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PMRP Expression Characteristics and Analysis of the Function in Arabidopsis ZHANG Hao, YOU Shi-Dong, GAO Jing, ZHANG Hai-Li, LI Sheng-Hui, XING Ji-Hong, WANG Feng-Ru, DONG Jin-Gao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2014, 47 (15): 3094-3102.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.15.019 Abstract （4227）   HTML （5）    PDF （791KB）（780）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to analyze the expression characteristics of PMRP (putative membrane related protein)gene (the biological funcion was unknown )in Arabidopsis, and make clear of the regulation function of PMRP in Arabidopsis development process.【Method】Bioinformatics method was used to look for the genes which contain the same domain with PMRP in Arabidopsis and draw the phylogenetic tree. Real-time PCR technique was used to analyze the expression level of PMRP in root and stem tissues of 8 and 21 days Arabidopsis, compare the expression of PMRP gene in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and the 4th pairs of rosette leaves and cauline leaves in 21 days Arabidopsis, analyze the expression level of PMRP in flower organs (such as sepals, stamens and petals) and seeds of Arabidopsis. The gain-of-function mutant of PMRP were obtained by constructing a vector of PMRP gene driven by the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus, and introduced it into wild type Arabidopsis Columbia, then tested the expression level of PMRP by RT-PCR technique. The regulating effect of PMRP gene on the growth sites of leaves and stems was analyzed by observing the phenotype of the 35S:PMRP transgenic plants. The function of PMRP gene in differentiation of vascular xylem and phloem was observed using the paraffin sections of the stem transverse section in the PMRP over-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis. The effect of PMRP on the growth and development of Arabidopsis floral organ was studied through observation of the floral organ anatomy. The effect of PMRP on fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana was analyzed by observing the pod formation in the PMRP over-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis. 【Result】PMRP is a 411 amino acids protein which containing a START domain and have transmenbrane segments, there are 35 START proteins in Arabidopsis. Real-time PCR analysis results showed that the expression level of PMRP was higher in cauline leaves ( the relative expression of PMRP was about 2 935) and then the rosette leaves, the growth time of rosette leaves was longer, the more expression of PMRP was tested (the relative expression of PMRP in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th pairs of the rosette leaves were 1 650, 1 113, 734, and 507, respectively) , then the sepals floral tissues (PMRP relative expression quantity is about 937), PMRP had distribution in the stem, root and seed , but the relative expression amount was less than 270. The relative expression level of PMRP in stamens was the lowest (about 64), far below the expression quantity of PMRP in sepals (937). The expression level of PMRP gene was increased with the increase of growth time, the relative expression of PMRP were 154 and 222, respectively, in 8 and 21 d roots, and 200 and 264, respectively, in 8 and 21 d stems. The rosette leaves were emerged from the branches, stalk lodging susceptible, vascular had no obvious cambium and the xylem and phloem arranged in disorder, the filaments became shorter in floral organs, the number of pod decreased, and the fertility reduced.【Conclusion】The START domain is extremely conservative in function. PMRP was expressed in different organs of A. thaliana, with the extension of time, the expression level of PMRP was also increased. The level of PMRP in the flower stamens was the lowest, once PMRP was over-expressed in Arabidopsis floral organs, stamens dysplasia, resulting in reduced fertility. PMRP had important function in regulating the origination of leaves, the vascular differentiation and development of floral organs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1)

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Coupling Effect of Water and Fertilizer on Corn Yield Under Drip Fertigation ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (03): 563-568.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6010 Abstract （3737）      PDF （359KB）（2168）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Dry and soil leanness are two limiting factors in arid and semi-arid areas. So it has been attached great importance on the effect of irrigation and fertilization, as well as its influence on yield of corn. 【Method】 The micro-spot trials were carried out in rain-protection shed under the condition of drip fertigation by"311-B"D-saturation optimum design. 【Result】The regressive maths model was set up based on the corn yield by quadratic regression analysis. Analysis showed that the dosage of N fertilizer significantly influenced the yield of corn. And then are volume of irrigation and the rate of P fertilizer. The interaction effects among these factors were positive on the corn yield with the influenced order as N and water>P and water>N and P. From the corn yield aspect, higher level of N and P, sufficient water is the best combination. 【Conclusion】The optimum combinations of N and P were 243.27 kg·ha-1and 137.431 kg·ha-1 respectively, with lower irrigation limit of 65.6% field capacity under the conditions of this experiment. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(60)

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Relationship Between Low Irrigation Limit and Yield, Water Use Efficiency of Tomato in Under-Mulching-Drip Irrigation in Greenhouse ,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 425-432.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5458 Abstract （3648）      PDF （359KB）（2477）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the relation between low irrigation limit and yield, water use efficiency of tomato in under-mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse, the optimal combination of low irrigation limits in the earlier and latter stages was studied.【Method】A field plot experiment was conducted in greenhouse and multiple regression analysis was used to deal with the experimental data.【Result】Low irrigation limits at earlier and latter stages influenced mutually water requirement and yield of tomato. Low irrigation limit at latter stage had more important effect on total water requirement than that at earlier stage, meanwhile low irrigation limit at earlier stage affected more significantly the tomato yield than that at latter stage. There was a parabola regression relationship between yield and water use efficiency. When tomato yield was 9.69×104kg·ha-1, the minimum of water use efficiency would be 62.28 kg·m-3.【Conclusion】Considered various factors, saving water, increasing yield, improving water use efficiency et al, it is advantageous to gain high yield when the soil water suction of low irrigation limits in earlier and later stage is 20 kPa and 60 kPa respectively. It is more important to enhance water management at earlier stage than that at latter stage. The results will enrich water regulation theory in under-mulching-drip irrigation in greenhouse. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(44)

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Research Progress on the Crop Growth Model CropGrow ZHU Yan,TANG Liang,LIU LeiLei,LIU Bing,ZHANG XiaoHu,QIU XiaoLei,TIAN YongChao,CAO WeiXing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2020, 53 (16): 3235-3256.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.16.004 Abstract （3511）   HTML （193）    PDF （10661KB）（1902）       Knowledge map    Save Agricultural information technology is formed as the result of integrating information technology and agricultural science, and has further facilitated the rapid development of digital agriculture (DA) and smart agriculture (SA). As one of the core technologies of DA and SA, crop growth model can dynamically simulate crop growth and development processes and their relationships with climate condition, soil characteristics and management strategy, so as to overcome the limitation of the spatial-temporal characteristics of traditional research on agricultural production management. It can provide powerful quantitative tools for crop productivity prediction and early warning and impact evaluation under different conditions. Through over 20-years systematic and profound exploration and practicing in wheat and rice crops, and based on the workflow of “physiological mechanism analysis-model algorithm development-dynamic productivity prediction-quantitative effect assessment-simulation platform development”, our research team has been devoted to the development and application of crop simulation model CropGrow, by integrating the technologies of system analysis, dynamic modeling, virtual reality, scenario simulation, and decision support. Firstly, based on the system analysis method and dynamic modeling technology, the comprehensive and mechanistic crop growth model CropGrow has been developed, including the submodels of phasic development and phenology, organ development and population establishment, photosynthetic production and biomass accumulation, assimilate partitioning and yield/quality formation, nutrient dynamics, and water balance, along with three-dimensional morphological and visual submodels, which could digitalize and visualize the processes of crop growth and productivity formation under different conditions. Further, by coupling geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), the model-based regional crop productivity prediction technology has been established. Then, based on the scenario analysis, the contributions of climate change, soil improvement, variety updating, and strategy optimization to regional crop production have been quantified, and applications extended to generation of suitable management plan, design of ideal cultivar, assessment of climate impact, evaluation of land use and decision-making of agricultural policy. Finally, based on the component-based programming technology, a model-based digital and visual crop growth simulation system and decision support platform has been developed by integrating the crop production database and crop model components, further realizing the comprehensive functions of data management, parameter optimization, growth simulation, remote sensing coupling, regional prediction, management strategy design, effect evaluation, safety early warning and product release. In the future, based on the improvement of agro-information database, additional efforts in crop modeling will be made toward enhancing prediction ability, quantifying gene effects, developing intelligent decision-making, and coupling multiple models, which will provide digital support for the prediction and early warning of food production, quantitative evaluation of scenario effects, decision-making on management strategy, and optimal design of new crop cultivars, thus facilitating the security of national food and development of digital agriculture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genotyping by Target Sequencing (GBTS) and Its Applications XU Yunbi,YANG QuanNü,ZHENG HongJian,XU YanFen,SANG ZhiQin,GUO ZiFeng,PENG Hai,ZHANG Cong,LAN HaoFa,WANG YunBo,WU KunSheng,TAO JiaJun,ZHANG JiaNan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2020, 53 (15): 2983-3004.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.15.001 Abstract （3492）   HTML （181）    PDF （2275KB）（1793）       Knowledge map    Save Genotyping technology, via molecular markers, has been playing a key role in many biological fields including genetic improvement. Genotyping has been widely applied in multi-national seed companies due to their high-throughput, automatic, large-scale and shared genotyping platforms. Genotyping has moved from its third generation (G3), dominated by expensive DNA chips and random genotyping by sequencing (GBS), to the fourth generation (G4), characterized by low-cost, less facility-demanding and performed via genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS). In this article, we first introduced two GBTS protocols, GenoPlexs, based on multiplexing PCR, and GenoBaits, based on sequence capture in-solution (also called liquid chip). For both protocols, multiple single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (mSNP) or multiple dispersed nucleotide polymorphisms (MNP) can be generated to reveal the genetic variation hidden within each amplified locus (amplicon). Compared to DNA chips and GBS, GBTS has several advantages, including wide applicability to genotyping facilities, very flexible marker types, highly efficient genotyping, sharable and accumulative marker data, less required information management and support, and wide suitability in biological applications. With the same marker panel (for example, 40K maize mSNPs), three types of genotyping (40K mSNPs, 260K SNPs, and 754K haplotypes) can be achieved, and multiple panels with various marker densities (1K to 40K mSNPs) can be generated by sequencing at different depths. Applications of GenoPlexs and GenoBaits in biology were then reviewed, including biological evolution, germplasm evaluation, genetic map construction, gene mapping and cloning, marker-trait association (genome-wide association study and bulked sample analysis, BSA), progeny testing, gene introgression, gene pyramiding, variety right protection, variety quality monitoring, transgenic event and gene editing detection, and bioassay. More 50 marker panels have been developed so far for more than 20 plant, animal and microorganism species and applied in some of the fields described above. Lastly, we prospected for future GBTS by looking insights into carry-on, automatic, high-throughput and intelligent genotyping platforms, multi-functional marker panels with various marker densities designed to meet specific requirements, integration with other technologies such as KASP, high-density DNA chips and BSA strategies, and open-source breeding by sharing germplasm and breeding materials and information. The development in these fields will greatly facilitate the applications of GBTS in genetic improvement and other fields of animals, plants and microorganisms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Degradation of Antibiotics and Passivation of Heavy Metals During Thermophilic Composting Process ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 337-343.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2004-2884 Abstract （3352）      PDF （423KB）（3545）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The problem that there are various antibiotic medicines and heavy metal elements in excrements of livestock and poultry have been concerned on the farm utilization extensively. The techniques for the antibiotics degradation and heavy metals passivation were studied in the experiments.【Method】As composting is a new alternative bioremediation technology for treatment of organic pollutants and heavy metals, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of using thermophilic composting to break down the content of tetracyclines(TTC, OTC, CTC) and H2O extractible of heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cr, As). 【Results】The result of TCs degradation test indicated that the degradation of TTC, OTC and CTC using P+S and C+S in all treatments was effective, but in comparision, the addition of BM bacterium for TCs degradation in treatment was more effective, and its biodegradation rate was higher than that of P+S+TCs and C+S+TCs treatment. The biodegradation rate of OTC was the lowest in all treatments, and the rate of C+S+OTC treatment was 40.23%. The order of the three TCs biodegradation rate was TTC> CTC> OTC. The air-slaked coal has a passivation effect on the heavy metal elements in excrements of livestock and poultry. The result of heavy metal passivation test showed that the effect of addition of air-slaked coal to H2O extractible content of heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Cr and As, were obvious, the passivation effect of ari-slaked coal treatment was better than that of control. The H2O extractible content of heavy metals of Cu, Zn, Cr and As, after composting of pig manure, reduced by 6.17%, 6.40%, 4.17% and 1.83%, respectively, meanwhile, the H2O extractible contents after composting of chicken manure reduced by 7.07%, 5.69%, 5.50% and 2.07%, respectively. 【Conclusion】With the different thermophilic composting conditions, tetracyclines antibioticses can be degraded, and the addition of foreign beneficial bacterium can reduce residues in antibiotic medicine. Thermophilic composting also can lower the effects of heavy metals on plants. Air-slaked coal has passivation function on extractible heavy metals. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(106)

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Correlation Between Antioxidation, and Content of Total Phenolics and Anthocyanin in Black Soybean Accessions ,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (8): 1545-1552.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6591 Abstract （3236）      PDF （328KB）（1766）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To study the correlations between antioxidations, contents of total phenolics and anthocyanin in 127 accessions of black soybean.【Method】 A t-test, a fast clustering procedure and a correlation coefficient analysis were used for experimentation.【Result】The ranges of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolics and anthocyanin contents in 127 black soybean accessions were 0.44-3.56 mmol·g-1, 7.05-74.82mg·g-1 and 0.22-1.87mg·g-1, respectively, displaying significant genotype differences. The big differences in TAC, total phenolics and anthocyanin contents existed among various types of accessions from geographical regions. The differences between accessions from black and yellow soybeans, Spring and Autumn, Summer and Autumn, Dongbeichun and Nanfangchun, Dongbeichun and Nanfangxia, Beifangchun and Nanfangchun, Beifangchun and Nanfangxia were significant at 0.01 or 0.05 levels respectively. The general tendency was that the TAC, total phenolics and anthocyanin contents of Beifangchun accessions were higher than those of Dongbeichun ones, those of Nanfangchun accessions were the least. 127 black soybean accessions could be clustered into 6 clusters which consist of 3, 24, 20, 31, 37 and 12 accessions, respectively. Most significant (P<0.01) correlations existed respectively between the TAC and total phenolics content, TAC and anthocyanin content of black soybean.【Conclusion】The results showed total phenolics and anthocyanin in black soybean seed coat were the important antioxidation substances. Related Articles | Metrics

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Verification of the Effects of QTLs for Grain Weight and Yield in Lowland Rice and Upland Rice ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 219-224.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5243 Abstract （3023）      PDF （280KB）（2316）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Accuracy mapping of the target traits is the prerequisite of the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS). 【Method】 Two previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring 1000-grain weight (TGW) and grain yield per plant (YP), on the same location of chromosome 6, designated tgw6.1 and yp6.1 respectively, were chosen as target QTLs to verify the QTL effects by using three segregating populations through marker-assisted selection (MAS). Three segregating populations (BC1, F2) derived from crosses between an upland rice variety (IRAT109, donor of target QTLs) with big grain weight and high yield potential, and two lowland rice varieties (recipients) with small grain weight and better grain quality, were used in this study. 【Result】The results showed that QTLs conferring bigger TGW and higher YP were genetically stabilized in different populations with different genetic backgrounds. The differences between the means of TGW of individuals carrying and not carrying donor's favorable alleles of tgw6.1 were 3.18﹣3.62 g, significant at 1% level. The phenotypic effects of MAS for tgw6.1 were 13.94%﹣18.15%. The differences between the means of YP of individuals with and without donor's favorable alleles of yp6.1 were 5.04﹣8.18 g, significant at 5% or 1% level. The phenotypic effects of MAS for yp6.1 were 34.89%﹣58.88%. Compared the phenotypic effects based on one or both of the flanking markers of target QTLs, the results showed that it was more reliable to select with both of the flanking markers when the interval of the target QTL was longer, (such as the interval of TGW and YP QTL, 13.5 cM); when the map distance between the marker and the target QTL was very short ( such as RM527 in present study, 1.5 cM ), it was also more effective to select with the marker which was nearer to the target QTL. Moreover, the phenomena of QTL with pleiotropic effects and the effectiveness of MAS for complex traits were also discussed. 【Conclusion】In this paper, the reality and accuracy mapping of TGW and YP QTLs and their phenotypic effects were verified. The feasibility of MAS based on QTL for complex traits such as drought resistance was confirmed. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(7)

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Pharmacokinetics and Residues of Danofloxacin Mesylate in Goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus) ,,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 418-424.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5256 Abstract （2915）      PDF （332KB）（1805）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective and method】The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of danofloxacin mesylate (DFM) were investigated in goldfish, under experimental field conditions at 20℃ after single oral gavage administration(10 mg·kg-1 b.w). The danofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues samples were determined by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） after liquid-liquid extraction. Ofloxacin hydrochloride was selected as internal standard. Plasma concentration-time data of DFM were best fitted using a two-compartmental open model, with absorption, distribution and elimination half-life of 0.63, 4.96 and 47.79 h, respectively. The maximal plasma concentration was 3.23 μg·ml-1, peaking at 2.73 h after dosing. Area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 to ∞ was 154 μg·h·ml-1. The mean residence time (MRT) was 58.56 h using non-compartmental analysis based on statistical moment theory. 【Results】The results indicated that the concentration of DFM in kidney, liver, plasma, muscle and skin was significantly higher than that in plasma , with elimination half-life of 33, 44, 48, 51 and 177 h, respectively. To compare with other tissues, the elimination of DFM in skin was slowest, which behaved as a reservoir tissues in goldfish. It is proposed that withdrawl period should be not less than 23 days after single oral administration (10 mg·kg-1 bw) of DMF to goldfish at 20℃, according to the maximum residue limit(MRL) of 100 mg·kg-1 in skin. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(9)

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Changes of Organic Carbon and Nutrient Contents in Highly Productive Paddy Soils in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province ,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 324-330.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5840 Abstract （2906）      PDF （381KB）（1933）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Studies on changes in organic carbon and nutrient contents of the highly productive paddy soils would be scientifically beneficial to the directional management and sustainable utilization of paddy soils. 【Method】The contents of organic carbon and nutrients and their changes in the last over 20 years in the highly productive paddy soils as related to the environmental significance were investigated by field sampling and comparison with the corresponding values in the Second Soil Survey in Yujiang County of Jinagxi Province. 【Result】Results showed that 0-10 cm depth highly productive paddy soils in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province contained organic carbon content of (20.2±3.88) g·kg-1, total N (2.09±0.55) g·kg-1, available phosphorus (42.7±32.7) mg·kg-1, respectively, all were at the very rich level. In the last over 20 years, the organic carbon pool of the highly productive paddy soils remained a stable state, total N and available P increased significantly, while available K changed little. The amount and percentage of P immobilized in 0-10 cm highly productive paddy soils were (142.7±41.1) mg·kg-1 and (36.2±10.4)% and of added P CEC was (7.93±1.32) cmol·kg-1, being not higher than the mean value of paddy soils and that in upland red soils. It indicated that fertilizer P in highly productive paddy soils would be a high mobility and easily moved to water, being a main source of nutrient causing eutrophication. 【Conclusion】For a long-term rice cultivation and fertilization, the highly productive paddy soils were very rich levels of organic matter and available P, and a steady state of organic carbon pool, while amount of P immobilized was not high. Because of a weak K-fixing capacity, the available K content was not rich in highly productive paddy soils, suggesting that attention should be paid to the balance and increase of soil K pool. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(105)

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Optimization and Establishment of Quantitatively Competitive PCR System for the Detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris ,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 375-381.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5203 Abstract （2901）      PDF （462KB）（1992）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To study the detective method of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in apple juice concentrate (AJC) by quantitatively competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) system. 【Method】 The QC-PCR system for detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris was established through the primer design, PCR amplification, and reclaim of gel purification reagent box to construct and obtain the competitive template which was used as quantitative internal standards. 【Result】 The QC-PCR system was optimized and established in this study, and the detective sensitivity of the target template had gotten better from 5×104 to 50 molecules /PCR system. As a result of this, 5×102 target template molecules /PCR system was detected when the two templates co-amplified, and 5×103 cfu / PCR system of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in AJC was detected. The detective time (4 h to 5 h) is remarkably shortened from traditional method（4 d or 5 d）using plate culture counting. 【Conclusion】 The method in this study is better than others in efficiency and specificity, which can be a reference for competitive template construction of microbe PCR and constructive methodology of QC-PCR. It has potential to be applied in AJC commercial production process for the rapid detection of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(16)

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Advance in Indicator Screening and Methodologies of Soil Quality Evaluation LI Xin,ZHANG WenJu,WU Lei,REN Yi,ZHANG JunDa,XU MingGang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (14): 3043-3056.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.010 Abstract （2889）   HTML （167）    PDF （949KB）（1979）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objectives of the present study were to synthesize the current information on soil quality assessment method and indicator system, and to present the hot topics and frontiers related to soil quality, so as to, provide references for Chinese scholars and experts in the field of soil quality evaluation research and application. 【Method】 The published articles regarding the selection of soil quality indicators, construction of minimum data set, and selection of soil quality evaluation methods were collected based on Web of Science and CNKI databases using bibliometrics method, and a total of 415 articles and 155 minimum data sets related to soil quality evaluation were screened. Development trend, frontier fields and current problems of global soil quality assessment during the past 30 years were analyzed according to selection frequency of indicators, assessment method and construction of minimum data set. 【Result】 The soil quality evaluation indicator system mainly included 25 physical, 36 chemical, 35 biological and 19 environmental indicators. Soil organic matter, as the core indicator of soil quality, was selected with the highest frequency of 96.6%, followed by pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and bulk density, with a frequency more than 50%. The selection frequency of biological indicators such as microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity was less than 25%, while increasing over time. Principal component analysis, minimizing indicator redundancy and reflecting most of the information of original variables, was the most widely used for minimum data set construction method. Soil organic matter, available phosphorus, bulk density, and pH were selected into the minimum data set with a frequency of 67.7%, 43.2%, 34.8%, and 34.2%, respectively, being widely used to characterize soil quality. Nowadays, the most studies on soil quality evaluation focus on the utilization of principal component analysis to select soil quality indicators and establish soil quality index for comprehensive soil quality evaluation, which was suitable for sustainable soil management.【Conclusion】 Soil organic matter, available phosphorus, soil pH, bulk density and soil water content were the main parameters selected for soil quality evaluation. Construction a comprehensive and objective soil quality indicator system and the integration with the information technology would be the focus in future research. The application of evaluation indicators in large-scale soil quality assessment was the trend of future development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica    1999, 32 (06): 107-109.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.1999-32-06-107-109 Abstract （2870）      PDF （141KB）（790）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Border Effect and Physiological Characteristic Responses of Foxtail Millet to Different Micro-Catchment Stripshapes in Semiarid Region of South Ningxia ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (03): 494-501.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6411 Abstract （2856）      PDF （408KB）（1612）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】It has important scientific values that the yield increase mechanism of micro-catchment cultivation is further understand through studying border effect and physiological characteristic of foxtail millet among different micro-catchment stripshapes in semiarid region of south Ningxia.【Method】Photosynthetic characteristic and chlorophyll contents and yield among different stripshapes were measured in side row and middle row, respectively.【Result】 Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatic conductance and chlorophyll contents of side row were higher than those of middle row among different stripshapes. When the furrow: ridge ratio was fixed, the wider the width of the furrow and ridge was, the stronger the border advantage, the bigger the border effect index of yield and border effect of foxtail millet among different stripshapes. In the meantime, the highest yield increase of side rows went up to 196.5%, on the contrary, the highest yield increase of middle rows went down to 12.4%. The optimal width of ridge and furrow seemed to be 45 cm in the less than 250 mm rainfall area of Ningxia, the 45 cm﹕45 cm ridge and furrow system led to a yield increase of 5 028 kg·ha-1(132%) in 2004 and of 2 075.6 kg·ha-1(178.9%) in 2005 compared with the controls. Contribution ratio of yield increase of side row and middle row in an experiment were: treatment 1 (30﹕30) 100% (without middle row), treatment 2 (45﹕45) 79.67% and 20.33%, treatment 3 (60﹕60) 71.43% and 28.57%, treatment 4 (75﹕75) 69.38% and 30.62%, respectively.【Conclusion】The photosynthetic characteristic of side row and middle row was different, when the furrow: ridge ratio was fixed, the wider the width of furrow and ridge was, the bigger the border effect of foxtail millet among different stripshapes. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(29)

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Research Progress of SOC Functions and Transformation Mechanisms ZHANG WeiLi,KOLBE H,ZHANG RenLian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2020, 53 (2): 317-331.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.02.007 Abstract （2824）   HTML （137）    PDF （2654KB）（1918）       Knowledge map    Save Up to end of last century, studies on SOC were mainly concentrated in identifying chemical structures of different organic materials in soil, such as structural characteristics of humic or fulvic acids and their related functions for soil quality. In recent years, focus on SOC has been laid on SOC transformation characteristics in soil, trying to establish the relationship between SOC functions and the grouping according to SOC transformation characteristics. According to the transformation properties, SOC can be divided into two groups, including the stable SOC and the active SOC. The first one refers mainly to the SOC closely combined with clay or fine silt and it is difficult to be decomposed and mineralized by soil microorganisms. Stable SOC belongs to passive and inert SOC pool in soil. The second one refers to SOC, which mainly consists of crop residues and roots after harvesting, crop straws returned to farmland and organic manures applied. The active SOC belongs to nutritive and labile SOC pool in soil. This part of SOC is of great importance to soil fertility. SOC concentration is actually the expression of dynamic equilibrium of two processes. One is the input of organic materials to soil and the other one is the decomposition and mineralization of SOC. When the amount of organic material input is less than the mineralized amount, the SOC concentration and soil fertility will decrease. When the annual input of organic carbon is greater than the annual mineralization amount, the SOC concentration will keep rising until the annual input is equal to the annual mineralized amount. At this moment, SOC concentration will no longer increase and reaches the equilibrium point. Under normal agricultural production conditions, the duration for reaching equilibrium point needs 20 to 30 years. If the active SOC input is in very high level, the dynamic equilibrium system will also lead to a high amount of SOC mineralization annually. In such case, it might lead to a loss of mineral nutrients from soil into water and atmospheric environments, especially mineral nitrogen loss. For the purposes of soil fertility improvement and environmental protection, the active SOC input for farmland should be controlled to the level equal to the annual SOC mineralization amount, sustaining the so-called balance with positive zero. New research shows that the active SOC, after entering soil, is decomposed into a series of short-chain chemical compounds by soil organisms. These short-chain chemical compounds combine with soil mineral particles and form soil organic-mineral aggregates through bioturbation. A lot of soil fertility properties are positively affected by formation of these aggregates. Influenced by humification, decomposition and other processes of SOC, aggregation and disaggregation in soil occur simultaneously and consistently. In order to maintain stability of the total aggregates in soil and to increase soil fertility, sustained and abundant active SOC should be inputted to soil. Variation of SOC concentration depends mainly on climate, soil texture and land use forms. Among the artificial influences, land use form changing has the greatest impact on SOC concentration. In comparison, farming managements, such as fertilization, straw returning, tillage and crop rotation, have much less impacts on SOC concentration. In arable land, crops with different growth periods, tillage and harvesting managements will produce different amounts of above ground residues and root residues after harvesting. Depending on residue quantity and quality, different crops are of different capacity for SOC reproduction. According to the differentiated SOC reproduction capacities, field crops can be divided into two types: SOC increasing crops and SOC consuming crops. For farmland with SOC consuming crops, it is very important to introduce SOC increasing crops in rotation or to apply organic manure or organic materials to field, in order to sustain soil fertility. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on Using Rooting Capacity to Appraise the Drought Resistance of Different Varieties of Oryza sativa at Seedling Stage ,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2005, 38 (12): 2571-2576.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5081 Abstract （2703）      PDF （307KB）（1579）       Knowledge map    Save Simple and rapid evaluation on drought-resistance of various varieties of rice can increase the selective efficiency and further quicken breeding program. To select an agronomic index is a key to appraise resistance. In this paper, the significant correlations between the range of reduction in rooting ability indexes, i.e. total root length, root number and root dry weight, and drought resistance at early stage of rice were observed in PEG treatment (25%). Additionally, measuring rooting capacity is characteristic of simplition and rapidity. So, the results suggest that rooting capacity may be used for evaluation on drought resistance of rice at early stage. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(16)

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Analysis of the Factors Affecting Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Zoysia japonica Steud. from Mature Seed ,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 368-374.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2004-3021 Abstract （2642）      PDF （282KB）（1592）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to optimize tissue culture system of Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), and to improve plantlet regeneration rate and to establish high efficient plant regeneration from seed-derived callus, mature caryopses were used as explants. 【Method】The effect of hormone, basical media, cultivation condition, L-proline, Cu2+ on callus induction, maintenance and plantlet regeneration were investigated. 【Result】The results are as follows: (1) The addition of 500 mg·L-1 L-proline to the media was beneficial to callus induction. The addition of BA to the media was disadvantageous to callus induction. Lower concentration NAA increased callus induction rate. The best media for callus induction was ND＋2,4-D 3.0 mg·L-1＋NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 and the ratio of callus induction was 57.3%. (2) The best media for callus subculture was MSD+ 2,4-D 1.0 mg·L-1. (3) The best differentiation media was MSD＋NAA 0.3 mg·L-1+ KT 0.5 mg·L-1+ BA 0.05 mg·L-1 and the ratio of differentiation was 36.7%.【Conclusion】The in vitro system of Japanese lawngrass was optimized and the main factors affecting seed-derived callus induction and regeneration were primarily traced. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(6)

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Effect of Antibacterial Peptide Extracted from Pig Small Intestine on Growth-Enhancing and Approach to the Mechanism in Chickens ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (8): 1723-1571.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2004-3025 Abstract （2617）      PDF （801KB）（1824）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To study the effect of antibacterial peptide extracted from pig small intestine on the growth performance and growth mechanisms in chickens. 【Method】Sixty 7-day-old chickens with similar weight body were separated into experimental and control groups at random. One-tenth ml (100 μg·ml-1) of antibacterial peptide (ABP) was administered intramuscularly into each experimental group chicken at the age of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days, One-tenth ml of sterile saline into control group's chicken at the same age, respectively. Two groups of chickens were fed under the same conditions for 6 weeks. The villus length, mucosa thickness and villus/crypt (V/C) value of duodenum and jejunum were determined at the age of 7, 49 days, respectively. 【Result】 The average daily weight gain of the experimental group chickens (13.54±0.20) g was significantly higher than that of the control group chickens (11.10±0.19) g (P<0.01), and the feed/weight-gain ratio of the experimental group chickens (2.27±0.04) was significantly lower than that of the control group chickens (2.60±0.05) (P<0.01). The villus length and V/C value of duodenum and jejunum of the experimental group chickens were higher than those of the control group chickens at the age of 49 days (P<0.05). The mucosa thickness of duodenum and jejunum of experimental group was of no significant difference compared with the control group (P>0.05).【Conclusion】The antibacterial peptides could improve the structure of duodenum and jejunum and enhance the growth performance and feed conversion ratio. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(29)

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The Effect of the Mycotoxin of α,β-dehydrocurvularin from Curvularia eragrostidis on PS II in Digitaria sanguinalis , Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2005, 38 (07): 1373-1378.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2004-2934 Abstract （2588）      PDF （394KB）（1555）       Knowledge map    Save Curvularia eragrostidis strain QZ2000, a potential biocontrol candidate for large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop], produced a mycotoxin with herbicidal activity, which was identified as α,β-dehydrocurvularin. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in isolated thylakoids from large crabgrass was investigated. The electron transport activities of the photosystem II (PS II) in isolated thylakoids was significantly inhibited by the mycotoxin. At a concentration of 0.688 mmol·L-1, the electron transport rate of PS II was reduced by 19.37%. The mycotoxin had a little effect on the electron transport rate of the photosystemⅠ (PSⅠ). When the detached leaves were treated with mycotoxin (0.516 mmol·L-1) for 24 h, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSⅡ, qP, qN, Fm values of large crabgrass declined significantly, but Fo values increased considerably. In the experiment, the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter suggested that the mycotoxin was similar as herbicides atrazine, simazine, and diuron with inhibitory activities on the PS II, namely, the mycotoxin may damage the PS II reaction center and blocks the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor (QA). These results indicate that the mode of action of mycotoxin might be the damage of PS II reaction center and inhibition of the reoxidation of the primary electron acceptor (QA), which resulted in the inhibition in electron transport between PS II reaction center and QA or between QA and the second electron acceptor (QB). Sequentially photophosphorylation and carbon assimilation were inhibited and metabolism of large crabgrass was disturbed. The decrease of qN value suggested that mycotoxin caused the accumulation of reductive electron acceptor and increased the production of the free radicals. This could be the cause of the damage of PS II reaction center. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(11)

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Analysis on the Rust Resistance Genes of a New Wheat Germplasm YW243 by Molecular Markers ,,,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 295-299.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5891 Abstract （2568）      PDF （328KB）（2038）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 A new wheat line YW243 is a recently developed new germplasm with multi-resistance to wheat stripe rust, stem rust, leaf rust, wheat yellow dwarf and powdery mildew. In this study, the gene composition of the stripe and stem rust resistance of YW243 was analyzed. In order to clarify the sources of the rust resistance genes of YW243, YW243 and its parents, such as Fengkang 8, Fengkang 13, Shan 7859, Suwon 11 and Heine Hvede, were analyzed by the molecular markers of the resistance genes . 【Method】 The composition and the sources of the stripe and stem rust resistance genes of YW243 were analyzed by using PCR markers of Yr9, YrX, Yr2, Yr1, Sr31 and SDS-PAGE. 【Result】 YW243 possessed at least four stripe rust resistance genes of Yr1, Yr2, Yr9 and YrX, one stem rust resistance gene Sr31. Shan 7859 and Fengkang13 are the sources of Yr1 in YW243, Shan7859, Fengkang 8 and Fengkang13 are the sources of Yr2 in YW243, Fengkang 13 is the source of YrX of YW243. Fengkang 8 and Shan 7859 are the sources of Yr9 and Sr31 of YW243. 【Conclusion】YW243 is a good resistance germplasm for wheat breeding in the future. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(24)

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Pathogenicity of H5N1 Influenza Virus for Ducks ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 412-417.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5541 Abstract （2522）      PDF （298KB）（2299）       Knowledge map    Save The ducks are considered to be a natural reservoir for influenza viruses. Neither shows any clinical symptoms nor mortality when ducks infected with influenza virus. In order to assess the pathogenesis of the influenza A virus A/Goose/HLJ/QFY/03 (H5N1) isolated from a diseased geese farm, the SPF chickens and ducks were challenged by natural route, respectively. Challenge experiments demonstrated that the isolate was highly pathogenic both to chickens (IVPI=3) and ducks where it produced 75% mortality. Depression and marked nerologic dysfunction were common clinical manifestations of disease. Gross lesions included liver and splenomegly, hemorrhages; lung with severe acute congestion and hemorrhages; diffused enteric mucosa hemorrhages in alimentary tract. Histologic lesions were observed in multiple parenchymal organs and were characterized by congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration to necrosis or heterophilis infliltration. High titers of viruses were isolated from tracheal and cloacal swabs as well as multiple organs by 2-4 DPI (days post infection), and the viruses were confined only to pancreas after 7 DPI. This is the first confirmed H5N1virus isolated from domestic poultry that are lethal to ducks. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(28)

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica    1999, 32 (06): 8-15.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.1999-32-06-8-15 Abstract （2503）      PDF （354KB）（932）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Natural Sweetner Mogrosides on Radical and Lipid Peroxidation ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 382-388.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5554 Abstract （2501）      PDF （303KB）（2502）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The antioxidant activity of mogroside extract (MG) and mogroside V in vitro was studied.【Method】D-deoxyribose method, reagent box method and spectrophotometry method were used to determine the inhibitory effect on radical, hemolysis of red blood cells and lipid peroxidation.【Result】(1) It was found that mogroside extract could scavenge different radicals effectively, protect liver tissue in rat from peroxidation induced by Fe2+ or H2O2 and inhibit the hemolysis of red blood cells. (2) The scavenging .OH effect of mogroside V was the same as mogroside extract, but its scavenging O2- effect was better than that of MG.【Conclusion】It is concluded that mogroside extract has antioxidant effects and mogroside V may be the main antioxidant components of the extract. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(68)

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica    1999, 32 (06): 104-106.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.1999-32-06-104-106 Abstract （2490）      PDF （127KB）（1425）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Microsatellite Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship of Eight Donkey Breeds in China ,,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 398-406.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5537 Abstract （2449）      PDF （374KB）（2014）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To reveal the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of china donkey breeds, 【Method】 the genetic polymorphisms of 24 microsatellites in 8 china large and middle-sized donkeys were studied by means of PCR polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. Number of alleles, average effective number of alleles (E) and average rates of homozygote of each breeds were counted. According to allele frequencies of 24 microsatellites, polymorphism information content(PIC),mean heterozygosity (h) and genetic distances (DA) were calculated for each breeds, By using the Neighbour-joinig method of Dispan software, the polymorphic trees were constructed based on genetic distances. The systematic relation was analyzed as well. 【Result】The results showed that NVHEQ18 is medium polymorphic and the other 23 of 24 microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, The average PIC (0.6940), h (0.7119) and E (2.9) of the eight donkey breed population were all higher ,which showed the gene polymorphisms and genetic diversity were higher. Guanzhong donkey、Jinnan donkey、Guangling donkey and Dezhou donkey of large breeds and Qingyang donkey of middle-sized clustered in one group and Biyang donkey、Huaiyang donkey and Jiami donkey of middle-sized clustered in another groups. The phylogenetic relationship between different breeds were in accordance with their breeding history and distribution. 【Conclusion】The 24 microsatellite loci were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationship among donkey breeds. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(114)

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Design and Implementation of a Dynamic Knowledge Model for Suitable Cultivars and Sowing Time of Maize ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 274-280.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6251 Abstract （2437）      PDF （247KB）（2353）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was designed to develop a spatial and dynamic knowledge model for suitable cultivars and sowing time of maize. 【Method】Applying the knowledge engineering method and mathematical modeling technique, a dynamic knowledge model for suitable cultivars in maize was established by quantitatively calculating the relationship of the cultivar characteristics to environmental factors and production requirement. The knowledge model for suitable sowing time is based on the synchronization between the maize growing process and the suitable season. 【Result】Cases were studied on the suitable cultivars selection model with data sets of eight typical cultivars and three different eco-sites, such as Beijing, Ji'nan, Shenyang, and on suitable sowing time decision model with data sets of a typical cultivar and three different eco-sites as well. 【Conclusion】 The result indicated a good performance of the knowledge model in decision-making and wide applicability. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(15)

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Research Progress and Prospect of Digital Farming Techniques ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 281-288.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6276 Abstract （2428）      PDF （304KB）（2532）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this paper is to introduce the recent research progress and future prospect of digital farming techniques. Digital farming is to develop the key techniques and application systems for acquisition, analysis, management and utilization of information in crop production system by comprehensively using digital techniques and realizing digital expression and integration of information flow in crop production system. In recent years, thorough and systematic research work on the key techniques and application systems of digital farming have been carried out in Hi-tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture of Jiangsu Province, and remarkable advances have been achieved in the areas of crop growth simulation model, crop management knowledge model, non-destructive crop growth monitoring, spatial information management in crop production system, and decision support system for digital crop management. The future prospect of digital farming is directed toward informationization and digitalization of crop production components and processes, by comprehensive development of the key techniques for information management of agricultural resources, automatic monitoring of crop conditions, digital simulation of crop processes, visual design of crop plants, quantitative expression of farming knowledge, and precision control of production management. Further, the integrative software and hardware systems on the basis of digital farming techniques will be constructed for realizing digitalization, precision, visualization and network service in monitoring, prediction, design, management and control of crop production system. Digitalization of farming system will facilitate the informationization and modernization of agricultural industry. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(39)

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Structure Characteristics of Stomata in Leaves and Vascular Bundles in Culms of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 Photosynthesis Enzymes ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (05): 902-909.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5653 Abstract （2390）      PDF （1872KB）（3903）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study is to discover the biological structure basis of transgenic rice expressing C4 photosynthesis enzymes and photosynthesizing highly and efficiently. 【Method】Using four transgenic rice lines over-expressing maize photosynthesis enzymes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate, othophosphate dikinase (PPDK), PEPC + PPDK, and rice nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) as materials, and an untransformed wild type Kitaake as the control, the structures of stomata in leaves and vascular bundles in culms of the seedlings were observed with a scanning electron microscope and mesophyll cells were observed with a transmission electron microscope. 【Result】 Compared with the control, the density and the area of the stomata in leaves of the transgenic rice lines were greater, with the PPDK line greatest among the four lines. The density of stomata in the leaves of transgenic rice with two polymerizing genes (PEPC + PPDK) was increased, but the area of stomata was reduced. The stacking degree of chloroplast thylakoids in mesophyll cells was denser, and some thylakoids were arranged more orderly along the long axis of chloroplast for the transgenic rice lines than those for the WT. The transgenic rice lines exhibited thicker and stronger culms as compared to WT. Except for PPDK, all the transgenic rice lines had larger areas of the tissue structure performing substance-transporting function, such as the outer and inner vascular bundles and their catheter and sieve tubes in culms, as compared with WT. 【Conclusion】 More number and larger area of stomata in leaves and more developed vascular bundles in culms of C4 transgenic rice lines, all these structure characteristics were the basis of its, photosynthesizing highly and efficiently, and closely associated with the greater dry matter accumulation of seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(27)

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Characteristics of N, P, and K Nutrition in Different Yield Level Apple Orchards , Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 361-367.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5864 Abstract （2329）      PDF （319KB）（1848）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to get the information about the characteristics of N, P, K nutrition in different yield level apple orchards. 【Method】 The orchards with ten-year-old apple trees (M. domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji/M. hupenensis Rhed) were divided into four types, soil and plant samples were collected and determined at certain time from 1997 to 2000, fertilizer treatments were also conducted in different type orchards. 【Result】The results showed that soil alkaline hydrolyzable N, available P and K concentration had an increasing tendency as yield level increased, indicating the important effect of soil fertility on yield. But the three index value changed much and had low correlation index with yield at the same yield level. At high yield level orchards leaf total N and P, fruit total N were relatively high but leaf total K and fruit total P were relatively low, leaf total K was mostly influenced by yield, and decreased with yield increased. The effect of fertilizer on yield was changed with the change of yield level. Application of P did not increase yield at all four yield level orchards, but as K was concerned, and it was contrary. Application of N increased yield at middle and low yield level orchard. 【Conclusion】Fertilizer application amounts to apple trees should base on not only the yield but also the soil available nutrients. The estimation of K level in apple trees should base on not only the leaf K concentration but also the effect of yield on K absorption and distribution. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(68)

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Genetic Origins of Differentially Expressed Genes Under Photoinhibition Stress in Super Hybrid Rice Liangyoupeijiu ,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2005, 38 (01): 33-37.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6535 Abstract （2318）      PDF （324KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save The mRNA differential display visualized by silver staining was applied to study genes expressed differentially under stress condition of photoinhibition in super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu and its female parent Peiai 64S and male parent 9311. One hundred and sixty-seven differentially displayed cDNA fragments of hybrid rice were obtained and their genetic origins were studied. The results suggested that most of the differentially expressed genes were inherited from both male and female parents rather than either of them because they existed in both male and female parents. Some of the differentially expressed gene fragments seemed to originate from a single-parent or from none of the parents, suggesting the existence of some unclear mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(2)

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Phylogenetic Diversity of Rhizobia Isolated from the Root Nodules of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Grown in Hebei ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 344-352.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-5518 Abstract （2291）      PDF （653KB）（1824）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 We hope to understand the diverse state of peanut rhizobia in northern part of China. 【Method】 Fifty eight rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of peanut plants grown at different sites in Hebei Province were analyzed and compared with the reference strains of the species of Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium by 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP, 16S－23S IGS PCR-RFLP and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 【Results】 The results showed that thirty eight strains belonged Bradyrhizobium related to Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium liaoningense. 【Conclusion】 It demonstrates that peanut plants nodulate mainly with Bradyrhizobium strains in Hebei, similar to the previous reports with rhizobia from peanut plants grown in other regions of China. However, the existence of six fast-growing rhizobial strains related to R. yanglingense, R. mongolense, and R. gallicum and of ten moderately slow-growing strains indicate that peanut plants attract diverse rhizobia in Hebei Province. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(17)

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XUE Ya-Guang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10477

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SUN Jian-Guang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10469 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (11): 3596-3603.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.11.020 Abstract （2232）      PDF （358KB）（1353）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Zinc Combined with Urea on Zinc Availability and Urea Conversion ZHAO LiFang, YUAN Liang, ZHANG ShuiQin, ZHAO BingQiang, LIN ZhiAn, LI YanTing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2021, 54 (16): 3461-3472.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.16.009 Abstract （2226）   HTML （57）    PDF （1810KB）（1291）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The interaction mechanism of nitrogen and zinc was explored by investigating the effects of zinc combined with urea in different ways on the zinc availability and the urea conversion in soil, so as to provide a scientific basis for the scientific compatibility of zinc and urea and the high-efficiency utilization of nutrients.【Method】0.5 and 5 parts by weight of zinc sulfate heptahydrate were combined with 99.5 and 95 parts by weight of urea by the physical mixing process (U+Zn) and the melt mixing process (UZn), respectively, to prepare zinc-containing urea test products: U+Zn0.5, U+Zn5, UZn0.5 and UZn5. The soil culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of zinc combined with urea in different ways on soil available zinc content, soil amide nitrogen content, soil NO3-N and NH4+-N content, and soil urease activity. Subsequently, the inherent mechanism was revealed by combining the structure of zinc-containing urea investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There were eight treatments arranged: ①CK (control), without any fertilizer; ②U, applied with common urea; ③Zn0.5, applied with ZnSO4·7H2O; ④Zn5, applied with ZnSO4·7H2O; ⑤U+Zn0.5, applied with zinc-containing urea U+Zn0.5; ⑥U+Zn5, applied with zinc-containing urea U+Zn5; ⑦UZn0.5, applied with zinc-containing urea UZn0.5; ⑧UZn5, applied with zinc-containing urea UZn5. Wherein, the same amount of nitrogen was applied for the treatments of ②, ⑤, ⑥, ⑦ and ⑧, the same amount of zinc for treatments of ③, ⑤ and ⑦, and the amount of zinc for treatments of ④, ⑥ and ⑧.【Result】(1) Compared with single application of zinc fertilizer, zinc combined with urea increased the available zinc content of the soil, and the zinc-containing urea prepared by the melt mixing process had a better performance than that prepared by physical mixing process. At the 0.5% level, zinc combined with urea increased the available zinc content by 17.3% on average compared with zinc fertilizer applied alone, and the available zinc content under UZn0.5 treatment was higher than that under U+Zn0.5 treatment by 10.9%. At the 5% level, zinc combined with urea increased the available zinc content by 13.1% on average compared with zinc fertilizer applied alone, and the available zinc content under UZn5 treatment was higher than that under U+Zn5 treatment by 12.7%. The fixation rate of zinc under UZn0.5 treatment was lower than that under UZn5 treatment by 23.93 percentage points. (2) Compared with common urea, all of the zinc-containing urea slowed down the hydrolysis of urea. Among them, the zinc-containing urea prepared by the melt process showed a slower hydrolysis of urea than that prepared by the physically mixing. The difference was significant between the treatment of UZn0.5 and U+Zn0.5 (P<0.05). (3) The combination of zinc and urea increased soil NH4+-N content at the later stage of cultivation, and the most significant increase happened under UZn0.5 treatment. Compared with common urea, U+Zn5, UZn0.5 and UZn5 significantly increased the soil NO3-N content at the later stage of cultivation, and the increase rate under UZn0.5 treatment was significantly higher than that under UZn5 treatment. (4) Zinc-containing urea prepared by the melt mixing process could increase the soil mineral nitrogen content at the later stage of cultivation. Compared with U, the soil mineral nitrogen content under the treatment of UZn0.5 and UZn5 was increased by 7.6% and 1.9%, respectively. The soil mineral nitrogen content under UZn0.5 treatment was significantly higher than that under UZn5 by 5.6% (P<0.05). (5) Combination of zinc and urea could inhibit soil urease activity at the early stage of cultivation, and the zinc-containing urea prepared by the melt mixing process showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that prepared by the physically mixing. The zinc-containing urea prepared by the melt mixing process showed a higher soil urease activity at the later stage of cultivation, and there was a better performance under UZn0.5 treatment than that under UZn5 treatment.【Conclusion】The combination of zinc and urea could reduce the zinc fixation and increase the zinc availability in soil. The effect of zinc combined with urea by the melt process was better than that by the physically mixing. Meanwhile, the combination of zinc and urea could delay the hydrolysis of urea, and increase the mineral nitrogen content at the later stage of cultivation. 0.5% of zinc sulfate heptahydrate combined with urea by the melt process showed the best performance. Therefore, there would a popular prospect for the prepared by 0.5% of zinc sulfate heptahydrate combined with urea by the melt process. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Cultivation Methods on Grain-Filling and Chalky Grains of Upland and Paddy Rice ,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 257-264.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6164 Abstract （2219）      PDF （255KB）（2055）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of cultivation methods on grainfilling and chalky grains were studied with upland rice of Zhonghan 3 (japonica) and paddy rice of Wuxiangjing 99-8 (japonica) as materials. 【Method】Three different cultivation methods of moist cultivation (MC, control), plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) and bare cultivation (BC) were set up. 【Result】The results showed that, compared with the MC, the grain yield was significantly lower under PFMC for upland rice, but there was no significant difference in grain yield between PFMC and MC for paddy rice. BC significantly reduced grain yield for both upland and paddy rice. Superior and inferior grains of upland rice had higher relatively grain-filling potential (R0/W), higher maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax), higher mean grain-filling rate (G) and higher grain weight, shorter time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate (Tmax) and lower percentage of chalky grains under dry cultivation (PFMC and BC) than under MC. Paddy rice showed opposite trends in R0/W and Tmax under dry cultivation. There was no significant difference in the percentage of chalky grains between PFMC and MC for paddy rice, whereas BC significantly reduced the percentage of chalky grains. The chalkiness was significantly decreased under dry cultivation for both upland and paddy rice. The percentage of chalky grains was very significantly and significantly negatively correlated with Gmax and G. 【Conclusion】The results suggested that dry cultivation could increase grain-filling rate and improve the appearance quality for both upland and paddy rice. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(29)

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LIU Yan-Na Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10041 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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Recent Advances and Prospects on the Technology to Increase Fertilizer Use Efficiency Xiang YAN Ji-yun Yun Ming-zao LIANG Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2008, 41 (2): 450-459.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2008.02.019 Abstract （2212）      PDF （351KB）（3608）       Knowledge map    Save How to increase fertilizer use efficiency (FUE)and decrease environment pollution caused by nutrient losses has been concerned by the whole world for a long time. It is very important to increase FUE in China for its low FUE and serious losses of nutrient. The recent advances of the technologies to increase FUE are reviewed in this article, which include applying site-specific nitrogen management and real-time nitrogen management to fertilizer management, development of new style slowly release and controlled release fertilizer to control nutrient release，technology of site specific nutrient management and using urease inhibitor or nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrogen losses. And some technologies to increase FUE are previewed in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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LI Hong-Juan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-2010-07323 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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XIAO Hong-Yan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10254 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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ZHOU Cai-Yuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10133 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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BAO Wen-Lei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-2010-07479 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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ZHANG Zi-Chang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10484

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Envirotyping and Its Applications in Crop Science XU Yunbi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2015, 48 (17): 3354-3371.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.004 Abstract （2157）   HTML （24）    PDF （2735KB）（5295）       Knowledge map    Save Global climate changes have increasing impacts on worldwide environments. Crop productivity is largely determined by interaction between the genotype a crop has and the environment surrounding the crop plants. With modern biotechnologies, genotypic contribution to a phenotype can be dissected at molecular level into individual genetic components. However, the environmental factors that have significant impacts on crops have not been dissected individually, and thus their contribution to phenotype can be only inferred by their integrative effect under different types of environments, or described for the whole experimental plot by comparing pairwise major environmental factors. The author proposed a concept of environmental assay for the first time by coining a word “etyping”, which represents “envirotyping”, a more suitable word used in this article. The term “envirotype” is used to describe all internal and external environmental factors and their combinations that affect plants across growth and developmental stages. The external environmental factors include moisture, fertilizers, air, temperature, light, soil properties, cropping system and companion organisms. Envirotyping refers to dissecting and measuring all these environmental factors. Environmental information can be collected through various approaches, including multi-environmental trials with environmental data accumulated related to trial locations; geographic and soil information systems containing environmental data for climate, weather, and soil; and small weather stations that collect factors related to weather, precipitation, temperature and air. Using remote sensing and other instruments, many external environmental factors can be measured for plant canopy, plant surroundings, and even for single plots or individual plants. Environmental information will be increasingly used for environment characterization, genotype-by-environment interaction analysis, phenotype prediction, disease epidemic prediction, near iso-environment construction, understanding of the response of plants to specific environmental factors, agronomic genomics, and precision farming. In the future, envirotyping needs to be improved to zoom into specific plots and individual plants across growth and developmental stages, along with the development of integrative information system and decision support tools to bring genotypic, phenotypic and envirotypic information together. Envirotypic information will finally contribute as a third dimension to the crop research and development system involving genotype-phenotype-envirotype complex. Such efforts will help establish a high-efficient crop breeding and production system based on the concept of the three-dimensional profile. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(5)

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Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Yak Heart Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (H-FABP) Gene ,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (8): 1639-1650.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6026 Abstract （2109）      PDF （559KB）（1633）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The yak heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene was cloned and sequenced. This was then compared to the deduced amino acid sequence with the homologous H-FABP gene. It was also compared with the protein sequence of the H-FABPs in other species (including cow, sheep, goats, pigs, human, rats, mice, chicks and zebra-fish) retrieved from the GenBank . These comparisons were performed in order to provide a theoretical foundation for further research of the correlation of yak H-FABP gene and meat quality, molecular breeding, location and expression.【Method】The yak H-FABP gene was amplified using particular primers, cloned by T-A method and sequenced, based on this the nucleotide and amino acid sequences among different species were compared and analyzed by RepeatMasker、DNAMAN4.0、BioEdit4.8.10、Clustal W1.81 i.e, bio-softs.【Result】The number of exons and introns of yak H-FABP gene (GenBank Accession No: DQ026674) were as same as those in cow, sheep, goats, pigs, human, rats, mice, chicks and zebra-fish. They had 4 exons and 3 introns. The size of CDS sequence of the yak H-FABP gene, encoding 133 amino acid, was 402 bp. The size of exon I, exonⅡ, exonⅢ and exonⅣ was 73 bp, 173 bp, 102 bp and 54 bp respectively; while the size of intron I, intronⅡand intronⅢ was 3 460 bp, 1 892 bp and 1 495 bp respectively. The junction sequence of exons and introns of yak H-FABP gene was in accordance with the law of gene composition. The rate of the repetitive sequence was 13.07% in the nucleotide sequence of yak H-FABP gene. Five repetitive elements were found in the intronⅠ, including a SINE/Artiodactyls element, a SINE/MIR3 element, a SINE/Bov-tA1 element and two SINE/MIR elements. No repetitive element was found in intronⅡ. Three repetitive elements were found in intron3, including a SINE/MIR element, a LINE/L2 element and a SINE/Artiodactyls element. The rate of the repetitive sequence was 11.85% for SINEs, 6.44% for MIRs and 1.22% for LINEs respectively. In addition, LINE1, BovB/Art2, L3/CR1 repetitive elements, LTR anti-transcription element and DNA transposing element were not found in this sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the coding region and deduced amino-acid sequences among different species were quite conservative. The homology rates of nucleotide sequences of the coding region of H-FABP gene between the yak and cow, sheep, goat, pig, human, rat, mouse, chick and zebra-fish were 99.8%, 97.8%, 97.0%, 92.8%, 88.8%, 83.3%, 83.1%, 76.4%, 68.7% respectively, while the homology rates of amino-acid sequences were 100%, 96.9%, 96.9%, 92.4%, 88.7%, 85.7%, 85.7%, 77.4%, 69.9% respectively. 【Conclusion】The yak H-FABP gene had 4 exons and 3 introns. The size of CDS sequence of the yak H-FABP gene, encoding 133 amino-acid, was 402 bp. The size of exon I, exonⅡ, exonⅢ and exonⅣ was 73 bp, 173 bp, 102 bp and 54 bp respectively; while the size of intron I, intronⅡand intronⅢ was 3 460 bp, 1 892 bp and 1 495 bp respectively. There were many repetitive elements in the nucleotide sequence of yak H-FABP gene, and the junction sequence of exons and introns was accordance with the law of gene composition. The nucleotide sequences of the coding region and deduced amino acid sequences between yak and cow, sheep, goats, pigs, human, rats, mice, chicks and zebra-fish were quite conservative. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(18)

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LIU Yi-Fan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.sas-10058 Accepted: 07 September 2011

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Simulation of Dry Matter Partitioning, Yield Formation and Fruit Harvest Date of Greenhouse Muskmelon ,,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (02): 353-360.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6311 Abstract （2082）      PDF （375KB）（1685）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of the study was to develop a simulation model to predict the yield and harvest date of greenhouse muskmelon for the optimization of climate control and crop management for greenhouse muskmelon production. 【Method】Based on the relationships between partitioning index and the accumulated product of thermal effectiveness and photosynthetically active radiation (TEP), a dry matter partitioning，yield formation and harvest date simulation model for greenhouse muskmelon was developed. Experiments with different sowing dates and substrates were carried out in Shanghai and Nanjing to collect data to develop and validate the model. 【Result】The results showed that for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and fruit dry weight, the coefficient of determination R2 between the simulated and the measured value based on the 1:1 line was 0.99, 0.65, 0.97, 0.98, 0.98, respectively; and the relative prediction error (RSE) was 0.88%, 70.21%, 7.44%, 9.33%, 5.28%, respectively. The R2 and RSE between the simulated and the measured fresh weight of muskmelon based on the 1:1 line was 0.94 and 8.13%, respectively. The R2 and RSE between the simulated and the measured diameter of muskmelon fruit based on the 1:1 line were 0.95 and 9.23%, respectively. The prediction error for harvest date was in 1 day. 【Conclusion】From the results mentioned above, it can be concluded that the model developed in this study not only can give satisfactory prediction of dry matter partitioning, yield and harvest date of greenhouse muskmelon, but also is user-friendly. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(28)

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Response of Cmic-to-Corg to Land Use and Fertilization in Subtropical Region of China ,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (7): 1411-1418.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6388 Abstract （2069）      PDF （366KB）（1280）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Ratios of microbial biomass C to total organic C (Cmic-to-Corg) could be an indication of a system at a new equilibrium after land use or managements changed. 【Method】 But few researches putted their emphasis on the impacts of land use or management on Cmic-to-Corg. Two small-scaled regions (Pantang region and Kenfu region) and six long-term experiments (1986-2001) in paddy fields were used to investigate the response of Cmic-to-Corg to land use and fertilization in subtropical region of China. 【Result】 The results from PT and KF regions indicated that there was no universal equilibrium Cmic-to-Corg constant in every land use. Mean Cmic-to-Corg amounted to (5.07±1.26)% for paddy field, (2.96±1.60)% for dryland, (2.40±0.34)% for woodland, (1.98±0.89)% for orchard in Pantang region, respectively. The effect of land use on Cmic-to-Corg in Kenfu region was a little different with that in PT region. Mean Cmic-to-Corg amounted (3.01±1.51)% for paddy field, (1.57±0.40)% for woodland, (1.29±0.56)% for dryland, (1.14±0.42)% for orchard, respectively. In both regions, responses of Corg to land uses were similar with Cmic-to-Corg, and the results also showed that anthrostagnic soil (paddy field) was not only in favor of the carbon sequestration but also helpful to the microbial biomass enhancement. Long-term experiments showed that Cmic-to-Corg of paddy soils with chemical fertilizer applied increased in recent 17 years in half of experiments but not significant. With the same amount of N applied, organic matter incorporation including middle-level (30% organic N+70% chemical N) manure, high-level (60% organic N+40% chemical N) manure and straw treatments contributed to the enhancement of microbial biomass in paddy soils, averaged by 6 experiments, Cmic-to-Corg increased by 17.94%, 19.91% and 17.51% (compared with control), respectively. 【Conclusion】Though significant relationships (P<0.01) exists between organic C and microbial biomass C in 6 long-term experiments, but the response of soil organic C to fertilization was not completely the same as that of Cmic-to-Corg. It indicated that Cmic-to-Corg could reflect the changes of Corg, but not precisely. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hitchhiking Effect Mapping: A New Approach for Discovering Agronomic Important Genes ,,,,,,,, Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2006, 39 (8): 1526-1535.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2006-7287 Abstract （2049）      PDF （624KB）（2067）       Knowledge map    Save Beside natural selection, today's cultivated crops have experienced two types of strong artificial selections: domestication and modern breeding. Domestication has led to a giant genetic structure differentiation between cultivars and their wild relatives, and modern breeding has created further genetic structure differentiation between the modern varieties and the landraces. In a genome, genetic diversity at a locus experienced strong selection is significantly lower than that at other loci non-experienced selection and diversities in the flanking regions also declines. This phenomenon is called the hitchhiking effect or genetic selection sweep. The genomic regions with selection sweep could be detected through scanning a number of released varieties or natural populations with molecular markers. Thereafter, agronomic important traits linked with these regions could be detected using Marker/Trait association analysis. Fine scanning of these genomic regions would help to determine the sizes of these regions and to discover the favorable alleles or even the key genes. This could provide very valuable information for gene isolation and molecular design of new varieties. Establishment of high density genetic linkage maps in the major crops and availability of high throughput genotyping platform make it possible for discovering agronomic important genes through marker/trait association analysis. Based on the available publications, we give a brief introduction of the hitchhiking effect mapping approach using the plant height, 1000-grain weight, and phosphorus-deficiency tolerance as examples in wheat. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Hyperspectral Response for the Cotton LAI and LAI Inversion of Remote Sensing , Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2007, 40 (1): 63-69.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.at-2005-6625 Abstract （2028）      PDF （317KB）（1246）       Knowledge map    Save The results are achieved through the canopy hyperspectral study in the different growing stages and the different varieties of cotton. The spectral difference of the visional wave is obvious in 2.5 of LAI, and the difference trend to the saturation ; the correlation between LAI and the spectrum is significant negative in the visional wave, and the correlation between LAI and the near infrared is significant positive; there are three high plaint regions, including blue region(523-531nm)、yellow region(570-576nm)、red region(700-755nm) respectively, resulted from the correlation between LAI and the derivative spectrum, and among them the red region is the strongest. The late peak of the red edge is the leaf area index. Among hyperspectral parameters constructing the estimation model of LAI of cotton, the analyses shows that the relative error, including NDVI(660、800)、NDVI(550、800)、NDVI(500、800)、NDVI(670、800)、SDy(570-573nm)、SDr(714-755nm)、D723、Dr, is under 30% and RMSE is under 0.6, and NDVI(660、800)and NDVI(550、800) is better comparatively. The achievement is improved throughout establishing the stage models, and SDr is used when the leaf index is under 1.0 and SDr/SDb is used when the leaf area index is above 1.0. Related Articles | Metrics