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Research Progress of PPR Protein in Plant Abiotic Stress Response LI Cheng, LU Kai, WANG CaiLin, ZHANG YaDong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (24): 4801-4813.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.24.001 Abstract （579）   HTML （81）    PDF （499KB）（5795）       Knowledge map    Save Abiotic stress is one of the main factors causing global grain yield reduction. It is of great significance to study the function and response mechanisms of plant stress-related proteins to improve crop stress resistance. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, belong to the largest family of nuclear coding proteins in higher plants and are named because they contain highly specific PPR motifs. Depending on motif type and arrangement, PPR proteins can be classified as P and PLS, and PLS proteins can be further classified as PLS, E, E+, DYW, and other subclasses based on their carboxyl-terminal domains. PPR proteins are widely distributed in terrestrial plants, mainly in chloroplasts and mitochondria, and a few in the nucleus. As sequence-specific RNA binding proteins, PPR proteins are involved in multiple aspects of plant RNA processing, including RNA editing, splicing, stabilization, and translation. PPR protein plays a variety of important roles in the whole life process of plants, but the mechanism of its action in plant stress resistance is not well understood. Based on the localization and function of PPR proteins related to abiotic stress reported, the mechanism of PPR proteins involved in regulation of abiotic stress, including post-transcriptional regulation and retrograde signaling, was reviewed and discussed in this paper. Post-transcriptional regulation is related to the role of PPR proteins in the modification of RNA after transcription. It is generally believed that PPR affects stress resistance in plants by regulating the expression of stress-related genes via binding RNA and by regulating the metabolism of organelle RNA. In terms of retrograde signaling, damage to PPR proteins can lead to impaired mitochondrial or chloroplast function, and then produce various retrograde signals (such as ROS), thereby regulating the expression of related genes and resisting adversity. However, since plastid signaling is affected by many environmental factors, some of which are still unclear, the mechanism of the PPR protein in retrograde signaling remains to be clarified. In addition, PPR proteins are pleiotropic and some have important effects on plant growth and reproduction while acting on stress resistance. Finally, this paper further analyzed the current research status of PPR protein as an RNA editing tool, discussed the remaining problems and research prospects of PPR protein in the direction of abiotic stress, and pointed out the key points and difficulties that need to be paid attention to in future research, to provide references for further research on PPR protein and crop abiotic stress resistance breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Succession of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities in Continuous Cropping Watermelon GUO HanYue, WANG DongSheng, RUAN Yang, QIAO YiZhu, ZHANG YunTao, LI Ling, HUANG QiWei, GUO ShiWei, LING Ning, SHEN QiRong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4245-4258.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.009 Abstract （289）   HTML （41）    PDF （3190KB）（5674）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous cropping on the construction and potential functions of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon, and to clarify the adaptability of rhizosphere microorganisms to environmental changes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for ecological control of watermelon continuous cropping obstacles and healthy maintenance of farmland.【Method】In this study, the rhizosphere soil of watermelon without continuous cropping (CK), continuous cropping for 2 times and continuous cropping for 6 times was used as the research object. 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the effects of continuous cropping on the bacterial and fungal communities of rhizosphere soil of watermelon.【Result】With the increasing continuous cropping times, the bacterial diversity index in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while the fungal diversity index decreased significantly. At the bacterial genus level, multiple times of continuous cropping decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas and Lysobacter in watermelon rhizosphere soil; at the fungal genus level, the relative abundance of Fusarium increased with the continuous cropping times. Compared with CK, the network complexity of continuous cropping was higher, but the stability of network structure was lower. In addition, compared with CK, the relative abundance of biodegradation pathways of harmful substances and metabolic pathways of amino acids could be significantly reduced after continuous cropping for 6 times; the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi significantly increased in the fungal community after continuous cropping for 6 times. During community succession, the stochastic processes dominated rhizosphere bacterial community construction in watermelon under continuous cropping, while the deterministic processes dominated rhizosphere fungal community construction in watermelon.【Conclusion】Continuous cropping caused changes in community characteristics, functional composition and succession process of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. The decrease of key functions of bacterial community, the increase of pathologic fungi and the decrease of stability of microbial community network might be the important factors leading to occurrence of watermelon continuous cropping obstacles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Machine Learning for Genomic Selection in Animals LI MianYan, WANG LiXian, ZHAO FuPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3682-3692.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.015 Abstract （755）   HTML （67）    PDF （570KB）（5374）       Knowledge map    Save Genomic selection is defined as using the molecular marker information that covered the whole genome to estimate individual’s breeding values. Using genome information can avoid many problems caused by pedigree errors so as to improve selection accuracy and shorten breeding generation intervals. According to different statistical models, methods of estimated genomic breeding value (GEBV) can be divided into based on BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) theory, based on Bayesian theory and others. At present, GBLUP and its improved method ssGBLUP have been widely employed. Accuracy is the most used evaluation metric for genomic selection models, which is to evaluate the similarity between the true value and the estimated value. The factors that affect the accuracy can be reflected from the model, which can be divided into controllable factors and uncontrollable factors. Traditional genomic selection methods have promoted the rapid development of animal breeding, but these methods are currently facing many challenges such as multi-population, multi-omics, and computing. What’s more, they cannot capture the nonlinear relationship between high-dimensional genomic data. As a branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning is very close to biological mastery of natural language processing. Machine learning extracts features from data and automatically summarizes the rules and use to make predictions for new data. For genomic information, machine learning does not require distribution assumptions, and all marker information can be considered in the model. Compared with traditional genomic selection methods, machine learning can more easily capture complex relationships between genotypes, phenotypes, and the environment. Therefore, machine learning has certain advantages in animal genomic selection. According to the amount and type of supervision received during training, machine learning can be classified into supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The main difference is whether the input data is labeled. The machine learning methods currently applied in animal genomic selection are all supervised learning. Supervised learning can handle both classification and regression problems, requiring the algorithm to be provided with labeled data and the desired output. In recent years, the application of machine learning in animal genomic selection has been increasing, especially in dairy and beef cattle. In this review, machine learning algorithms are divided into three categories: single algorithm, ensemble algorithm and deep learning, and their research progress in animal genomic selection were summarized. The most used single algorithms are KRR and SVR, both of which use kernel tricks to learn nonlinear functions and map data to higher-dimensional kernel spaces in the original space. Currently commonly used kernel functions are linear kernel, cosine kernel, Gaussian kernel, and polynomial kernel. Deep learning, also known as a deep neural network, consists of multiple layers of connected neurons. An ensemble learning algorithm refers to fusing different learners together to obtain a stronger supervised model. In the past decade, the related literature on machine learning and deep learning has shown exponential growth. And its application in genomic selection is also gradually increasing. Although machine learning has obvious advantages in some aspects, it still faces many challenges in estimating the genetic breeding value of complex traits in animals. The interpretability of some models is low, which is not conducive to the adjustment of data, parameters, and features. Data heterogeneity, sparsity, and outliers can also cause data noise for machine learning. There are also problems such as overfitting, large marks and small samples, and parameter adjustment. Therefore, each step needs to be handled carefully while training the model. This paper introduced the traditional methods of genomic selection and the problems they face, the concept and classification of machine learning. We discussed the research progress and current challenges of machine learning in animal genomic selection. A Case and some application suggestions were given to provide a certain reference for the application of machine learning in animal genomic selection. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Caragana korshinskii Kom. on Serum Indexes, Rumen and Colon Microbiota of Tan Sheep HAN Jing, WANG XiaoQi, DUAN ZiYuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2812-2827.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.015 Abstract （198）   HTML （12）    PDF （1783KB）（4891）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to examine the effects of Caragana korshinskii Kom. (CK) at the rate of 10% of the diet on blood lipids, immune indicators, and rumen and colon microbiota of Tan sheep, so as to provide a theoretical basis for CK being partial Tan sheep forage. 【Method】 Twelve Tan sheep (4-month-old) with an initial average weight of 27.5 ± 3.32 kg were randomly divided into 2 groups (6 in each group): NC group was fed with 30% concentrate and 70% alfalfa; CK group, with 30% concentrate, 60% alfalfa and 10% CK, and drinking water ad libitum. The nutrient composition of the two groups were similar, but the fiber content of CK was slightly higher than that of alfalfa. The preparatory experiment was in 10 days and the formal experiment was lasted for 60 days. At the end of the 60 days, jugular vein blood was collected to measure blood biochemical indexes (blood lipids and immune factors) and rumen fluid, and colon content were collected to detect the changes of flora in rumen and colon, respectively, by 16S rRNA sequencing method. Through construction of the recombinant plasmid, such as Selenomona, Prevotella, Blautia, Desulfovibrio, Ruminococcus and Bacteroides, the absolute quantitative of important genera were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) comparing to its standard curve, respectively. 【Result】 At the end of the trial period, the end weight and daily average feed intake of Tan sheep were similar between two groups. Compared with NC group, the indexes related to the lipid absorption and digestion in CK group decreased, such as the content of serum triglyceride (TRIG, P<0.05) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL, P<0.01) decreased markedly, while the concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) tended to decrease significantly (0.05<P<0.1). The inflammatory and lipolytic factor, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), increased significantly (P<0.05) whereas the inflammatory factor, γ-Interferon (IFN-γ) marked decreased tendentiously (P=0.058). By analyzing microflora of rumen fluid and colon contents, adding CK to diet increased community Shannon diversity index of colonic bacteria communities significantly (P<0.01), while tended to decrease the Chao1 index in rumen (0.05<P<0.1). Compared with NC group, the relative abundance of Oscillospira under CK decreased (P=0.07), while that of Akkermansia notable under CK increased (P<0.05) in rumen. The relative abundance of harmful bacteria, like Treponema, and carbohydrate degradation related Bacteroides significantly decreased (P=0.059, P=0.061), but that of Oscillospira, which a butyric acid producing bacteria related to obesity, constipation and immunity, gained markedly (P<0.05) in colon under CK. It was evidently deduced that the bacterial communities in rumen and colon had significant difference on the capacities for lipid metabolism and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolite between two groups (P<0.05). Based on Pearson correlation analysis, it was showed that the level of serum TRIG was positively correlated with rumen and colonic Pseudobutyrivibrio (P<0.05), which was both fiber degrading bacteria and butyric acid producing bacteria. 【Conclusion】 There was no significant effect of CK partial substitution for alfalfa on the growth performance of Tan sheep, but could reduce the concentrations of serum TRIG, LDL and VLDL through affecting the gastrointestinal tract microbiota, and then participate in the lipid metabolism of the host. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Mechanisms of Pre-Harvest Sprouting and Resistant Breeding in Wheat DONG HuiXue, CHEN Qian, GUO XiaoJiang, WANG JiRui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (7): 1237-1254.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.003 Abstract （993）   HTML （69）    PDF （692KB）（4764）       Knowledge map    Save Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to the germination of cereal crops on the spike in high humidity conditions before grain harvest. Wheat PHS is a significant problem that affects both the yield and quality of wheat. Seed dormancy level is a major factor influencing the resistance of wheat PHS, and domesticated crops often exhibit reduced seed dormancy levels, making cultivated wheat more prone to PHS compared to its wild ancestors. Wheat PHS is mainly regulated by external environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, as well as internal plant hormones (GAs, ABA, IAA, MeJA, ET, BR). Researchers have identified a range of materials resistant to PHS, cloned key genes regulating PHS resistance, such as PM19, MFT, MKK3, Myb10-3D, Vp1. New wheat materials resistant to PHS have been successfully developed through molecular marker-assisted selection, artificial synthesis of wheat, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. This article reviews the genetic mechanism of PHS resistance in wheat and the latest progress in PHS resistance breeding research. In the future, it is necessary to continue exploring key genes related to PHS resistance, and employ biotechnological breeding methods to cultivate new PHS-resistant wheat varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Synergistic Application of Organic Materials and Chemical Fertilizers on Bacterial Community and Enzyme Activity in Wheat-Maize Rotation Fluvo-Aquic Soil ZHANG LingFei, MA Lei, LI YuDong, ZHENG FuLi, WEI JianLin, TAN DeShui, CUI XiuMin, LI Yan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3843-3855.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.011 Abstract （532）   HTML （42）    PDF （1745KB）（4204）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This experiment studied the effects of long-term synergistic application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers on soil bacterial community and enzyme activity, and revealed the relationship between soil nutrients, extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial community, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating long-term and reasonable fertilization strategies under wheat-maize rotation system in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Method】 Based on a 10-year located experiment, five treatments were set up, including no fertilization (NF), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw return (NPKS), 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm-2 pig manure (NPKP), and 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm-2 cow manure ( NPKC ). 【Result】 (1) The combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers ( NPKS, NPKP and NPKC ) could significantly improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, among which NPKC treatment had the most significant effect. Compared with NPK treatment, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased by 13.8%-15.4%, 9.7%-15.5%, 7.2%-15.9%, 13.6%-38.5%和2.5%-13.1%. (2) Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition. In the wheat season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aggregatilinea and Parachlamydia, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, Nonomuraea and Flexilinea, while NPKC treatment only significantly increased the abundance of Luteitalea. In the maize season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Phycisphaera and Syntrophothermus, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Gemmatimonas, and NPKC treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aquipuribacter and Desulfosoma. (3) The results of functional prediction showed that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could promote soil carbon and nitrogen cycling compared with long-term single application of chemical fertilizer. In particular, the NPKC treatment had a strong effect on nitrification, ureolysis, aromatic compound degradation, xylanolysis and cellulolysis. (4) Mental analysis showed that soil pH was the main factor regulating bacterial community structure and ecological function in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (especially chemical fertilizers combined with cow manure) could improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, significantly change the structure and composition of bacterial communities, and promote the circulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, thus construct an environment suitable for crop and bacterial growth in fluvo-aquic soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in Topsoil Organic Matter Content and Composition of a Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol Amended with Maize Residue in Different Forms from the Tai Lake Plain, China CHEN ShuoTong, XIA Xin, DING YuanJun, FENG Xiao, LIU XiaoYu, Marios Drosos, LI LianQing, PAN GenXing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2518-2529.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.007 Abstract （283）   HTML （31）    PDF （1130KB）（4119）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was to explore the changes in topsoil organic matter content and composition of a rice paddy with crop residue return in different forms, in order to provide the useful information for crop residue utilization and paddy soil carbon sequestration.【Method】 In June, 2015, compared with no straw amendment (CK), untreated (CS), manured (CM) and pyrolyzed (CB) maize residue were returned at 10 t C·hm-2 to a paddy topsoil in Tai Lake Plain, China. Topsoil (0-15 cm) samples were collected at rice harvest in November respectively of 2015, 2017 and 2019, and the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and molecular composition were analyzed using 13C isotope and biomarker assays. 【Result】Compared with CK, topsoil OC was significantly increased by 8%-36% in 2015 and 2017 with all the residue amendment treatments, but increased by 24% only under CB in 2019, with the SOC increases mainly from the input biochar. The abundance of lignin phenols in the topsoil under CS and CM peaked after 2-year amendment, and increased by 115% and 66% relative to CK, respectively. After 4 years, molecular abundance of plant-derived lipids increased significantly under all the amendments and the abundance ratio of plant- to microbe-derived lipids (PL/ML) and Shannon diversity of biomarkers (H’) were significantly enhanced. 【Conclusion】Compared with untreated and manured residue, pyrolyzed residue returning enhanced SOC sequestration and the molecular diversity of organic matter, through the retention of plant-derived components in the paddy soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Non-Destructive Monitoring of Rice Growth Key Indicators Based on Fixed-Wing UAV Multispectral Images WANG WeiKang, ZHANG JiaYi, WANG Hui, CAO Qiang, TIAN YongChao, ZHU Yan, CAO WeiXing, LIU XiaoJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4175-4191.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.004 Abstract （577）   HTML （43）    PDF （2299KB）（3934）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】In recent years, with the rapid development of remote sensing technology, real-time and non-destructive monitoring of crop growth status has become a research hotspot. Remote sensing-derived agricultural information will provide guidance for the precise management of large-scale crops. Among various remote sensing monitoring platforms, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted wide attention due to their simple operation and low cost. UAVs equipped with multispectral cameras can quickly obtain crop growth conditions.【Objective】This study attempted to combine texture information and spectral information of multispectral images of fixed-wing UAVs to explore the monitoring effect of “atlas” information on rice growth indicators.【Method】A two-year rice field experiment involving different sowing dates, varieties, planting methods and nitrogen levels was conducted. During the key growth stages of rice, remote sensing images of the rice canopy were obtained using a Sequoia multispectral camera mounted on a fixed-wing UAV. Shoot destructive sampling was conducted simultaneously to obtain leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass (AGB), plant nitrogen content (PNC) and other agronomic indexes of rice. Simple regression, partial least squares regression and artificial neural network algorithms were used to construct rice growth index monitoring model based on multispectral images of fixed-wing UAV. The monitoring effects of spectral texture information in different models were compared and analyzed.【Result】The quantitative relationship between vegetation index (VI), single-band texture features and rice LAI, AGB, and PNC was explored using simple linear regression. The results showed that vegetation indexes had strong correlations with LAI and AGB, with the best-performing indexes being CIRE and NDRE, with R2 values of 0.80 and 0.76, respectively. However, for PNC monitoring, vegetation indexes did not achieve ideal results, with the best-performing RESAVI and NDRE having R2 values of only 0.13 with PNC. Further analysis using simple linear regression revealed that single-band texture features did not perform well in monitoring rice growth indicators. In order to further analyze the monitoring effect of image texture on the above three indexes, normalized texture indexes (NDTI), ratio texture indexes (RTI), and difference texture indexes (DTI) were constructed by referring to the construction method of VI. Correlation analysis showed that the newly constructed texture index (TI) improved the monitoring accuracy of rice growth indicators compared to single-band texture feature but did not perform better than vegetation indexes. To combine spectral and texture information, partial least squares and artificial neural network modeling methods were adopted in this paper. VI and VI+TI were used as different input parameter combinations to construct rice LAI, AGB and PNC monitoring models. The results showed that both partial least squares and artificial neural network modeling methods significantly improved the monitoring accuracy compared to simple linear regression. The best performance was achieved using VI+TI as input variables and an artificial neural network model for validation, with validation R2 values for LAI, AGB, and PNC models increasing from 0.75, 0.72, and 0.26 to 0.86, 0.92, and 0.86, respectively, while RMSE values were significantly reduced.【Conclusion】The monitoring accuracy of rice LAI, AGB and PNC can be effectively improved by using the fixed-wing UAV to collect multispectral images of rice canopy and using the texture features and reflectance information as input parameters of the model through the model construction method of artificial neural network. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for rapid monitoring of large area crop growth. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening Regulatory Genes Related to Luffa Fruit Length and Diameter Development Based on Transcriptome and WGCNA CHEN MinDong, WANG Bin, LIU JianTing, LI YongPing, BAI ChangHui, YE XinRu, QIU BoYin, WEN QingFang, ZHU HaiSheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4506-4522.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.012 Abstract （450）   HTML （62）    PDF （3099KB）（3905）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to identify the co expression modules of luffa fruit length and diameter development and to screen key regulatory genes, so as to provide the theoretical basis for subsequent research on the molecular mechanism of fruit shape control in luffa. 【Method】 The luffa fruits in 9 fruit development stages (2 days before anthesis, and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 days after anthesis) were applied as research materials. The fruit length and diameter of each stage were measured. The WGCNA method was used to jointly analyze transcriptome and fruit length and diameter data, to identify co-expressed gene modules of fruit length and diameter development, and to screen out key regulatory genes.【Result】A total of 14 co expression modules were identified by WGCNA, among which two modules (Turquoise and Lightpink4) were significantly correlated with fruit length and diameter (absolute value of correlation coefficient=0.9); Turquoise module was significantly positively correlated, while Lightpink4 module was significantly negatively correlated. KEGG enrichment analysis found that the Turquoise module was significantly enriched in endocytosis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways, which were closely related to fruit enlargement and growth regulation, and could be used as a key gene module for studying fruit length and diameter in luffa. According to the connectivity and functional annotation of genes in Turquoise module, ten key regulatory genes were screened, including xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene XTH23, actin-depolymerizing factor gene ADF2, chaperone protein gene DnaJ10, expansin gene (EXPA1, EXPA4 and EXLA5), kinesin gene kinesin-13A, auxin response genes SAUR21, and Aux/IAA11. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression levels of ten regulatory genes significantly increased after the fruit entered the rapid growth period (8 day after anthesis), with an increase of 2-50 times approximately. Through constructing a gene interaction network, it was found that some candidate genes interacted with the WRKY, bHLH, and HSF transcription factor families.【Conclusion】The Turquoise module, an important co expression module of luffa fruit length and diameter was obtained, and ten potential candidate genes for luffa fruit shape control were screened. It was found that luffa fruit length and diameter development regulation mainly involved the processes of cell wall reconstruction, cell development and differentiation, and auxin regulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overexpressing NPR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana Enhanced Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Powdery Mildew in Cucumis sativus FENG XiangJun, WANG HongYu, YU Jing, CHI ChunYu, DING GuoHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2701-2712.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.006 Abstract （313）   HTML （27）    PDF （2293KB）（3893）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is susceptible to many diseases, especially Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. Although chemical control is effective, it is limited due to high residue and difficult degradation. Breeding cucumber varieties with broad-spectrum and long-lasting disease resistance is the fundamental strategy to solve this problem. Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is a key regulator in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is involved in regulating the expression of a variety of defense-related genes and affecting plant disease resistance.【Objective】Overexpression of AtNPR1 in cucumber was used to explore the resistance of transgenic cucumber to Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew, and to provide experimental basis for breeding cucumber varieties with stronger and more lasting disease resistance.【Method】The AtNPR1 of Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned, the AtNPR1 overexpression vector was constructed, and the cucumber was transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method to obtain transgenic cucumber plants with overexpression of AtNPR1. The expression levels of related defense genes in transgenic plants were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) method. Transgenic plants of T0 generation were selected for resistance identification of Fusarium wilt, and transgenic plants of T1 generation were selected for resistance identification of powdery mildew. After inoculation transgenic plants with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and Golovinomyces cichoracearum, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified.【Result】Eight transgenic plants of the T0 generation were successfully obtained, among which OE#4 and OE#5 exhibited high expression levels of AtNPR1, while OE#3 showed low expression levels. Analysis of the expression level of related defense genes in transgenic plants revealed that those plants overexpressing AtNPR1 exhibited stronger and faster expression of several defense genes. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the expression levels of defense genes and AtNPR1 in transgenic plants. Among them, the expression levels of PR1, PR4 and WRKY70 were significantly up-regulated. The results of disease resistance identification of transgenic plants showed that the transgenic plants exhibited more significant resistance, slower onset, mild symptoms, and significantly lower lesion area than wild type (WT) plants when subjected to the stress of Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. The transgenic T0 plants OE#4 and OE#5 exhibited no discernible lesions 3 days post-inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, but displayed gray-brown lesions after 7 days without any signs of wilting. Conversely, the WT plants showed gray-brown lesions and slight wilting at 3 d post-inoculation, followed by severe leaf wilting at 7 d. After 7 days of inoculation with G. cichoracearum, both T1 generation plants OE#2 and OE#7 as well as wild type (WT) plants exhibited lesions. However, the lesion area in OE#2 and OE#7 was significantly smaller than that in WT. After 15 days of inoculation, chlorosis appeared on the leaves of WT plants while the transgenic plants remained mildly affected. Compared with WT plants, transgenic plants exhibited lower MDA content and maintained higher levels of SOD, POD and CAT activities after inoculation. Additionally, the accumulation of ROS was less.【Conclusion】Overexpression of AtNPR1 in cucumber enhances its resistance against Fusarium wilt and powdery mildew. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transcriptome and Proteome Association Analysis to Revealthe Molecular Mechanism of Baxi Banana Seedlings in Response to Low Temperature LIN Wei, WU ShuiJin, LI YueSen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (8): 1575-1591.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.08.012 Abstract （235）   HTML （18）    PDF （6769KB）（3824）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Low temperature is a significant natural disaster that affects banana production. In this study, based on transcriptome and proteome association analysis, the regulatory network of genes, proteins, signals and metabolic pathways involved in banana cold resistance was investigated. The aim was to explore the molecular mechanism of banana cold resistance. 【Methods】 ‘Baxi’ banana (Musa nana Lour) was treated at 7 ℃ for 1 and 3 d, and a control group was treated at 28 ℃. Based on the proteome data obtained in the previous study, the transcriptome sequencing technology was used to detect changes in the gene regulatory network of banana under cold stress. Simultaneously, the correlation analysis was conducted with proteomics to analyze the molecular mechanism of banana response to cold stress. 【Result】 Transcriptome analysis revealed that 11 370, 15 460 and 9 619 differentially expressed genes were identified in the three comparison groups of Cold1 vs CK, Cold3 vs CK and Cold1 vs Cold3, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in several key signaling metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis signal, glutathione metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis under low temperature stress. Moreover, there were significant differences in the enrichment degree of glutathione metabolic pathway between Cold1 d vs CK and Cold3 d vs CK. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed on several differentially expressed genes. Among them, the expression levels of key low-temperature regulatory genes, such as DREB, MAPK and MYB, were significantly increased after the low-temperature treatment. The expression trend of the selected 20 genes was essentially consistent with that of RNA-seq, confirming the accuracy of RNA-seq. The results of the transcriptome and proteome association analysis showed a positive correlation between the transcriptome and proteomics. A total of 6 211 proteins corresponding to transcripts were identified. Among these, 105 transcripts and their proteins were up-regulated, while 218 transcripts and their proteins were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins were enriched in functions, such as photoresponse, chloroplast and oxidoreductase activity. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of differentially expressed genes and protein KEGG pathway revealed that the low temperature treatment suppressed the expression of genes and proteins related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis signaling pathway, while promoting the expression of proteins associated with α-linolenic acid metabolism and the glutathione pathway. 【Conclusion】 The transcriptome and proteomics were used to map the regulatory network of banana cold resistance at the gene and protein levels. It was found that the signal pathway of banana response to low temperature mainly involved photosynthesis signal, glutathione metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism and phenylpropanol biosynthesis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of Anti-Apoptotic Protein GRP94 Interaction Proteins in Porcine Hepatic Stellate Cells by Immunoprecipitation Combined with LC-MS/MS WANG XiaoHong, XING MingJie, GU XianHong, HAO Yue Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 3020-3031.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.015 Abstract （169）   HTML （8）    PDF （1627KB）（3813）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】 Extensive stress reactions often occur in pigs due to poor breeding environment, thick subcutaneous fat and lack of sweat glands in pigs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) may be the earliest stress response, which is closely related to apoptosis and metabolism. Liver is the main metabolic organ of the body. In the process of pig breeding, the artificial operations, such as weaning, feed mildew, and inhalation of harmful gases and temperature changes, will cause ERS in pig liver, which will not only cause liver damage, but also cause liver fat metabolism disorder and extensive inflammatory reaction, affecting animal production performance and reproductive performance. The regulation of ERS in production is helpful to reduce the recessive loss in the pig breeding process. 【Objective】 Immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry was used to screen the cellular proteins interacting with glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) in porcine hepatic stellate cells (HSC) under ERS condition, which could lay a foundation for further study on the protective mechanism of GRP94 on biological function of HSC. 【Method】 Protein complexes bound to GRP94 bait protein were eluted, collected, and verified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The successfully verified sample eluent was detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the interaction proteins of GRP94 under normal condition and ERS condition were identified. The detected proteins were analyzed by GO, KEGG and interaction network. Vimentin, one of the interacting proteins, was verified by co-immunoprecipitation. 【Result】 In porcine hepatic stellate cells, 146 proteins were interacting with GRP94 under normal condition, 76 proteins under ERS condition, and 44 proteins under both conditions. The results showed that 76 proteins interacting with GRP94 under ERS were mainly involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis process, peptide cross-linking, ubiquitin-dependent ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation) pathway and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, among them, the specific proteins interacting with GRP94 in the negative regulation of apoptosis process were albumin, catalase, filament A, heat shock protein family A member 5, keratin 18, and prohibin 2, indicating that GRP94 might play an anti-apoptotic role with these proteins. Besides, the vimentin protein that made up the intermediate filament was involved in multiple GO enrichment terms, which might have an important interaction with GRP94, which was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation test, further demonstrating that there was indeed an interactive relationship between this two. Further analysis showed that some GRP94 interacting proteins (Such as peroxiredoxin, death inducer obliterator 1, catalase, glandular kallikrein, pyruvate kinase and so on) specifically expressed under ERS were closely related to anti-apoptosis. 【Conclusion】 Under ERS, GRP94 interacting proteins were mainly involved in anti-apoptosis, folding of unfolded proteins and maintenance of intracellular homeostasis-related signal pathways. This conclusion laid a foundation for further study on the mechanism of GRP94 involved in liver ERS regulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Advances of Map-Based Cloning Genes in Cotton ZANG XinShan, WANG KangWen, ZHANG XianLiang, WANG XuePing, WANG Jun, LIANG Yu, PEI XiaoYu, REN Xiang, LÜ YuLong, GAO Yu, WANG XingXing, PENG YunLing, MA XiongFeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4635-4647.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.006 Abstract （236）   HTML （26）    PDF （556KB）（3699）       Knowledge map    Save Map-based cloning is a classical and effective method to identify candidate genes for specific phenotypic variants. Map-based cloning of functional genes plays important roles in the innovative utilization of germplasm resources, molecular design breeding and improving breeding efficiency. In recent years, the whole-genome sequencing of Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium barbadense has been completed and improved. Map-based cloning has entered into a crucial period. In 2016, the dominant glandless gene Gl2e (GoPGF) was the first map-based cloning gene in cotton. So far, 20 qualitative traits genes and 5 quantitative traits genes have been identified by map-based cloning technology. In this paper, research progress was systematically reviewed in fiber, gland, nectary, leaf type, plant architecture, plant color, and fertility in terms of gene symbols, names, chromosomal positioning, and candidate genes. Moreover, map-based cloning strategies were systematically reviewed in mapping populations and bulked segregate analysis-sequencing (BSA-seq). With the reduction of sequencing cost and utilization of BSA-seq, it is believed that more and more genes will be cloned by map-based cloning technology. In addition, transformation and genome editing have been successfully used to evaluate the function of the candidate gene in the target interval. It is believed that map-based cloning could provide a theoretical basis and genetic resources for molecular design breeding in cotton. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Aroma Characteristics of Foxtail Millet Varieties from Different Ecological Regions by Analysis of SDE-GC-MS Combined with OPLS-DA LI ShaoHui, ZHAO Wei, LIU SongYan, LI PengLiang, ZHANG AiXia, LIU JingKe Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2586-2596.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.012 Abstract （232）   HTML （17）    PDF （1889KB）（3697）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】The foxtail millet production areas in China are divided into four regions: the Northeast China region, the North China region, the Inner Mongolia plateau region, and the Northwest China region. The regional trials aimed to screen germplasm resources with good genetic traits. However, good growth genetic traits and foxtail millet grain appearance phenotypes do not necessarily have good culinary quality and aroma characteristics, especially the aroma characteristics largely affect its production and downstream industries. Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) is a pretreatment method that simulates the cooking process of porridge and is suitable for the aroma analysis of foxtail millet.【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the aroma characteristics of cereal germplasm resources in different ecological regions, so as to promote sensory-oriented breeding-processing industrial practices.【Method】Simultaneous distillation extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SDE-GC-MS) combined with odor activity value (OAV) method was used to analyze the differences in aroma components of foxtail millet in different regions of China.【Result】 A total of 81 volatile substances were detected in 12 foxtail millet varieties from four ecological regions, 25 aldehydes, 6 alcohols, 4 phenols, 11 ketones, 11 hydrocarbons, 13 benzene-containing derivatives, 4 acids, and 7 others. The comparison of the results showed that the volatile substance subclasses were similar in different regions, but the contents of the components were different. Thirty-seven volatile components with literature-accessible odor characterization were labeled, and 23 contributing aroma compounds with OAV > 1 were identified in the 12 foxtail millet varieties. The effective discrimination model of the cereal regional test was established by orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA). Then, the 12 foxtail millet varieties were classified into three categories, and 18 compounds with VIP>1 were screened out: hexanal, heptanal, (Z)-2-heptenal, benzaldehyde, (E,E)-2, 4-decadienal, 2,4-decadienal, nonane, tetradecanoic acid, (Z,Z)-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2, 4-bis(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, 2, 5-bis(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, 1-heptanol, nerolidol, 2-pentyl-furan, and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, which could be used to distinguish the differences between different samples.【Conclusion】 SDE-GC-MS combined with OAV identification analyzed the flavor components and characteristics of key aroma compounds of foxtail millet from different ecological regions, and the OPLS-DA model screened 18 VIP compounds that distinguished the flavor differences of foxtail millet from different samples and ecological regions. The results of the study provided data references for understanding the differences in flavor characteristics of foxtail millet grown in different regions of China, and for a basis of flavor-oriented foxtail millet variety selection, breeding, and processing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Molecular Mechanism of Pod Yield Difference Between Single- Seeding Precision Sowing and Multi-Seeds Sowing of Peanut Based on Transcriptome Analysis YANG Sha, LIU KeKe, LIU Ying, GUO Feng, WANG JianGuo, GAO HuaXin, MENG JingJing, ZHANG JiaLei, WAN ShuBo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4386-4402.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.003 Abstract （308）   HTML （48）    PDF （5928KB）（3675）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In China, in order to ensure the emergence rate and quality of seedlings, the field often adopts multiple seed seeding. However, inter-plant competition in multi-seeds sowing often limits the growth and eventual yield of subsequent plants. In order to solve this contradiction, the team studied and established the high-yield cultivation technology of single-seed precision seeding. The combination of seed saving and yield increase effect of single-seed precision seeding technology can bring greater benefits and realize cost savings and increased efficiency. The differentially expressed genes in peanut leaves, roots and pods under different planting methods were used to explore the regulatory mechanism of single-seeding precision sowing to improve peanut pod yield, providing theoretical basis and technical support for further promoting peanut high yield and high efficiency. 【Method】Peanut variety Huayu 25 was used as the test material, while the yield related indexes of single-seed sowing and multi-seeds sowing were determined. Inverted three leaves, taproot and lateral root of peanut at 30 days after flowering and peanut pod at young fruit stage of chicken head were selected for transcriptome sequencing, and the yield differences of peanut under different sowing methods were revealed on the molecular level. 【Result】Compared with multi-seeds sowing, the pod number per plant, full fruit number per plant, fruit weight per plant and economic coefficient of single-seed sowing were significantly increased. After the transcriptome data is assembled, each library contains an average of 44.3 million readings. Through the analysis of differentially expressed genes, GO and KEGG pathways in different combinations, it was found that the expression levels of transcription factors, photosystem Ⅱ oxygen-releasing complex, chloroplast membrane, oxidation-reduction reaction and other genes involved in the processes of GA signal and light signal transduction were increased in the leaves of plants under single-seed sowing compared with multi-grain cave seeding. Genes related to phenylpropyl metabolism pathway induced by biological and abiotic stress were significantly enriched in roots, including cytochrome P450 gene, oxidation-reduction gene, stress response transcription factor and signal regulatory protein. The accumulation of starch and sucrose metabolism genes was more conducive to seed kernel enrichment during pod development. 【Conclusion】The up-regulated expression of photosynthetic related genes in peanut leaves at seedling stage could promote the increase of photosynthetic efficiency, which was closely related to the increase of yield. Single-seed sowing improved the ability of root system to resist biological and abiotic stress, and combined with the up-regulation of energy and material related genes in the early stage of pod development, it was beneficial for the development of underground peanut pod and increased peanut yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Nitrogen Use Efficient Traits in Sweetpotato Seeding Stage and Screening and Validation of Candidate Genes YU YongChao, FAN WenJing, LIU Ming, ZHANG QiangQiang, ZHAO Peng, JIN Rong, WANG Jing, ZHU XiaoYa, TANG ZhongHou Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3500-3510.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.002 Abstract （301）   HTML （31）    PDF （1426KB）（3435）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this paper was to analyze the genetic mechanisms of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and to explore the loci and candidate genes associated nitrogen (N) efficient traits, to provide support for the N-efficient molecular breeding and genetic improvement of sweetpotato.【Method】A total of 129 sweetpotato cultivars from all over the world were treated with N deficiency (0 mmol·L-1) and normal N (14 mmol·L-1). A hydroponic experiment was conducted to facilitate the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of six phenotypic traits (shoot biomass increment, root biomass increment, shoot N accumulation, root N accumulation, shoot N physiological utilization efficiency, and root N physiological utilization efficiency) of sweetpotato at the seedling stage. The N-efficient candidate genes were identified based on the GWAS and subsequently- verified using RT-qPCR.【Result】There were wide variations among the six traits related to NUE in sweetpotato under the normal N and N deficiency treatment conditions. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the shoot biomass increment under the N deficiency treatment condition was the greatest at 69.5%. The CV of the root N physiological utilization efficiency under N deficiency treatment condition was the smallest at 12.1%. All five traits were significantly correlated except for root N physiological utilization efficiency. The MLM model was used to conduct a GWAS of the six phenotypic trait values. A total of 134 QTL and 888 SNP loci were identified as being significantly associated with four out of the six traits, namely, shoot biomass increment, root biomass increment, root N accumulation, and shoot N physiological utilization efficiency. A total of 93 SNP markers across ten regions were significantly associated with shoot N physiological utilization efficiency with a high reliability. Six N efficiency candidate genes were obtained via gene annotation. RT-qPCR verified that the three candidate genes (itf01g08120.t1, itf01g22030.t1 and itf01g221000.t2) encoded glutamate dehydrogenase, NPH3 protein and TIP41-like protein, respectively, which warrants further research.【Conclusion】A total of 888 SNP loci associated with N utilization traits were detected in 129 sweetpotato cultivars. Among these, 93 SNP loci were significantly associated with shoot N physiological utilization efficiency, and six candidate genes were identified. Preliminary verification indicated that the itf01g08120.t1, itf01G2203.t1 and itf01g22100.t2 genes hold promising value for further research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression Analysis of Fuzz Fiber Development Related Long Noncoding RNAs in Gossypium arboreum WANG XiaoYang, PENG Zhen, XING AiShuang, ZHAO YingRui, MA XinLi, LIU Fang, DU XiongMing, HE ShouPu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4565-4584.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.002 Abstract （275）   HTML （39）    PDF （4587KB）（3340）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules longer than 200 bp with no protein coding capacity, which are involved in various biological regulatory processes. In this study, we aim to analyze the RNA-sequencing data of two Gossypium arboreum isogenic lines, a fuzzless mutant (GA0149) and its wildtype (GA0146), to identify the lncRNA involved in early fuzz fiber development, providing a foundation for investigation the mechanism of fiber development. 【Method】We collected 0 DPA, 3 DPA and 5 DPA ovule and 8 DPA ovule and fiber from the G. arboreum fuzzless mutant GA0149 and its isogenic line GA0146 with normal fuzz and lint fibers, were used for RNA-seq to identify lncRNA and predict their target genes. Differentially expressed mRNA (DE-mRNA) and lncRNA(DE-lncRNAs) between the samples were identified. The KOBAS software was used to predict the KEGG enrichment pathways which DE-lncRNAs targets were involved in. To ensure the quality of high-through sequencing, 25 DE-lncRNAs were selected for RT-qPCR detection. 【Result】We identified 15 339 lncRNA-encoding transcripts that 11 595 lncRNAs were located to intergenic regions, 2 428 lncRNAs were classified as antisense lncRNAs, 350 were categorized as intronic lncRNAs and 966 belonged to sense lncRNAs. Compared to mRNAs, lncRNAs in Asian cotton showed shorter exons and lower GC content. Most of lncRNAs had cis-regulatory effects on their neighboring mRNAs. We identified 1 932 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, with 8 134 predicted DE-lncRNA target genes. Further analysis showed that 788 genes (mRNA) were differentially expressed (DE-genes) during four fiber development stages. KEGG enrichment pathways analysis showed that DE-target-mRNAs were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Co-expression network analysis revealed that lncRNA (MSTRG.454250.3) and its associated target genes showed identical expression trends during four fuzz fiber development stages, while lncRNAs (MSTRG.454261.4) and its associated target genes showed contrary expression tendency, exhibiting dramatic higher expression in fuzzless GA0149 compared to wildtype GA0146. The results of RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the authenticity of our RNA-seq data.【Conclusion】A total of 26 specifically expressed lncRNAs were identified which related to cotton fuzz fiber development process. We further confirmed that these lncRNAs affected the fuzz fiber development by regulating the expression of indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase (Ga03G2421) and Auxin-responsive protein (Ga05G1344) in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Fruit Cracking in Pomelo Fruits LU YanQing, LIN YanJin, WANG XianDa, LU XinKun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4087-4101.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.013 Abstract （230）   HTML （12）    PDF （1114KB）（3205）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Fruit cracking is a universal physiological disorder that occurs during growth in citrus fruits. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate cracking in citrus fruits remain unclear. The aim of this study was to screen genes that were related to resistance to fruit cracking. 【Method】 Normal fruits from a pomelo (Citrus grandis (L). Osbeck) cultivar (Duxin 1) resistant to cracking, as well as normal and cracked fruits from Duwei, a cultivar sensitive to cracking, were collected on August 3, 2021 and August 20, 2021, respectively. The pericarp surrounding blossom ends of the fruits (the blossom end was considered the center, approximate 30 millimeters radius) were sampled for RNA-seq. 【Result】 The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each stage were screened based on the comparisons of a transcriptome between cracked fruits from the cracking-sensitive cultivar and normal fruits from both cultivars. In the stage A, 1 660 DEGs were obtained, and 104 DEGs were common between the comparison. A total of 1 972 DEGs were screened in stage B, and 82 were common in the comparison. All the DEGs screened at both stages were used for a Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. In the classification of biological process, the major common sub-classifications, including ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘single-organism process’, ‘biological regulation’, ‘response to stimulus’, and ‘signaling’ were identified in both stages. All the screened DEGs were also analyzed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment. Many genes were enriched in several metabolic pathways, including ‘carbon metabolism’, ‘MAPK signaling pathway-plant’, ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ and ‘protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum’. In addition, these pathways were identified in both stages. Several genes related to resistance to fruit cracking were identified in this study. The levels of transcription of Expansin-A1 were significantly higher in the pericarp of normal fruits from the two cultivars than that in the pericarp of cracked fruits from the sensitive cultivar. Calcineurin B-like protein gene was highly expressed in the pericarp of normal fruits from both cultivars when compared with the pericarp of cracked fruits from the sensitive cultivar. However, this difference disappeared at the stage B. The genes for heat stress transcription factor, serine/threonine-protein kinase, auxin-responsive protein, and dehydration-responsive element-binding protein were upregulated in the pericarp of cracked fruits from the sensitive cultivar compared with the pericarp of normal fruits from the two cultivars in both stages. 【Conclusion】These findings suggested that the genes related to strength of pericarp, water movement, and responsing to high temperature and water deficiency stresses were critical to regulating resistance to fruit cracking. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and Ligand Binding Characteristics of GfunOBP2 from Grapholita funebrana NIAN HeFen, ZHANG YuXi, LI BoLiao, CHEN XiuLin, LUO Kun, LI GuangWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2302-2316.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.006 Abstract （222）   HTML （11）    PDF （2834KB）（3111）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to determine the binding affinities of the Plus-C odorant binding protein 2 of Grapholita funebrana (GfunOBP2) to sex pheromones and volatile compounds from apple trees, and to provide a basis for explaining the olfactory molecular mechanism of locating the host plants of G. funebrana.【Method】The ORF of GfunOBP2 was cloned by RT-PCR, and GfunOBP2 was identified as a Plus-C OBP subfamily protein through homology annotation and alignment of cysteine distribution patterns in amino acid sequences. The relative expression level of GfunOBP2 in the antenna, head, thorax, leg, wing, abdomen, and sex gland of the 3-day-old adults of G. funebrana was detected by RT-qPCR. The prokaryotic expression vector pET30a(+)/GfunOBP2 was constructed, and the recombinant GfunOBP2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The binding affinity of recombinant GfunOBP2 protein to five sex pheromones and 35 plant volatiles of apple trees was determined by using a fluorescence competitive binding assay. The interaction force and key amino acid residues of GfunOBP2 interacting with odorant ligands with strong binding affinities were predicted by molecular docking.【Result】The full-length ORF sequence of GfunOBP2 (GenBank number: OQ054799.1) was cloned, encoding 183 amino acids. It was found that GfunOBP2 has 12 conserved cysteines, and the distribution motif of cysteine residues indicated that GfunOBP2 belongs to the Plus-C OBP subfamily. GfunOBP2 was mainly expressed in the antennae of adults, and the relative expression level in male antennae was significantly higher than that in female antennae (P<0.05). Recombinant GfunOBP2 protein exhibited strong binding affinities to (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, 1-heptanol, 1-decanol, hexanal, heptanal, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate, α-ocimene, β-caryophyllene, α-pinene and limonene, and the inhibition constant (Ki) for each ligand above was less than 5.0 μmol·L-1. The molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonds, donor-donor interactions, and alkyl interactions are the main weak interactions between GfunOBP2 and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-heptanol, and 1-decanol. The conventional hydrogen bonds and carbon hydrogen bonds are the main weak interactions between GfunOBP2 and cis-3-hexenyl acetate and cis-3-hexenyl 2-methylbutanoate. The alkyl interaction is the only weak force of GfunOBP2 interacting with α-ocimene and β-caryophyllene. Several hydrophobic amino acid residues, including Ile, Pro, Phe, Ala, Leu, and Val, play an important role in GfunOBP2’s binding to odorant ligands.【Conclusion】GfunOBP2 is mainly expressed in the antennae of adults of G. funebrana and the corresponding recombinant protein has strong binding affinities to 12 of the 35 volatile compounds of apple trees, and has moderate binding affinities to 10 compounds, indicating that GfunOBP2 plays an important role in the process of perceiving and recognizing the volatile compounds of host plants. This study provides a theoretical basis for confirming that Plus-C OBP was involved in the peripheral olfactory communication of G. funebrana. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of StCYP83 Gene Family in Potato and Analysis of Its Function in Resistance Against Late Blight KONG LeHui, ZONG DeQian, SHI QingYao, YIN PanPan, WU WenYu, TIAN Peng, SHAN WeiXing, QIANG XiaoYu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (16): 3124-3139.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.16.007 Abstract （328）   HTML （38）    PDF （4898KB）（3063）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to identify StCYP83 gene family in potato and analyze their expression patterns in response to Phytophthora infestans infection, so as to mine the StCYP83 genes with potential function in resistance to late blight and provide novel resistance gene resources for molecular resistance breeding in potato.【Method】The members of StCYP83 gene family were identified by bidirectional BLAST method. The basic information of StCYP83 protein sequence, subcellular localization and conserved motifs were analyzed by ExPASy Prot Param, Cell-Ploc 2.0 and ESPript, etc. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression pattern of StCYP83 genes in response to P. infestans infection. The immune function of candidate gene StCYP83B1 against P. infestans was analyzed in either Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana or stably transformed potato lines with overexpression (OE) of StCYP83B1.【Result】A total of 10 StCYP83 genes were identified in the potato genome, which were named StCYP83B1-StCYP83B10, respectively, with the encoded protein lengths ranging from 387 to 503 aa and molecular weights ranging from 44 to 57 kDa. The subcellular localization of StCYP83 proteins was predicted in the endoplasmic reticulum. The qRT-PCR confirmed that members of StCYP83 could be induced in response to P. infestans infection, suggesting that StCYP83 genes might play a role in the interaction between potato and P. infestans. Accordingly, StCYP83B1 with the highest homology to AtCYP83B1 was selected as a candidate gene for subsequent immune functional analysis. The pathogenicity assay on N. benthamiana leaves showed that overexpression of StCYP83B1 could enhance plant resistance against P. infestans. In accordance with this, overexpression of StCYP83B1 could significantly promote the up-regulation expression of PTI marker genes (NbWRKY7 and NbWRKY8), SA signaling marker genes (NbPR1 and NbPR2), JA signaling marker genes (NbPR3 and NbLOX) and enhance the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst induced by flg22. In addition, cysteine site in the conserved motif of StCYP83B1 protein was required for its immune function. StCYP83B1 overexpression (StCYP83B1-OE) lines showed enhanced resistance to P. infestans. In accordance with this, StCYP83B1-OE could enhance PTI immune responses, including the increased level of ROS induced by flg22 and the significantly up-regulated expression of PTI marker genes (StWRKY7, StWRKY8 and StACRE31) as well as SA-mediated signaling marker genes (StPR1, StPR2, StPR5 and StPAL2) and JA-mediated signaling marker genes (StLOX, StAOS and StOPR3) in response to P. infestans infection.【Conclusion】A total of 10 members of StCYP83 family were identified, which could be induced by P. infestans infection in different degrees. StCYP83B1 regulates plant resistance to P. infestans by activating PTI, SA and JA signaling pathways. The cysteine site in the heme binding domain of StCYP83B1 is required for its immune function. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Rare and Abundant Bacterial Sub-Communities in Greenhouse Tomato Soil LIU Lei, SHI JianShuo, ZHANG GuoYin, GAO Jing, LI Pin, REN Yanli, WANG LiYing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3615-3628.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.010 Abstract （310）   HTML （18）    PDF （1914KB）（3056）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of the present study was to distinguish the rare and abundant bacteria from the whole community and to explore their responses to long-term application of organic fertilizer respectively, so as to provide new insights into the relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning under major agricultural activities. 【Method】Based on the long-term fertilization experiment of greenhouse tomato, soils were collected under four different treatments, including no fertilizer (M0), low organic fertilizer 5.68 t·hm-2 (M1), medium organic fertilizer 8.52 t·hm-2 (M2), and high organic fertilizer 11.36 t·hm-2 (M3). Illumina MiSeq platform was used to analyze the diversity, community composition, co-occurrence network and potential functions differences of the rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities, and their various responses to long-term fertilization, to illustrate the key factors driving the distinct distribution patterns and responses for rare and abundant bacteria. 【Result】Compared with the abundant bacterial sub-community, the rare bacterial sub-community showed higher α- and β-diversity and distinct community composition, as well as potential functions. A functional prediction detected that abundant bacteria contributed primary functions in the greenhouse ecosystem, such as nutrient and energy metabolism, meanwhile rare bacteria contribute a substantial fraction of auxiliary functions (e.g., metabolism of cofactors), which indicated they played important roles in the functional redundancy of microbial communities. Contrasting responses of rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities to long-term fertilization were revealed in this study, in which the rare bacteria was more sensitive. Compared with no fertilizer, the long-term application of organic and chemical fertilizer significantly increased the OTU richness, Shannon diversity, and total relative abundance by 19.8%-53.8%, 5.8%-8.0%, and 1.1-1.2 times, respectively, and changed the community composition and structure of rare bacterial sub-communities. In addition, with the increased application rates of organic fertilizer, the OTU richness of rare bacteria also increased significantly, accompanied by obvious changing in community composition and structure. However, the abundant bacteria exhibited less sensitivity to long-term fertilization, with only the community composition altered. Besides, the co-occurrence network complexity increased with organic fertilizer rates, especially in rare sub-communities. Both the results of the NMDS and mantel test revealed that the controlling factors affecting rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities were different. A variety of soil factors associated with deterministic processes, i.e., SOC, soil nutrients of total N and P, Olsen-P and available K, and pH, as well as macro- and medium-aggregate, significantly influenced abundant bacteria. Structural equation model (SEM) further showed that soil organic matter and total phosphorus directly drove abundant bacterial diversity. On the other hand, less effects of environmental filtering and more scattered distribution patterns were found in rare bacteria, indicating different assemblies of rare and abundant sub-communities. 【Conclusion】Compared with the abundant bacteria and the whole community, the rare bacteria sub-community showed higher diversity and unique community composition, which improved the functional redundancy of the microbial community. Long-term fertilization altered the whole bacterial community mainly by affecting rare bacteria (i.e., increasing diversity, changing community composition, increasing co-occurrence network complexity) rather than the abundant bacteria. The controlling factors that mediated the assembly of the rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities were also different. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Identification of AP2/ERF Gene Family in Alternanthera philoxeroides and Its Expression Patterns Under Herbicide Stresses HAN XiaoWen, HAN Shuo, HU YiFeng, WANG MengRu, CHEN ZhongYi, ZHU YongXing, YIN JunLiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4021-4034.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.008 Abstract （226）   HTML （18）    PDF （5623KB）（2973）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】Alternanthera philoxeroides is a malignant invasive weed that is extremely difficult to control, causing serious harm to ecology and environment in China. The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor) family is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, which not only participates in the regulation of various signal networks in plants, but also plays an important role in plant response to herbicides. 【Objective】The objective of this study is to systematically analyze the basic characteristics of ApAP2/ERF, reveal its expression patterns under herbicide stress, decipher the biological functions of ApAP2/ERF in response to herbicide stress, identify potential target genes for herbicide resistance, and to provide a theoretical basis for accurate and reasonable selection of herbicides. 【Method】The AP2/ERF family members were identified from A. philoxeroides genome database using local BLASTp. MEME, ExPASyServer10, Plant-mPLoc, SWISS-MODEL, NCBI SRA database, and psRNA Target online website were used to obtain conserved motif, protein physicochemical property, subcellular localization, tertiary structure, transcriptome, and targeted miRNA information. Gene structure information was obtained from the GFF3 genome annotation file. Phylogenetic tree, expression pattern heatmap, and miRNA target relationship network were constructed using MEGA 11, TBtools, and R software. The expression patterns of AP2/ERF family members in response to five herbicides and at different time points (0-7 d) were analyzed using RT-qPCR. 【Result】A total of 96 ApERF, 9 ApAP2, and 4 ApRAV genes were identified from A. philoxeroides, and they were named ApERF1 to ApERF96, ApAP2-1 to ApAP2-9, and ApRAV1 to ApRAV4, respectively. The identified ApAP2/ERF proteins are hydrophilic. Subcellular localization prediction revealed that the ApAP2/ERFs are located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The expression patterns of ApAP2/ERFs were regulated by geographical condition, water condition, and low potassium stress. Under 41% glyphosate treatment, ApERF7/74/94 were highly induced within 3-7 days; under 50% isoproturon treatment, all six ApERFs were highly induced at a specific time; under 10% fluoroglycofen treatment, the expression levels of ApERF7/13/49/94 showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing; under 20% fluroxypyr treatment, ApERF7/13/49/54/94 were highly induced at 0.5 d; under 13% oxadiazon treatment, ApERF13/49/54/74 were significantly downregulated in expression in a short period of time. 【Conclusion】109 ApAP2/ERF family members were identified, and members located in the same group have similar motifs. The expression of ApAP2/ERFs is regulated by geographical condition, water condition, and low potassium stress, and is also induced by herbicides, suggesting that it responds to herbicide stress by influencing the ethylene signaling pathway. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Pattern, Influencing Factors and Spatial Spillover Effect of Rural Energy Carbon Emissions in China TIAN Yun, YIN Minhao, ZHANG Huijie Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2547-2562.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.009 Abstract （288）   HTML （10）    PDF （666KB）（2772）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In the context of the “dual carbon” strategy, clarifying the current characteristics, spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of rural energy carbon emissions can provide important support for effectively promoting rural low-carbon development. 【Method】Carbon emission factor method is used to measure rural energy carbon emissions in China effectively, and analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. Then, the autocorrelation model is used to explore its spatial correlation pattern. Finally, the introduction of STIRPAT extended model is used to analyze the main factors affecting its intensity changes and the spatial spillover effect. 【Result】China's total rural energy carbon emissions are in a continuous upward trend, with an increase of 77.55% in 2019 compared with 2005, which is mainly attributed to the increase in rural residents' domestic energy consumption. Rural energy carbon emission intensity has increased slightly during the investigation period. Although there are some inter-annual fluctuations, the overall fluctuations are small. In 2019, there were significant inter-provincial differences in rural energy carbon emissions, with Hebei leading the way and Ningxia at the bottom. Compared with 2005, only 5 provinces were in a downward trend. In 2019, Beijing ranked first in rural energy carbon emission intensity, while Hainan ranked last, with the latter even less than one tenth of the former. Since 2008, China's rural energy carbon emissions have shown obvious and stable spatial dependence, as well as local spatial clustering, with a small and relatively stable number of high-high concentration provinces and a lager and growing number of low-low concentration provinces. Among the social factors, the increase of rural affluence can lead to an increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, while agricultural technology progress and rural labor force structure variables have a dampening effect, with only rural affluence showing a spatial spillover effect in a negative direction. Among the economic factors, the increase in the rural financial agglomeration and the improvement of agricultural development level both lead to the increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, and both have spatial spillover effects, with the former positive and the latter negative. While agricultural financial investment does not have a direct effect but shows a negative spatial spillover effect. Among the industry-level factors, the increase of agricultural industry agglomeration leads to the increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, but at the same time, it also presents a negative spatial spillover effect. 【Conclusion】The total amount and intensity of rural energy carbon emissions in China are on the rise, with significant inter-provincial differences. China's rural energy carbon emissions show obvious spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Rural energy carbon emissions are affected by a combination of social, economic and industrial factors. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences and Genesis of Grape Phenolic Compounds Among Different Altitudes in Yunnan Shangri-la ZHANG KeNan, YIN HaiNing, WANG JiaKui, CAO JianHong, XI ZhuMei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3879-3893.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.014 Abstract （304）   HTML （15）    PDF （2810KB）（2729）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Phenolic compounds are important secondary metabolites of wine grape, which have an important influence on the quality of grape and wine. In this study, the differences and genesis of phenolic substances in grape skins among different altitudes were studied combined with soil and climate factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the planting management of wine grapes at high altitudes region. 【Method】In the present research, Merlot wine grape was used as the test material. For three consecutive years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the differences of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, total anthocyanins, the content of individual and non-individual anthocyanin components in grape skins at two altitudes (2 181, 2 300 m) at maturity stage were analyzed. Meanwhile, climate factors such as light, temperature and humidity at different altitudes were monitored during grape development, and the influences of climatic factors on phenolic substances of grape skins were analyzed. 【Result】There were no significant differences in the main mineral nutrients of the soils of the two altitude vineyards, and some differences in climatic factors, such as light, UV intensity, temperature and humidity. Altitude had a significant effect on the content of phenolic substances in grape skins. In the years of 2020-2022, the higher altitude was conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins. the content of total phenols, total tannin, total anthocyanins, most of the individual anthocyanins and the quercetin in berry skins were higher at the altitude of 2 300 m; compared with that at 2 181 m, the content of total tannin in grape skins at 2 300 m increased by 56.27%-174.49%. The flavonoid content at 2 181 m altitude were significantly higher than that at 2 300 m, with an increase of 32.25% to 79.48%. OPLS-DA analysis showed that, the main different compounds of phenolic compounds between the two altitudes were total tannin (TTC), total flavonoids (TFo), malvidin-3-glucoside (Mv), malvidin-3-acetly-glucoside (Mv-Ace), cyanidin-3- glucoside (Cy), and peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn). Grey correlation analysis showed that day-night temperature difference in grape growing season had a great effect on the content of total phenols and total flavonoids in grape skins. The content of total anthocyanins, individual anthocyanins and quercetin in skins were significantly affected by light and ultraviolet intensity. The content of three anthocyanins (Pt, Pn-Ace and Pn-Cou) and quercetin were mainly affected by the light intensity during grape veraison (July).【Conclusion】The climatic conditions of different altitudes, especially day-night temperature difference, light and ultraviolet intensity were the main factors causing the differences of phenolic content. The larger day-night temperature difference, stronger light and ultraviolet intensity at higher altitude were conducive to the accumulation of phenolic substances in grape skins. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Diversified Cropping on the Soil Aggregate Composition and Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content SUN Tao, FENG XiaoMin, GAO XinHao, DENG AiXing, ZHENG ChengYan, SONG ZhenWei, ZHANG WeiJian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2929-2940.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.008 Abstract （359）   HTML （20）    PDF （482KB）（2712）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In this study, the composition as well as carbon and nitrogen distribution characteristics of soil aggregates under diversified cropping system of poaceae and legumes in the black soil region of Northeast China were elucidated, which could provide the theoretical basis and technical guidance for promoting the optimization of cropping system of combined use and cultivation in black soil. 【Method】 Field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2020 in Gongzhuling Experimental Station, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Four diversified cropping systems were considered, including maize-soybean intercropping (M/S), maize-soybean rotation (M-S), maize-peanut intercropping (M/P), and maize-peanut rotation (M-P), while the maize continuous cropping (CM) system was used as control. Soil samples of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers were collected after harvesting in October 2020. Then, soil aggregates and their soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content under diversified cropping system were analyzed. 【Result】 Diversified cropping was beneficial to increase the content of water-stable macro-aggregates in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil (>0.25 mm), and to reduce the content of silt and clay (<0.053 mm), the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates under four diversified cropping systems were significantly higher than those of maize continuous cropping system (P<0.05). Soil aggregates ratios of >0.25 mm under M/S and M-S treatments were 17.5% and 13.4% higher than that under CM treatment in 0-20 cm soil layer, respectively. Soil aggregates ratios of >0.25 mm under M/S, M-S and M-P treatments was 10.4%, 8.3% and 10.5% higher than that under CM treatment in the 20-40 cm soil layer, respectively. Diversified cropping increased the SOC and TN content of soil aggregates. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the SOC of >2 mm soil aggregate under M/S, M-S, M/P and M-P treatments was 20.7%, 24.3%, 18.8% and 17.8% higher than that under CM treatment, respectively; the TN of >2 mm soil aggregate under M-S, M/P and M-P treatments was 13.0%, 16.8% and 14.8% higher than that under CM treatment, respectively. When compared with CM treatment, the contribution rates of >2 mm soil aggregate to SOC and TN under M-S and M/P treatments were higher in 0-20 cm soil layer, while the contribution rate of <0.053 mm soil aggregate to SOC and TN under M/S and M-S treatments were lower in 0-20 cm soil layer. 【Conclusion】 Diversified cropping increased the content of soil macroaggregates, decreased the content of clay particles, improved the soil aggregate stability, SOC and TN of soil aggregates, which was conducive to promoting the SOC and TN sequestration in black soil region of Northeast China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Intercropping Methods on Mesona Chinesis Quality and Its Rhizosphere Soil Characteristic SU HaiLan, ZHU YanMing, CHEN Hong, NIU YuQing, ZHENG MeiXia, ZHU YuJing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (14): 2755-2770.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.14.005 Abstract （218）   HTML （21）    PDF （1653KB）（2675）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Exploring the impact of intercropping on the quality of Mesona chinensis and its mechanism of action, providing a theoretical basis for the development of high-quality cultivation techniques for Mesona chinensis. 【Method】 A field randomized block experiment was conducted, including three cropping systems, such as soybean/Mesona chinesi/corn intercropping (S/M/C), soybean/Mesona chinesi intercropping (S/M), and Mesona chinesi monoculture (M). The effects of different intercropping systems on the quality of Mesona chinensis and its rhizosphere soil characteristics were analyzed. 【Result】 The S/M/C and S/M intercropping were beneficial for promoting the accumulation of trace elements in Mesona chinensis leaves and stems, such as Ca (11.36%-24.20% in leaves and 33.44%-38.16% in stems), Mg (34.41%-52.00% in leaves and 15.20%-91.99% in stems), Fe (15.21%-15.46% in leaves), and Cu (17.19%-30.73% in stems). The S/M/C intercropping significantly increased the flavonoid content in the stems of Mesona chinensis by 44.42%. The two intercropping systems significantly reduced the nutrient contents of total nitrogen (TN), alkaline nitrogen (AHN), and available potassium (AK) in the rhizosphere soil of Mesona chinensis, which significantly improved the soil pH (4.82 in M, 5.22 in S/M, and 5.51 in S/M/C). However, pH was the most important soil factor driving changes in bacterial community structure in this study. The S/M/C intercropping significantly improved the bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere soil of Mesona chinensis. The two intercropping systems significantly increased the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genus Bacillus, from 3.24% (M) to 5.28% (S/M) and 8.09% (S/M/C), respectively. In addition, the S/M/C intercropping promoted the recruitment of more bacterial phyla, such as Bdellovibrionota, Dependentiae, WS2, as well as bacterial genera such as Metrocystis in the rhizosphere soil of Mesona chinensis.【Conclusion】 The S/M/C intercropping could promote the accumulation of flavonoids in Mesona chinensis, which was beneficial for improving its quality. The improvement of soil pH might be the main factor driving the change of soil bacterial diversity and community structure in the S/M/C intercropping. The enrichment of specific bacterial phyla and genera in the rhizosphere soil of Mesona chinensis in S/M/C intercropping were beneficial for improving the biological characteristics of soil. Therefore, the reasonable intercropping such as S/M/C was an effective measure to achieve high-quality cultivation of Mesona chinensis. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Endophytic Microbial Community Structures in Stems Between Hylocereus undatus and H. polyrhizus ZHOU XinYan, CHEN SiYu, WEI YuFei, ZHU Yu, FENG JunQian, DING DianCao, LU GuiFeng, YANG ShangDong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (2): 416-428.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.015 Abstract （188）   HTML （11）    PDF （4336KB）（2667）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The differences of the endophytic microbial community structures between Hylocereus undatus and H. polyrhizus were analyzed, so as so to explore the correlation between the pulp color of H. polyrhizus and the endophytic microbial community composition and their functional microorganisms. 【Method】 Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the diversity and richness of endophytic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in stems between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus were analyzed. Meanwhile, based on LEfSe analysis, the differences of endophytic microorganisms in stems between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus were also investigated.【Result】 The significant differences of the endophytic microbial community structures were found in stems between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. Meanwhile, the numbers of specific bacterial and fungal OTUs in stems of H. polyrhizus were all higher than those of H. undatus. At the phylum level, the relative abundance ratio of Ascomycota in stems of H. polyrhizus was 1.15 times higher than that of H. undatus. At the genus level, Streptomyces and Penicillium were the highest abundant dominant bacterial and fungal genera in stems of H. polyrhizus, which were 1.24 and 4.27 times higher than those of H. undatus, respectively. In addition, some bacterial genera, such as Lechevalieria, Glycomyces, unclassified_f__Enterobacteriaceae, Actinomadura, and some fungal gerera, such as Talaromyces, unclassified_f__Serendipitaceae, unclassified_c__GS13, unclassified_o__Atractiellales, unclassified_o__Auriculariales were enriched in stems of H. polyrhizus. LEfSe analysis also showed that Promicromonospora and Xylomyces were significant enriched in stems of H. polyrhizus. 【Conclusion】 All above results suggested that the formation of pigment was closely related to the compositions of endophytic microbial community in stems of H. polyrhizus. The bacterial genera, such as Streptomyces, unclassified_f__Enterobacteriaceae, Promicromonospora, and the fungal phylum and genera, such as Ascomycota, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Xylomyces, were all the potential microorganisms in relating to pigment synthesis and metabolic accumulation in stems of H. polyrhizus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sequencing and Functional Analysis of Tomato circRNA During Flowering Stage YIN ZiHe, YANG ChengCheng, ZHAO YuHui, ZHAO Li, LÜ XiuRong, YANG ZhenChao, WU YongJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4288-4303.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.012 Abstract （375）   HTML （10）    PDF （4532KB）（2612）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】As one of the most important periods in plant growth and development, the flowering period directly affects fruit ripening and seed development. circRNAs are a class of covalent closed-loop RNA molecules that are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and play an important role in the regulation of tomato development and stress response. However, the current circRNA studies on tomato mainly focus on fruit and leaves, and there is a lack of systematic studies on tomato circRNA at flowering stage.【Objective】Identification and analysis of circRNs in flowering tomato could be of great significance for the functional study of miRNA and circRNA in tomato, and also layed a foundation for the study of tomato growth, development and stress response mechanism.【Method】circRNA sequencing was performed on 3 tissue samples of flowers, roots and leaves of flowering tomato plants, with 3 replicates for each sample. circRNAs were identified and their basic characteristics were analyzed. The cycle-forming ability of tissue-specific circRNAs was screened, and the host genes of identified circRNAs were analyzed by GO analysis and KEGG analysis. The mode and site of action of circRNAs were predicted and analyzed by bioinformatics methods to construct a potential circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction regulatory network in response to tomato growth and development.【Result】A total of 532 circRNAs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing, 83% of which were exon types. The distribution of circRNA in each chromosome of flowering tomato was uneven, among which chromosome 1 produced the most circRNAs and chromosome 5 produced the least. circRNAs differentially expressed in flower, leaf and root tissues of flowering tomato showed that 79 circRNAs were differentially expressed in flower and leaf, 133 circRNAs were differentially expressed in flower and root, and 132 circRNAs were differentially expressed in leaf and root tissues. Among them, 14 circRNAs were differentially expressed in flower, leaf and root tissues. The cyclization ability of 8 circRNAs randomly selected from 14 differentially expressed circRNAs was tested, and the results showed that all 8 circRNAs had cyclization ability. GO analysis and KEGG analysis showed that circRNAs in flowering tomato were mainly related to the binding of nucleic acids, proteins and other small molecules, as well as the synthesis and metabolism of various biological macromolecules. Finally, the tomato circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction regulatory network composed of 14 circRNAs, 10 miRNAs and 136 mRNAs was constructed.【Conclusion】A total of 342 tissue-specific circRNAs were identified, among which 14 were significantly expressed, and 8 were successfully identified. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction regulatory network was constructed for tomato at flowering stage. This study laid a foundation for the subsequent research of circRNA in flowering period. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Grain Main Quality Related Traits in Winter Wheat DONG YiFan, REN Yi, CHENG YuKun, WANG Rui, ZHANG ZhiHui, SHI XiaoLei, GENG HongWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2047-2063.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.002 Abstract （414）   HTML （38）    PDF （3371KB）（2591）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The quality of wheat grain was an important factor affecting the processing quality and nutritional. Mining loci and candidate genes significantly associated with wheat grain quality traits provided a basis for broadening the understanding of the genetic mechanism of quality traits and molecular marker-assisted quality. 【Method】By measuring five quality traits, including protein content (GPC), wet gluten content (WGC), starch content (GSC), settling value (SV) and grain hardness (GH), in 259 winter wheat varieties (lines) from domestic and abroad, and conducting genome-wide association analysis in combination with 90K SNP chip, the significant association loci located were subjected to haplotype analysis. 【Result】All five traits conformed to normal distribution and showed rich variation among different environments, and the coefficient of variation of sedimentation value was the largest (20.11%-24.42%). All traits have shown highly significant differences (P<0.001) among genotype, environment, and genotype×environment, with a broad-sense heritability of 0.77-0.84. A total of 44 loci significantly associated (P<0.001) with five traits were detected by genome-wide association analysis, distributed in 19 linkage groups other than chromosomes 1D and 3D. Eighteen loci were stable in two or more environments, involving all five traits including protein content (12), wet gluten content (9), starch content (11), sedimentation value (12) and grain hardness (7), explaining 4.27%-10.98% of the genetic variation. Thirteen of them were multi-effect loci, with the largest number of multi-effect loci (7) associated with traits such as protein content, wet gluten content, settling value and starch content. The GENE-0762_631, IAAV7742 and RAC875_c66845_466 loci located on 2B, 2D and 3A chromosomes were detected simultaneously at two environmental and BLUP values with a range of 4.32%-7.07% phenotypic contribution. Through haplotype analysis of multi-effect loci present in multiple environments with high phenotypic contribution, four different haplotypes, Hap1, Hap2, Hap3 and Hap4, which were significantly associated with traits such as protein content, sedimentation value and starch content, were uncovered at the D_GDS7LZN02F4FP5_176 locus of chromosome 5D, among them Hap1 was a high starch content haplotype (P<0.001), while Hap2 and Hap3 were both haplotypes with high protein content and sedimentation value (P<0.05), and the four haplotypes accounted for 74.22%, 16.21%, 6.92% and 2.65%, respectively. The distribution frequencies of haplotypes from different sources of winter wheat were analyzed, in which the distribution frequencies of haplotype Hap2 with high protein content and sedimentation value were from high to low in the Huanghuai winter wheat regions>northern winter wheat region>abroad varieties>middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat region>southwest winter wheat region. Candidate genes were mined for stable genetic loci, and 10 candidate genes that might be related to wheat grain quality were screened. 【Conclusion】In the study, 18 stable loci significantly associated with grain quality traits were detected, 4 different haplotypes were identified, and 10 candidate genes related to grain quality were screened. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and Expression of CAD and CAD-Like Gene Families from Gossypium barbadense and Their Response to Verticillium dahliae ZHANG YuJia, CUI KaiWen, DUAN LiSheng, CAO AiPing, XIE QuanLiang, SHEN HaiTao, WANG Fei, LI HongBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3759-3771.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.005 Abstract （264）   HTML （45）    PDF （6743KB）（2584）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin synthesis pathway, which plays an important role in enhancing plant mechanical strength and resisting pathogen invasion. The aim of this study is to identify CAD and CAD-Like (CADL) gene family members in Gossypium barbadense and to analyze their expression characteristics and their role in Verticillium wilt resistance, which provides reference for the mechanism elucidation and disease resistance breeding of cotton against Verticillium wilt. 【Method】The CAD and CADL gene family members in G. barbadense genome were identified by bioinformatics method, and their chromosomal location, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure and promoter cis-element prediction were systematically analyzed. The expression characteristics of GbCAD and GbCADL were analyzed by obtaining publicly released transcriptome data and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Functional analysis of GbCAD and GbCADL genes was performed by viral-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technique. 【Result】A total of 25 GbCAD and 34 GbCADL genes were identified from G. barbadense and distributed on 10 and 17 different chromosomes, respectively. GbCAD and GbCADL genes are divided into 3 and 4 subgroups, respectively. The genes in the same group contain similar exon-intron structures and conserved domains. GbCAD and GbCADL genes have different transcriptional expression characteristics, and the promoters of GbCAD and GbCADL genes contain various hormone response elements and stress response elements. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of GbCAD10A/D, GbCADL4A/D, GbCADL5A/D, GbCADL6A/D, and GbCADL7A/D were induced by Verticillium dahliae, especially the GbCAD10A/D, GbCADL4A/D, GbCADL6A/D, and GbCADL7A/D indicated significant increased expressions under V. dahliae treatment. The genes of GbCAD10A/D, GbCADL4A/D, GbCADL6A/D, and GbCADL7A/D were respectively silenced in cotton by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology, to analyze the changes of VIGS plant lines against V. dahliae treatment. The results showed that, compared with the control plants, the VIGS plant lines indicated significant decreased resistance to V. dahliae. The results of diaminobenzidine (DAB) histochemical stain displayed that, both control and VIGS plants showed similar normal phenotype without V. dahliae addition; after 6 h treatment of V. dahliae, the VIGS plant lines silencing GbCAD10A/D, GbCADL4A/D, GbCADL6A/D, GbCADL7A/D expressions demonstrated a deeper brown coloring, indicating a higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the VIGS plant lines. The results of stem sectioning showed that, the stem vascular tissues of VIGS plant lines TRV:GbCAD10A/D, TRV:GbCADL4A/D, TRV:GbCADL6A/D, and TRV:GbCADL7A/D showed obvious dark brown enrichment after V. dahliae treatment, indicating the significant decreased resistance to V. dahliae. 【Conclusion】 Suppressing the expressions of GbCAD10A/D, GbCADL4A/D, GbCADL6A/D, GbCADL7A/D could significantly reduce the cotton resistance to V. dahliae. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fluorescent Labeling and Observation of Infection Structure of Fusarium verticillioides HA DanDan, ZHENG HongXia, ZHANG ZhenHao, ZHU LiHong, LIU Hao, WANG JiaoYu, ZHOU Lei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3556-3573.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.006 Abstract （353）   HTML （14）    PDF （9339KB）（2565）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Taking the dominant pathogen Fusarium verticillioides causing maize ear rot and producing fumonisin as the research object, the objective of this study is to construct fluorescent strains that constitutively express green fluorescent protein GFP, red fluorescent protein DsRED, peroxisome targeted marker protein DsRED-PTS1 and F-actin cytoskeleton binding protein LifeAct-GFP, observe the penetration structure of F. verticillioides infecting maize silk epidermis, and to clarify the regulatory mechanisms and influencing factors regulating the infection structure formation of F. verticillioides.【Method】Fluorescent expression vectors pCOM-GFP, pCOM-DsRED, pCOM-DsRED-PTS1, and pCOM-LifeAct-GFP were transformed into the wild-type strain D85-2 of F. verticillioides through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The transformants containing the target genes were identified by PCR, and the expression and distribution of various fluorescent proteins were observed under laser confocal microscopy. Maize was inoculated to observe the infection structure. The penetration structure and dynamic assembly of F-actin were observed by simulating the plant epidermal penetration experiment with cellophane membrane. The influencing factors of penetration structure formation were detected using F-actin polymerization inhibitor Latruculin A, tricyclazole, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor DPI (diphenyleneiodonium chloride).【Result】A genetic transformation method using geneticin G418 as a resistance marker was established. FV-GFP and FV-DsRED strains have clear and bright green fluorescence and red fluorescence, respectively. The red fluorescence in FV-DsRED-PTS1 strain is distributed as round dots in conidia and hypha, which is consistent with the distribution characteristics of peroxisome in fungi. FV-LifeAct-GFP strain has filamentous green fluorescence in conidia and hypha, which is consistent with the distribution characteristics of F-actin protein in fungi. During the infection process of maize silk epidermis, an infection structure resembling a hyphopodium was observed at the top of the hyphae. The ring-forming assembly of F-actin protein in the penetration structure was observed in the mimic penetration experiment on the cellophane membrane. Drug stress experiments have shown that the formation of penetrating structures is regulated by F-actin protein polymerization and ROS. Meanwhile, tricyclazole can inhibit penetration.【Conclusion】Four fluorescent labeled strains were constructed, with clear cell localization and normal growth phenotype and pathogenicity, which can meet the research needs related to pathogenic mechanisms. F. verticillioides can form a hyphopodium like infection structure with swollen hyphae at the top when infecting maize. It is confirmed that F-actin cyclization and polymerization, cytoskeleton assembly and ROS regulation are the key factors affecting the formation of infection structure of F. verticillioides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Callose Synthetase Gene Family and Functional Analysis of PlCalS5 in Paeonia lactiflora HE Dan, YOU XiaoLong, HE SongLin, ZHANG MingXing, ZHANG JiaoRui, HUA Chao, WANG Zheng, LIU YiPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    Accepted: 27 April 2023

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Research Progress on the Carbon and Nitrogen Sink of Duckweed Growing in Paddy and Its Effects on Rice Yield JING LiQuan, LI Fan, ZHAO YiHan, WANG XunKang, ZHAO FuCheng, LAI ShangKun, SUN XiaoLin, WANG YunXia, YANG LianXin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4717-4728.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.013 Abstract （296）   HTML （14）    PDF （3554KB）（2533）       Knowledge map    Save Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) is a floating microscopic plant that is usually found in standing water. Climate change is characterized by rising temperature, which is mainly due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, and it poses potential risks to food production. Owing to factors such as climate warming and/or the eutrophication of water, duckweed growth in paddy fields has shown an increasing trend year by year in China. This paper focused on the impacts of duckweed on paddy fields and highlighted some vital trends. Duckweed reduced the water temperature of paddy by 0.86-2.76 ℃ and the pH value by 0.10-0.45, changed the structure of microbial community, reduced the NH3 volatilization by 18.2%-59.0%, and increased the nitrogen utilization rate by 17.2%-78.0%. As a result, the nitrogen sink of paddy increased and the rice yield rose by 9.0%-34.6% upon duckweed growing in paddy. Duckweed grew and reproduced rapidly, and its annual biomass could reach 8×103-13×103 kg·hm-2, making its carbon sink almost equal to that of rice in the same season. The mutualism between duckweed and rice was greater than its competition, and the coexistence of duckweed and rice in paddy showed an adaptation of the rice field ecosystem to environmental changes. Future research in this field should focus on the effect and its mechanism of duckweed on the paddy environment changes, rice growth, yield, and quality, and the risks which might bring to the paddy fields, especially the interaction with environmental factors (elevated temperature and CO2 concentration, etc.). Such research would provide theoretical support for the sustainable agricultural development of rice farming technology based on biological collaboration, such as rice-duckweed, which can adapt to future changes in climate and environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Multiple Green Manure After Wheat Combined with Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization on Wheat Yield, Grain Quality, and Nitrogen Utilization ZHANG WenXia, LI Pan, YIN Wen, CHEN GuiPing, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, FAN Hong, HE Wei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (17): 3317-3330.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.17.007 Abstract （352）   HTML （24）    PDF （587KB）（2487）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Aiming at the problems of large nitrogen input, single fertilizer source, low nitrogen utilization rate, and poor quality of wheat in spring wheat cultivation in Hexi areas of Gansu Province, the objective of this study is to explore the effects of suitable green manure and reduced nitrogen fertilizer cultivation techniques on grain yield and quality, and nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring wheat, and to provide a theoretical basis for high yield, high quality, and green production of wheat in Hexi irrigation areas. 【Method】 A split plot experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 in the Hexi oasis irrigation areas of Gansu Province. Two cropping patterns of multiple green manure after wheat (W-G) and sole wheat (W) were set in the main plot. There were five N fertilizer levels in the sub-plot: 100% of conventional N fertilizer by the farmer (180 kg·hm-2, N4), 85% of conventional N fertilizer (N3), 70% of conventional N fertilizer (N2), 55% of conventional N fertilizer (N1), and no N fertilizer (N0). 【Result】 Multiple green manure after wheat combined with 85% N application (W-G-N3) was effectively increased wheat grain yield and biomass. The grain yield of W-G-N3 was increased by 16.7%-18.4% and 13.6%-34.4%, respectively, compared with the 85% N application (W-N3) and conventional N application (W-N4) treatments for the sole wheat. The biomass of W-G-N3 was increased by 11.3% (2020) and 5.2%-11.6% (2020 to 2021), respectively, compared with the W-N3 and W-N4 treatments. The increase of grain yield was greater than that of biomass, thus, the W-G-N3 treatment had higher harvest index, which was 4.9%-15.9% and 8.0%-20.5% higher than that of W-N3 and W-N4 treatments. Meanwhile, the W-G-N3 treatment improved grain quality of wheat by increasing protein content, sedimentation value, and wet gluten content, among which, the protein content, sedimentation value, and wet gluten content of W-G-N3 were increased by 12.3%-16.1%, 28.7%-47.2%, and 10.7%-11.1%, respectively, compared with W-N3; The protein content of W-G-N3 was increased by 8.9%-12.4% compared with W-N4, but the differences in sedimentation value and wet gluten content between W-G-N3 and W-N4 were not significant. In addition, the W-G-N3 treatment was beneficial to promote nitrogen uptake and conversion to grain yield in wheat compared with W-N3 and W-N4 treatments, in which the N uptake was increased by 42.2%-58.9% and 35.2%-45.0%, N use efficiency was increased by 12.0%-20.6% and 5.9%-20.4%, respectively, and N partial factor productivity was increased by 3.6%-18.3% and 28.1%-58.1%, respectively. The W-G-N3 treatment could compensate for the reduction of N agronomic efficiency, which was 74.2%-80.0% higher than W-G-N4 treatment. The correlation analysis showed that multiple green manure after wheat combined with moderate reduction of N fertilizer increased grain yield by promoting efficient nitrogen uptake and utilization, and also significantly improved grain nutritional quality. 【Conclusion】 The combination of multiple green manure after wheat with 85% (153 kg·hm-2) nitrogen application is the suitable cropping pattern and nitrogen application level to boost wheat yield, improve wheat grain quality, and increase nitrogen use efficiency in Hexi oasis irrigated areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Dietary Fiber Level on Intestinal Barrier Function, Colonic Microbiota and Metabolites in Pigs LIU Chang, CUI ZiXu, ZUO Zhou, YUN HongMei, NIU Jin, YANG Yang, GUO XiaoHong, LI BuGao, GAO PengFei, ZHAO Yan, CAO GuoQing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4532-4551.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.014 Abstract （246）   HTML （13）    PDF （4104KB）（2401）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Adding fiber raw materials is one of the effective methods to reduce the feed costs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different fiber level diets on the intestinal health of Mashen (MS) pig and Duroc × Landrace × Large (DLY) pig, so as to provide the basis for the rational use of fiber. 【Method】 In this study, 80 MS pigs and 80 DLY pigs with an initial body weight of (20 ± 0.5) kg were used as test objects (half of the sows and half of the boars). MS and DLY pigs were divided into four groups each assigned to different diets, with five replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate. When 0%, 9.35%, 18.64% and 28.03% soybean hulls were added to the corn soybean meal basal diet, the NDF content was 9% (9N), 13.5% (13.5N), 18% (18N) and 22.5% (22.5N), respectively. The test lasted for 30 days. 【Result】 For MS pigs, the content of IL-10 in ileum of 18N group and TNF-α in cecum of 13.5N and 22.5N groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The number of goblet cells in jejunum, ileum and caecum was increased with the increase of fiber level. In colon, the number of goblet cells and the expression level of MUC2 were significantly increased in 13.5N and 18N groups (P<0.05). The expressions of Claudin-2, Occludin, E-cadherin, ZO-1, and ZO-2 of 18N and 22.5N groups were increased significantly (P<0.05). The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella in 13.5N, 18N and 22.5N groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus in 13.5N group, Prevoteaceae_NK3B31_group in 18N group and Methanobrevibacter in 22.5N group were increased significantly (P<0.05). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid and capric acid in 13.5N, 18N and 22.5N groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), while lithocholic acid and cholic acid were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in the pathways related to lipid metabolism and carbohydrate digestion and absorption. For DLY pigs, the TNF-α content in cecum of 13.5N group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The number of goblet cells in each intestinal segment of 13.5N, 18N and 22.5N groups was significantly higher than those of 9N group (P<0.05). The expression level of colonic MUC2 was increased significantly in 13.5N and 18N groups (P<0.05) and decreased significantly in 22.5N group (P<0.05). The expression levels of Claudin-2, Occludin, E-cadherin and ZO-1 in 18N and 22.5N groups were decreased significantly (P<0.05). The abundance of Methanobrevibacter in 13.5N group, Streptococcus in 18N group and Lachnospira in 22.5N group was significantly increased (P<0.05). L-tyrosine, L-glutamic acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, phenylalanine and other derivatives in 13.5N, 18N group were significantly increased (P<0.05), while significantly decreased (P<0.05) in 22.5N group. Differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in amino acid metabolism pathway. In MS pigs and DLY pigs, there was a strong correlation between microflora and intestinal barrier related genes, as well as tryptophan and bile acid metabolites. 【Conclusion】 Improving the dietary fiber level could strengthen the intestinal barrier function of pigs, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria, regulate the metabolism of lipid and amino acids in the colon, affect the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan and bile acids through the microbial pathway, and promote intestinal health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Drought Tolerance at Seedling Stage in ICARDA-Introduced Wheat ZHANG Ying, SHI TingRui, CAO Rui, PAN WenQiu, SONG WeiNing, WANG Li, NIE XiaoJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (9): 1658-1673.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.09.004 Abstract （370）   HTML （21）    PDF （2773KB）（2396）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Drought is one of the most destructive environmental stresses limiting wheat production. The novel germplasm with excellent drought tolerance as well as their candidate loci were identified and characterized to enrich the genetic basis of drought tolerance and lay a material foundation for wheat genetic improvement in China. 【Method】In this study, the drought tolerance of 198 wheat accessions introduced from International Dry Area Agriculture Research (ICARDA) were investigated at seedling stage through hydroponic method with PEG6000 simulating drought. Drought tolerance index (DTI) was calculated using the shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, total biomass and root-shoot ratio, respectively. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 660K SNP array genotyping to obtain the SNP loci and chromosome regions associating with drought tolerance index. Combined with the expression patterns in root and other tissues, the potential candidate genes were identified, and then they were further verified by qRT-PCR approach with the most drought-tolerant accession IR214 and the most drought-sensitive accession IR36 as materials. Finally, the excellent haplotypes of key candidate genes were analyzed. 【Result】Compared to normal control condition, the growth and development of wheat were significantly impaired under drought treatment. There were also significant phenotypic variations among different accessions with all of the four traits displayed normal distribution. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.363 to 0.760 with genetic diversity from 0.310 to 0.400. Using the weighted membership function value (D value), the drought tolerance of these accessions was evaluated. Results showed that accession IR214 had the highest D value with 0.851, followed by IR92, IR213, IR235, and IR218, which could be considered as the novel excellent drought-tolerance germplasm. Furthermore, through genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, a total of 102 loci were significantly associated with the DTI values based on these four traits, with the phenotypic variation explained value (PVE) from 1.07% to 38.70%, of which 60 loci were associated with above-ground fresh weight, 1 locus associated with underground fresh weight, 36 loci associated with biomass and the remaining 5 loci associated with root-shoot ratio. Then, 31 candidate genes were predicated based on genomic annotation information and LD block. Combined with the expression patterns of them in roots and other tissues, 4 candidates displaying differential expression between CK and drought conditions were obtained. Finally, the expression levels of these 4 candidates were further verified by qRT-PCR method with the most drought- tolerant accession IR214 and the most drought-sensitive accession IR36 as materials to obtain two key candidates associating with drought tolerance. Additionally, their haplotype effects were investigated. It was found that the different genotypes of AX-86174509 locus in TraesCS6A02G048600 gene showed significant differences in drought tolerance, which might be considered as a causal locus.【Conclusion】Totally, 102 loci and 2 key candidate genes (TraesCS5B02G053500 and TraesCS6A02G048600) underlying drought tolerance at seedling stage were detected in ICARDA-introduced wheat, and AX-86174509 in TraesCS6A02G048600 was a potential functional locus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Lufeng Cattle and Leiqiong Cattle Based on Genome-Wide SNPs TONG Xiong, LUO Wei, MIN Li, ZHANG ZhiFei, MA XinYan, LUO ChengLong, CHEN WeiDong, XU Bin, LI DaGang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2798-2811.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.014 Abstract （330）   HTML （15）    PDF （3864KB）（2329）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Phylogenetic relationship among Lufeng cattle, Leiqiong cattle and domestic cattle in different regions worldwide, and genetic diversity of different domestic cattle populations were studied, so as to lay a theoretical foundation for the identification and protection of domestic cattle resources. 【Method】Tissue samples of 12 individuals of Lufeng cattle and 17 ones of Leiqiong cattle were collected for whole genome resequencing. Combined with another 92 cattle genomes from 24 breeds worldwide available in the NCBI database, a panel of cattle genomes comprising 121 individuals were generated from 25 breeds to carry out population genetics study. Bos taurus ARS-UCD1.2 assembly was selected as the reference genome. High-quality reads were obtained by genome alignment and quality control. Genomic SNPs were detected by GATK software. Population structure was analyzed by phylogenetic tree construction, PCA clustering, and Admixture evaluation. Genetic diversity of the populations was studied by estimating nucleotide diversity (Pi), heterozygosity (Hp), and linkage disequilibrium (LD). 【Result】A total of 6 905 944 306 clean reads were obtained by genome sequencing from 29 individuals of the two cattle breeds in Guangdong. Average genome coverage and average sequencing depth of each sample were 97.99% and 12.78×, respectively. After integrating the NCBI cattle genome data, 14 664 391 population SNPs were identified. The results of phylogenetic tree, PCA and Admixture showed that a primary division was found between cattle from taurine and indicine. Moreover, indicine cattle split on Chinese and Indian cattle, and Northeast Asian cattle (Hanwoo and Yanbian) and Tibetan cattle separated from European taurine group, while Wenling cattle and Zhoushan cattle differentiated from Chinese indicine group. Lufeng cattle and Leiqiong cattle belonged to pure Chinese indicine cattle. Lufeng cattle and Wannan cattle, Leiqiong cattle and Ji'an cattle showed the closest relationship, respectively. The relationships indicated that Lufeng cattle and Leiqiong cattle in the adjacent areas belonged to two independent breeds. Some Lufeng and Leiqiong individuals were genetically admixed with European taurine and Northeast Asian taurine cattle, and the admixed proportion was high, indicating that these two breeds needed to strengthen the purification and rejuvenation within the population. Compared with European taurine cattle and Korean cattle, for Chinese domestic cattle, LD decay rate was faster, and nucleotide diversity (Pi) and heterozygosity (Hp) were higher, indicating that genetic diversity of Chinese domestic cattle was richer. Compared with other Chinese domestic cattle, LD levels of Lufeng cattle and Leiqiong cattle were lower, heterozygosity (Hp) was higher, and the density distribution of nucleotide diversity (Pi) and heterozygosity (Hp) was more concentrated, indicating that the two cattle breeds were less subject to artificial selection and maintain higher genetic diversity. 【Conclusion】Population structure and genetic diversity of Lufeng cattle and Leiqiong cattle were analyzed by genome-wide SNPs, which provided data support for independent classification and conservation of these two cattle breeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Root System Architecture and Drought Resistance in Wheat ZHANG YuZhou, WANG YiZhao, GAO RuXi, LIU YiFan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (9): 1633-1645.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.09.002 Abstract （683）   HTML （84）    PDF （3342KB）（2295）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is the most important cereal crop, and drought is the most significant abiotic stress factor that severely affects wheat growth and development. Plant root system, as a primary organ for crops to acquire water and nutrients, directly determines the efficiency of soil water utilization. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that plant root system architecture (RSA) plays an important role in plant tolerance to drought stress. This review summarizes the current research progress on the regulation of wheat drought tolerance determined by RSA. First, we present how root tropism especially root gravitropism shapes the RSA, summarize the relevant genes and molecular regulatory mechanism involved in root gravitropic growth, and explain how the root tropism-regulated RSA is implicated in wheat adaptation to drought stress. In addition to root tropic growth, the root development also participates in the RSA formation and the plant adaptability to drought stress. Therefore, this review further summarizes how wheat regulates root development to alter its root system morphology (including increasing root length, modifying lateral root number and root hair density, etc.), thereby enhancing its water acqusition from the soil and its adaption to drought environment. The identified genes involved in wheat root development under drought stress conditions are also systematically summarized. Furthermore, as the underground part of plants, the revelation of RSA has always been a challenging task, which hinders our understanding of the relationship between RSA and plant drought tolerance. Therefore, this review also summarized the available techniques used to analyze the RSA at two- and three-dimension levels. These techniques can measure and analyze wheat root length, density, growth direction, and morphology parameters, laying technical support for an insightful understanding of the relationship between wheat RSA and drought resistance. Finally, we discuss the prospect of the improvement of RSA in breeding wheat drought-resistant varieties, as well as provide an outlook for how to identify genes regulating wheat RSA and pinpoint their regulatory mechanism. In summary, the relationship between wheat RSA and drought resistant is closely associated. The continuous development of sequencing techniques, along with the deepening research on the regulatory mechanism of wheat RSA, will provide new means and strategies for the further breeding of drought-tolerance wheat varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Future Climate Change on the Climate Suitability of Potato Cultivation in China ZHANG ZhiLiang, HE ZhiHao, RU XiaoYa, JIANG TengCong, HE YingBin, FENG Hao, YU Qiang, HE JianQiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3530-3542.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.004 Abstract （433）   HTML （44）    PDF （5463KB）（2235）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】As the fourth staple food crop in China, potato suitability evaluation is of great significance to ensure national food security. Based on climate data, this study constructed an integrated species distribution model to predict the climate suitable area of potato in China in the future, and provided an important scientific reference for optimizing potato planting in China.【Method】In this study, the future climate data derived from six different global climate models (GCMs) were used to drive an ensemble of five different species distribution models (SDMs) to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of climate suitable areas of potato cultivation in China in the historical (1970-2000) and four future (2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100) periods under four greenhouse gas emission scenarios (ssp126, ssp245, ssp370, and ssp585). 【Result】 (1) The precipitation in the wettest month, the highest temperature in the warmest month, and the average temperature in the coldest quarter were the main meteorological factors that affected the climate suitability of potato in China, with their contribution rates of 54.7%, 21.4% and 18.1%, respectively. (2) In four scenarios of greenhouse gas emission, the prediction results of various suitable areas were basically the same, showing the similar trends that the areas of suitable and low suitable would become larger, while the area of high suitable would become smaller. Only in Hainan, Tibet, Xinjiang and some other regions, the climate was not suitable for potato planting. The suitable potato planting areas (including both suitable and high suitable) exceed 50% in all cases. (3) In the future, the low suitable and suitable areas for potato planting will increase greatly, while the high suitable areas will decrease. The order of areas of different suitable grades would remain: suitable areas>low suitable areas>high suitable areas. (4) With the increase of greenhouse gas emission level, the high suitable area in China would be greatly reduced. For spatial distribution, the high suitable areas were mainly in Northeast China, Gansu, western Xinjiang, and some parts of southwest China. From the perspective of time, the future climate change would greatly affect the northwest of Shaanxi, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the central and western Inner Mongolia and other regions. The climate suitability of potato planting would obviously decrease. 【Conclusion】In this study, the integrated species distribution models were constructed to predict the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of potato climate suitable areas in the future. Northeast, Gansu, Southwest and other regions of China could be the main potato planting areas, while Xinjiang and other regions could be the main development areas. The rest regions should be given priority to the development of other staple crops and cash crops according to local conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of Sugar Content and Expression Analysis of Genes Related to Sugar Metabolism in Different Parts of Chinese Flowering Cabbage FENG XianJun, WANG Li, WANG Tong, HOU LeiPing, LI MeiLan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2158-2171.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.010 Abstract （279）   HTML （12）    PDF （2339KB）（2223）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Chinese flowering cabbage has become one of the most popular vegetables in southern China due to its crunchy taste and high nutritional value. The type and content of sugars are the main factors for determining the sweetness and flavour of Chinese flowering cabbage. Therefore, this paper analyzed the sugar content and the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport in different organs, so as to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences in sugar content in different organs of Chinese flowering cabbage. 【Method】 In this experiment, the content of soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose and fructose in leaves, stalks and flower buds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of genes in leaves, stalks and buds was analyzed comprehensively and systematically by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between three different organs were identified using DESeq2 software. In addition, the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the sugar metabolic pathway and transport process was analyzed, and the correlation with sugar content were analyzed on OmicShare. Moreover, the expression of some genes was verified using quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR).【Result】The sugar content varied significantly among the different organs of Chinese flowering cabbage. Soluble sugars, sucrose, glucose and fructose all showed a trend of buds>stalks>leaves. The glucose content in flower buds was 1.3 and 1.6 times of that in stalks and leaves; the fructose content was 1.42 and 1.78 times of that in stalks and leaves, respectively. By analyzing the relation and consistency between the expression of genes coding enzymes involving in sugar metabolism and transport and content of the sugar, a total of 18 genes were screened. By analyzing the correlation and consistency of the expression of DEGs among different organs with sugar species and content, 14 DEGs were identified. By merging 7 common genes (Bra020096, Bra029914, Bra033419, Bra037980, Bra027398, Bra006129 and Bra006130), expression of 25 genes in total were consistent with the sugar content. qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression of the eight DEGs were highly consistent with their FPKM values from RNA-seq, indicating that the sequencing results were accurate and reliable.【Conclusion】 The sugar content in the flower buds of Chinese flowering cabbage was higher than that in stalks and leaves, because the expression of genes encoding sugar synthesis-related enzymes was higher in buds than in stalks and leaves. These results laid a certain foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of sugar metabolism and transport in different organs of Chinese flowering cabbage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Environmental Residues of Organosiloxane-Based Adjuvants and Its Environmental Risks for Use as Agrochemical Adjuvants WANG XiaoBin, YAN Xiang, LI XiuYing, TU Cheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (1): 142-158.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.010 Abstract （329）   HTML （14）    PDF （606KB）（2203）       Knowledge map    Save Organosiloxane-based adjuvant (or organosilicon adjuvant), one of the silicone-fluide products, is polysiloxane, predominantly composed of covalently bonded silicon and oxygen atoms. Organosiloxane-based adjuvants are widely used as additives for daily chemicals and textile products, but also as agrochemical adjuvants in agriculture due to their super spreading and penetrating abilities. At present, China’s production and sales of silicone products have reached above 2 million tons, accounting for more than 50% of the world’s total amount. China has become the world’s largest producer, consumer and net exporter of raw materials of silicone, and the production capacity of polysiloxane has reached more than 60% of the world’s total. As organosiloxane residues detected in environment (especially in water, sludge/soil and other environmental samples, aquatic food chain, as well as human tissues), their impacts on agricultural ecological environment are increasingly exposed due to the widely application of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, while the environmental risks from silicone-based agrochemical adjuvants, including ecotoxicity and environmental safety risks, have also attracted great concern. In recent years, volatile cyclomethylcyclosiloxanes (such as D4 (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane), D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) and D6 (dodecylcyclohexasiloxane)) have been recognized as emerging organic pollutants, or listed as priority controlled chemicals by EU and other countries, because of their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. Based on the relevant scientific research literatures published since 1991 on the environmental residues of organosiloxane-based adjuvants and the ecological environmental safety risks in the use of organosiloxane-based adjuvant (including organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants), this paper reviewed and analyzed the environmental residues of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, and their impacts directly or indirectly on agricultural ecological environmental safety. This review mainly focused on the following two aspects: (1) the organosiloxane residues in environment and their impacts on the agricultural ecological environment safety, including organosiloxane residues and fates in the process of wastewater treatment, aquatic food chain pollution risks from organosiloxane residues in water, soil ecological pollution risks from organosiloxane residues in sludge, and human health risks from organosiloxane residues in food; (2) the current situation and environmental safety risks for the use of organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants, including organosiloxane residues and ecotoxicity risks from siloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants, and the management for the use of organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants. This paper also discussed the management status and problems associated with siloxane-based products. For organosiloxane as agrochemical adjuvants, organosiloxane-based adjuvants were largely assumed to be “biologically inert”, and usually no risk assessment (such as ecotoxicity test and environmental monitoring) was required. Also, the adjuvant inert ingredients were generally protected as “trade-secrets” or confidential business information, and the inert ingredients were rarely identified on product labels. At present, there are no regulatory requirements for the use of organosilicone-based adjuvants in fertilizer products as agrochemical adjuvants (such as foliar fertilizer additives) in China, posing potential environmental safety risks. This paper discussed that over-addition with organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants might increase their residues in soil-crop-water systems, and their ecotoxicity risks, as well as potential threats to food safety and human health. It is suggested that relevant management and research units need to pay more attention to environmental monitoring for organosiloxane residues and fates in the application process of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, and especially strengthen the research on the impacts of organosiloxane residues from organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants on water, soil, animal and plant growth, as well as human health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development Strategies and Application Prospects of African Swine Fever Vaccines: Feasibility and Probability WANG Tao, LUO Rui, SUN Yuan, QIU HuaJi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2212-2222.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.014 Abstract （383）   HTML （29）    PDF （572KB）（2197）       Knowledge map    Save African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the mortality of acute ASF is as high as 100%. Since ASF was introduced to China in 2018, the global prevalence and impacts of ASF were increasing. After more than three years of the epidemic of the virulent genotype II ASFV, the low virulent genotypes II and I ASFV strains emerged, resulting in an extremely complicated situation for the control and eradication of ASF in China. As an effective tool for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, the research and development of ASF vaccines have received considerable attention from the government, pig industry, vaccine manufacturers, and the scientific community. With the continuous investment of ASF research funding in recent years, based on development strategies of inactivation, attenuation, subunit, viral vector, and DNA vaccines, the unprecedented progress has been made in the development of ASF vaccines, which increased our understanding of ASF vaccine development and evaluation. In addition, some promising ASF vaccine candidates have been evaluated in preclinical models and were currently in clinical trials, showing the good application prospects, but there were still some problems hindering its further development. With a focus on the latest advances in ASF vaccines, this review summarized the advantages and disadvantages of different vaccines development strategies, the comprehensive evaluation of current ASF vaccine candidates, the development direction in the future, the challenges in developing safe and efficacious ASF vaccines, and the application prospects of ASF vaccines, so as to provide some insights for industry insiders. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional Identification of Peach Gene PpSAUR73 YANG Li, CAO HongBo, ZHANG XueYing, ZHAI HanHan, LI XinMiao, PENG JiaWei, TIAN Yi, CHEN HaiJiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4072-4086.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.012 Abstract （197）   HTML （6）    PDF （4518KB）（2138）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The object of this study was to isolate a peach potential-related gene PpSAUR73, to analyze its expression response to hormones, and to identify its role in regulating seedling growth in transgenic Arabidopsis, so as to provide the molecular basis for the regulation of tree potential. 【Method】 Using Zhongyou Pan 9 as the material for hormone treatment, the real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis was used to analyze the dynamic response of PpSAUR73 within 24 hours. PpSAUR73 was cloned from the peach variety Jiuyan. PpSAUR73 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis. Phenotypic observation of genetical modified Arabidopsis was carried out, and the germination rate statistics of both genetically modified and wild-type Arabidopsis sown simultaneously were performed too. The root length and hypocotyl of 7-day growing Arabidopsis with consistent germination were measured, and Arabidopsis with consistent germination was treated with different concentration hormone. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using 7-day-old seedlings, and the differentially expressed genes were analyzed by functional analysis, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and regulatory genes analysis, respectively. 【Result】 PpSAUR73 could respond quickly to hormone treatments. The overexpression of PpSAUR73 could affect the germination of Arabidopsis seeds. The hypocotyl and root length of seedlings were longer than those of wild type. In addition, the rosette of transgenic Arabidopsis was larger, and the overall growth potential was larger than wild type. The transgenic Arabidopsis showed decreased sensitivity to auxin. The transcriptome analysis of overexpressing PpSAUR73 showed that there were 128 differentially expressed genes in both control groups, including 84 up-regulated genes and 44 down-regulated genes, and 20 differentially expressed genes were described. The GO function significant enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes generated by overexpression of PpSAUR73 showed that the differentially expressed genes were the most abundant in cell components, located in cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelle and extracellular regions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on differentially expressed genes were conducted, and the results showed that the differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparisons CK vs SAUR73-1 and CK vs SAUR73-14 were mainly enriched in phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway, plant hormone signal transduction pathway, starch sucrose metabolic pathway and other metabolic pathways. In the phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway, PpSAUR73 could regulate the upregulation of peroxidase encoding genes AT1G05260, AT3G01190, AT3G32980 and AT5G15180. Peroxidases were associated with lignin synthesis, and lignin content was significantly correlated with plant growth, suggesting that overexpression of PpSAUR73 might be involved in regulating lignin synthesis in Arabidopsis and thus growth. In plant hormone signal transduction pathway, the expression of some auxin responsive genes of AtSAUR41, AtSAUR71, AtSAUR51, AtSAUR72 and AtSAUR1 in auxin signal transduction pathway was down-regulated, the expression of phosphatase protein AtPP2CA in abscisic acid signal transduction pathway was up-regulated, and the expression of abscisic acid signal pathway gene AtPYL5 was down-regulated. PpSAUR73 could regulate the growth of Arabidopsis and participate in multiple hormone signal transduction pathways. 【Conclusion】 This study found that PpSAUR73 could quickly respond to hormones and regulate the growth in transgenic Arabidopsis. The differentially expressed genes caused by overexpressed genes caused by overexpression of PpSAUR73 were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, such as phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway, plant hormone signaling pathway, and starch sucrose metabolism pathway. PpSAUR73 also played an important role in IAA and ABA signal transduction pathways, it was speculated that it played an important role in the growth and development of peach trees. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Resistant Germplasms and Mining of Candidate Genes Associated with Resistance to Stalk Rot Caused by Synergistic Infection with Fusarium spp. in Maize GUI CuiLin, MA Liang, WANG YinYing, XIE FuGui, ZHAO CaiHong, WANG WenMiao, LI Xin, WANG Qing, GAO XiQuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (13): 2509-2524.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.002 Abstract （359）   HTML （36）    PDF （5108KB）（2083）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Maize stalk rot is one of the common and most devastating diseases in major maize production areas in China. Under natural conditions, maize stalk rot is mostly caused by the synergistic infection of various pathogens. The purpose of this study was to screen elite maize germplasms resistant to the synergistic infection with F. graminearum and F. verticillioides. Meanwhile, QTN associated with resistance to the infection by synergistic infection of two Fusarium species and the candidate resistance genes were identified, which will provide gene resources and theoretical reference for molecular breeding of maize variety resistant to synergistic infection of different pathogens.【Method】 Using a maize natural population as experimental materials, the maize stalk rot phenotypes were investigated upon simultaneous infection with F. graminearum and F. verticillioides. Furthermore, GWAS analysis was conducted to identify significant resistance SNP and to predict candidate genes for stalk rot resistance.【Result】 Through the phenotypic analysis of stalk rot caused by synergistic infection under both field and laboratory conditions, it was found that inbred lines from different sources and subgroups showed significant phenotypic variation. More specifically, the field assay results showed that the inbred lines collected from China were more resistant and that from USA were more susceptible to synergistic infection. Moreover, the inbred lines of tropical and subtropical subgroup were more resistant, whereas the inbred lines of Mixed subgroup more susceptible. The seedling assay results under laboratory condition showed that the lines collected from USA were more resistant, whereas that from CIMMYT were more susceptible. The lines of SS subgroup were more resistant, and that of Mixed subgroup were more susceptible. By integrating field and laboratory phenotypic data, 29 and 16 lines with higher levels of resistance to synergistic infection were screened out respectively, and 6 resistant lines were identified under both conditions. Moreover, based on the field phenotype GWAS, 18 QTNs associated with the resistance were identified, and 93 candidate genes associated with stalk rot resistance to synergistic infection were mined. Among these candidate genes, four genes showed haplotype variation, whose expression levels were up-regulated in disease-resistant lines.【Conclusion】 Using the natural population of maize with great diversity in genetic background, 6 resistant lines to the synergistic infection with Fusarium spp. were identified under two conditions, which can be used as potential germplasm resources for maize stalk rot resistance in the future. Four candidate genes that might be involved in the resistance to synergistic infection were identified by GWAS, which will provide genetic resources for the breeding maize varieties with enhanced resistance to stalk rot caused by F. graminearum and F. verticillioides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Modification of Gene Editing Vector for Efficient GFPuv Fluorescence Screening and Its Application in Potato Genetic Transformation DU JingYa, CHEN KaiYuan, PU Jin, ZHOU HuiYing, ZHU GuangTao, ZHANG ChunZhi, DU Hui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2223-2236.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.015 Abstract （380）   HTML （35）    PDF （3831KB）（2065）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The improvement and innovation of screening markers contributes to the development of transgenic technology, among which the visual screening markers are widely modified for better effect. Recent studies revealed that an enhanced Yellow Green Fluorescent like Protein (eYGFPuv (GFPuv)) obtained by mutation can emit strong and stable green fluorescence under 365 nm UV light irradiation and be easily observed. Constructing the gene editing vector with GFPuv fluorescence screening marker and carrying out experiment application and verifications in potato genetic transformation will provide technical support for the screening of positive transgenic plants in potato transformation, and lay the foundation for using genome editing technology to create potato male sterile lines in the future. 【Method】By using homologous recombination, the GFPuv expression framework and gene editing element Cas9_sgRNA were successively recombined into pCAMBIA2300 vector, and then with this new designed vector the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay was conducted in tobacco plants. Six editing vectors with potato anther development conservative genes were constructed using this modified vector. The A. rhizogenes strains Ar qual and MSU440 harbouring these vectors were transformed into the potato stem segments respectively, and then the A. rhizogenes-induced hairy roots with green fluorescence were observed and counted under the portable UV lamp. The transformation efficiency and editing efficiency of these vectors were analyzed using hairy root transformation system in two different potato genotypes. In the end, the modified vectors were applied to produce transformed potato plants with modifications on target genes. 【Result】A novel gene editing vector pCAMBIA2300MGFPuv-sgRNACas harbouring a GFPuv fluorescence marker was successfully constructed, and the transient transformation in tobacco plants confirmed that the GFPuv expression framework was expressed successfully. The hairy roots with green fluorescence were screened after the transformation with two kinds of A. rhizogenes, and an additional supplement of kanamycin (Kan) significantly increased the proportion of positive fluorescent roots. Although the transformation rates of the two strains were not significantly different, the hairy roots of MSU440 formed faster. Furthermore, the transformation rates and editing rates of editing vectors for six potato anther development conservative genes in two different potato genotypes were the same, but the editing rates of six target sites differed significantly. Potato genetic transformation using the modified vector confirmed that GFPuv fluorescence could be used for the screening of transgenic callus and plants in potato. 【Conclusion】The hairy root transformation system mediated by A. rhizogenes is an essential approach to verifying the efficiency of gene editing, and GFPuv fluorescence can be used in the screening of transgenic plants in potato transformation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pigment Identification and Gene Mapping in Red Seed Coat of Soybean CAO Jie, GU YongZhe, HONG HuiLong, WU HaiTao, ZHANG Xia, SUN JianQiang, BAO LiGao, QIU LiJuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2643-2659.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.002 Abstract （370）   HTML （27）    PDF （3120KB）（2050）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To identify the key genes controlling anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation, to uncover changes in anthocyanin content of the seed coat during seed development, and the primary anthocyanin components responsible for the red seed coat of Taixingaijiaohong (TXAJH); and to lay the groundwork for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanism of red seed coat formation.【Method】Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), the anthocyanin composition and concentration of the yellow seed coat of soybean Suinong 14 (SN14) and the red seed coat of soybean TXAJH at various developmental stages were identified. The potential areas of red testa-related genes were first identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) on the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) made by crossing SN14 and TXAJH. Based on this discovery, we performed marker linkage analysis to restrict the candidate intervals and predict the candidate genes, and qRT-PCR to confirm the expression of the anticipated candidate genes.【Result】When seed coats from the four developmental phases of SN14 and TXAJH were analyzed, a total of 12 anthocyanins were discovered. Cluster analysis of total anthocyanins revealed substantial changes in the seed coat's anthocyanin composition between TXAJH and SN14 as well as between TXAJH before and after color development. The anthocyanin content of the SN14 seed coat gradually decreased as the seed developed, whereas the TXAJH seed coat's content increased quickly and remained stable. After the development of the seed coat's color, the anthocyanin contents of SN14 and TXAJH showed highly significant differences, and at the mature stage, the TXAJH seed coat's anthocyanin content was more than 200 times that of SN14. The crimson coloring of the TXAJH seed coat was largely due to cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-glu), peonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn-3-glu), and petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt-3-glu). The candidate interval for the red seed coat gene on chromosome 8 was discovered at 8.66 Mb by BSA-seq association analysis. 27 polymorphic markers were used in the marker linkage analysis, which produced 10 haplotypes and reduced the candidate interval to 702 kb. Nonsynonymous variations in 37 genes between the parents were found during this interval, these include the genes for encode the anthocyanin reductase 1 (Glyma.08g062000), the bHLH transcription factor (Glyma.08g061300 and Glyma.08g063900), and the MYB transcript factor (Glyma.08g059900). These genes may be involved in regulating the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, and anthocyanin reductase 1 can convert anthocyanins to proanthocyanidins (PA). The results of gene expression analysis revealed that candidate genes and genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway had comparable expression patterns in SN14 and TXAJH, and both were expressed at lower levels in SN14 and at higher levels in TXAJH. It was discovered that there was a significant link between the principal constituents of seed coat anthocyanins and the level of candidate gene expression.【Conclusion】The anthocyanin makeup of SN14 and TXAJH's seed coats differed, and Cy-3-glu, Pn-3-glu, and Pt-3-glu may be to blame for the TXAJH's seed coat's red hue. According to predictions, Glyma.08g059900, Glyma.08g061300, Glyma.08g062000, and Glyma.08g063900 will likely be a candidate gene for the red seed coat, in which Glyma.08g059900, Glyma.08g061300, and Glyma.08g063900 may control a number of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Valproic Acid on Reprogramming of Bactrian Camel Fibroblasts ZHANG QiRan, LI ZongShuai, MA Tian, LI YiNa, ZHAO XingXu, ZHANG Yong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2407-2420.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.014 Abstract （185）   HTML （7）    PDF （2504KB）（2043）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To improve the efficiency of the reprogramming process of Bactrian camel fibroblasts and to reduce the risk of tumorigenesis caused by the introduction of proto-oncogenes. In this experiment, valproic acid (VPA) was added to the fibroblast reprogramming process to explore the effect of small molecules on the reprogramming of Bactrian camel fibroblasts. 【Method】 Given this, March-aged Bactrian camel fetal fibroblasts were used as test materials, combined with classic induction combination OSKM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) and EGFP five retrovirus reprogramming of Bactrian camel fibroblasts (OSKM group), and the cells by adding VPA treatment for 7 days after the second viral infection (OSKM+VPA group) were collected. Endogenous and exogenous genes were examined by using PCR to confirm the modification effect of retrovirus on Bactrian camel fibroblasts. Eight genes were randomly selected from those more significantly affected by VPA. According to RNA-seq data, whether their trends before and after VPA addition were consistent with the trends of RNA-seq data was checked to verify the accuracy of RNA-seq data. The transcriptome sample genes were classified by GO analysis and significant enrichment pathways for target genes were clarified by using KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and hypergeometric validation analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the collected cells, and then, combined with RNA-seq and Real time-quantitative interpretation (RT-qPCR) techniques to detect the effect of VPA on the reprogramming of Bactrian camel fibroblasts. 【Result】 It was detected by using PCR that the expression of endogenous and exogenous genes in different groups. The results showed that nSox2, Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, and c-Myc genes were expressed in both OSKM and OSKM+VPA groups, and the expression in OSKM+VPA group was higher than that in the OSKM group, while they were not expressed in BCEFs group. Eight genes were randomly selected for testing, and the results showed that: three genes of TP53, CCNB1, and CCD20 were down-regulated in expression after the addition of VPA, which were related to the cell cycle signaling pathway. S100A4, CKS2, VIM, and MMP9 genes signaling were down-regulated in expression, which was related to the phenotypic characteristics of cancer; VEGFC gene expression was up-regulated in the PI3k-Akt signaling pathway. This expression trend was consistent with the trend of the histological data. The results showed that the expression of proliferation genes Mki67 and PCNA were down-regulated, while the expression of apoptosis gene CASP7 was up-regulated after the addition of VPA. KEGG and hypergeometric validation analyses of the transcriptome data were performed, and 959 differentially expressed genes were screened according to the analysis results, which were enriched in 276 signaling pathways, including eight signaling pathways with Q values less than 0.05: steroid biosynthesis, cell cycle, PPAR signaling pathway, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, fatty acid metabolism, ECM-receptor interactions, cell adhesion molecules, and cholesterol metabolism. The 26 differentially expressed genes related to cell cycle, fatty acid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule, and cholesterol metabolism were screened, and four of which were randomly selected for testing, showing that VPA upregulated the expression of L1CAM, CNTN1 and NFASC genes in the Bactrian camel fibroblast adhesion molecule signalling pathway and enhanced intercellular interactions. It was also upregulated that the expression of CD36 gene in the fatty acid signaling pathway. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that the VPA blocked cell before the split phase to reduce risk differentiation during the process of reprogramming. Meanwhile, VPA affected several signaling pathways in the reprogramming process of Bactrian camel fibroblasts, and regulated the expression trend of related genes in the signaling pathways, which effectively improved the reprogramming efficiency of the cells and played an important role in the reprogramming of Bactrian camel fibroblasts. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Solid State Fermentation for Production of Active Substances Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi from Chaetomium globosum LIAO HongJuan, JIANG YuMei, YE Xia, ZHANG ZhiBin, MA TongYu, ZHU Du Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2106-2117.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.006 Abstract （230）   HTML （10）    PDF （790KB）（2032）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to optimize the medium composition and fermentation conditions of straw solid-state fermentation of Chaetomium globosum, improve the antifungal activity of fermentation crude extract, and to provide references for the development of biopesticides of C. globosum and the green resource utilization of straw.【Method】Firstly, using the inhibition rate of crude extracts against the mycelia growth of 9 plant pathogenic fungi as evaluation index, straw (rice, wheat, maize, rape) and nitrogen source (bean pulp, wheat bran, ammonium chloride) in the medium were screened to determine the optimal composition of fermentation medium. Then the single factor optimization of fermentation conditions was carried out, and the inhibition rate of crude extracts against Phytophthora capsici was taken as the evaluation index to determine the optimal range of each fermentation condition and the degree of influence on the antifungal activity of crude extracts. Based on the results of single factor optimization, orthogonal design was used to optimize the fermentation conditions. Parameters were as follows: fermentation time 18-36 d, fermentation temperature 26-32 ℃, initial water content of medium 70%-85%, mass ratio of straw to wheat bran 4﹕1-1﹕1, straw particle size 20->100 mesh. Finally, the optimal fermentation conditions for producing antifungal active substances by solid state fermentation of straw from C. globosum were obtained and verified.【Result】When the composition of solid fermentation medium was screened, it was found that the antifungal effect of crude extracts obtained from the medium composed of wheat straw and wheat bran was generally better than that of other medium. In the single factor optimization of fermentation conditions, the inoculation amount of fungal solution had no significant effect on the antifungal effect of crude extract, so the subsequent orthogonal optimization was not carried out. In the orthogonal optimization, the effects of fermentation conditions on the antifungal activity of the crude extracts were extremely significant (P<0.001), and the effects were as follows: mass ratio of wheat straw to wheat bran>fermentation time>initial water content of medium>fermentation temperature>particle size of wheat straw. The optimal fermentation conditions obtained by orthogonal optimization were as follows: fermentation time 24 d, fermentation temperature 26 ℃, initial water content of medium 80%, mass ratio of wheat straw to wheat bran 4﹕1, particle size of wheat straw 60-100 mesh. After optimization of fermentation conditions, the inhibitory rates of 1 mg·mL-1 crude extract from the fermentation of C. globosum against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, P. capsica, Magnaporthe oryzae, Monilinia fructicola, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Sarocladium oryzae, Fusarium graminearum and Rhizoctonia solani were 100%, 92.86%, 85.94%, 83.90%, 76.12%, 73.02%, 66.18%, 58.96% and 52.99%, respectively.【Conclusion】After the optimization of fermentation medium composition and fermentation conditions, the crude extracts of C. globosum had high antifungal activity, which could lay a foundation for the subsequent separation and purification of antifungal active substances produced by straw solid fermentation of C. globosum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Functional Traits of Key Species in Meadow Steppe to Long-Term Grazing and Grazing Exclusion SI YuFan, LI Hui, LI ZiHao, JIANG CuiXia, GUO HaoNan, YANG PeiZhi, XI JieJun, YAN RuiRui, WURENQIQIGE, SHAN Dan, XIN XiaoPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3693-3708.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.016 Abstract （215）   HTML （14）    PDF （1245KB）（2021）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The response of plant functional traits to environmental changes and external disturbances reflects the phenotypic plasticity, survival strategies and adaptability of plants. The study on the changes of functional traits of grassland plants under long-term grazing and the recovery response after stopping grazing can provide a theoretical basis for grassland restoration management. 【Method】In this study, the changes of leaf functional traits (leaf dry mass, leaf total water content, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf phosphorus content, leaf C/N raito, leaf N/P ratio) of six key species (Leymus chinensis,Carex pediformis,Cleistogenes squarrosa,Astragalus adsurgens,Artemisia tanacetifolia L.,Pulsatilla turczaninovii) in Hulunbuir meadow steppe under different grazing intensities during growing season were studied. The immediate recovery response of leaf functional traits of key species in meadow steppe after stopping grazing during growing season was discussed. 【Result】(1) The relative biomass and importance values of the six key species decreased with the increase of grazing intensity, and the values of light and heavy grazing intensity after stopping grazing were greater than that after continuing grazing. (2)The leaf dry mass and leaf C/N ratio of six key species decreased with the increase of grazing intensity; the leaf total water content, specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content increased with the increase of grazing intensity; the leaf area of all species except Artemisia tanacetifolia L. decreased with the increase of grazing intensity; the leaf phosphorus content increased with the increase of grazing intensity except Cleistogenes squarrosa ; with the increase of grazing intensity, the leaf N/P ratio of Leymus chinensis,Carex pediformis,Cleistogenes squarrosa,Pulsatilla turczaninovii showed an increasing trend, while that of Astragalus adsurgens,Artemisia tanacetifolia L. decreased. (3) After stopping grazing, the resilience of heavy grazing was higher than that of light grazing, and the functional traits of 6 key species recovered better as a whole, leaf dry mass, leaf total water content, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf N/P ratio showed positive response, leaf phosphorus content showed negative response, leaf nitrogen content and leaf C/N ratio showed different positive and negative responses among six key species, the negative response of leaf nitrogen content was less than positive response, and the positive response of leaf C/N was more than negative response. (4) The leaf morphological traits of grasses and the nutrient characteristics of miscellaneous grasses were more sensitive to recovery after stopping grazing, and the responses of leaf dry mass, leaf area and leaf phosphorus content to the interaction between grazing intensity and species were more significant. After stopping grazing, leaf dry mass of leaves increased with the increase of leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and leaf N/P of the six key species.【Conclusion】Long-term grazing led to individual miniaturization of grassland plants. After stopping grazing, the positive response of plant functional traits is more than negative response, and the grassland vegetation function shows an obvious recovery response, which increases the productivity of the grassland. Above-ground biomass of the meadow grassland increases. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Function Analysis of the Soybean Transcription Factor NAC1 in Tolerance to Low Phosphorus XIONG ChuWen, GUO ZhiBin, ZHOU QiangHua, CHENG YanBo, MA QiBin, CAI ZhanDong, NIAN Hai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (3): 442-453.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.002 Abstract （398）   HTML （33）    PDF （2288KB）（1967）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The productivity of acid soil crops is severely impacted by the limited availability of phosphorus. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important grain and oil crop, known for its preference for phosphorus. Phosphorus deficiency significantly affect both the yield and quality of soybean. While the NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factor family has been recognized for its involvement in regulating plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, its role in soybean under low phosphorus stress remains largely unexplored. In this study, we focused on the low-phosphorus-tolerant wild soybean variety BW69 as our material, with the objective of cloning and analyzing the expression patterns and functions of the low-phosphorus-tolerant gene GsNAC1. This investigation lays the foundation for a deeper understanding the mechanisms behind the regulation of GsNAC1 response to low phosphorus stress. 【Method】The full-length sequence of GsNAC1 was cloned from BW69, and the characteristics of its encoded amino acid sequence were explored by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, the tissue expression patterns of GsNAC1 were examined through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The subcellular localization of GsNAC1 was observed using laser confocal microscopy. Furthermore, soybean genetic transformation experiments were conducted for further phenotype analysis, and RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to low phosphorus stress. 【Result】The GsNAC1 gene was successfully cloned, with a full-length coding region of 876 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed a 62.46% sequence similarity between GsNAC1 and AtATAF1, and no difference was observed with the GmNAC1 sequence from the Williams 82 reference genome. Subcellular localization experiments further revealed that GsNAC1 was localized in the nucleus. Using qRT-PCR, it was discovered that GsNAC1 is expressed in roots, stems, leaves, apes, flowers and pods, with the highest relative expression level found in the roots. Notably, GsNAC1 exhibited significant upregulation in response to low pH and low phosphorus conditions. To assess the phenotypic effects, we performed experiments using both hydroponic and soil cultivation methods under low phosphorus conditions. The transgenic lines showed notable increases in root/shoot ratio, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and phosphorus content compared to the wild type (WT). Transcriptome analysis revealed that GsNAC1 may enhance tolerance to low phosphorus stress by promoting the expression of genes such as GmALMT6, GmALMT27, GmPAP27, and GmWRKY21. 【Conclusion】The expression of GsNAC1 was up-regulated by low pH and low phosphorus, and overexpression of GsNAC1 significantly enhanced the tolerance to low phosphorus stress in soybean, playing a promoting role in the response to low phosphorus stress. Besides, GsNAC1 may enhance the tolerance to low phosphorus stress in soybean by regulating the expression of downstream genes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics