NO3--N after application of rice straw and Chinese milk vetch, and insignificantly correlated with WSON and NO3--N in the treatments of pig manure.【Conclusion】 Application of several organic materials could significantly increase WSOC, SMBC and pH of the soil, with the pH increasing is in the order of pig manure ＞ rice straw ＞ Chinese milk vetch. Dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen are important in relation to the change of soil acidity after application of organic materials, and the relativity is related to the properties of organic materials.

Response of Typical Soil Phosphorus Evolution to Long-term Single Nitrogen Fertilization

QU Jun-feng,LI Ju-mei,XU Ming-gang,DAI Jian-jun,GAO Jing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3933-3939 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.021

Abstract ( 1053 )

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【Objective】 The influence of long term single nitrogen fertilization on the total P and Olsen-P of several typical soils in China was studied. 【Method】 The phosphorus changes of 6 typical soils under different cropping systems and climates were studied based on a 15-year long-term fertilization experiment in China. 【Result】 Results showed that total P and Olsen-P of all tested soils decreased, and the range of total P decrease was from 2.7% to 25.0%. The content of the total P with single nitrogen fertilization decreased more than that of non-fertilizer. The Olsen-P decreased to a value of about 4 mg?kg-1, and its decreased ratio was a few times higher than that of the total P. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, single nitrogen fertilization accelerated the decrease of the total P and Olsen-P, and the soils with low total P decreased much more.

Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer Applied to Topsoil on the Movement and Residual Effect of Nitrate Accumulated in Deep Soil Profile

YUAN Li-jin,JU Xiao-tang,LIU Xin-yu,ZHANG Li-juan,WANG Jue

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3940-3946 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.022

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【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to indicate the effects of phosphate fertilizer applied to topsoil on the movement and residual effect of nitrate which was accumulated in deep soil profile in North China Plain. 【Method】 The injection technique of labeled NO3--N was adopted in a field micro-plot experiment. Three phosphate fertilizer treatments were desigred at each experimental site. The labeled NO3--N was injected in 110 cm soil profile. 【Result】 At this condition, the distribution of residual amount of 15N in each soil profile after wheat harvest was: P60＜P120＜P0. The labeled NO3--N moved at vertical distance. It moved 50 cm to the topper soil profile and 70 cm to the lower.The peak appeared in the depth of 120-140 cm where it was 30 cm below the labeled place. After maize harvest , most 15N was detected in 100-180 cm. The peak moved to 140-160 cm. Maize could absorb the residual 15N with the utilization ratio of nitrate 1.2%, 2.5%, and 2.2% for the treatments of P0, P60, and P120, respectively. The phosphate fertilizer which was applied to topsoil in wheat season made the roots of maize grow better with more root length density and dry root weight than without phosphate fertilizer. The phosphate fertilizer improved the proportion of root length density and dry root weight in 80-150 cm. More deep soil nitrate could be used by maize, so the utilization ratio of nitrate improved.【Conclusion】The residual effect of 15N was influenced by phosphate fertilizer which was applied to wheat. Phosphate fertilizer made the maize roots grow better in 80-150 cm soil profile. So the utilization ratio of nitrate was improved. The accumulation of 15N in soil profile was reduced.

Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Ningxia Irrigation District and Preliminary Study of Load Estimation Methods

YANG Shu-jing,ZHANG Ai-ping,YANG Zheng-li,YANG Shi-qi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3947-3955 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.023

Abstract ( 964 )

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【Objective】 This study was to establish the load estimation method of nitrogen and phosphorus loss from agriculture which was suitable for irrigation district, in order to simply and effectively calculate the agricultural non-point source pollution in irrigation district. 【Method】The nitrogen and phosphorus loss from agriculture in Ningxia irrigation district were assessed by Johnes export coefficient method. The traditional Johnes export coefficient method had been improved in accordance with the characteristics of the irrigation area, in which the irrigation factor on the impact of the output was added. 【Result】 The results showed that TN (total N) factor was 0.9556 and TP (total P) was 0.8776 in Ningxia irrigation district in 2006; according to traditional model, TN rate was 20 296.29 t and TP was 1 092.02 t in 2006, while according to improved model, TN load was 19 395.33 t and TP was 958.30 t in 2006. Compared with the traditional model, the relative error of TN rate of the improved model reduced by 5%, and TP rate reduced by 13%. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that the predicted result of the improved model is more approximately in accordance with the actual pollution of irrigation area than the traditional model, that is to say the improved model is applicable to irrigation district.

Influences of Charcoal Amendment on Adsorption-Desorption of Isoproturon in Soils

TIAN Chao,WANG Mi-dao,SI You-bin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3956-3963 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.024

Abstract ( 1155 )

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【Objective】In order to prevent pesticide leaching from soil, the effects of charcoal amendment on adsorption- desorption of isoproturon in soils were studied and the mechanisms in reducing the loss of isoproturon from soils were suggested. 【Method】 Adsorption-desorption of isoproturon in five different particle sizes of charcoals and three different soils were studied using batch equilibration technique. 【Result】 The results showed that the experimental data were fitted by the Freundlich empirical equation. Charcoal had a great adsorption capacity for isoproturon, and the smaller the particle size of the charcoal, the more the adsorption of isoproturon. The amendment with charcoal improved the adsorption of isoproturon in soils. The adsorption of isoproturon in soils increased with the rate of charcoal amended (correlation coefficient r=0.9568**, P＜0.01). Desorption of isoproturon from charcoals and soils showed significant hystersis effect which was shown by the higher adsorption slope (1/nads) compared to the desorption slope (1/ndes). The hysteresis effects of charcoal on desorption of isoproturon were closely correlated with the content of charcoal in the soils, and the hysteresis index (H) increased with the rate of charcoal amended. Observation of environment scanning electron microscope (ESEM) exhibited the fine pore structure and special surface characteristics of the tested charcoal. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) of isoproturon adsorbed on charcoal suggested probable bonding interactions between isoproturon and charcoal. 【Conclusion】 Charcoal amendment may be an effective management practice for controlling pesticide desorption and leaching in soils.

Invasive Impacts of Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) on the Changes of Microbial Community Structure, Enzyme Activity and Fertility in Soil Ecosystem

LI Hui-na,LIU Wan-xue,DAI Lian,WAN Fang-hao,CAO Yuan-yin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3964-3971 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.025

Abstract ( 1279 )

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【Objective】 In present study, the structure of soil microbial community, activities of soil-enzyme and changes of fertility in different Ageratina adenophora invaded areas were analyzed for understanding the impacts of alien invasive plant on soil ecosystem. 【Method】 Soil samples were taken from different communities: heavily-invaded area, medium-invaded area, newly-invaded area, non-vegetation area, single-native-plant area, and multi-native-plants area, which are within similar ecological situations, soil biota were analyzed by traditional cultural methods, soil enzyme activities and fertilities were measured using the traditional chemical-factor analyzing methods. 【Result】 Compared to non-vegetation and native-plant soils, it was most noticeable that A. adenophora increased soil organic carbon, NO3--N, NH4+-N, available P, available K content and the activities of urase, phosphatase and invertase. NH4+-N content in the heavily-invaded soil was 53.00 mg?kg-1, which was 14.1, 9.9, and 5.9 times as that in the non-vegetation, multi-native-plants and single-native–plant soils, respectively. The activities of urase in the heavily-invaded soil was 2.87, which was 2.9 and 3.9 times more than that in the multi-native-plants and non-vegetation soils, respectively. The quantity of soil fungi, azotobacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria were most abundant in the heavily-invaded area. 【Conclusion】The results indicate that A. adenophora changed soil microbial communities, especially the soil nutrition cycling and soil enzyme related soil microbe groups, probably creating a favorable soil environment which is of benefit to itself. The invasion-induced changes of soil microbial community and physical and chemical properties may be used by A. adenophora to expand rapidly in invasive ranges.

Changes of Soil Nutrients and Microbial Community in Different Cultural Systems Under Greenhouse Condition

ZHANG Xue-yan,LIU Jun,TIAN Yong-qiang,GUO Wen-zhong,GAO Li-hong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3972-3979 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.026

Abstract ( 1212 )

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【Objective】 The aim of this study was to evaluate soil nutrients and microbial community of typical-8-year-old cucumber planting soil by different cultural systems in greenhouse 【Method】 The study was conducted using conventional chemical analysis and selective medium in different cultural systems and periods for 4 years pot experiment. 【Result】 Soil EC, pH, and available nutrients of all treatments were lower than the base soil after four years improvement. Catch garlic reduced soil EC, pH, available N, and K, and showed a significant difference with the control. Catch garlic (CS1) and crop rotation (CS2) reduced the content of soil available nutrients in the second and third year, changed the component of soil microbe, increased B/F value and fall and winter cucumber yield, and reduced Fusarium oxysporum population. 【Conclusion】 Catch garlic in summer season (CS1) and crop rotation (CS2) could improve soil quality and have remediation effects on continuous cucumber soil, as times goes by, the effect will be reduced.

Molecular Markers Closely Linked to the Dominant Male Sterility Gene CDMs399-3 in Brassica oleracea

ZHANG Xin-mei,WU Jian,GUO Ai-guang,ZHANG Hui,FANG Zhi-yuan,WANG Xiao-wu

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3980-3986 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.027

Abstract ( 1027 )

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【Objective】In this study, molecular markers linked to CDMs399-3 gene in Brassica oleracea were screened.【Method】 SRAP and SSR technologies were used to identify markers linked to CDMs399-3 based on BSA method. The bulks were formed using malesterile and malefertile individuals from a segregating BC4 population. 【Result】 A total of 8 SRAP were identified, 1 SSR and 1 SCAR markers closely linked to the male sterility gene. The two flanking markers, ENA14F-CoEm7R and 8C0909, were linked to the CDMs399-3 with a distance of 0.53 cM and 2.55 cM, respectively. ENA14F-CoEm7R was converted into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. 【Conclusion】 The markers developed here founded a solid basis for fining mapping of CDMs399-3 gene and were useful for accurate marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the male sterility gene.

Genetic Analysis of White Flower Color with Mixed Model of Major Gene Plus Polygene in Brassica napus L.

TIAN Lu-shen,NIU Ying-ze,YU Qing-qing,GUO Shi-xing,LIU Li

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3987-3995 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.028

Abstract ( 1001 )

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【Objective】 White flower color in Brassica napus L. was observed quantitatively and the genetic characteristics were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for its applications in rapeseed breeding. 【Method】 Six generations (P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2) of two crosses (HW243×HZ21-1, HW243×Zhongyou 821) were used as genetic populations and fresh petals were taken and scanned with a computer scanner. The characteristic values（CIE RGB system）of petal color were obtained with a self-designed computer software. The genetic characteristics of the white flower color were analyzed with a mixed model of major genes plus polygenes. 【Result】 It was found that the white flower color in Brassica napus L. appeared to be a quantitative trait and its inheritance fitted to a mixed genetic model of two major genes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects plus polygenes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects (the E-0 model). The additive, dominant and epistatic effects of major genes were all important. Heritabilities of the major genes were estimated to be 96.94% and 95.83% in F2, 54.58% and 49.57% in B1, 98.14% and 97.67% in B2. Heritabilities of the polygenes were estimated to be 3.93% and 2.47% in F2, 35.64% and 46.9% in B1, 0.98% and 2.06% in B2. 【Conclusion】 The white flower color in B. napus L. appeared to be a quantitative trait. Its inheritance fitted to a genetic model of two major genes with additive, dominant and epistatic effects plus polygenes with additive, dominant and epistatic effects. The effects of major genes were dominant and the effects of polygenes were relatively small. Heritabilities of the major genes were high, and environmental influence was small.

AFLP and SCAR Markers Associated with Peel Color in Eggplant

LIAO Yi,SUN Bao-juan,SUN Guang-wen,LIU Hou-cheng,LI Zhi-liang ,LI Zhen-xing,WANG Guo-ping,CHEN Ri-yuan

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 3996-4003 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.029

Abstract ( 1005 )

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【Objective】 The study identified the molecular marker linked to the gene which controlled fruit color (fc) or fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant, and tested the application of bulked line analysis in identifying molecular markers. 【Method】With the method of assessing individuals and bulked line analysis, the AFLP technique of DNA analysis was employed to screen the markers linked to gene of interest among 136 accessions including 130 Solanum melongena and 6 relatives. 【Result】 One codominant AFLP marker was identified to be related to the peel color of black purple and purplish red after screening 58 advanced inbred lines individually. Sequencing of the polymorphic fragment indicated that their lengths were 107 bp and 108 bp, respectively, and they were orthologous sequences with an insertion /deletion of only one nucleiotide. The AFLP marker was further converted into SCAR marker. The analysis on another set of 78 accessions, combining with previous data, indicated that the SCAR marker associated significantly with the black purple and purplish color of fruit peel, but with no correlation with other colors. Beside the above marker, another 6 markers showing polymorphic between black purple fruit pool and purplish red ones were also detected using bulked line analysis, and all of them were demonstrated to be highly correlated to the fruit purple color of eggplant as the SCAR marker when tested on the individual lines. 【Conclusion】 The generated SCAR markers and AFLP markers can be used in molecular marker-assisted breeding for fruit peel color in eggplant.

Changes of Fruit Colors and Carotenoid Contents During the Development of Pepper Fruit

DAI Xiong-ze,WANG Li-qun,CHEN Wen-chao,ZHANG Zhu-qing,YANG Bo-zhi,ZOU Xue-xiao,LIU Zhi-min

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4004-4011 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.030

Abstract ( 1116 )

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【Objective】 This article studied the change regularity of carotenoid compositions and contents of pepper fruits with different colors during the development, and analyzed the relationship between pepper fruit color and carotenoid change, providing a reference for breeding new varieties including more capanthin. 【Method】 The compositions and content of carotenoid of pepper fruits at different stages were determined by TLC. 【Result】 Green in period of green fruit and red in maturity varieties: 16 kinds of pigment were isolated. After color-chang period, the content of chlorophyll and a part of yellow carotenoids which were synthesized before the green fruit stage decreased, while the content of combined red, orange and yellow carotenoids after green fruit stage significantly increased. The carotenoid total content and capsanthin content were at a high level in the maturity stage. Milky in period of green fruit and red in maturity varieties: 12 kinds of pigments were isolated. At the green stage, the pigment content was low. With the development of pepper fruit, the content of synthetic yellow carotenoids before the green fruit stage changed very little, but the content of synthesized yellow, orange and red carotenoids after the green fruit stage increased rapidly; the total content of carotenoids was low in the maturity stage, while the capsanthin content was at a high level. Varieties of green in period of green fruit and orange in maturity: 14 kinds of pigments were isolated. The chlorophyll was degraded gradually, the content of combined yellow carotenoids before the green fruit stage changed little, while the content of synthesized yellow and orange carotenoids after the green fruit stage increased rapidly; the total content of carotenoids was higher in maturity stage but no synthetic red carotenoids was observed. Green in period of green fruit, yellow in maturity varieties: 9 kinds of pigments were isolated; The chlorophyll and yellow carotenoids gradually degraded, there was no synthesis of new carotenoids, the carotenoid total content was low in the maturity stage. 【Conclusion】During the development of pepper fruit, the carotenoid composition and content were different in different types. Them tendency of exchange of the same type was almost the similar, but the contents were differences among different varieties. The types which were green in the period of green fruit and red in maturity is the most ideal material for breeding variety including capsanthin with a high level. The route to synthesize carotenoid was different in various colored pepper fruits.

Relationship Between Extrudate Texturization Properties and Physicochemical Properties of Soybeans

ZHANG Bo,DONG Ling,WEI Yi-min,YANG Chun-ming

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4012-4018 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.031

Abstract ( 1028 )

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【Objective】 Relationship between extrusion texturization properties and physicochemical properties of soybeans varieties was investigated. The extrudate texturization properties include special mechanical energy, viscosity in slot die, and extrudates properties, such as texturization degree, tensile break strength, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness.【Method】 Eighteen soybean varieties from Northeast China were studied using a Brabender DSE-25 twin-screw extruder and statistic method of correlation analysis. 【Result】 The results showed that the crude protein content was positively correlated with special mechanical energy and viscosity in slot die during extrusion (α=0.05). Crude protein content and water-soluble protein content were positively correlated with tensile break strength and anti-cut of extrudates (α=0.05). Crude fiber content was negatively correlated with cutting force vertical extrusion direction, texturization degree and springiness of extrudates (α=0.05). Ash content was negatively correlated with special mechanical energy, viscosity in slot die during extrusion and cohesiveness of extrudates (α=0.05). 【Conclusion】 The conclusion is that the crude protein, crude fiber and water-soluble protein contents should be considered in breeding soybean varieties especially for extrusion. The soybean varieties that are suitable for extrudates with high texturization degree, tensile break strength and springiness should be high in protein, high in water-soluble protein and low in fiber content.

Effects of Uncouple Agent DNP Treatment on Browning and Active Oxygen Metabolism in Pericarp of Harvested Longan Fruit

CHEN Lian,CHEN Meng-yin,LIN He-tong,CHEN Yi-hui,LIN Yi-fen,CHEN Shao-jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4019-4026 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.032

Abstract ( 1086 )

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【Objective】 Effects of DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol), the uncouple agent for respiratory, on browning and active oxygen metabolism in pericarp of harvested longan fruits were investigated in this paper. 【Method】 The harvested longan fruits were dipped in 0.1 mmol?L-1 DNP for 0.5 h, while, the control fruits were dipped in distilled water. The fruits were dried prior to packaging and stored at (28?1)℃. During fruit storage, pericarp browning index, contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA), production rate, activities of active oxygen scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), contents of endogenous antioxidant substances such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were determined.【Result】As compared with the control fruits, there were higher browning index and lower ATP content in pericarp of DNP-treated longan fruits. The longan fruits treated with DNP resulted in increased rate of production and kept higher rate of production during the whole storage, reduced the activity of APX and increased the activities of SOD and CAT, significantly decreased the amounts of AsA and GSH, and increased MDA content.【Conclusion】 From the results it can be concluded that DNP-induced browning of longan pericarp may be due to the decrease of active-oxygen-scavenging capacity and the accumulation of active oxygen caused by DNP treatment, which may destroy cell membrane system. And limited energy availability caused by DNP may lead to weaken repair capacity of the damage of cell membrane system. All these factors may disrupt cellular membrane structure, allowing phenolase (polyphenol oxidase, PPO) to react with phenolic substrates and oxidation phenolics to form brown polymers.

Binding Assay for Aflatoxin B1 by 3 Absorbents

LI Juan-juan,SUO De-cheng,SU Xiao-ou

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4027-4034 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.033

Abstract ( 1075 )

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【Objective】 In this study, the in vitro sorption of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) onto different absorbents was characterized, and the in vitro assay result was verified by comparing growth performance and serum protein levels of broilers exposed to aflatoxin-contamination feed. Three absorbents were product A (the main component is yeast cell extracts), product B (the main component is HSCAS) and product C (the compound of yeast product and HSCAS). 【Method】 AFB1 binding capacity by three adsorbents at pH 2.0, 6.0, 8.0, simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid condition, were compared. AFB1 binding speed by three absorbents in vitro conditions were compared. Stability of absorbent-AFB1 complexes in vitro conditions were studied. A total of 240 broilers were assigned to 8 treatments, and the effects of three adsorbents on growth performance and serum protein levels were compared. 【Result】 Product B showed the highest in vitro affinity for AFB1, followed by product C and product A. Product B bounded 97.69% of the AFB1 in solution in 10 min, and it remained over 96.03% in 60 min at pH 8.0. Product A and product C did not show the same efficacy as product B. The product B-AFB1 complex was much stronger than the other two kinds of complex in vitro condition. Feed intake and weight gain decreased (P＜0.05) and feed gain ratio increased (P＜0.05) in the treatment fed aflatoxin-contaminated feed as compared with the control. Serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB) levels were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Product B (0.15%) increased growth performance and improved serum protein levels, product A and product C did not show so effectively as product B. 【Conclusion】 Three absorbents all showed binding capacity for AFB1 in some extent and product B could bind AFB1 more effectively than products A and C. These results indicated that product B could alleviate some of the toxic effect in broilers. It might prove to be beneficial in the management of aflatoxin-contaminated feedstuffs for poultry.

Composition of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols and Its Antioxidant Activities

LI Jian-ke,LI Guo-xiu,ZHAO Yan-hong,YU Chao-zhou

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4035-4041 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.034

Abstract ( 1501 )

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【Objective】 The purpose of the experiment is to study the composition of pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) and its antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. 【Method】 The components and the contents of PPPs were analysed by HPLC, and the antioxidant activities in vitro of PPPs were measured by the methods of deoxidization capability, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation capacity. The effects of PPPs on antioxidant indexes of blood, liver and brain tissue in vivo were investigated by using mice as the experimental materials. 【Result】 Nine phenolic compositions were identified from PPPs extracts, in which the pulicalagin is the main component with the content of 65.75% of total phenols. Antioxidant activities in vitro tests showed that PPPs had high deoxidization capacity, scavenging free radicals activities and anti-lipid peroxidation capacity. Animal experiments showed that PPPs could raise the SOD activities in blood, liver and brain tissue, as well as CAT, GSH-Px activities in blood and liver, but reduce the contents of MDA in blood, liver and brain tissue. 【Conclusion】Pomegranate peel are rich in polyphenols with the main component of pulicalagin, and it has significant antioxidant activities. It is concluded that PPPs may be exploited as a good natural antioxidant as well as an important base material of functional foods and biomedicinals.

The Later Effects of DHA in Diet on Regulating Transcription of Lipid Genes of Broiler

LI Yan,SUN Chao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4042-4050 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.035

Abstract ( 1025 )

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【Objective】 The effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on lipid metabolism in broiler were studied in order to provide test results for PUFA regulating fatty deposition. 【Method】 One-week-old AA Broiler were fed DHA microalgae, and slaughtered after two weeks. The tissues were reserved for isolating total RNA. RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression changes of genes. 【Result】 DHA microalgae significantly increased average body gain and feed conversion rates, reduced the levels of total cholesterol TC, TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, and increased the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. One week later, the effects were still remained. In liver tissue, DHA microalgae increased the expression of PPARα and CPT-1. One week later, it was observed that DHA up-regulated the expression of FAS, ACC, LPL and CPT-1. Two weeks later, it still increased the expression of FAS and CPT-1, but a converse result was observed for ACC and LPL. In adipose tissue, DHA microalgae suppressed the expression of PPARα and LPL, up-regulated the expression of ACC, FAS and CPT-1. After stop adding, the expression of genes in test group were significantly lower than the control group (P＜0.01). In the muscle of chest, DHA microalgae significantly inhibited the gene expressions (P＜0.01). One week later, the expression of FAS, LPL, CPT-1 in test group were significantly higher than the control group (P＜0.05). Two weeks later, it was shown that DHA significantly inhibited fat synthesis and decomposition. In the leg, DHA microalgae significantly declined the expression of FAS, and increased the expression of ACC, LPL, and CPT-1. After one week, the inhibition was still significant. But two weeks later, the contrary result was observed. Chest and leg were not detected a large number of expression of PPARα, probably because of the less expression in muscle tissues or the regulation of PPARα had no relation to the case. 【Conclusion】 DHA microalgae can promote fat synthesis in the liver and inhibit in adipose and muscle tissues. It still has effects after one week of ceasing.

Polymorphism of Exon 2 of FSHβ Gene and Its Relationship with Reproduction Performance in Two Goat Breeds

AN Xiao-peng,HAN Dan,HOU Jin-xing,LI Guang,WANG Ya-na,LI Ling,ZHU Guang-qin,WANG Jian-gang,SONG Yu-xuan,CAO Bin-yun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4051-4057 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.036

Abstract ( 1052 )

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【Objective】 The objectives of the present study were to detect the polymorphism in follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHβ) and investigate the relationship between FSHβ gene and high prolificacy in goats. 【Method】According to the sequence of ovine FSHβ gene, two pairs of primers were designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphism of exon 2 of FSHβ gene in two goat breeds by PCR-SSCP. The least square mean and genetic variance of different genotypes at polymorphic loci were analyzed, and the selection reaction was forecasted by genetic correlation between marker locus and genetic variance of litter size traits. 【Result】 There was one polymorphic locus occurring in exon2 (P2) with three genotypes (EE, EF and FF). In Xinong Saanen dairy goat, EE genotype had significantly higher (P＜0.05) litter size than EF and FF genotype in the first to fourth parity and average parity; EF genotype had significantly higher (P＜0.05) litter size than FF genotype in the second and average parity. In Boer goat, EE genotype had significantly higher (P＜0.01) litter size than EF and FF genotype in the second to fourth parity and average parity; EF genotype had significantly higher (P＜0.05) litter size than FF genotype in average parity. In Xinong Saanen dairy and Boer goat, the heredity of litter size was mainly influenced by genetic additive effect. 【Conclusion】 In Xinong Saanen dairy and Boer goat, the EE genotype is a favorable marker genotype for litter size.

Correlation of C184T Mutation in THRSP Gene with Meat Traits in the Qinchuan Cattle

ZHANG Xiao-bai,ZAN Lin-sen,WANG Hong-bao,HAO Rui-jie,YANG Yan-jie

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4058-4063 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.037

Abstract ( 1038 )

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【Objective】 The study aimed at analysis of a C/T missense mutation founded by direct sequencing at THRSP gene exon1 184 bp locus and investigations of the correlation of the SNP with some meat traits in Qinchuan cattle. 【Method】 Four hundred and five Qinchuan cattles without genetic relationship at age of 18-20 months were selected in this study, and the cattle were kept under the same condition. Individual genotypes of THRSP gene were analyzed by PCR-SSCP method.General linear model (GLM) of SPSS statistical software was used to study the correlation between this SNP and partial meat traits of 93 Qinchuan cattle. 【Result】 This mutation leads to a missense mutation from Val (GTG) to Ala (GCG) at the 51th amino acid. In this locus, PIC (polymorphism information content) is 0.3583, belongs to moderate polymorphisms, He (heterozygosity) is 0.4676, Ne (number of effective allele) is 1.8783. The chi-square test showed that this locus is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＜0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that genotype in this locus has a significant correlation with tenderness and WHC (water holding capacity) traits. Multi-comparison indicated that the tenderness of AA genotype individual is significantly higher than that of AB (P＜0.05), and the WHC of BB is significantly higher than AB (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 This locus is a potential major QTN that affects tenderness and WHC or tightly linked to it, it could be a candidate molecular marker for the beef cattle breeding.

Effects of Heat Stress on Reactive Oxygen Species in Swine Testicular Cells

ZHANG Xiao-feng,LIU Di,WANG Miao,LI Yao

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4064-4068 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.038

Abstract ( 940 )

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【Objective】 To study the effect of heat stress on oxidative injuries in swine testicular cells. 【Method】 Swine testicular cells were divided into 6 groups, 43℃ 1 h, 43℃ 2 h, 43℃ 1 h+37℃ 6 h, 43℃ 2 h+37℃ 6 h, negative and positive groups. Cellular and mitochondrial morphology were observed by using light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Laser confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in testicular cells with ROS test Kit. 【Result】 After 1 h with 43℃ treatment, cells became circular and mitochondria showed partial or extensive denaturation, especially obvious in 43℃ 2 h and 43℃ 2 h+37℃ 6 h groups. There were no significant increase of ROS in testicular cells in 43℃ 1 h group (P＞0.05), but the level of ROS obviously increased in 43℃ 2 h group, compared to the former (P＜0.05), and the level of ROS in 43℃ 1 h and 43℃ 2 h groups also continued to increase after additional 6 h in 37℃, compared to negative group (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 Heat stress could result in the morphological changes of mitochondria of testicular cells and induce oxidative injuries, thus could affect the reproductive function of testis.

Dynamics of Viremia and Antibody Responses in Chickens Inoculated with ALV-J

SUN Bei-bei,CUI Zhi-zhong,ZHANG Qing-chan,LOU Ben-hong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4069-4076 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.039

Abstract ( 1064 )

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【Objective】 To understand the dynamics of viremia, virus shedding and antibody responses in chickens inoculated with avian leukosis vrius subgroup J (ALV-J) and provide essential epidemiological data for prevention and eradicationo of ALV-J infection. 【Method】 Viremia, virus shedding and antibody response were successively measured after inoculation with ALV-J strain HN0001 intraperitoneally ,orally or in contact in SPF chickens at 1 day and 49 days. 【Result】 The dynamics of viremia and antiboty responses were very different in chickens inoculated with ALV-J at different ages. Viremia and p27 in cloaca swabs started to be detected from the 2nd week after inoculation with ALV-J at 1-day-old . In the group inoculated intraperitoneally with ALV-J, 71% (5/7) continuously demonstrated viremia and p27-shedding. Viremia and virus shedding lasted for at least 45 weeks in 3 chickens. Among them, only 1 chicken showed transient antibody reaction at 16-week-old, another 2 were in tolerant viremia without any antibody reactions. In the group inoculated orally with ALV-J, 11% (1/9) demonstrated persistant viremia and p27-shedding but no antibody response, 44% (4/9) showed transient viremia or p27-shedding, and then antibody responses from 8-week-old. No control bird kept in contact with inoculated birds in the same isolators demonstrated viremia or p27-shedding, and also no antibody responses. It indicated there was no horizontal infection. In chickens intraperitoneally inoculated with ALV-J at 49-day-old , neither viremia nor p27-shedding were detected in 5 separate testing during the 19th week after inoculation, but antibody reaction started to be detected 1 week after inoculation. In the orally inoculated chickens or the contacted control chicken, all samples were negative in vriremia, p27-shedding and antibody reactions. 【Conclusion】 Inoculation with ALV-J at 1-day-old easily induced immune tolerence, chickens inoculated demonstrated persistant viremia or p27-shedding, but no antibody reactions. Chickens inoculated with ALV-J at 49-day-old, antibody could detected 1 week after inoculation, but no viremia and p27-shedding were detected. Inoculation routes significantly influenced the dynamic variety of ALV-J inoculation, intraperitoneally injection induced higher viremia levels and increased percentages with tolerant viremia when compared to oral inoculation.

Identification of Fowlpox Virus (FPV) Integrated with Reticuloendotheliosisrus Virus(REV) Gene and Study on Pathology of Chickens Infected with REV-Integrated FPV

WANG Gang,SUN Hong-lei,YU Ying,WU Yu-bao,LOU Ben-hong,LIU Si-dang

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4077-4084 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.040

Abstract ( 979 )

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【Objective】 To examine the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) gene in FPV genome, and to study on the changes of the specific antibody against REV in FP flocks, the cytopathic effect in tissue cells infected by FPV and the histopathological changes in FP chickens. 【Method】 Fowlpox viruses (FPV) were isolated from 9 typical fowlpox (FP) clinical cases identified in Taian and surrounding areas, using PCR to amplify REV-env, LTR sequence, ELISA to test the changes of the specific antibody against REV in FP flocks, electron microscopy to observe the morphous of FPV, and histopathological examination of FP chickens. 【Result】 The results showed that all of the 9 FPV isolates were integrated with REV gene, the tight sphere of the nucleus in infected tissue cells transformed into helix pattern, antibody levels against REV in FP chickens increased significantly. Besides the common pathological changes caused by FP, severe atrophy of spleen, thymus, Bursa, reticuloendothelial cell proliferation, pathologic changes of liver, duodenum and lung were also found. The results of SPF chickens experimental infection by separated and purified FPV showed that the changes of antibody against REV and pathological changes of organs during the healing stage were identified as the changes caused by wild virus. 【Conclusion】 In summary, integration of FPV with REV gene is common in chickens from Taian and surrounding areas, and the pathogenicity of the wild FPV strains integrated with REV gene has changed to some extent.

Protection Against ETEC F41 After Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei

LIU Jian-kui,WEI Chun-hua,HOU Xi-lin,YU Li-yun,WANG Gui-hua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4085-4092 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.041

Abstract ( 1251 )

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【Objective】 The use of live Lactobacillus casei as an antigen delivery system elicit mucosal immunity and thus represents a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination to prevent ETEC F41 infection. 【Method】 The recombinant fusion proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Intranasal immunization of SPF Balb/c mice was performed with recombinant strain harboring pLA-F41/L. casei and pLA/L. casei. Specific anti-F41 IgG antibody in the serum and specific anti-F41 secret immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibody in the lung, intestines, vigna fluid and feces of mice were detected by indirect ELISA after intranasal immunization. The mice intranasaly immunized with pLA-F41/L. casei and pLA/L. casei were challenged with standard-type ETEC F41(C83919). 【Result】 Mice immunized with pLA-F41/L.casei could produce remarkable anti-F41 antibody level. More than 80% of mice survived after challenged with C83919 (2×103LD50). All the mice immunized with a control L. casei harboring pLA vector were died. Eighty-five percent of the pups survived after challenged with C83919, but only a 5% survival rate for pups that were either immunized with a control L. casei harboring pLA vector or unimmunized. 【Conclusion】 These results indicate that mucosal immunization with recombinant L. casei expressing ETEC F41 fimbriae protein on its surface provides an effective means for eliciting protective immune response against the ETEC F41.

Main Geometrical Parameter Models of Rice Blade Based on Biomass

LIU Yan,LU Jian-fei,CAO Hong-xin,SHI Chun-lin,LIU Yong-xia,ZHU Da-wei,SUN Jin-ying,YUE Yan-bin,WEI Xiu-fang,TIAN Ping-ping,BAO Tai-lin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4093-4099 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.042

Abstract ( 997 )

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【Objective】 To develop a geometrical attribute model of leaf blade based on dry weight (DW), which is the output of growth model. 【Method】 Firstly, the model was deduced from the relationship between biomass and geometrical parameters of leaf theoretically. And then, based on observations on leaf length and leaf width of different leaf positions (LP) on main stems under different nitrogen rates and densities with four cultivars (LY108, 86Y8, NJ43, YD 6), the change patterns of specific leaf weight (SLW) with leaf position and the relationship between leaf length and width of rice on main stem were analyzed. 【Result】 The results indicated that the relationship between leaf blade length and width could be expressed in power function, and SLW changed with the leaf position (LP) in quadratic equation. 【Conclusion】 The validation of the model with independent experimental data under different nitrogen rates and densities with four cultivars showed that the RMSE of dynamic leaf length and leaf width on main stem were 2.55 cm and 0.06 cm, respectively, and the model could be used in simulating the geometrical characteristics of rice leaf blade on main stem under different growth conditions.

Study on Application of Image Process in Ear Traits for DUS Testing in Maize

ZHAO Chun-ming,HAN Zhong-zhi,YANG Jin-zhong,LI Na-na,LIANG Gai-mei

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4100-4105 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.043

Abstract ( 1251 )

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【Objective】 The objective of this study is to assess the suitability of image process techniques for measuring and quantifying ear traits in maize DUS tests. 【Method】 The 7 ear traits, namely ear length and width, kernel top and ear axis color, ear shape, ear row number, kernel arrangement, as ruled in The National Guidelines for Maize, were measured by image processes from 50 ears each of four cultivars or 93 up to 107 ear axes each of eight cultivars. Measurements obtained were subjected to different statistical procedures in order to determine adequate data analysis requirements, in the context that the variety evaluation of distinctness. 【Result】 Relative measurement errors were 6.2%, 1.6% and 0.66% respectively for ear length, ear width and ear row number by image process. Individual ear edge angles, as a trait depicting ear shape, ranged from 0 to 2.22 degrees, and mean kernel row angles, as a trait depicting kernel arrangement, varied from 89.4-90.7 degrees among cultivars. Colors and shapes of ears, which, as usual, are quality traits or pseudo-quality traits, were quantified as quantitative traits so that information gain increased. Variations in kernel top color among both ears and sides within ears were tiny, and variations in other traits among sides within ears were smaller than or comparative to among ears. The increased number of traits based on same bulk samples may lead to higher risk of false between-varieties distinctness. Nevertheless, the risk of this kind can substantially be reduced by the mean separation for individual traits with multiple traits adjustment. 【Conclusion】 Image process is a useful tool for gathering and quantifying maize ear DUS and other more traits with advantages of objectivity, efficiency and low cost, when integrated with adequate statistical analysis tools such as the mean separation for individual traits with multiple traits adjustment, and will play more and more important roles in the new maize variety DUS testing in the whole country.

Analysis of Similarity and Variation in Accumulation Pattern of Protein and Oil of the Seeds Between Parents and Recombinant Inbred Lines of Soybean

ZHOU Rui-lian,YANG Shu-de,ZHANG Ping,ZHAO Ha-lin,ZHAO Xue-yong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4106-4114 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.044

Abstract ( 946 )

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【Objective】 Comparison of accumulation pattern of oil and protein between different genotype parent lines and their recombinant inbred lines (RIL) were made to determine how C partitioning into protein or oil in high protein genotypes was achieved and transmitted to progeny selected from crossing between high and low protein parents, which will provide a reference for breeding high protein and high yield soybean seeds. 【Method】 Three genotypic soybean lines (Glycine max L. Merr.), high protein PI(H), low protein PI(L), high yield and low protein parent Evans (E), were used as parent lines and crossed E with H (HxE) and L (LxE) respectively. Then, high protein RIL (HH and LH ) and high oil lines RIL (HL, LL) were selected from HxE and LxE. The seeds of parent lines and RIL were grown in the field. Pods were harvested at 5 d interval from18 d until yellow pod stage yellow. Seed components in the seeds collected from each stage were tested. 【Result】 The seed developmental period of parent lines H and L (48 d) was shorter a that of parent line E (60 d) with plant height, more pods in the plant, but former had higher growth rate than later. RIL with high protein (HH) had similar growth pattern to high protein parent line (H),RIL with low protein (LL) similar to low protein parent line (L) and high yield line (E). The developmental pattern of DW partitioning into protein and oil varied with protein genotype in later season. In the later season of seed development, the protein content in H continued to increase until maturity, while that in L and E accumulated relatively slow. Oil content in H peaked at about 40 DAF and continued to accumulate in .L and E after 40 DAF. In different cross combinations, accumulation patterns of protein and oil in RILs HH (70) and LH(372) selected for high protein were the same as parent H with high protein. While RILs selected for low protein LL(389) and HL(42) had similar accumulation pattern of protein and oil to parent E. In same cross combination, protein content was varied in RIL, accumulation patterns of protein and oil in HH (70) were similar to H, while RILs HL (42) resembled the pattern in E.【Conclusion】 The protein and oil contents in mutured seeds were determined by C partitioning during the development of the seeds. RILs segregated with differences in protein and oil content were associated with partitioning of C into protein continued after mid fill. This result indicates that improving protein content requires a greater understanding of mechanisms regulating assimilate flux within the embryo.

Effect of Flue-curing on Enzymes Activities and Components of Cell Wall and Economic Characters of Tobacco Leaves with Nano Coating Barn

WU Sheng-jiang,SONG Zhao-peng,HUO Kai-ling,CHENG Long,WANG Zhan-yi,GONG Chang-rong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4115-4119 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.045

Abstract ( 1002 )

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【Objective】 The effect of nano coating on the main enzymes activities, components of cell wall and economic characters of tobacco leaves was studied during the flue-curing in order to provide a theoretical basis for optimization of curing technology and its application in large areas. 【Method】 Differences in physiological and biochemical reactions of cell wall and economic characters of upper leaves between the treatment of nano coating and control were studied by using the electric-heated flue-curing barn designed and made by Henan Agricultural University. 【Result】 The peaks of the pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase activities appeared at 42℃, 48℃ and 38℃, respectively. The peaks of the PG and cellulase activities appeared earlier than that of the control, but the enzymes activities of cell wall were lower than the control in the later curing. The content of cellulose in treatment was always obviously higher than the control and the cured sample of treatment was 12 mg?g-1 higher than the control. The content of soluble pectin, protopectin and total pectin in treatment was also obviously higher than the control when the temperature was higher than 42℃. The highest content of total pectin in treatment was 6.34% at 42℃. High class leaf and total output value in treatment increased by 7.33% and 16.56% respectively as compared with the control and the differences between them were all highly significant. At the same time the weight per leaf was 0.71 g higher than the control and the difference was significant.【Conclusion】Nano coating had a great effect on enzymes activities and components of cell wall and economic characters of upper leaves. The result showed that it could improve economic benefit. It has provided a reference for further application of curing technology on the basis of the functions of nano coating and the change rules of physiological and biochemical reactions of cells of tobacco leaves with nano coating barn treatment.

Nematicidal Activity and Control Efficiency of Pyroligneous Liquor on Meloidogyne spp.

LI Wei-jiao,LI Qiang,HU Xian-qi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2009, 42(11): 4120-4126 . doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.11.046

Abstract ( 994 )

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【Objective】 Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the major pathogens of crop diseases. Effective control of root-knot nematode diseases requires development of products that are effective, economical and environmentally safe. This study investigated the nematicidal activity of pyroligneous liquor on J2 of Meloidogyne spp. and the effectiveness of pyroligneous and its powder in controlling root-knot nematode diseases. 【Method】 Nematicidal activity of pyroligneous for J2 of Meloidogyne spp. with dipping method was determined at various dilution ratios. Results of the laboratory study were used in the design of treatments in green house and field trials. 【Result】 The pyroligneous liquor at various dilution ratios had nematicidal activity on the J2 of 4 common Meloidogyne spp.. Nematicidal activity of pyroligenous liquor decreased as dilution ratio increased. Mortalities of J2 of four common root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla, M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica were 76.3%, 78.4%, 77.9% and 72.2%, respectively, at 72 hours after treatment with pyroligneous solution at 1:150 dilution ratio. Results from field studies indicated that pyrogenenous liquor and its powder were effective at controlling megranate root-knot nematode disease, with efficiencies of 63.9% and 50.5%, respectively. Pyroligneous liquor and its powder also had control efficiency on tomato root-knot nematode disease, in Xundian County were 54.1% and 28.6% respectively,and in Gejiu were 27.8% and 19.6%, respectively.【Conclusion】 These results show that pyroligneous liquor has nematicidal activity on J2 of Meloidogyne spp. and control efficiency on megranate and tomato root-knot nematode diseases. The pyroligneous liquor is a kind of effective resource with exploitative prospect and potential application value in the field of root-knot nematode diseases control.

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