无人化旱直播模式对水稻产量、品质和经济效益的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency unmanned dry direct-seeded (UDDS) cultivation technology of rice.【Method】Medium-maturing medium japonica rice (Nanjing 5718) was selected as the experimental material, with unmanned carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (UCSMT), and conventional carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (CSMT) serving as control methods. A three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of UDDS on growth, yield formation, quality characteristics of rice, and its economic benefits.【Result】(1) Although UDDS was carried out with 2-3 days earlier than the control, it exhibited a full growth cycle that was 12-13 days shorter than those of UCSMT and CSMT, primarily due to the shortened period from sowing to jointing stage. (2) The average yield under UDDS from 2020 to 2022 was 10.5 t·hm^-2, representing a 3.0% increase than that of CSMT, although this difference was not statistically significant. In comparison with UCSMT, UDDS exhibited a significant yield reduction of 5.4%, and this decrease could be attributed to a reduction in the spikelet number per panicle, resulting in fewer total spikelet numbers and a decrease in dry matter accumulation and transport capacity from heading to maturity. (3) Compared with CSMT, UDDS exhibited slightly reduced processing quality, amylose, and protein contents, with no significant differences were observed. However, the significant reductions in chalkiness percentage and degree were noted, while the taste value increased, though not significantly. Compared with UCSMT, UDDS demonstrated a significant decrease in head milled rice rate, chalkiness percentage, degree, and amylose content, and protein content also decreased, though not significantly. Additionally, UDDS exhibited higher RVA peak viscosity and a significant improvement in taste value. (4) Under the UDDS mode, the cost of rice planting decreased, and the net income increased by 1.15 × 10³ yuan·hm^-2 and 0.93 × 10³ yuan·hm^-2, than that under UCSMT and CSMT, respectively.【Conclusion】In the rice-wheat rotation system, UDDS realized the synergy of high yield and income increase, and improved the appearance quality and cooking and eating quality of rice, the UDDS cultivation technology should be optimized in terms of improving the total spikelet number, accumulation and translocation of dry matter during filling stage, thereby getting the goals of high rice yield, great quality, and efficient synergy, simultaneously.

Key words: rice, unmanned, dry direct-seeded, grain yield, rice quality, economic benefit

WENG WenAn, XING ZhiPeng, HU Qun, WEI HaiYan, SHI YangJie, XI XiaoBo, LI XiuLi, LIU GuiYun, CHEN Juan, YUAN FengPing, MENG Yi, LIAO Ping, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng. Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(17): 3350-3365.

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References 57

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2020	7.76	23.5	1.2	45.5	195.2
2021	7.74	25.4	1.3	42.1	203.1
2022	7.83	21.3	1.3	54.9	178.2

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	拔节期 Jointing (Month-Day)	抽穗期 Heading (Month-Day)	成熟期 Maturity (Month-Day)	播种期—拔节期 Seeding-Jointing (d)	拔节期—抽穗期 Jointing-Heading (d)	抽穗期—成熟期 Heading-Maturity (d)	全生育期 Total (d)
2020	T1	08-05	09-03	10-28	55	29	55	139
	T2	08-03	08-27	10-23	70	24	57	151
	T3	08-03	08-27	10-23	70	24	57	151
2021	T1	08-04	09-02	10-27	57	29	55	141
	T2	08-01	08-25	10-20	74	24	56	154
	T3	08-01	08-25	10-20	74	24	56	154
2022	T1	08-04	09-04	10-29	55	31	55	141
	T2	07-31	08-27	10-23	69	27	57	153
	T3	07-31	08-27	10-23	69	27	57	153

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗数 Panicle number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelet number per panicle	总颖花数 Total spikelet number (×10⁴·hm^-2)	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2020	T1	348.0a	111.7b	38889.3ab	95.4b	28.8a	10.0b
	T2	302.5b	129.8a	39374.3a	97.9a	28.5a	10.5a
	T3	285.0c	131.0a	37856.0b	95.0b	28.4a	9.7b
2021	T1	360.2a	112.2b	40360.2b	97.9a	28.5a	11.2b
	T2	338.0ab	132.0a	44595.2a	94.7b	28.1a	11.8a
	T3	302.5b	133.9a	40504.4b	95.0b	28.1a	10.9b
2022	T1	380.0a	107.8b	40911.9b	95.2a	27.6a	10.2b
	T2	356.5b	125.1a	44547.9a	93.3a	27.2a	10.9a
	T3	309.0c	128.2a	39661.5b	92.6a	27.3a	9.9b
年份Year（Y）		**	NS	*	*	**	**
处理Treatment（T）		**	**	**	**	NS	**
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	**	NS	NS

生育时期 Growth stage	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leaf	茎鞘 Stem-sheath	穗 Panicle	总量 Total
抽穗期 Heading	2021	T1	4.08a	7.97a	1.60a	13.66a
		T2	4.32a	7.76b	1.66a	13.73a
		T3	4.24a	7.67b	1.67a	13.58a
	2022	T1	3.67b	7.62a	1.47b	12.76b
		T2	4.05a	7.62a	1.66a	13.33a
		T3	3.65b	7.39b	1.52b	12.56b
	年份Year（Y）		*	NS	*	**
	处理Treatment（T）		**	**	**	**
	Y×T		*	NS	*	**
成熟期 Maturity	2021	T1	3.06a	7.73a	11.09b	21.88b
		T2	3.19a	7.41b	12.20a	22.80a
		T3	3.12a	7.42b	11.02b	21.57b
	2022	T1	2.87b	7.47a	10.55b	20.89b
		T2	3.06a	7.26b	11.71a	22.02a
		T3	2.82b	7.11b	10.44b	20.37b
	年份Year（Y）		**	NS	*	**
	处理Treatment（T）		*	**	**	**
	Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS

年份Year	处理Treatment	叶片Leaf		茎鞘Stem-sheath		穗部干物质增加量 Increase of dry matter in panicle (t·hm^-2)	干物质转运对穗部的贡献率 Contribution of dry matter translocation to panicle (%)
年份Year	处理Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount (t·hm^-2)	转运率Translocation rate (%)	转运量 Translocation amount (t·hm^-2)	转运率Translocation rate (%)
2021	T1	1.01a	24.88a	0.24a	3.03b	9.49b	13.26a
	T2	1.13a	26.01a	0.35a	4.50ab	10.54a	14.00a
	T3	1.11a	26.27a	0.39a	5.11a	9.34b	14.28a
2022	T1	0.80a	21.79a	0.15b	2.00a	9.08b	10.48b
	T2	0.99a	24.53a	0.36a	4.72a	10.02a	13.56a
	T3	0.73a	22.23a	0.28ab	3.74a	8.92b	11.65ab
年份Year（Y）		*	NS	NS	NS	*	*
处理Treatment（T）		NS	NS	*	*	**	*
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	加工品质Processing quality			外观品质Appearance quality
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate (%)	精米率 Milled rice rate (%)	整精米率 Head milled rice rate (%)	长宽比 Length-width ratio	垩白粒率 Chalkiness percentage (%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree (%)
2020	T1	84.3a	71.9a	67.5b	1.7a	16.1b	4.6b
	T2	83.9a	73.6a	69.8a	1.7a	31.2a	9.1a
	T3	84.6a	72.7a	68.4ab	1.7a	30.0a	7.8ab
2021	T1	85.3a	74.3a	69.7a	1.7a	21.5b	6.7b
	T2	86.3a	75.4a	71.6a	1.7a	34.5a	12.5a
	T3	85.5a	75.1a	71.0a	1.7a	32.4a	10.9a
2022	T1	84.1a	73.8a	68.1b	1.7a	8.6b	3.0b
	T2	84.5a	74.4a	70.1a	1.7a	27.6a	6.7a
	T3	84.4a	74.2a	69.5ab	1.7a	26.5a	6.6a
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	*	NS	*	**
处理Treatment (T)		NS	NS	*	NS	**	**
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	食味值 Taste value	食味特征值Taste value parameter
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)	食味值 Taste value	外观 Appearance	硬度 Hardness	黏度 Viscosity	平衡度 Balance degree
2020	T1	7.6a	10.3ab	71.7a	6.6a	6.7a	7.5a	6.8a
	T2	8.0a	11.0a	68.0a	6.2a	6.8a	6.6b	6.3a
	T3	7.8a	9.6b	70.7a	6.5a	6.7a	7.0ab	6.7a
2021	T1	7.7a	10.4ab	71.3a	6.8a	6.6b	6.9a	6.8a
	T2	8.3a	11.6a	67.3b	5.7b	7.1a	5.7b	6.8a
	T3	8.1a	10.2b	69.3a	6.5a	6.7b	6.9a	6.5a
2022	T1	7.5a	10.1b	71.0a	6.6a	6.8b	6.7a	6.5a
	T2	7.9a	12.0a	64.5b	5.5b	7.2a	5.3b	6.7a
	T3	7.8a	9.8b	70.3a	6.5a	6.7b	7.0a	6.7a
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	NS
处理Treatment (T)		NS	**	**	**	**	**	NS
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	**	*	NS

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	峰值黏度 Peak viscosity	热浆黏度 Trough viscosity	最终黏度 Final viscosity	崩解值 Breakdown	消减值 Setback	回复值 Consistence
2020	T1	2922b	1751a	2296a	1172a	-688a	546a
	T2	2712c	1664a	2212a	1048a	-500a	548a
	T3	3066a	1577a	2558a	1039a	-508a	531a
2021	T1	3160b	1866a	2457a	1294a	-708a	591a
	T2	2972c	1689a	2322a	1302a	-650a	634a
	T3	3236a	1975a	2536a	1261a	-700a	561a
2022	T1	3695a	2003a	2719a	1693a	-976a	717a
	T2	3601a	2040a	2799a	1561a	-802a	759a
	T3	3701a	2007a	2699a	1636a	-943a	693a
年份Year (Y)		**	NS	*	**	*	**
处理Treatment (T)		**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Y×T		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

处理Treatment	投入成本Cost
处理Treatment	种子 Seed	肥料 Fertilizer	植保 Plant protection	耕整地 Tillage	种植 Planting	收割 Harvest	人工 Labor	其他 Others	总计 Total	产量收益 Yield income	净收益 Net income
T1	0.60	4.50	2.18	0.00	0.45	1.13	2.48	4.25	15.57	28.35	12.78
T2	0.27	4.50	1.95	1.13	0.98	1.13	3.15	5.25	18.35	29.97	11.63
T3	0.27	1.73	1.95	1.13	1.10	1.13	3.15	5.25	15.69	27.54	11.85

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