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Spatial Distribution Pattern and Transfer Function Construction of Soil Bulk Density in Nenjiang City, Heilongjiang Province WANG BingJie, QIN ShiHan, LI DeCheng, HU WenYou, JIANG Jun, CHI FengQin, ZHANG Chao, ZHANG JiuMing, XU YingDe, WANG JingKuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1791-1803.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.009 Abstract （12）   HTML （2）    PDF （2868KB）（7）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Given the unclear degree of "hardening" of cultivated soil and its spatial distribution in the typical black soil region of Northeast China, this study took Nenjiang City, Heilongjiang Province for example, the spatial distribution pattern of soil bulk density were predicted and analyzed, and the soil bulk density transfer function based on factors such as organic matter content and compaction was established. 【Method】 Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the importance of various factors on soil bulk density, the random forest model was employed for predictive mapping, and multiple soil bulk density transfer functions were constructed and compared for accuracy. 【Result】 Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with water content and organic matter content, and was affected by multiple factors such as clay, sand, pH, average annual temperature, and average annual precipitation, but the impact of topography was relatively small. Forecast mapping revealed that the soil bulk density showed a gradually increasing trend from the northeast (1.08-1.17 g·cm-3) to the southwest (1.30-1.40 g·cm-3) in Nenjiang City, and the soil bulk density in the subsoil was higher than that in the topsoil. In addition, soil bulk density and soil compaction increased with soil depth, but the soil bulk density changed slowly (1.20-1.44 g·cm-3), while the soil compaction increased rapidly mainly in the topsoil (0-20 cm) (the change amplitude was about 300 kPa). Besides, the binomial model and support vector machine had higher R2 values in the fitting of organic matter-bulk density and compaction-bulk density, respectively, and had better fitting effects. In the subsoil, the prediction accuracy of the soil bulk density transfer function constructed by compaction (R2=0.55, RMSE=0.1) was higher than that of the model constructed by soil organic matter (R2=0.43, RMSE=0.12). 【Conclusion】 The soil bulk density in Nenjiang City showed a distribution trend of being low in the northeast and high in the southwest, and was affected by multiple factors such as soil properties, climate and topography. In addition, the compaction transfer function could be used as a rapid diagnostic method for changes in soil bulk density and the degree of "hardening" of the black soil region in Northeast China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Fairy Rings on Carbon and Water Fluxes in Hulunbuir Meadow Steppe TUDI YIMITI, YU HongLiang, WANG Xu, PING XiaoYan, WU YiQian, WANG ChongWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1804-1815.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.010 Abstract （10）   HTML （1）    PDF （1039KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil in the grassland fairy ring and its influence on the ecosystem carbon and water exchange characteristics. 【Method】 Using a measurement system consisting of Licor-6400 and static bright/dark boxes, the different components of plant community carbon and water fluxes were determined, including net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (ER), and evapotranspiration (ET), and estimated grassland ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP), carbon utilization efficiency (CUE), and water utilization efficiency (WUE). 【Result】 Plants on the fairy ring (green grass ring) were mainly dominated by Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae, and the number of species and diversity index on the ring were significantly smaller than those inside and outside the ring (P<0.05). The above-ground biomass on the ring (324.72 g·m-2) was significantly higher than those inside (184.66 g·m-2) and outside (194.86 g·m-2); while the below-ground biomass on the ring (340.55 g·m-2) was smaller than those inside (508.29 g·m-2) and outside (394.77 g·m-2), and the root shoot ratio of the ring was significantly lower than that outside of the ring (P<0.05), which might be related to the cumulative effect of soil available nutrient on the fairy ring. The average contents of soil total nitrogen (STN), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil available potassium (SAK), soil available phosphorus (SAP), soil ammonium nitrogen (SAN) and soil nitrate nitrogen (SNN) were higher than those in and out of the ring to different degrees. GPP and NEE were significantly greater on the grassland fairy ring than in and out of the ring (P<0.05), and ER, ET, CUE and WUE were higher on the ring than in and out of the ring too, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Carbohydrate flux components GPP, NEE, ER and ET were positively correlated with above-ground biomass to different degrees; CUE and WUE were positively correlated with soil nutrients to different degrees. 【Conclusion】 The developmental process of fairy ring fungi changed the structural characteristics of grassland communities and the spatial pattern of soil nutrients, and the soil “fertilization effect” driven by fairy ring fungi was the fundamental reason for the spatial heterogeneity of carbon and water flux fractions and carbon and water use efficiencies in different layers of the fairy ring. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulating Soil Organic Carbon Dynamic Changes in Dryland and Paddy Field of Northeast China Using RothC Model ZHANG HaoXin, YU ShengYue, LEI QiuLiang, DU XinZhong, ZHANG Jizong, AN MiaoYing, FAN BingQian, LUO JiaFa, LIU HongBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1564-1578.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.008 Abstract （66）   HTML （5）    PDF （629KB）（44）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study explored the applicability of the RothC model for simulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in dryland and paddy fields in Northeast China and evaluated the impact of various calibration methods on simulation performance.【Method】 This study selected one typical dryland and one typical paddy field as long-term experimental sites. The dryland experiment was conducted at the Heilongjiang Agricultural Ecology Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2004-2015), and the paddy field experiment utilized data from the 850 Farm (2010-2017). At each experimental site, two treatments were selected for model simulation validation and performance evaluation: one with fertilization only, without straw return (NPK), and the other with both fertilization and straw returning (NPKS). For the paddy field soil, in addition to the RothC model, two modified versions, including RothC_p and RothC_0.6, were also selected for suitability evaluation. Three different model calibration methods were employed: the equilibrium method, parameter optimization method, and transfer function method, to analyze the impact of these calibration methods on model simulation performance. Normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), mean difference (MD), and the index of agreement (d) were selected as model evaluation metrics. 【Result】At the Heilongjiang station, organic carbon input exhibited a significant fluctuating trend, with the average annual carbon input under NPK and NPKS treatments being 1.71 and 3.52 t·hm-², respectively. In contrast, organic carbon input at the 850 Farm was relatively stable, with the average annual carbon input for NPK and NPKS treatments being 1.89 and 5.90 t·hm-², respectively. The simulation validation results from the Heilongjiang station showed that, under different model calibration methods, the nRMSE was consistently below 5%, and the index of agreement (d) ranged from 0.60 to 0.74. This indicated that the model performance was excellent across all calibration methods, and RothC was able to accurately simulate the SOC stock changes for both NPK and NPKS treatments in the dryland. When using the M2 method, the nRMSE for NPK and NPKS was the smallest, at 3.46% and 3.09%, respectively. The simulation validation results for the 850 Farm showed that the MD for RothC and RothC_p ranged from -1.47 to -13.41, with nRMSE values between 2.90% and 26.48% and d-values all below 0.1. This indicated that both models significantly overestimated the increase in SOC stocks and were unable to accurately simulate the changes in SOC stocks in the paddy field. For the RothC_0.6 model under the NPK treatment, the MD ranged from -0.08 to 0.44, with nRMSE values between 0.24% and 0.85% and d-values ranging from 0.31 to 0.76. Under the NPKS treatment, the MD ranged from -5.71 to -6.22, with nRMSE values between 11.21% and 12.12% and d-values between 0.12 and 0.13. These results indicated that RothC_0.6 could accurately simulate the dynamic changes in SOC stocks under the NPK treatment but significantly overestimate the changes in SOC stocks under the NPKS treatment.【Conclusion】RothC and RothC_0.6 were suitable for studying the dynamic changes in SOC stocks under dryland and paddy field conditions without straw returning in the Northeast region, respectively, and could accurately simulate the trends in SOC stocks. The impact of different model calibration methods on simulation performance was not significant. However, the transfer function method was simpler to compute, saved model running time, and provided better simulation performance. Therefore, this study recommended prioritizing the use of the transfer function method for model calibration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Eeffects of Long-Term Fertilization on Bacterial Community Structure and Carbon Metabolic Functions in Brown Soil BAI YuXin, LIU LingZhi, AN TingTing, LI ShuangYi, WANG JingKuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1579-1590.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.009 Abstract （73）   HTML （3）    PDF （2017KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the relationships among bacterial population structure, key species, carbon metabolic functions, and variations in soil physicochemical and biological properties resulting from long-term different fertilization treatments in agricultural soils. 【Method】 The amplicon sequencing technology based on the molecular marker of bacterial 16S rRNA were employed to analyze soil bacterial community structure, ecological networks, potential carbon metabolic functions, and their correlations with soil physicochemical and biological properties after 29 years of continuous application of various fertilization treatments (no fertilization as control, CK; chemical fertilizers, N4; and reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure, M2N2) at the Long-term Positioning Experimental Station at Shenyang Agricultural University. 【Result】Different fertilization treatments significantly altered soil physicochemical and biological properties, and bacterial populations, diversity, and abundance of potential carbon metabolic genes. Compared with CK treatment, N4 treatment significantly decreased soil pH value, bacterial abundance and community diversity, which indicated that M2N2 treatment demonstrated a beneficial maintenance effect. Although long-term fertilization practices (both N4 and M2N2) significantly increased soil respiration rates, they also markedly reduced net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates at 0-20 cm soil layer. Furthermore, compared with N4 treatment, M2N2 treatment significantly enhanced soil net N mineralization rates. Soil ammonium N content, net N mineralization rate and pH value were the critical environmental factors influencing soil bacterial populations. Network co-occurrence analysis revealed that Bradyrhizobium elkanii and beta proteobacterium WWH154 were the key bacterial species that maintained the stability of bacterial ecological networks, and about 100 dominant bacterial species co-occurred fully with beta proteobacterium WWH154 and 54% of the species co-occurred with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Long-term fertilization (N4 and M2N2) increased the relative abundance of two key species by 61.9%-169.4%, especially the M2N2 treatment. The function prediction of carbon metabolic genes showed that N4 treatment reduced the abundance of various carbon metabolism-related genes, such as carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes, Aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis and Amino acid related enzymes in soil bacteria, and M2N2 treatment significantly stabilized the carbon metabolic pathways. 【Conclusion】In summary, long-term fertilization altered the physicochemical and biological properties of agricultural soil. Reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure enriched key bacterial species and increased the complexity of microbial networks, which would be beneficial to coping with environmental changes, thus maintaining soil ecological functions and increasing crop yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw and Milk Vetch Mulching on Soil Fertility and Sweet Potato Yield LI ShaoXing, SONG WenFeng, WEI ZeYu, ZHOU YuLing, SONG LiXia, REN Ke, MA Qun, WANG LongChang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1591-1603.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.010 Abstract （58）   HTML （2）    PDF （786KB）（41）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of straw and green manure mulching on soil fertility and crop yield on the dryland in southwest China, so as to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for exploring reasonable, efficient and ecologically healthy conservation tillage measures in southwest China. 【Method】 The sweet potato field in the "broad bean/maize/sweet potato" dry three-crop intercropping mode in southwest China was selected as the research object, and four treatments were set up: no mulching (CK), straw mulching (S), straw and milk vetch mulching (S+M), and milk vetch mulching (M). The effects of different treatments on soil characteristics and soil fertility, sweet potato dry matter content in the sweet potato field were studied. 【Result】(1) Compared with no-mulching treatment, straw and milk vetch mulching could improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil in sweet potato field. Among them, straw and milk vetch mulching had the best effect. (2) The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility based on principal component analysis showed that soil fertility under straw and milk vetch mulching treatment was higher than that under no mulching treatment, and the comprehensive scores of straw and milk vetch mulching treatment were the highest in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. (3) S+M treatment significantly improved the dry matter quality of various organs of sweet potato and sweet potato yield, the yield of sweet potato under S+M, S and M treatment was 34.53%, 14.60% and 11.55% higher than that under CK treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】Straw and milk vetch mulching in the dryland, triple cropping systems of southwest China, could effectively improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil, enhance soil fertility, and improve dry matter quality and yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water Demand Characteristics of Rice-Oilseed Rape Rotation System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River WANG Bin, WU PengHao, LU JianWei, REN Tao, CONG RiHuan, LU ZhiFeng, LI XiaoKun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1355-1365.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.009 Abstract （80）   HTML （38）    PDF （453KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the water demand characteristics of the rice-oilseed rape rotation system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, so as to provide the theoretical support for water allocation in this cropping system.【Method】This study analyzed the water demand of the rice-oilseed rape rotation system in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River using the single crop coefficient method. The supplementary irrigation amount was calculated based on the effective precipitation, and the water surplus/deficit characteristics of the rotation system were identified according to the crop water surplus-deficit index.【Result】The rice-oilseed rape rotation pattern in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River required an average annual water demand of 1 172 mm, with rice accounting for approximately 898 mm (76.6%) and oilseed rape accounting for approximately 274 mm (23.4%). Rice required an average annual supplementary irrigation of 643 mm, while oilseed rape required drainage of 54 mm on average per year. Years with moderate, severe, and extreme drought in the rice accounted for 77.5%, 15%, and 2.5%, respectively. Years with moderate, severe, and extreme flooding in the oilseed rape accounted for 10%, 17.5%, and 2.5%, respectively. Special attention should be paid to the field water conditions during the tillering, joint-booting, and heading and filling stages of rice, and flood prevention measures should be taken during the seedling and maturity stages of oilseed rape. The early rice-late rice-oilseed rape rotation pattern required an average annual water demand of 1 161 mm, with early rice accounting for approximately 550 mm, late rice accounting for approximately 401 mm. The total water demand of the two seasons accounts for 82.0% of the total water demand of the whole rotation system. while oilseed rape accounting for approximately 210 mm (18.0%). Early rice required an average annual supplementary irrigation of 322 mm, late rice requires 272 mm, and oilseed rape requires drainage of 59 mm on average per year. Years with moderate, severe, and extreme drought in the rice season account for 40%, 15%, and 1.3%, respectively. Years with moderate, severe, and extreme flooding in the oilseed rape season account for 12.5%, 17.5%, and 17.5%, respectively. The special attention should be paid to the water conditions during the joint-booting and heading and filling stages of late rice, and flood prevention measures should be taken during the seedling and maturity stages of oilseed rape.【Conclusion】In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the water demand of rice-oilseed rape rotation mode was 1 172 mm, and the water demand of rice and oilseed rape accounted for 76.6% and 23.4%, respectively. The water demand of early rice-late rice-oilseed rape rotation mode was 1 161 mm, and the water demand of rice and oilseed rape accounted for 82.0% and 18.0%, respectively. Supplementary irrigation was required to prevent water deficits during the rice season, while drainage measures were necessary during the oilseed rape season. In years with extreme precipitation, special attention should be paid to excess water conditions during the seedling stage of rice and the seedling and maturity stages of oilseed rape, and corresponding measures should be taken. In years with extreme drought, special monitoring of water deficits should be conducted during the tillering, joint-booting, heading and filling stages of rice and the flowering stage of oilseed rape, and the timely supplementary irrigation should be provided. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Green Manure Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction on Hydrothermal Characteristics of Wheat Field and Grain Yield in Oasis Irrigation Area YIN Bo, YU AiZhong, WANG PengFei, YANG XueHui, WANG YuLong, SHANG YongPan, ZHANG DongLing, LIU YaLong, LI Yue, WANG Feng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1366-1380.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.010 Abstract （107）   HTML （46）    PDF （854KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to solve the problems of long-term continuous cropping of wheat and high amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the production process in the arid irrigation area of Northwest China, the effects of green manure returning combined with reduced nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal variation characteristics and yield of wheat were studied, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the optimization of nitrogen application system in this area. 【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station from 2021 to 2022. The treatments included no green manure (G0) and conventional nitrogen application (N1), as well as three green manure returning treatments (G1, G2, G3, applying green manure 15 000, 22 500, 30 000 kg·hm-2, respectively) and two nitrogen fertilizer reduction treatments (N2, N3, reducing 15% and 30% compared with conventional nitrogen application, respectively). The effects of green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction on soil water and heat variation characteristics, leaf area index and yield of wheat field were analyzed. 【Result】The green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction could increase soil water storage in 0-120 cm soil layer of wheat field. Compared with G0N1, G2N2, G3N2 and G3N3 increased soil water storage by 4.0%-7.8%. Among them, G3N2 maintained higher soil water content in all soil layers during sowing, vegetative, reproductive and harvesting stages. From sowing to jointing stage, the soil temperature under G2N2, G3N2 and G3N3 increased by 0.6-1.3 ℃ and the soil accumulated temperature increased by 24.8-55.3 ℃ compared with G0N1. From the filling stage to the mature stage, the soil temperature of each green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction treatment was 0.4-1.0 ℃ lower than that under G0N1, and the soil accumulated temperature decreased by 7.9-20.0 ℃. At the same time, the temperature change range under G3N2 in soil warming and cooling stage was smaller than that under other treatments. Green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction significantly increased the leaf area index of wheat from booting stage to maturity stage, providing sufficient photosynthetic source for dry matter accumulation at late growth stage. Under this condition, compared with G0N1, the biomass and grain yield of wheat increased by 13.7%-28.0% and 11.7%-31.3%, respectively, and the increase under G3N2 was the largest. Correlation analysis showed that grain yield and its components were significantly positively correlated with leaf area index, soil water content and soil temperature in 0-60 cm soil layer. Structural equation model analysis found that soil hydrothermal conditions indirectly affected yield changes by directly affecting leaf area index. 【Conclusion】Green manure returning combined with nitrogen reduction could improve the soil hydrothermal environment of wheat field and increase the leaf area index of wheat, so as to obtain high yield. Therefore, 30 000 kg·hm-2 green manure+15% nitrogen reduction was the best green manure nitrogen fertilizer application mode to optimize the field hydrothermal environment and obtain high yield in oasis irrigation area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Regulatory Effect of Reduced Irrigation and Combined Organic- Inorganic Fertilizer Application on Stay-Green Characteristics in Silage Maize Leaves After Tasseling Stage CHEN GuiPing, LI Pan, SHAO GuanGui, WU XiaYu, YIN Wen, ZHAO LianHao, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1381-1396.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.011 Abstract （71）   HTML （38）    PDF （1283KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study investigated the regulatory effects of reduced irrigation and the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on stay-green characteristics in leaves and yield performance of silage maize after tasseling stage, in order to explore the optimal nitrogen application ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers under reduced irrigation conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and efficient cultivation practices of silage maize in arid irrigation areas.【Method】From 2021 to 2023, a two-factor split-plot experimental design was employed in the Hexi oasis irrigation area. The main plots consisted of two irrigation levels: reduced 20% irrigation (I1) and conventional irrigation (I2), while the subplots included five ratios of organic and inorganic fertilizer nitrogen fertilization maintaining equivalent nitrogen levels: 100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (F1), 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer (F2), 50% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer (F3), 25% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+75% organic fertilizer (F4), and 100% organic fertilizer (F5). The study explored the response of stay-green characteristics in silage maize leaves after tasseling stage and fresh and hay yields to different irrigation amounts and organic-inorganic nitrogen fertilizer ratios.【Result】The reduction in irrigation alone resulted in a decrease in leaf stay-green characteristics of silage maize after tasseling stage. However, combining reduced irrigation with the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced leaf stay-green characteristics after tasseling stage. Among these combinations, the reduced 20% irrigation combined with 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer (I1F2) showed a significant advantage. I1F2 could increase leaf area index and stay-green in leaves of silage maize after tasseling. Compared with conventional irrigation combined with 100% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (I2F1), I1F2 could increase leaf area index and stay-green in leaves by 14.3% and 6.8%, respectively. Compared with the I2F1 treatment, I1F2 also increased chlorophyll a and b content in leaves of silage maize by 14.2% and 10.7%, respectively. As the increase in chlorophyll a content was greater than that of chlorophyll b, a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio was achieved. 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer under conditions of 20% reduced irrigation enhanced the reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity in leaves of silage maize after tasseling stage. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities under I1F2 were increased by 12.0%, 7.8%, 10.7%, and 10.2% than that under I2F1, respectively. Compared with the I2F1 treatment, I1F2 increased proline and solute protein content in silage maize after tasseling stage by 9.8% and 9.7%, respectively, and reduced malondialdehyde content by 8.4%. Therefore, the silage maize under I1F2 could achieve higher fresh and hay yields at the optimal harvest time, increasing by 9.9% and 13.6% compared with I2F1. Comprehensive analysis indicated that I1F2 could significantly improve leaf area index, stay-green characteristics, and chlorophyll content of silage maize by enhancing leaf antioxidant enzyme activity, increasing content of cellular osmotic regulatory substances, and reducing malondialdehyde content after tasseling stage. Consequently, this effectively boosted the yield of silage maize.【Conclusion】Reduced 20% irrigation combined with 75% inorganic nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer was an optimal water and nitrogen management strategy for extending the stay-green period of silage maize leaves after tasseling stage and increasing yield in arid irrigation areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon in Hulunbuir and Its Influencing Factors WU XinJia, XUE Wei, YAN YiDan, NIE YingYing, YE LiMing, XU LiJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1145-1158.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.008 Abstract （71）   HTML （14）    PDF （3815KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of soil organic carbon (SOC) content in Hulunbuir, China, in order to provide the scientific basis for soil carbon storage management and ecosystem services.【Method】 The point-to-point sampling survey method was used to collect measured SOC data from 1980 (historical data) and 2022, involving four land use types: farmland, grassland, forest, and wetland. Using regression kriging method, combined with environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, slope, altitude, and NDVI, the spatial prediction of SOC content and its changes was carried out. 【Result】 (1) The SOC content in 1980 was significantly affected by these five factors (P<0.05), while the SOC data in 2022 was mainly affected by altitude, slope, precipitation, and NDVI, with no significant effect from temperature (P=0.07). The fitting accuracies of the models for the two periods of 1980 and 2022 were R²=0.60 and R²=0.63, respectively, indicating that the predictive model had a certain level of reliability. (2) According to spatial prediction data, the average SOC content in Hulunbuir was 40.29 g·kg-1 in 1980, and decreased to 31.75 g·kg-1 in 2022. The spatial variation trend of soil SOC content in the two periods was similar, with higher content in the central region and lower content in the western and eastern regions. (3) There were differences in the changes of SOC content under different land use patterns. Over the past 40 years, the SOC content of farmland, grassland, forest, and wetland soils has decreased by 4.59 g·kg-1 (13.3%), 6.08 g·kg-1(18.7%), 11.16 g·kg-1(23.0%), and 7.20 g·kg-1(24.4%), respectively. 【Conclusion】 The spatial distribution trend of SOC content in Hulunbuir area remained consistent between 1980 and 2022, and SOC content showed a decreasing trend under different land use patterns. The transformation of land use patterns was a key factor affecting the spatial distribution changes of SOC. In addition, there was uncertainty in the prediction of SOC changes by environmental variables, and future research needs to consider their dynamic characteristics. In the Hulunbuir region, the forest grassland transition zone and the forest farmland transition zone had carbon sink potential, while grasslands, central high-altitude forest areas, and farmland areas might be carbon source areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Method for Estimating Water-Salinity Information of Soil Surface Using RGB and Texture Features SONG Yan, CHAI MingTang, LI WangCheng, SUN LiYing, Wulianen Saiernu, DU TianZe Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1159-1172.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.009 Abstract （94）   HTML （48）    PDF （4151KB）（86）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Saline soil poses a global ecological challenge. The rapid and precise monitoring of surface soil water and salt information was crucial for effective control and remediation of soil salinization. 【Method】 The present study proposed a quantitative estimation method, which combined high-precision optical remote sensing and image digital processing technology at a small scale, to predict soil water content and salt content based on soil apparent color parameters (RGB) and texture feature values. Firstly, the calibration of the soil multi-parameter sensor was based on the relationship between dielectric constant and water content, electrical conductivity, and salt content. Secondly, the image digital processing technology was employed to extract the RGB and texture features of the soil. The most relevant variables were determined through correlation analysis, and an optimal fitting model incorporating RGB, texture features, water content, and salt content was constructed. Finally, the accuracy of the inversion method was verified using the sensor approach.【Result】 The trivariate regression model, which fitted the water content and RGB, exhibited the most optimal fitting effect with an R2 value of 0.97. For the fitting of salt content to RGB and texture features, a one-variable polynomial model incorporating salt content and soil apparent white ratio demonstrated superior fitting performance when the salt content was greater than or equal to 6%, yielding an R2 value of 0.97. Conversely, for salt content below 6%, the autocorrelation (AUT) fitting between salt content and texture feature values was proved to be the most effective approach with an R2 value of 0.93. Upon comparing and calculating the water content and salt content obtained through both multi-parameter sensor calibration method and the inversion method proposed in this paper, it was observed that relative error ranges for water content measurement using these two methods fell within 0.27%-9.48%, while relative error ranges for salt content ranged from 0.07% to 8.64%. In both cases, the absolute errors remained below 1%. 【Conclusion】 The present study presented a methodology for the inversion of soil apparent water and salt information, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation and offering the technical support for the rapid and precise determination of soil surface water and salt. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Water-Nitrogen Coupling on the Mineralization of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen for Mulched Farmland Soils in the Arid Regions of Northwest China ZHAO TongTong, GU XiaoBo, TAN ChuanDong, YAN TingLin, LI XiaoYan, CHANG Tian, DU YaDan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 929-942.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.009 Abstract （121）   HTML （9）    PDF （762KB）（123）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on soil fertility, to explore the characteristics of organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization and their influencing factors in mulched farmland soils under different water and nitrogen conditions, so as to provide the theoretical basis for water and nitrogen control measures for mulched farmland crops in the Northwest of China.【Method】In this study, on the basis of five consecutive years of field trials of winter wheat-summer maize with nitrogen application in mulching, the soil samples were collected under three nitrogen application levels of 0 (N0), 180 kg·hm-2 (N1) and 360 kg·hm-2 (N2), and three soil moisture gradients, namely, 40% of the field holding capacity (W0), 60% of the field holding capacity (W1), and 100% of the field holding capacity (W2), were set up for indoor organic carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Then, the effect of water-nitrogen coupling on soil organic carbon and nitrogen mineralisation in mulched farmland were analyzed.【Result】Increasing water content significantly increased the cumulative soil carbon mineralization (Cmin), carbon mineralization rate, cumulative net soil nitrogen mineralization (Nmin), nitrogen mineralization rate, and potential mineralized nitrogen (Np). Cmin, Nmin and Np all showed a tendency to increase and then decrease with increasing nitrogen application. At the end of incubation, Cmin was the highest under N1W1 treatment (1 781.00 mg·kg-1), which was significantly higher than that under other treatments(N0W0, N0W1, N0W2, N1W0, N1W2, N2W0, N2W1, N2W2) by 8.8% to 51.8%, respectively, and its Nmin was also maintained at a relatively high level (29.52 mg·kg-1), while the potential mineralized carbon (5 883.79 mg·kg-1) and Np (30.74 mg·kg-1) were also maintained at a relatively high level. The random forest algorithm indicated that soil microbial carbon (MBC), soil microbial nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, organic carbon, and total dissolved nitrogen were the important factors affecting Cmin and Nmin. MBC showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of soil moisture, and the MBC content under W1 significantly increased by 60.1%-340.0% and 3.1%-6.7%, respectively. The structural equations showed that soil moisture had a direct positive effect (0.70) and an indirect positive effect (0.55) on soil carbon mineralization, while the nitrogen application had a direct positive effect (0.90) and an indirect negative effect (0.24) on soil nitrogen mineralization.【Conclusion】From the perspective of soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization, this study recommended 60% field capacity and 180 kg N·hm-2 as suitable water and nitrogen regulation strategies for mulched farmland in the dryland of Northwest China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Chemical Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Morphology and Phosphatase Activity of Different Aggregates Sizes in Calcareous Brown Soil HUANG ShaoHui, YANG HuiMin, YANG JunFang, YANG WenFang, NIE HaoLiang, ZHANG Jing, XING SuLi, WANG JingXia, YANG YunMa, JIA LiangLiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 943-955.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.010 Abstract （134）   HTML （9）    PDF （712KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the differences of phosphorus (P) morphology and phosphatase activity in different aggregates sizes, and to clarify the change mechanism of soil P component contents and availability under different long-term chemical P application rates, so as to provide the theoretical support for the efficient utilization of soil P and sustainable agricultural development. 【Method】Long-term field experiment with different chemical P fertilizer application rates were established in calcareous brown soil. Soil samples in the topsoil (0-20 cm) were collected, which were treated with three gradients of P fertilizer application rates of 0 (P0, control), 120 (P120) and 210 (P210) kg P2O5·hm-2 annually. The soil aggregate content, P component contents and alkaline phosphatase activity of different soil aggregate sizes were determined. The effects of long-term chemical P application on P morphology and phosphatase activity of different aggregates sizes in calcareous brown soil were analyzed. 【Result】Compared with P0, the stability and P component content of different aggregates in calcareous brown soil were significantly improved after long-term P application. The content of acid-soluble inorganic P (Pi-HCl) was the highest in different P components, while the content of water-soluble P (Pi-H2O), sodium bicarbonate organic P (Po-NaHCO3) and sodium hydroxide inorganic P (Pi-NaOH) were relatively low. The changes of inorganic P pools in all aggregates were higher than those in organic P pools under different treatments. Compared with P120 treatment, the inorganic P content in large aggregate (>2 mm), small aggregate (0.25-2 mm) and micro-aggregate (<0.25 mm) were reduced by 21.5%, 27.0% and 18.7%, respectively, and the organic P content decreased by 15.6%, 12.8% and 12.2%, respectively. There were significant differences in organic P contents among different aggregate sizes and P application rates. The labile P (LP) content changed largest in different P availability forms. There were extremely significant differences among different particle size and P application rate. The contribution rate of inorganic P in large aggregates (Pi, >2 mm) was the highest, ranging from 27.6% to 38.3%, while that of organic P in small aggregates (Po, 0.25-2 mm) was the lowest, ranging from 2.9% to 4.9%. The contribution rate of stable P (SP) content to total P content was the highest, accounting for 84.3-91.2%. The contribution rate of SP in large aggregates (SP, >2 mm) was the highest, ranging from 52.6% to 55.2%. Soil phosphatase activity was significantly different in soil aggregates, which increased with the increase of aggregate size. In large aggregates, the phosphatase activity was significantly increased with the increase of P application rate. In small aggregates, the phosphatase activity of P120 treatment was the highest, and it was a significant difference between them. However, there was no significant difference in phosphatase activity of micro-aggregates between different treatments. The results of correlation analysis showed that the aggregate size was negatively correlated with the content of organic P content significantly, and positively correlated with the activity of alkaline phosphatase significantly. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis results showed that the P application rate could directly affect the inorganic P content in soil and then affect the P availability in soil. Soil aggregate structural could direct influence on the organic P content and alkaline phosphatase activities, and indirectly affect the inorganic P content and P availability. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of chemical P fertilizer significantly increased the content of aggregates, the content of P components in each size aggregates, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase in calcareous brown soil. The large aggregates contributed the most to the soil P availability. P application rate and soil aggregate regulated soil P availability synergistically. Therefore, the scientific P application and increasing the proportion of soil large aggregates were important to improve the availability of soil P utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sulfur Concentration and Distribution in Wheat Grain Sampled from Farmers’ Fields in Main Wheat Production Regions of China and Its Affecting Factors SHE WenTing, SUN RuiQing, DANG HaiYan, LI WenHu, ZHANG Feng, TIAN Yi, XU JunFeng, DING YuLan, WANG ZhaoHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 956-974.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.011 Abstract （112）   HTML （9）    PDF （1215KB）（64）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】It was of great significance to clarify the grain sulfur (S) concentration, its distribution in flour and bran, and relevant affecting agronomy, nutrition, soil physicochemical and fertilization factors for regulating grain S nutrition, and optimizing S management regionally over major wheat production regions of China.【Method】During the two wheat growing seasons from 2021 to 2023, 445 wheat plants and soil samples were collected from typical farmers’ fields in 18 major wheat production provinces (municipalities or districts) in China, to analyze the relationship of grain, flour and bran S concentrations with yield, biomass, harvest index and yield components, S accumulation and distribution in shoot, as well as soil physicochemical properties and fertilization.【Result】Grain S concentrations of farmers in main wheat production regions of China ranged from 1.00 to 2.31 g·kg-1, with an average of 1.59 g·kg-1. The flour and bran S concentration were 0.55-2.05 and 0.54-4.26 g·kg-1, respectively, with an average of 1.33 and 2.03 g·kg-1, respectively. About half of the samples were at low grain S concentration level. Sulfur concentration in wheat grain and flour from wheat-maize and dryland wheat production regions were higher than that from spring wheat and rice-wheat production regions. The bran S concentration was higher than that of flour, both increased with the grain S concentration. The increase of wheat yield and thousand kernel weight was beneficial to the improvement of grain S concentration. For each 1.0 t·hm-2 increase of yield, the grain S concentration increased by 0.01 g·kg-1; and for each 1.0 g increase of the thousand kernel weight, the grain S concentration increased by 0.003 g·kg-1. A positive correlation was found between the grain and flour S concentration and S accumulation in all wheat organs. With the increase of grain S concentration, its distribution ability to flour decreased while the distribution to bran developed. However, in the dryland wheat production region, the increase of grain S accumulation was lower than that of yield, thus the grain S concentration decreased with the yield increase. Soil pH, nitrate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus fertilizer application all showed significant effects on grain S concentration. Grain S concentration increased by 0.02, 0.0004 and 0.0004 g·kg-1, respectively, with each unit increase of these three parameters. The main soil factors affecting flour S concentration were pH, ammonium N, and available iron (Fe). For each 1.0 unit increase of pH, the flour S concentration increased by 0.04 g·kg-1; while for each 1.0 mg·kg-1 increase of soil ammonium N and available Fe, the flour S concentration decreased by 0.0003 and 0.0005 g·kg-1, respectively. 【Conclusion】In brief, the grain S concentrations were of great increase potentials for farmers’ wheat in main wheat production regions of China. It was obviously a vital approach to regulate grain S concentration and its distribution in flour and bran, by optimizing wheat grain yield components, adjusting soil pH, coordinating the soil nitrate N, ammonium N and available Fe supply, and applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers rationally together with increased S fertilizer application, for improving soil S availability and balancing wheat S uptake and yield formation to harvest high yield with optimized grain S nutrition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Variation Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Under the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers SHI Fan, LI WenGuang, YI ShuSheng, YANG Na, CHEN YuMeng, ZHENG Wei, ZHANG XueChen, LI ZiYan, ZHAI BingNian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 719-732.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.008 Abstract （157）   HTML （18）    PDF （1048KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This experiment was conducted to study the content characteristics of soil organic carbon components under long-term organic and inorganic fertilizers and the contribution of each component to the yield of winter wheat in dryland, with a view to providing an important theoretical basis and practical value for the increase of wheat yield and soil fertilization in Northwest dryland. 【Method】This study was based on a nine-year long-term positioning experiment, using a fissure design, with two organic fertilizer levels (M0 and M1) for the main treatment, and five nitrogen levels (N0, N75, N150, N225, N300) for the side treatment. The variation characteristics of winter wheat grain yield and soil organic carbon and its components were analyzed, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral organic carbon (MOC), as well as the differences in the mass fractions of the components, and the contribution of each component of organic carbon to wheat grain yield was quantified. 【Result】With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the wheat grain yield increased first and then decreased, while the grain yield of wheat increased by 4.80% under organic fertilizers than that under chemical fertilizers alone. The highest yield (8 143.2 kg·hm-2) was obtained under M1N150 treatment, which increased by 85.36% compared with M0N0 treatment, and this fertilizer application decreased by 75 kg·hm-2 compared with the local conventional nitrogen application. After 9 years of continuous fertilizer application, the SOC content under M1N150 treatment was significantly increased by 103.30% compared than the soil at the initial stage of the experiment (2014). That is, the nitrogen rate of 150 kg·hm-2 combined with 30 t·hm-2 organic fertilizer would not only significantly improve the soil fertilizer cultivation effect, but also increase the winter wheat yield on the basis of reducing nitrogen application. The study of soil organic carbon fractions under different fertilization treatments showed that, compared with chemical fertilizers alone, the organic and inorganic fertilizers combined treatments increased the content of POC, DOC and MBC fractions as well as the proportion of POC fractions in SOC. The sensitivity indices of SOC and the contents of each organic carbon component showed that the soil active organic carbon components (DOC, MBC and POC) responded significantly to the organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments, among which the POC and DOC components were the most sensitive to the response of farmland management measures. The correlation analysis between soil organic carbon components and wheat yield showed that POC, DOC and MBC components had positive effects on yield increase; the results of Random Forest Analysis (RFA) further proved that the POC and DOC components contributed more to wheat yield under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Therefore, it could be inferred that the increase of crop productivity and soil fertility by organic and inorganic fertilization was mainly achieved by increasing the DOC and POC content of organic carbon in the soil. 【Conclusion】When 150 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen was applied with 30 t·hm-2 of organic fertilizer, it was more conducive to the enhancement of the content of soil organic carbon and reactive organic carbon fractions in wheat fields in the drylands of Northwest China, which in turn improved the yield of winter wheat in dryland, with the DOC and POC fractions contributing the most to the yield of wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Carbon Footprint and Economic Benefit of Different Tobacco Rotation Patterns ZHENG Yu, CHEN Yi, TI JinSong, SHI LongFei, XU XiaoBo, LI YuLin, GUO Rui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 733-747.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.009 Abstract （95）   HTML （11）    PDF （1404KB）（72）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the economic benefits and carbon emission characteristics under different cropping patterns, so as to provide a scientific basis for the selection of regional dominant cropping rotation patterns.【Method】Based on the survey data of farmers in Xiangcheng County, Xuchang City, central Henan Province from 2018 to 2022, this study calculated the carbon emissions of four different rotation patterns: cereal-vegetable-tobacco (wheat-pepper-wheat-pepper-wheat-pepper-tobacco), wheat-maize-tobacco (wheat-maize-wheat-maize-wheat-maize-tobacco), cereal-soybean-tobacco (wheat-maize-wheat-soybean- wheat-soybean-tobacco), and cereal-sweet potato-tobacco (wheat-maize-wheat-sweet potato-wheat-sweet potato-tobacco). The life cycle assessment was used to calculate the carbon emissions and carbon footprint of these four cropping models. This study also clarified their composition and comprehensively evaluated the economic and ecological benefits of four crop rotation patterns by considering input costs and harvest output values.【Result】(1) The output value and profit ranking under different planting patterns were as follows: cereal-vegetable-tobacco>cereal-sweet potato-tobacco>wheat-maize-tobacco>cereal-soybean-tobacco. Additionally, the total cost of the grain-vegetable- tobacco model was significantly higher than that of the other three patterns. (2) The carbon footprint per unit area under different rotation patterns was as follows: wheat-maize-tobacco>cereal-sweet potato- tobacco>cereal-soybean-tobacco>cereal-vegetable- tobacco, with the value of 32 391.10, 31 042.64, 30 583.80, and 26 524.57 kg·hm-2, respectively. The carbon footprint per unit yield for different crop rotation patterns followed this order: cereal-soybean- tobacco (0.51 kg·kg-1), wheat-maize-tobacco (0.51 kg·kg-1), cereal-sweet potato-tobacco (0.39 kg·kg-1), and cereal-vegetable-tobacco (0.29 kg·kg-1). The carbon footprint per unit output value of cereal-soybean-tobacco, wheat-maize-tobacco, cereal-sweet potato-tobacco, and cereal-vegetable-tobacco systems were 0.17, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.10 kg/yuan, respectively. (3) Fertilizer accounted for 50.6%, 56.4%, 57.2%, and 57.0% of carbon emissions in cereal-vegetable-tobacco, wheat-maize-tobacco, cereal-soybean-tobacco, and cereal-sweet potato-tobacco, respectively, making it the primary contributor to carbon emissions in each rotation pattern. The second largest contributor was tobacco curing electricity, which accounted for 15.2%, 14.5%, 13.5% and 13.0% in the above rotation patterns. 【Conclusion】Under the four crop rotation patterns, the cereal-vegetable-tobacco model demonstrated high economic benefits and low carbon emission. However, the input cost of this model was the highest, while the output value of tobacco was the lowest. Therefore, reducing labor input with improving tobacco benefits was crucial for promoting this rotation pattern in major tobacco producing areas. Tobacco of cereal-sweet potato-tobacco model had the highest output value and the lowest cost, but the high carbon footprint of this rotation pattern might be a constraint to the promotion. Fertilizer and tobacco curing electricity were the main sources of carbon emissions for each rotation patterns. Therefore, improving fertilizer utilization rate, and promoting clean energy barns to reduce the carbon footprint of tobacco leaf curing were the keys to reduce carbon emissions from various crop rotation patterns. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Mulching Practices on Maize Yield, Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions and Indexes Related to Carbon and Nitrogen Pool on the Loess Plateau ZHANG FangFang, SONG QiLong, GAO Na, BAI Ju, LI Yang, YUE ShanChao, LI ShiQing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 507-519.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.008 Abstract （214）   HTML （18）    PDF （1007KB）（104）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of long-term mulching practices on crop yield, soil carbon and nitrogen physical fractions and carbon and nitrogen pool-related indexes, with a view to providing a scientific basis for long-term maintenance of high crop yields and soil fertility in dry-crop farmlands on the Loess Plateau. 【Method】 Based on a field experiment of more than 10 years in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, three treatments of no mulching (CK), gravel mulching (GM) and film mulching (FM) were set up. From 2018 to 2020, in situ soil samples in the 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers were collected, and soil samples from each soil layer were grouped by using the physical method. The variation characteristics were investigated, including spring maize yield, and soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), mineral-bound organic carbon (MAOC) and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (MAON) in each soil layer. Based on carbon pool management index (CPMI), nitrogen pool management index (NPMI), and carbon stability index (CSI), the nitrogen stability index (NSI). Combined with correlation analysis, the relationships between the yields and the soil carbon and nitrogen fractions and the related indexes were clarified. 【Result】Compared with CK treatment, the GM treatment showed a decrease in yield, with a 5.8% decrease in mean yield, while the FM treatment continued to increase yield, with a significant 13.6% increase in mean yield. The mean SOC and TN content of the topsoil (0-20 cm) were decreased under both the GM and FM treatments compared with CK treatment, with a significant reduction of 7.3% in the mean SOC content of the topsoil under FM treatment, while it was not significant under GM treatment. Both GM and FM treatments significantly decreased mean POC and PON content in the topsoil and significantly increased MAOC and MAON content in the topsoil compared to CK treatment, i.e. long-term mulching practices significantly decreased labile carbon and nitrogen contents in the topsoil and significantly increased recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen content in the topsoil. Compared with CK treatment, the GM treatment significantly decreased CPMI in the topsoil and significantly increased CSI in the topsoil, whereas the FM treatment significantly decreased CPMI and NPMI and significantly increased CSI and NSI in the topsoil, indicating that the GM treatment significantly increased carbon pool stability of the topsoil, whereas the FM treatment significantly increased both carbon pool stability and nitrogen pool stability of the topsoil. Correlation analyses showed that in addition to POC and MAOC being related to carbon pool indexes, POC was also closely related to NPMI and NSI, while MAOC was also closely related to yield and NPMI. 【Conclusion】Long-term film mulching maintained high crop yields and improved the stability of soil carbon and nitrogen pools, but it reduced topsoil fertility and could be made more sustainable by combining it with other measures to replenish soil organic matter. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on the Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure and Function in Black Soil and Sandy Soil WANG Zhao, ZHANG Bing, DONG SiQi, HU YuXi, QI ShuYu, FENG GuoZhong, GAO Qiang, ZHOU Xue Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 520-536.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.009 Abstract （165）   HTML （24）    PDF （6567KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study investigated the differential responses of rhizosphere microbial communities, keystones and indicators to nitrogen fertilizer application in black and sandy soils under identical climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for guiding precision fertilization and promoting green production. 【Method】This study was based on a long-term field experiment (12 years) involving nitrogen fertilizer application in a maize continuous cropping system in Jilin Province. The experimental design included two main treatments: sandy soil and black soil. Under each main treatment, three nitrogen levels were applied: 0 (N0), 168 kgN·hm-2 (N168), and 312 kgN·hm-2 (N312). Utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology, the differential impacts of long-term nitrogen fertilizer application on the composition, structure, and functional attributes of rhizosphere microbe communities in both black soil and sandy soil were studied. 【Result】Long-term nitrogen fertilizer application significantly decreased the Alpha diversity and changed the community structure of rhizosphere microbes in both black and sandy soils. The greatest impact was observed under N312 treatment, which significantly reduced Alpha diversity by 2.6%-7.5%. The impact of the same nitrogen application on the rhizosphere microbes was more pronounced in sandy soil than in black soil. Species analysis indicated that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Patescibacteria phylum and decreased the relative abundance of Frimicutes and Chloroflexi, with the N312 treatment having the greatest impact (80%-90%) in both black and sandy soils. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the impact of nitrogen fertilizer application on the network structure was greater in sandy soil than in black soil. Moreover, nitrogen fertilizer application significantly influenced 43% of the keystone species in black soil and all keystone species in sandy soil. Random forest analysis indicated that the impact of nitrogen fertilizer application on indicators was more pronounced in sandy soil than in black soil. Compared with N0, the N168 and N312 treatments had no specific indicator species in black soils, whereas two specific indicators were identified under these two treatments in sandy soil, belonging to the Intrasporangiaceae family of the Actinomycetes phylum and the Noviherbaspirillum genus of the Proteobacteria phylum. PICRUSt2 functional prediction revealed that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly affected 88.5% of nitrogen transformation-related functional genes in black soil and 96.2% in sandy soil, with a greater influence observed at higher nitrogen application rates. 【Conclusion】The research findings suggested that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly reduced the diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities, and changed the community structure and species composition characteristics, resulting in significant differences in nitrogen transformation-related functional genes. The overall impact of nitrogen fertilizer application on rhizosphere microbes was more pronounced in sandy soil than in black soil, with a greater influence observed at higher nitrogen application rates. Therefore, it was important to further promote N fertilizer reduction in black and sandy soils to maintain the stability of rhizosphere microbial community structure in farmland. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of N2O Emission Parameters in Dryland Spring Wheat Farmland Soil Based on Whale Optimization Algorithm MU ShuJia, DONG LiXia, LI Guang, YAN ZhenGang, LU YuLan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 537-547.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.010 Abstract （102）   HTML （16）    PDF （646KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to improve the simulation accuracy of N2O emissions by using APSIM model, this study used Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) to optimize the default parameters related to soil N2O emissions in the APSIM model to improve the accuracy and applicability of the model in simulating soil N2O emissions in the semi-arid agricultural region of northwest China, for providing support for precise assessment and management of greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural activities. 【Method】This study used field experimental data measured by the Anjiapo integrated long-term positioning test station in Anding District, Dingxi City, Gansu Province from 2020 to 2021, combined with meteorological data provided by the Meteorological Bureau from 1970 to 2021, to optimize the four key parameters of N2O formation stage in the APSIM model (soil nitrification potential (nitration_pot), concentration of ammonium nitrogen at semi maximum utilization efficiency (nh4_at-half_pot), denitrification coefficient (dnit_rate-coeff), and power term of denitrification water coefficient (dnit_wf_power) using the WOA for single objective and multi parameter optimization. The accuracy of the optimized APSIM soil N2O emission model was evaluated by comparing the errors between the default parameter simulation values, optimized parameter simulation values, and measured values of the APSIM model. 【Result】Through multiple executions of the optimization program, the optimal combination of four parameters was ultimately determined. Among them, the soil nitrification potential was 7.62 mg·kg-1·d-1, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen at semi maximum utilization efficiency was 49.3 mg·kg-1, the denitrification coefficient was 0.00063, and the power term of the denitrification water coefficient calculation was 0.64. Compared with the default parameters of the APSIM model, the coefficient of determination R2 increased from 0.432 to 0.719, the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 39.42 to 25.37 μg·m-2·h-1, and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) decreased from 18.51% to 11.92%. The whale algorithm exhibited significant global search capability and fast convergence during the optimization process. The optimized APSIM model significantly improved the accuracy of simulating soil N2O emissions, indicating that this method could achieve rapid and accurate calibration of model parameters. 【Conclusion】By applying WOA, four key parameters were precisely adjusted, which significantly reduced the prediction error of the model and significantly improving the performance of the APSIM soil N2O emission model. The optimized model has shown higher accuracy and applicability in the semi-arid agricultural region of northwest China, which also proved the effectiveness of the optimization strategy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield Components and Soil Factors Affecting Zinc Concentration in Wheat Grain and Flour in Major Wheat Production Regions of China SUN RuiQing, DANG HaiYan, SHE WenTing, WANG XingShu, CHU HongXin, WANG Tao, DING YuLan, LUO YiNuo, XU JunFeng, LI XiaoHan, WANG ZhaoHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 291-306.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.007 Abstract （114）   HTML （12）    PDF （1285KB）（86）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study was to clarify differences of zinc (Zn) concentration in wheat grain and flour and the corresponding affecting factors over major wheat production regions, with the purpose to provide the theoretical basis for improving the Zn nutritional quality of wheat grain in China. 【Method】During 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 wheat growing seasons, 421 wheat and soil samples were collected from major wheat production regions in 17 provinces and autonomous regions of China, to explore the relationship of Zn concentration in wheat grain, flour and bran with wheat yield, yield components and soil properties.【Result】The average Zn concentration of the wheat grain, flour and bran was 28.1, 10.8 and 60.6 mg·kg-1, respectively, with 94.8% of grain and 89.5% of flour samples could not meet with the recommended Zn concentration of 40 mg·kg-1 for grain and 15 mg·kg-1 for flour by nutritionists. The highest grain Zn concentration was observed in rice-wheat region (RW), followed by that in wheat-maize regions (MW) and dryland wheat region (DW), and the lowest was in spring-wheat region (SW). In rice-wheat region, the lower pH promoted the activation of soil Zn, and its availability was significantly higher than that in other regions, the lowered phosphorus fertilizer application rate was also conducive to Zn absorption and its translocation from root to the aboveground, and the average Zn concentration in wheat grains and flour was therefore as high as 31.5 and 12.2 mg·kg-1, respectively. In wheat-maize region, the soil fertility was higher, so that the yield was significantly greater than that in other wheat regions, resulting in relatively lower Zn concentrations in wheat grains and flour, which were 27.1 and 10.3 mg·kg-1, respectively. In dryland wheat region, the higher soil pH limited soil Zn availability and wheat Zn absorption, leading to the grain and flour Zn concentration being relatively lower as 26.5 and 10.1 mg·kg-1, respectively. In spring-wheat region, since the soil available Zn concentration was significantly lower than that in other wheat regions, which was not conducive to Zn absorption by wheat and its accumulation in grain, and therefore the Zn concentrations in grain and flour were the lowest as 24.6 and 9.4 mg·kg-1, respectively, while Zn concentration decreased significantly with the increase of 1000-grain weight.【Conclusion】 Therefore, in order to improve the Zn concentration of wheat grains and flour, it was not only necessary to improve the soil pH, available Zn level and reasonable nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application, but also jointly to optimize the yield components to improve the wheat yield and grain and flour Zn concentration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization and Correlation Analysis of Soil Dissolved Organic Matter and Microbial Communities Under Long-Term Application of Fresh and Composted Manure YUAN HuiLin, LI YaYing, GU WenJie, XU PeiZhi, LU YuSheng, SUN LiLi, ZHOU ChangMin, LI WanLing, QIU RongLiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 307-325.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.008 Abstract （245）   HTML （21）    PDF （3930KB）（111）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This experiment was conducted to investigate the optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the intrinsic relationship with soil microbial communities diversity and structure under long-term application of fresh and composted chicken/pig manure, so as to provide a theoretical reference of soil ecology for the implementation of recycling agriculture in the red soil area.【Method】Based on an 11-year (2011-2022) long-term experiment (sweet corn-sweet corn-cabbage rotation) of the National Soil Quality Guangzhou Red Soil Observatory Experiment Station, the fertilization regimes included no manure, chicken manure organic fertilizer, fresh chicken manure, fresh pig manure organic fertilizer, and fresh pig manure. Surface soil samples were collected and subjected to soil chemical properties determination, DOM UV-absorption characterization, parallel factor analysis of DOM fluorescence absorption characteristics, and Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing, respectively. The main influencing factors were analyzed based on multivariate analysis.【Result】The composted manure significantly increased soil organic matter (122.5%-354.8%) and nutrient content, among which the chicken manure source treatments effectively increased soil available phosphorus content (1 697.2%-3 455.3%) and total phosphorus content (587.5%-812.5%), while swine manure source treatments mainly increased soil alkali-hydro nitrogen content (286.6%-311.3%) and total nitrogen content (326.4%-373.6%). Livestock manure applications, especially the composted manure, increased soil DOM content (60.3%-227.8%), among which the swine manure source treatments had a better effect on chromophoric dissolved organic matter content (118.1%-231.7%). In contrast, the chicken manure source treatments focused on increasing soil fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) content (293.4%-834.9%). For FDOM characteristic indexes, the biological index of manure application treatments was lower than that under CK (33.2%-39.2%), but the humification index was higher than that under CK (40.3%-43.3%). Four fluorescence components were identified with parallel factor analysis. The manure applications treatments mainly enriched the C3 (medium-size humus molecule containing fulvic acid and humic acid) and C4 (large-size humus molecule containing tryptophan) components, which promoted the conversion of protein-like components into humus-like components in FDOM. The maximum fluorescence intensities of the C3 and C4 components were higher in composted manure treatments. The composted chicken manure was more advantageous in increasing microbial community α-diversity, for the soil microbial community richness (Chao 1 index:19 065.6) and diversity (Shannon index: 5.6-6.0) were higher. The microbial community structures vary according to different treatments. The chicken manure source treatments were dominated by the eutrophic taxa Proteobacteria (31.2%-33.0%) and Gemmatimonadetes (4.1%), while the swine manure source treatments were dominated by the oligotrophic and efficient carbon-utilizing taxa Acidobacteria (21.0%-21.6%) and the nitrifying bacterial taxa Nitrospirae (2.6%-3.4%). Positive correlations dominated the co-occurrence networks, and Rhodobacteraceae had the highest number of correlations with other microbes. Redundancy Analysis and optimized random forest model showed that microbial communities were mainly influenced by available potassium and the C3 component of DOM, with a more pronounced response from nitrogen cycle-related microbial groups.【Conclusion】Long-term application of different manure sources mainly led to differences in humic components mediated by nutrients and organic matter input. Composted manure treatments improved the soil organic matter content and the degree of DOM humification. The available nutrients in soil and the humic-like components of DOM were the main factors affecting the structure of the soil microbial community. The response of nitrogen cycle-related microbial groups to these factors was particularly obvious and should be paid attention under long-term application of manure. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Interactive Effects of Organic Fertilizer Substituting Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission in Shajiang Black Soil and Fluvo-Aquic Soil DU JiaQi, ZHANG ZiWei, WANG RuoFei, LI Xing, GUO HongYan, YANG Shuo, FENG Cheng, HE TangQing, Giri Bhoopander, ZHANG XueLin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 101-116.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.008 Abstract （199）   HTML （22）    PDF （639KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】Organic fertilizer substitution (OF) is an effective chemical fertilizer reduction strategy, which can change the ratio of soil organic carbon to inorganic nitrogen (N), so as to regulate nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Similarly, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) forms a symbiotic strategy with most terrestrial plants, increases plant soil nutrient uptake, and affects soil N2O emission. However, the interactive effects of both OF and AMF on soil N2O emissions are poorly understood, especially in different agricultural soil environments, and the mechanism of their interaction is also unclear. 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the mechanical effects of both OF and AMF on soil N2O emissions during maize growth periods in different soil types, so as to provide the appropriate methods to reduce chemical fertilizer application for farmland management.【Method】Taking Shajiang black soil (SJ) and Fluvo-aquic soils (CT) as research object, a two factor experiment with organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers (0%OF: only chemical N fertilizer; 25%OF: equal N organic fertilizer replacing 25% chemical N fertilizer; 50%OF: equal N organic fertilizer replacing 50% chemical N fertilizer) and AMF (M+, inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; M-, no inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) was carried out in 2020, with a non-fertilization control (CK). The maize biomass, N accumulation, grain yield, soil inorganic N, and soil N2O emission flux were measured during maize growth period in both the soil types, and a relative abundance of denitrification functional genes, such as nirK and nirS, was investigated too. 【Result】There was no significant difference in maize grain yield among different OF treatments under the conditions of Shajiang black soil, while grain yield showed decreasing tendency with the OFS ratio increasing in Fluvo-aquic soils. Compared with 0%OF treatment, the cumulative N2O emissions under 25%OF and 50%OF treatments in Shajiang black soil reduced by 17.6% and 18%, respectively, and by 13.5% and 3.9% in the Fluvo-aquic soil. Compared with non-AMF (M-treatment), the presence of AMF (M+ treatment) increased maize grain nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthase, glutamate synthase, and maize grain yield, while reduced soil N2O emissions. The reduction of cumulative N2O emissions in Shajiang black soil was by 26.5%-28.2%, and by 2.7%-13.5% in Fluvo-aquic soil; the reduction in case of 25% OFM+ treatment was 34.6% and 22.5% in Shajiang black soil and Fluvo-aquic soils respectively, while the root total length, root surface area, root volume and root diameter per plant increased significantly. Correlation analysis showed that N2O emissions were positively related with soil NH4+ and NO3- under both Shajiang black soil and Fluvo-aquic soil conditions, while negatively related with AMF infection rate in both Shajiang black and Fluvo-aquic soils; whereas, the emissions were positively related with the copy numbers of nirK and nirS genes under Shajiang black soil conditions.【Conclusion】The replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers and inoculation with AMF could reduce N2O emissions under different soil types. This interactive effect might be the result of expanding root N absorption area through AMF colonization, and by regulating the expression of key functional microorganisms in soil denitrification. Therefore, the study recommends replacement of 25% chemical fertilizer (OF25%) with organic fertilizers and inoculation with AMF could be an ideal fertilizer management method to maintain maize production stable and reduce chemical fertilizer application rate and greenhouse gas emissions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Litter Decomposition Characteristics of Steppe Ecosystems with Different Precipitation Gradients LI AoGui, CHEN YaRu, PENG ZiYang, RU JingYi, LIU WeiXing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 117-126.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.009 Abstract （129）   HTML （13）    PDF （587KB）（67）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the dynamics of litter decomposition under different environmental precipitation conditions, thereby facilitating understanding of the carbon (C) and nutrient cycling processes and ecosystem functions of steppe ecosystems. 【Method】In this study, soil monoliths selected from three types of temperate steppe along the natural precipitation gradient (i.e. desert, typical, and meadow steppes), and transplanted to conduct a two-year litter decomposition experiment of Cleistogenes squarrosa in typical steppe. We continuously monitored mass loss, the remaining rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), as well as the activities of β-glucosidase (BG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), N-acetylglucosidase (NAG) and acid phosphatase (AP) during decomposition, to discover the influence of long-term historical precipitation on litter decomposition rate and the dynamic characteristics of decomposition process. 【Result】The litter decomposition rate was highest in the typical steppe with a decomposition constant (k value) of (0.32±0.01) a-1, were no difference observed between the desert steppe and the meadow steppe. The remaining rate of N and P in litters after two years of decomposition were lowest in typical steppe, with values of (53.0±2.4) % and (58.6±3.9) %, respectively. The N element mainly showed a mineralization pattern during the decomposition stages, while the P was fixed from environment in early stages whereas mineralized in late stages, and microbial P accumulation in litters was greatest in desert steppe. The activities of all enzymes showed fluctuations depending on decomposition stages. Over the whole decomposition time, the activities of C-acquiring enzyme (BG) and N-acquiring enzyme (LAP and NAG) were highest in typical steppe, while the activities of P-acquiring enzyme (AP) were highest in meadow steppe. Combined with the results of enzyme stoichiometry, litter decomposition showed C-limitation in typical steppe, while it was P-limited in meadow steppe. The litter mass loss rate increased with the enhancement of litter BG and NAG activities across the three steppes. 【Conclusion】The mass loss rate, nutrient release rate and enzyme activities of steppe litter did not increase with the increase of precipitation gradient. The litter decomposition fixed more P from environment in water-limited steppe ecosystems. This study reveals the characteristics of litter decomposition process in response to different historical precipitation, advancing our understanding of plant-soil-microbe C and nutrient cycles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation Characteristics and Key Influencing Factors of Near-Surface Ambient Ammonia Concentration in Typical Cropland Areas in Henan Province LÜ JinLing, YOU Ke, WANG XiaoFei, XIAO Qiang, LI WenFeng, MA Jin, YANG Qing, ZHANG JinPing, KONG HaiJiang, CHANG YunHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 127-140.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.010 Abstract （138）   HTML （14）    PDF （3543KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Ammonia volatilization from cropland is one of the main sources of ammonium salts in atmospheric particulate matter, which has a close impact on urban and rural air quality. The temporal-spatial variation characteristics of near-surface atmospheric ammonia concentration and key influencing factors in a typical agricultural area of Henan Province was conducted systematically, so as to provide the scientific basis for targeted management of atmospheric particulate pollutants in cropland areas.【Method】10 typical cropland areas (wheat-maize rotation areas) in Henan Province were selected to conduct a two-year study on monitoring near-surface ammonia concentration by using the ammonia passive method and investigating its driving factors. 【Result】 In terms of time (seasonality), the highest average near-surface ammonia concentration value was found in summer, with an average of 12.0 μg N·m-3, followed by spring and autumn, with an average of 10.8 and 8.9 μg N·m-3, respectively, and the lowest value in winter, with an average of only 6.7 μg N·m-3. From a spatial perspective, the highest ammonia concentration in the cropland area of Zhengzhou in east Henan was 14.7 μg N·m-3 on average, followed by Xinxiang and Anyang in north Henan with annual average atmospheric ammonia concentrations of 12.5 and 11.0 μg N·m-3, respectively. Zhengzhou in central Henan and Jiaozuo in north Henan had near-surface atmospheric ammonia concentrations of 10.9 and 10.6 μg N·m-3, respectively, while the near-surface atmospheric ammonia concentrations in Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Xuchang, Luohe and Zhoukou in west Henan and south Henan were between 7.9 and 9.6 μg N·m-3. From the perspective of soil types, among which fluvo-aquic soils had the highest near-surface ammonia concentration, with values ranging from 11.0 to 14.7 μg N·m-3; the ammonia concentration values in the cinnamon soil and yellow cinnamon soil areas ranged from 9.0 to 9.6 μg N·m-3; the ammonia concentration in lime concretion lime concretion black soil and yellow brown soil cropland was relatively low, with values ranging from 8.06 to 8.11 μg N·m-3. The high and low near-surface ammonia concentrations in different regions were the result of multiple factors working together. Among them, there was a significant positive correlation between nitrogen fertilizer application rate and soil pH value and near-surface ammonia concentration, while there was a significant negative correlation between rainfall and near-surface ammonia concentration.【Conclusion】Based on the above research results, it was believed that reducing nitrogen application rate could help to systematically reduce the near-surface ammonia concentration in the cropland area of Henan Province, and the cropland area of northern and eastern Henan Province were the key areas of attention. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Nitrogen Surplus and Deficit and Soil Alkali-Hydrolyzed Nitrogen in Red Soil Double-Cropping Rice System HU DanDan, SONG HuiJie, DUAN YingHua, WU Yan, HU ZhiHhua, XU XiaoLin, ZHANG WenJu, HE XiaoLin, LIU KaiLou, SU Peng, HUANG QunZhao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4907-4918.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.007 Abstract （228）   HTML （20）    PDF （484KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The analysis of rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and the quantitative relationship between apparent nitrogen balance and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen under different nitrogen fertilizer management conditions could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil fertility, so as to provide the theoretical guidance for efficient production and scientific nitrogen management of red soil paddy fields. 【Method】Based on the red soil double cropping rice long-term fertilization positioning experiment (started in 1981, located in Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province), five treatments were selected: no fertilizer (CK), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizer (NPKM), and then the grain and straw yield and nitrogen uptake of rice in each season were investigated and analyzed, and the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was analyzed after late rice. The nitrogen uptake, nitrogen utilization rate, nitrogen apparent balance and the changes of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were calculated and analyzed on a 10-year basis. 【Result】During the 40 years of experiment (1981-2020), the rice yield and nitrogen uptake under NPKM treatment were the highest, increased by 65.9%-108.4% and 85.1%-132.5% compared with CK, respectively, and increased by 19.3%-92.1% and 19.4%-99.8% compared with fertilizer treatments (NPK, NK and NP), respectively, showing significant differences. With the increase of the experimental period, the nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizer treatment gradually decreased, and the NPKM treatment also showed a decreasing trend in the first 30 years (1981-2010), but the rate was slower than that of fertilizer treatment, and increased in the recent 10 years (2011-2020), and from the lowest in the first 10 years (1981-1990) to the highest in the recent 10 years, increased by 25.3%-271.2% compared with fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen surplus was the highest under NPKM treatment during the 40 years of experiment, with an increase of 137.1%-577.2% compared with fertilizer treatment, but in the last 30 years (1991-2020), the nitrogen surplus gradually decreased with the increase of the experimental period. The soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content was the highest under NPKM treatment during the 40 years of experiment, increased by 7.1%-24.4% compared with CK, but the difference was not significant in the first 10 years, and increased by 11.0%-35.2% compared with fertilizer treatment, while there was no significant difference between fertilizer treatment and CK. Correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen surplus was significantly positively correlated with the soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the last 20 years (2001-2020). 【Conclusion】In the red soil double-cropping rice system, with the increase of fertilization years, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had better effects on rice yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen uptake and utilization, and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content. Meanwhile, the increase of nitrogen surplus caused by long-term fertilization also further increased the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the topsoil. The contribution capacity of nitrogen surplus to soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen increased gradually. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Application of Summer Maize- Soybean Intercropping on Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefits as well as Its Yield of Subsequent Wheat DONG KuiJun, ZHANG YiTao, LIU HanWen, ZHANG JiZong, WANG WeiJun, WEN YanChen, LEI QiuLiang, WEN HongDa Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4495-4506.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.009 Abstract （191）   HTML （13）    PDF （943KB）（132）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen application amount on the yield composition, economic benefit of summer sowing intercropping crops and the yield of winter wheat. 【Method】From 2022 to 2023, the representative farmlands were selected in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, which was the main extension area of maize-soybean strip intercropping. Maize monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 225 kg·hm-2), soybean monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 45 kg·hm-2), maize-soybean intercropping with full nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 270 kg·hm-2), maize-soybean intercropping with reduced nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 135 kg·hm-2) were set up in summer sowing season, and the subsequent crops were planted with wheat without fertilizer treatment. The effects of different summer sowing treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, economic benefits and yield of subsequent wheat were analyzed. 【Result】Both planting pattern and nitrogen application amount had significant effects on crop growth and development. Compared with maize monoculture, the chlorophyll content, Pn, Gs, Ci and Tr of maize leaves were significantly decreased by intercropping reduced nitrogen application (135 kg·hm-2). However, the Pn, Gs and Tr of leaves of intercropping full nitrogen maize (270 kg·hm-2) were significantly increased by 8.8%, 10% and 11.6%, respectively. Intercropping system resulted in decreased chlorophyll content of soybean, inhibited leaf Pn, Gs, and Tr. In terms of agronomic characteristics, stem length increased, pod number per plant decreased, and yield decreased by 65.1%-68.4%. There was no significant difference in the agronomic characteristics and yield of maize under the intercropping system with full nitrogen application, and the economic benefit was the highest under this system, reaching 22 607 yuan/hm2, while the agronomic characteristics such as ear length, grain number per ear and hundred-grain weight of maize under reduced nitrogen application significantly decreased, and the yield decreased by 14.8%. However, in general, the land equivalent ratio of both maize and soybean treatments was also greater than 1. Economic benefit and nitrogen uptake were increased by 4.8%-11.5% and 19.7%-38% compared with monocrop. When winter wheat was not fertilized, the grain yield and crop nitrogen uptake of aftercrop winter wheat with full nitrogen application in summer sowing were higher than that under other treatments, and there was no significant difference between the yield of winter wheat with reduced nitrogen application between summer sowing seasons and that of winter wheat with summer sowing maize. 【Conclusion】Therefore, from the comprehensive analysis of agronomic characteristics, yield and economic benefits as well as the effects on aftercrop, the effect of total nitrogen application in intercropping was better than that of reduced nitrogen application in intercropping. However, considering the yield, economic and environmental benefits, the amount of nitrogen application in intercropping should be further optimized. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Re-Evaluation of China’s Agricultural Net Carbon Sink: Current Situation, Spatial-Temporal Pattern and Influencing Factors TIAN Yun, WANG XiaoRui, YIN MinHao, ZHANG HuiJie Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4507-4521.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.010 Abstract （240）   HTML （10）    PDF （624KB）（410）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the current “dual carbon” strategic goal, this study aimed to clarify the current characteristics, spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors of agricultural net carbon sink, so as to provide the important support for accelerating agricultural sink increase and emission reduction.【Method】Based on the scientific reconstruction of the index system, the carbon sink/carbon emission factor method was used to measure and analyze the current situation of China’s agricultural net carbon sink. Then the spatial autocorrelation model was used to discuss the spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Finally, the least-squares method was used to analyze the main factors affecting the change of its intensity. 【Result】From 2005 to 2022, the total amount of agricultural net carbon sink in China was in an obvious upward trend, although there were some interannual fluctuations, and its evolutionary characteristics could be roughly divided into four stages, namely, “continuous rise”, “fluctuating decline”, “rapid rise”, and “slow rise”; the intensity of agricultural net carbon sink was also in an obvious upward trend, with only a slight difference in the trajectory of the evolution, and the difference in its growth rate could be roughly categorized into four stages: “continuous rapid growth”, “slow growth”, “fluctuating ups and downs”, and “slow growth”. 2022, the amount of agricultural net carbon sink had a large interprovincial difference, with Inner Mongolia being the first and Shanghai being the last, and compared with the year of 2005, all the provinces had a significant increase. In 2022, the net carbon sink intensity of agriculture would be the highest in Henan and the lowest in Qinghai, with all provinces showing different degrees of increase compared with 2005. China’s provincial agricultural net carbon sink intensity as a whole showed obvious spatial dependence, but there was also a local spatial clustering phenomenon, more than 70% of the provinces showed obvious spatial clustering characteristics, and the number of provinces located in the high-high clustering and the low-low clustering was approaching. The structure of arable land use, urbanization level, rural residents' income level and the internal industrial structure of agriculture all had a significant impact on the intensity of agricultural net carbon sink; specifically, the higher the ratio of sown area of grain crops, or the higher the urbanization rate, or the higher the income level of rural residents, or the larger the ratio of plantation industry to animal husbandry, the higher the intensity of net carbon sink in agriculture.【Conclusion】The total amount and intensity of China’s agricultural net carbon sink were in a fluctuating upward trend and there were obvious inter-provincial differences. The intensity of China’s agricultural net carbon sink showed obvious spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. The intensity of the agricultural net carbon sink was affected by the structure of arable land use, the level of urbanization, the level of rural residents' income, and the structure of the internal industries of agriculture. The measures should be taken to promote the enhancement of sink and emission reductions and to promote the enhancement of agricultural net carbon sink in agriculture, such as establishing a sound policy support system for the development of low-carbon agriculture, strengthening inter-provincial exchanges and cooperation, and increasing financial support for agriculture. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Production Risk Assessment of Three Major Grain Crops in China Based on Multi-Source Data ZHAO SiJian, NIE Qian, ZHANG Qiao, CHEN AiLian, LI Yue Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4276-4289.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.009 Abstract （130）   HTML （19）    PDF （3837KB）（279）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The extensive pricing model of “one province, one crop, one premium rate” has brought about problems, such as adverse selection, moral risk and disorderly operation, which seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of agricultural insurance in China. Accurate rate pricing cannot be achieved without agricultural risk assessment. Insurance rate pricing cannot be separated from risk assessment. Launching agricultural production risk assessment is an important task to achieve accurate rate pricing for grain insurance and to accelerate the high-quality development of agricultural insurance. 【Method】Aiming at the three major grain crops (rice, wheat, and maize) in China, three kinds of risk data sources (yield data, disaster loss data, and insurance data) were collected and organized for a long time series. With yield data as the core, combined with disaster and insurance data, the risk assessment modeling was carried out, throughout the adjustment for underestimation of county-level risks and rank correlation of provincial-level risks, to calculate the pure risk loss rate of the three crops at the county level, and then to use the quantile method in risk zoning for the three crops and produce risk maps. 【Result】The rank correlation adjustment of provincial-level risks was mainly based on disaster risk results, followed by insurance risk results. After adjustment, the rank correlation coefficient for rice was increased from 0.610 to 0.766, wheat was increased from 0.547 to 0.748, and maize was increased from 0.576 to 0.760. After adjustment, the average underestimation coefficient for the three major grain crops nationwide was between 20% and 40%, indicating that the average degree of risk underestimation using county-level yield nationwide is between 20% and 40%, with maize having a higher underestimation coefficient than rice and wheat. At the provincial level, the production risks of the three crops in Heilongjiang were all at an extremely high level. The production risks of rice and wheat in Inner Mongolia, rice and maize in Jilin and Liaoning, and wheat in Shanxi were at an extremely high level. At the county level, the extremely high risk of rice production (pure risk loss rate>4.4%) was mainly concentrated in the majority of planting counties in the three northeastern provinces, as well as in the planting counties bordered with the northeastern provinces in Inner Mongolia. The extremely high risk of wheat production (pure risk loss rate>6.3%) was mainly concentrated in the majority of wheat planting counties in Inner Mongolia. The extremely high risk of maize (pure risk loss rate>6.9%) production was mainly concentrated in the maize planting counties bordered with Inner Mongolia and the three northeastern provinces, Shanxi and Shaanxi, as well as most of the maize planting counties in Liaoning, Anhui, and Jiangxi. From the 833 major grain producing counties in China, the proportion of extremely high and high-risk counties of maize was the highest (accounting for 28.1%), followed by rice (accounting for 25.1%), and wheat was the lowest (accounting for 17.2%), indicating that the overall risk of maize was relatively high, while wheat was the lowest. 【Conclusion】The study revealed the magnitude and regional differences of production risks of the three major grain cops. In terms of national average levels, maize had the highest risk (average pure risk loss rate = 5.0%), followed by wheat (average pure risk loss rate = 3.1%), while rice had the lowest risk (average pure risk loss rate = 2.6%). In terms of spatial differences, rice had the highest risks in the northeast and central-south regions, wheat had the highest risks in North China and East China, and maize had the highest risks in North China, Northeast China, and East China. The spatial differences in risks for other levels of rice, wheat, and maize were also inconsistent. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Structural Characteristics, Development Trends, and International Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China’s Agri-Food System Under the Dual-Carbon Objectives NIU KunYu, GE RuoHao, CHEN MeiAn, JIN ShuQin, LIU Jing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4290-4307.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.010 Abstract （204）   HTML （11）    PDF （1804KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study adopted a comprehensive industry chain perspective to analyze the characteristics, structure, and trends of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural food system, contributing to the effective advancement of China’s low-carbon strategy. 【Method】Based on the latest statistics from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the statistical analysis, comparative analysis, and scenario analysis methods were used to analyze the trend and structural characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural food systems of China, the United States, Western Europe, India, Brazil, and globally from 1990 to 2020. Scenarios (baseline, 2 ℃ temperature control, and 1.5 ℃ temperature control) and specific stages were employed to predict China’s agricultural food system greenhouse gas emissions in 2050. This analysis formed the basis for identifying key areas for emission reduction and outlining achievable pathways. 【Result】Among the major economies mentioned, China was the only country with a significantly increasing per capita greenhouse gas emission in the agricultural food system, although it remained lower than that of developed economies. It was expected that, with the completion of industrialization, the advancement of low-carbonization in the energy industry, and increased difficulty in emission reduction in agricultural production, China’s share of greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural food system in the total societal emissions would initially decrease and then rise. In this context, the food consumption stage was the fastest-growing segment in China’s agricultural food system greenhouse gas emissions, while the emission proportion from agricultural production was decreasing but still represented the largest share in the system. Unlike other major economies where enteric fermentation emissions were significantly higher, China’s agricultural production greenhouse gas emissions showed a diverse pattern, including enteric fermentation, rice cultivation, fertilizer application, and energy utilization. 【Conclusion】Future emission reduction efforts should focus on formulating comprehensive carbon-neutral strategies for the agricultural food system, low-carbonization of energy structures, promoting shifts in food consumption patterns, and advancing market-oriented emission reduction initiatives. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of phoD-Harboring Microbial Communities Under Long-Term Fertilization and Its Effects on Organic Phosphorus Fractions in Black Soil SHEN WenYan, ZHANG NaiYu, LI TianJiao, SONG TianHao, ZHANG XiuZhi, PENG Chang, LIU HongFang, ZHANG ShuXiang, DUAN BiHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 4082-4093.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.013 Abstract （243）   HTML （15）    PDF （1359KB）（122）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of long-term fertilization on the organic phosphorus (Po) fractions and phoD-harboring microbial community characteristics in black soil were analyzed, as well as the response of Po fractions to key microbial community characteristics was explored, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of phosphorus in black soil and for the establishment of scientific fertilization strategies.【Method】Based on the long-term fertilization experiment started in 1989 in black soil, five fertilization treatments were selected: no-fertilizer (CK), nitrogen and potassium fertilizers (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus straw return (NPKS), and nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers plus manure (NPKM). Soil samples collected from the 0-20 cm in 2018 were used for the study. Chemical sequential fractionation was performed to quantitatively analyze the Po fractions. Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform and real-time PCR technology were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the characteristics of phoD-harboring microbial community in soil. The relationships among phoD-harboring microbial community composition, Po fractions and soil properties were comprehensively explored through correlation and variance partitioning analysis.【Result】(1) Except for NPKM treatment, there was no significant difference in total Po content among different fertilization treatments, while there was a significant difference in the content and proportion in the total Po of Po fractions. Compared with CK, the content of labile Po (LOP) and moderately labile Po (MLOP) were significantly increased under NK and NPKM treatment, and the content of LOP and MLOP under NK increased by 108.7% and 27.5%, respectively, whereas that under NPKM treatment increased by 446.6% and 38.1%, respectively. Compared with the NPK treatment, the content of LOP and MLOP under the NPKS treatment were significantly reduced by 57.7% and 24.0%, respectively. (2) The fertilizer application with organic materials (NPKS and NPKM) changed the community composition of phoD-haboring microorganisms, but had no effect on their diversities. The NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, and the NPKM treatment significantly increased the abundance of Gemmatimonas. Meanwhile, the NPKS treatment also significantly increased the absolute abundance of phoD genes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. (3) Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship among phoD-harboring microbial community composition, LOP and MLOP. Variance partitioning analysis showed that phoD-harboring microbial community composition individually explained 12.1% and 10.2% of the variations in the content and proportion of Po fractions, whereas that were 58.5% and 58.7% jointly with ALP activity, and 67.5% and 64.7% jointly with soil organic matter (SOC), respectively. It could be seen that community composition and soil properties (ALP activity, SOC) jointly affected organic phosphorus components, and their impact effect was better than individual indicators.【Conclusion】Long-term fertilization applications altered phoD-harboring microbial community composition, which interacted with ALP activity and SOC explained changes in Po fractions. Chemical fertilizer combined with straw could improve phoD-harboring microbial community characteristics and significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, thereby promoting Po mineralization and improving the utilization efficiency of phosphorus in black soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nitrogen Nutrition Diagnosis Method Based on Mobile Phone Image of Summer Maize Canopy QI Xin, WANG Yang, HUANG YuFang, YE YouLiang, GUO YuLong, ZHAO YaNan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 4094-4106.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.014 Abstract （150）   HTML （9）    PDF （2845KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Convenient and accurate diagnosis of crop nitrogen (N) status is the key to achieve precise crop fertilization and rational utilization of N resources. In recent years, the application of digital cameras and other tools in crop nutrition diagnosis has attracted wide attention. In this study, the smart phone cameras were used to obtain maize canopy images, and nitrogen nutrition diagnosis technology based on mobile phone cameras was established and improved. The reliability of traditional image mean method and histogram method for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis was compared to find out the best model for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of summer maize. 【Method】Based on the experiment of N fertilizer amount in the field, the canopy image of summer maize at jointing stage was obtained by smartphone camera. Six color indices, including G/R, G/B, NRI [R/(R+G+B)], NGI [G/(R+G+B)], NBI [B/(R+G+B)] and (G-R)/(R+G+B), were extracted from summer maize canopy images, and the histogram sensitive interval were established, respectively, to analyze their relationship with leaf N content and yield of maize. The determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to determine the relationship between the mean color index model and the histogram model. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to simulate and estimate the stability and accuracy of leaf N content and yield in maize compared with different index models. Then, the N nutrition diagnosis model based on mobile phone camera acquisition of summer maize canopy images was established. 【Result】N application significantly affected leaf N content, yield, canopy image hue and vegetation coverage of maize. The peak b of the histogram changes with the increase of leaf N content. Compared with the mean color index method in canopy images, the index histogram method was suitable for N diagnosis among different varieties. The color index (G-R)/(R+G+B) histogram could better reflect crop coverage and overall color information. The index histogram also showed a good correlation with leaf N content and yield. Based on the neural network model to validate the accuracy evaluation indicators of the dataset, the MAPE and RMSE values of leaf N content and yield in maize in the exponential histogram model were lower than those in the exponential mean model, and the R2 reached 0.753, which was greater than that in the exponential mean model. The validation results of the exponential histogram model showed a MAPE value of 5.80% and an RMSE value of 0.07, indicating high estimation accuracy and strong generalization ability. The results indicated that the color parameter index histogram of canopy images had higher accuracy and stronger robustness in estimating leaf N content and yield, and could effectively utilize the characteristics of maize leaf coverage, color, etc., with good stability.【Conclusion】Therefore, the neural network model established by using smartphones to obtain digital images of maize canopy and combining them with the color index histogram method of canopy images has good application effects and improves estimation accuracy. As a new method, it has good potential in rapid and non-destructive diagnosis of maize N nutrition and precise fertilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Combined Application Proportion of Cow Manure and Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pool and Enzyme Activity in Apple Orchard ZHANG Yi, LIU Ying, CHENG CunGang, LI YanQing, LI Zhuang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 4107-4118.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.015 Abstract （189）   HTML （9）    PDF （1974KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to study the effects of different proportions of cow manure and fertilizer on soil labile organic carbon components and carbon conversion related enzyme activities in apple orchard, and to reveal the mechanism of different fertilization methods on biological transformation of soil carbon pool, so as to provide the theoretical support for organic and inorganic scientific application and soil quality improvement in apple orchard.【Method】 Long-term positioning fertilization test was used as the platform. Six treatments were selected: no fertilizer (CK), 100% fertilizer (CF100), 25% cow manure with 75% fertilizer (CM25CF75), 50% cow manure with 50% fertilizer (CM50CF50), 75% cow manure with 25% fertilizer (CM75CF25), and 100% cow manure (CM100). Soil labile organic carbon components (particulate organic carbon, POC; microbial biomass carbon, MBC; readily oxidizing organic carbon, ROC) and carbon conversion related enzymes (α-D-glucosidase, AG; β-D-glucosidase, BG; Cellulase, CBH; Peroxidase, PER; Urease, UR) activity and other related indicators were measured.【Result】(1) The content of SOC, POC and ROC in soil increased with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer applied. CM50CF50 had the highest MBC content, which was 139.7% higher than that under CK. In the non-fertilized area, compared with CK, the POC content under CF100, CM25CF75, CM50CF50 and CM75CF25 decreased by 32.8%, 28.4%, 21.6% and 14.7%, respectively. The ROC content under CM50CF50 and CM75CF25 treatments decreased by 31.5% and 17.4%, respectively. The content of labile organic carbon in fertilized area was significantly higher than that in non-fertilized area under the same treatment. (2) Compared with CK, the α-D-glucosidase activity under CM25CF75, CM50CF50, CM75CF25 and CM100 was increased by 87.7%, 68.4%, 278.1% and 331.6%, respectively. The β-D-glucosidase activity under CM25CF75 was the highest (39.00 µg·g-¹·h-¹). Urease activity first increased and then decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer application ratio. The α-D-glucosidase and urease activities of soil in the non-fertilized area were also significantly increased. (3) The combination of organic and inorganic application significantly increased the soil POC/SOC and carbon pool management index (CPMI) of the fertilization area, and the carbon pool management index under CM25CF75, CM50CF50, CM75CF25 and CM100 treatments increased by 19.7%, 38.3%, 56.2% and 103.5%, respectively. The carbon pool management index of organic and inorganic combined application in non-fertilized area decreased significantly. Soil carbon pool management index in fertilized area was significantly higher than that in non-fertilized area under the same treatment. (4) Correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between labile organic carbon components and α-D-glucosidase activity in the soil in the fertilization area, and the increase of organic fertilizer ratio contributed more to the increase of soil labile organic carbon. The effect of fertilization treatment on the fertilized area was greater than that on the non-fertilized area.【Conclusion】 The effect of organic and inorganic combined application on soil improvement in fertilized area of apple orchard was greater than that in non-fertilized area. The combination of organic and inorganic application could increase the content of soil organic carbon and promote soil enzyme activity, which provided a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of soil ecological environment in apple orchard. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rotation Tillage Mode Improves Wheat Root and Yield in Fluvo- Aquic Soil in Norther Henan Province LI LianYi, WANG ShiJi, JIANG GuiYing, LI Yang, YANG Jin, ZHU XuanLin, ZHU ChangWei, WANG RenZhuo, LIU Fang, JIE XiaoLei, LIU ShiLiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3626-3641.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.009 Abstract （205）   HTML （12）    PDF （1471KB）（93）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the optimum tillage mode in northern Henan province based on the long-term experiment. 【Method】 This study was based on the long-term tillage experiment started from 2016, which included different combination of three tillage practices, rotary tillage, shallow rotary tillage, and deep tillage before winter wheat sowed. The different combinations were 3-year cycle. Five typical treatments were selected: (1) continuous rotary tillage (RT-RT-RT); (2) Deep tillage-rotary tillage-rotary tillage (DT-RT-RT); (3) Deep tillage-rotary tillage-shallow rotary tillage (DT-RT-SRT); (4) Deep tillage- shallow rotary tillage- shallow rotary tillage (DT-SRT-SRT); (5) Deep tillage- shallow rotary tillage-rotary tillage (DT-SRT-RT). During the wheat season in 2021, root growth indexes, wheat photosynthetic characteristics, total nutrients of all organs at maturity, soil porosity, soil bulk density, aggregate distribution and wheat yield were measured and analyzed. 【Result】 Compared with RT-RT-RT, the wheat root indexes were improved under the treatments with rotation tillage, therein, DT-SRT-RT displayed the outstanding one. The highest increment of root indexes was at jointing stage. The total root length (RL), surface area (SA), volume (RV), and diameter (RD) were increased by 80.8%, 54.1%, 51.5%, and 21.9%, respectively. The increment was decreased with wheat growth, with the relevant value as 39.0%-28.8% (RL), 21.7%-10.8% (SA), 12.4%-17.8% (RV), and 17.5%-24.5% (RD), respectively. Rotational tillage treatments promoted the wheat photosynthetic characteristics, similar as root indexes, while DT-SRT-RT was demonstrated the better effect among all the treatments. Compared with RT-RT-RT, under DT-SRT-RT, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) was increased by 25.7%, 41.5%, and 20.5% respectively, at the jointing stage, which was increased by 55.4%, 21.7%, and 17.4%, respectively, at the flowering stage. At the filling stage, the Pn and Gs were increased by 9.7% and 13.6%, respectively, while the Tr was decreased by 6.7%. The nutrient in wheat organ was promoted under the treatments with rotation tillage compared to RT-RT-RT. Therein, under DT-SRT-RT, the TN in leaves, stems, and roots was increased by 66.2%, 80.1% and 61.1%, respectively; the TP in leaves and stems increased by 31.2% and 38.4%; the TK in roots was increased by 50.0%. Compared with RT-RT-RT, the soil porosity was improved in the 20-30 cm soil layer with the increment of 27.1%. The treatments with rotation tillage decreased the soil bulk density in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Meanwhile, the aggregate size with >0.25 mm was increased under the treatments with rotation tillage, especially, it was significant increases under DT-SRT-SRT in the 0-20 cm soil layer. However, the silt and clay proportion were decreased under the treatments with rotation tillage. Additionally, the root-shoot (R/S) ratio, numbers of ears, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight and yield under the treatments with rotation tillage were higher than those under RT-RT-RT. The R/S ratio increased by 55.6%, numbers of ears increased by 45.3%, and yield increased by 20.7% under DT-SRT-RT. The correlation analysis showed that the yield positively correlated with root length and Stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, the rotation tillage mode improved the soil porosity and root architecture, raised the photosynthetic rate, enriched the TN, TP, and TK in wheat organs, and increased wheat yield. Therein, the DT-SRT-RT demonstrated the better effect. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Patterns on Yield and Nitrous Oxide Emission of Spring Maize in Dryland Farming of the Loess Plateau LU KeDan, LU Yuan, WANG Rui, DANG TingHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3642-3653.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.010 Abstract （217）   HTML （9）    PDF （1924KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Investigating the impacts of different N application regimes on crop (spring maize) yield and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission provided the basis for reasonable N (Nitrogen) application and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission mitigation in dryland farming of the Loess Plateau. 【Method】 In this study, the impacts of five N application regimes on spring maize (Xianyu 335) yield and N2O emission were investigated in a short-term (2 years) experiment in Changwu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, and the treatments included: no fertilizer; conventional N fertilization (Con, 250 kg N•hm-2); optimized N fertilization (Opt, 200 kg N•hm-2); optimized N fertilization with slow-release fertilizer (Opt+SR, 200 kg N•hm-2); optimized N fertilization with dicyandiamide (Opt+DCD, 200 kg N•hm-2). The N2O emission fluxes were monitored using sealed static chambers, and the gas chromatograph and the global warming potential (GWP) was calculated. 【Result】 (1) N2O emissions increased rapidly after N application, reaching a peak on the second day, and rapidly decreased after 10 days of maintenance. Optimized N fertilization significantly decreased N2O emissions (P<0.05). Compared with Con, the reductions in N2O emissions under Opt, Opt+DCD, and Opt+SR were 21.4%, 27.6%, and 26.0%, respectively. The GWP of N2O emissions under Con, Opt, Opt+DCD, and Opt+SR were 425.01, 334.01, 307.83, and 314.57 kgCO2-eq•hm-2, respectively. Opt+DCD significantly reduced N2O emission intensity by 27.8% than that under Con (P<0.05). (2) N2O emissions were highly correlated with surface soil NH4+-N content (P<0.01), but showed no significant correlation with soil moisture and temperature. (3) Compared with Con, Opt, Opt+DCD, and Opt+SR significantly improved N fertilizer agronomic efficiency (with increases of 25.5%, 25.7%, and 22.2%, respectively) and nitrogen fertilizer partial factor productivity (with increases of 29.9%, 28.7%, and 25.4%, respectively) (P<0.05), whereas they had no significant impact on spring maize yield. 【Conclusion】 In dryland farming of the Loess Plateau, reducing N fertilizer application, applying slow-release fertilizer, and adding nitrification inhibitors properly could promote N2O emission reduction and increase spring maize yield. Notably, reducing N fertilizer application by 20% and adding nitrification inhibitors not only ensured spring maize yield but also had the best effect on N2O emission reduction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Integrated Water and Nitrogen Regulation System in Apple Based on Multi-Objective Comprehensive Evaluation ZHOU HanMi, MA LinShuang, SUN QiLi, CHEN JiaGeng, LI JiChen, SU YuMin, CHEN Cheng, WU Qi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3654-3670.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.011 Abstract （178）   HTML （6）    PDF （1756KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the comprehensive impact of integrated drip irrigation and nitrogen regulation on the growth, physiology, water-nitrogen utilization efficiency, yield, and fruit quality of apple trees in northern semi-arid regions, and to determine the optimal water-nitrogen regulatory system. 【Method】 The experimental design involved two regulatory factors: irrigation and fertilizer application. Three irrigation levels were set up, representing 75%-90% (W1), 60%-75% (W2), and 45%-60% (W3) of field water capacity, respectively. Four fertilizer application levels were set, with N-P2O5-K2O of 18-12-6 g/plant (F1), 15-12-6 g/plant (F2), 12-12-6 g/plant (F3), and 9-12-6 g/plant (F4). The study analyzed the effects of different water-nitrogen treatments on the growth and physiological indicators, water-fertilizer utilization efficiency, dry matter, yield, and fruit quality of apple trees. With the objectives of water and fertilizer saving, as well as high yield and high quality, a comprehensive evaluation model was established by combining the AHP-CRITIC combination weight method and the TOPSIS model. 【Result】 Water-fertilizer coupling produced highly significant effects on plant growth, chlorophyll content (SPAD), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fertilizer partial productivity (PFP), fruit weight and yield of apple trees, and significant effects on basal stem growth. Under different water-fertilizer coupling treatments, the moderate deficit of irrigation and nitrogen application treatments were more favorable to increase plant growth, basal stem growth, leaf area, dry matter, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), water productivity (WP), IWUE, FPP, and fruit weight of apple trees, and their maximums occurred in the F2W2 treatment. The SPAD, photosynthesis rate, and transpiration rate of apple trees increased with increasing amounts of irrigation and nitrogen, but the moderate deficit of irrigation and nitrogen application treatments had no significant effect on physiological indices, with the F1W2 and F2W1 treatments decreasing by only 3.5%, 3.1%, 7.7%, and 3.5%, 3.1%, and 3.8%, respectively, compared with F1W1. The AHP-CRITIC combination was used to determine the combination weights of the indicators, in which the weight of yield was the largest, amounting to 0.406, followed by vitamin C. The TOPSIS algorithm was used to construct a comprehensive multi-objective evaluation system for apples, and the result was that the comprehensive score under the F2W2 treatment was the highest, amounting to 0.8974, with the F1W2 and F2W1 treatments coming next, and the F4W3 treatment had the lowest score of 0.0177. The established interaction response model of coupled water and fertilizer in apples shows that the effects of both irrigation and fertilizer application on the composite score of apple growth were parabolic lines with downward opening. The apple growth composite scores showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing irrigation or fertilizer application, which was consistent with the diminishing reward effect, i.e., irrigation and nitrogen application exceeding a certain range and then continuing to increase would lead to a decrease in composite scores, which was not obvious for the improvement of apple growth. When the fertilizer application coded value X1 was 0.681 and the irrigation coded value X2 was 0.488, the highest apple composite score was 0.923, i.e., the fertilizer application rate was 34.56 g·plant-1 (N-P2O5-K2O: 16.56-12-6 g/plant), and the irrigation rate was controlled at 82.3% of field water capacity, so this irrigation and fertilizer application treatment was the most desirable for the growth of apples. 【Conclusion】 The comprehensive evaluation system constructed using the AHP-CRITIC-TOPSIS method could effectively determine the optimal water and nitrogen regulation system for apples, which provided a theoretical and practical basis for the actual production of apple orchards in northern semi-arid regions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Tillage Methods Under Straw Returning on the Labile Organic Carbon Fractions and Carbon Pool Management Index in Black Soil Farmland LIU YaJie, ZHANG TianJiao, ZHANG XiangQian, LU ZhanYuan, LIU ZhanYong, CHENG YuChen, WU Di, LI JinLong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3408-3423.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.008 Abstract （242）   HTML （18）    PDF （841KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Soil-related indicators were measured during the mature period of maize in 2020 and 2021. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tillage methods with straw returning on soil labile organic carbon and carbon pool management index of black soil farmland at the southern foot of the Daxing’an mountains based on four consecutive years of tillage experiment.【Method】Seven treatments were set up in the tillage positioning experiment, including deep tillage with straw returning (DTS), deep loosening and shallow with straw returning (DSS), subsoiling tillage with straw returning (STS), heavy harrowing straw returning (SHS), rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS), and no-tillage straw returning (NTS), with shallow tillage without straw returning (CK). 0-60 cm surface soil was collected. The contents of labile organic carbon (R333), medium labile organic carbon (R167) and high labile organic carbon(R33) were determined by potassium permanganate solution with different concentrations (0.333, 0.167 and 0.033 mol·L-1), and the effects of different tillage methods on soil labile organic carbon content and carbon pool management index were studied.【Result】(1) Compared with CK, the R333 content in 0-10 cm soil layer treated by DSS, DTS, NTS, RTS and STS significantly increased by 9.0% to 63.7% in two years, respectively. DSS was the highest, followed by DTS and NTS. R333 in 10-60 cm soil layer, DTS, DSS and NTS significantly increased by 30.8%-134.5%, 14.1%-97.8% and 18.9%-63.0%, respectively (P<0.05). (2) Compared with CK, the medium labile organic carbon (R167) of 0-10 cm soil layer under different tillage methods was significantly increased (P<0.05). The DSS treatment of R167 content was the highest, with an increase of 37.3%- 101.0%, and the DTS treatment of 10-60 cm soil layer was the highest, with an increase of 44.8%-72.9%, showing DTS>DSS>NTS treatment. (3) Compared with CK, the R33 content in 0-10 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 13.8%-55.6% under DSS treatment (P<0.05). In 10-20 cm soil layer, R33 content of DTS, DSS, STS, RTS and NTS treatment was significantly increased by 3.6%-29.3% (P<0.05), with DTS being the highest, followed by DSS. In 20-60 cm soil layer, R33 under DTS, DSS and STS treatment was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the proportion was 68.1%-20.0%. (4) The inert organic carbon (IOC) of 0-10 cm soil layer under straw returning was significantly increased by 4.7%-21.8% (P<0.05). In 20-60 cm soil layer, DTS and DSS significantly increased by 5.3%-156.6% and 4.2%-138.8% compared with other treatments (P<0.05). (5) Compared with CK, DTS treatment significantly increased carbon pool activity and carbon pool activity index in 0-20 cm soil layer (P<0.05), and increased by 7.7%-44.8% and 7.7%-45.0%, and significantly increased by DTS, DSS, STS and RTS soil layer carbon pool index (P<0.05). DTS, DSS and NTS treatment significantly increased the carbon pool management index of 0-60 cm soil layer by 21.9%-140.9%, 4.9%-103.7%, 13.3%-62.0% (P<0.05). (6) In 0-60 cm soil layer, R333, R167, R33 and IOC were positively correlated with organic carbon content, carbon pool activity index, bulk density and geometric mean diameter, but negatively correlated with total soil porosity (P<0.01). Increasing the content of active organic carbon could improve soil physical structure and enhanced aggregate stability. The IOC was positively correlated with maize yield and dry matter mass (P<0.01).【Conclusion】Comprehensive analysis shows that both deep tillage with straw returning (DTS) and deep loosening and shallow with straw returning (DDS) can increase soil labile organic carbon and inert organic carbon to a certain extent, and effectively improve the organic carbon pool of farmland. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Water Saving and Nitrogen Reduction on Lodging Resistance and Grain Yield of Spring Wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia LI Hong, WANG XiNa, WEI GuangYuan, MA YongXin, TIAN HaiMei, WANG YueMei, QIAN ZhiJin, TAN JunLi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3424-3439.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.009 Abstract （240）   HTML （18）    PDF （640KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The study on the effect of nitrogen reduction and water saving on the stem strength and grain quality of spring wheat aims to provide theoretical basis for the sustained and stable yield increase of spring wheat, efficient utilization of irrigate and nitrogen, and improvement of spring wheat’s lodging resistance in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia.【Method】Using Ningchun No.4 as test material, in 2021 and 2022, split-zone field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation treatments (conventional irrigation (400 mm, WC), 20% water saving (320 mm, W1), and 40% water saving (240 mm, W2) and nitrogen application treatments (conventional nitrogen application (270 kg·hm-2, NC), 25% nitrogen reduction (202.5 kg·hm-2, NJ), and no nitrogen application, N0) on stem strength, yield and grain quality of spring wheat.【Result】The 25% N reduction and 20% water savings did not significantly reduce spring wheat plant height, stem diameter, or accumulation of aboveground biomass compared to conventional N application. There was no significant difference in stem strength and stem potassium content of spring wheat treated with reduced and conventional nitrogen application levels, but on the basis of reduced nitrogen, stem strength and stem potassium content of spring wheat treated with 20% water saving was significantly higher than that of conventional irrigation treatment. At the filling stage, stem strength increased by 14.9% and 16.3%, and stem potassium content increased by 13.4% and 11.9% in the water-saving 20% treatment compared to the conventional flooding treatment in both years at the reduced nitrogen level, while at the maturity stage, stem strength increased by 19.0% and 8.3%, and stem potassium content increased by 10.5% and 9.0%, respectively. Stem strength of spring wheat showed a decreasing trend as the reproductive process progressed. Correlation analysis showed that stem strength was highly significantly positively correlated with plant height and above-ground biomass, significantly positively correlated with stem potassium content, and not significantly correlated with stem diameter. Among the water-nitrogen treatments, the spring wheat yield was highest in the 20% nitrogen reduction and water conservation treatment, amounting to 8 092 and 5 516 kg•hm-2 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. At the same nitrogen application, the soluble sugar and protein contents of spring wheat grain showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the decrease of irrigation quota, and the 25% nitrogen reduction and 20% water saving treatment reached the maximum value, which increased by 14.4%, 16.7%, and 25.5%, 23.5%, respectively, compared with the conventional water and nitrogen treatments, while there was no significant difference in starch content among the irrigation and nitrogen treatments. It was further found that stem strength was highly significantly and positively correlated with yield and protein content in grain and not significantly correlated with starch and soluble sugar content in grain.【Conclusion】Water saving of 20% under nitrogen reduction promoted the growth of spring wheat plant height and stem diameter, increased the accumulation of aboveground biomass, and increased the potassium content of stems, which in turn improved the stem strength of spring wheat, reduced the risk of lodging, increased the yield of spring wheat and improved the grain quality. Therefore, it was concluded that 20% water saving under nitrogen reduction conditions is a suitable irrigate and nitrogen management model for spring wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soil Film Tillage on Soil and Crop in Farmland YANG ShiQi, YAN Xin, HAN Yu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 3010-3022.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.008 Abstract （457）   HTML （48）    PDF （1317KB）（223）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To make clear the agricultural productive value of soil film tillage, the effects of soil film tillage on soil moisture, temperature and nutrient changes in farmland were explored, and the effects of soil film on crop root growth and yield were revealed too, so as to provide the theoretical basis and technical methods for the application of soil film.【Method】Soil film was induced by spraying a 1.0% concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose ammonium (CMC-NH4) aqueous solution, and the field experiment was conducted with five treatments, including 0 (CK), 50.0 (T1), 100.0 (T2), 200.0 (T3), and 300.0 kg·hm-2 (T4). The effects of CMC-NH4 application rate on soil moisture, temperature, nutrients, microorganisms, crop roots and yield in multiple cropping of spring wheat and summer maize were studied.【Result】Soil film treatment of spring wheat and summer maize could increase average daily soil moisture content by 3.3%-7.0% (P<0.05, the same as below) and 1.9%-6.1%, average daily temperature by 7.9%-12.6% and 5.6%-11.7%, contribution of soil accumulated temperature of growth period by 88.98-141.94 ℃ and 60.25-136.65 ℃, root length of 0-30 cm soil layer by 37.5%-17.1% and 11.2%-1.7%, root surface area of 0-30 cm soil layer by 15.3%-4.5% and 12.5%-9.2%, respectively, and root biomass (dry weight) in 0-30 cm soil layer were enhanced by 17.0%-41.5% and 30.9%-36.7%, respectively. Finally, the grain yield of spring wheat per unit area was increased by 7.3%-18.8% and above-ground dry weight of summer maize per unit area was increased by 33.6%-49.0%. and the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as soil microbial diversity were improved too. 【Conclusion】As a novel type of soil tillage, soil film had the function of farmland coverage, which greatly contributed to improve soil hydrothermal environment, and promote nutrient absorption and utilization, root growth and crop yield. At the same time, soil film produced the important technique and method to make the better plough layer structure that is “compact surface, loose top and tight bottom of plough layer”, which would support the improvement of crop productivity, farmland soil amendment and agricultural high-quality development. In this study, the recommended application rate was 100.0 kg·hm-2 in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Zinc Application Methods on Rice Yield and Grain Zinc Availability SU SuMiao, KANG TianKai, ZOU JiaLong, WANG BenFu, ZHANG YangYang, LIAO ShiPeng, LI XiaoKun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 3023-3034.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.009 Abstract （269）   HTML （16）    PDF （469KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the response of different rice varieties to zinc fertilizer and the differences in the effects of different zinc fertilizer application methods on rice yield and grain zinc bioavailability.【Method】The field experiments were conducted in 2019 and 2020. The first field experiment (Experiment 1) in 2019 aimed to explore the response of different rice varieties to zinc fertilizer application. Four rice varieties were selected, including Xiadao No.1, Xiadao No.2, Runxiangyu, and Longliangyou3463, with two treatments of no zinc application (CK) and zinc application (+Zn), and the differences in the response of different rice varieties to zinc fertilizer application were investigated. The second field experiment (Experiment 2) in 2020 aimed to explore the effects of different zinc fertilizer application methods on rice yield and grain zinc bioavailability. Based on the experiment in 2019, two high-yielding rice varieties, including Xiadao No.1 and Longliangyou3463, were selected to continue the study. Six treatments were set: no zinc application to soil (S0F0), soil application of 15 kg·hm-2 zinc (S1F0), soil application of 30 kg·hm-2 zinc (S2F0), foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at flowering stage (S0F1), soil application of 15 kg·hm-2 zinc + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at flowering stage (S1F1), and soil application of 30 kg·hm-2 zinc + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at flowering stage (S2F1), and the differences in the effects of different zinc application methods on yield and grain zinc bioavailability of two rice varieties were investigated.【Result】In experiment 1, there were significant differences in the response of different rice varieties to zinc fertilizer. After zinc application, the yields of Xiadao No.1, Xiadao No.2, Runxiangyu, and Longliangyou3463 increased by 4.4%, 11.6%, 7.9%, and 4.8%, respectively. The increase in yield was mainly attributed to the increase in effective panicle number and grain-setting rate. Compared with CK, the average effective panicle number of the four rice varieties with zinc application increased by 19.8%, 3.9%, 9.9%, and 24.0%, respectively, and the average grain-setting rate increased by 5.4%, 9.7%, 6.7%, and 4.0%, respectively. In addition, the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc in brown rice and polished rice of the four rice varieties with zinc application decreased by averages of 24.3%, 30.9%, 21.3%, and 37.2%, and 29.5%, 32.4%, 33.9%, and 35.3%, respectively. In experiment 2, there were significant differences in the effects of different zinc application methods on the yield and grain zinc availability of Xiadao No.1 and Longliangyou3463. Soil zinc application significantly outperformed foliar zinc spray in increasing yield, and foliar zinc spray further increased rice yield when it combined with soil zinc application. Compared with S0F0, the yields of Xiadao No.1 under S0F1, S1F0, S1F1, S2F0, and S2F1 increased by 12.1%, 14.1%, 17.2%, 22.2%, and 29.3%, respectively, and the yields of Longliangyou3463 under S0F1, S1F0, S1F1, S2F0, and S2F1 increased by 2.0%, 10.1%, 15.2%, 28.3%, and 31.3%, respectively. The effects of different zinc application methods on grain zinc availability varied, and there were significant differences in grain zinc availability between the two rice varieties. Foliar spray had a significantly greater zinc enhancement effect on grain compared with soil application, and the bioavailable zinc content in grains of Longliangyou3463 was higher than that in Xiadao No.1.【Conclusion】Selecting high-yielding and zinc-enriched rice varieties (Longliangyou3463) and adopting appropriate zinc fertilizer application methods(30 kg·hm-2 soil application + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at flowering stage) could achieve the goals of increasing rice yield and enhancing rice zinc nutrition, thereby helping to increase income and improve rice quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Green Manure Return on Soil Organic Carbon Component and Carbon Invertase Enzyme Activities GUAN TongTong, ZHANG Yan, TAO HaiNing, DONG Xiu, SHEN YuYing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (14): 2791-2802.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.14.008 Abstract （277）   HTML （24）    PDF （957KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the effects of green manure return to the field on the content of soil organic carbon components and the activities of carbon invertase enzymes in dry-crop wheat fields, so as to provide data support for the improvement of soil quality and the achievement of the goal of “carbon neutrality”. 【Method】 The green manure return field experiment in a 5-year rotation system of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and forage rape (Brassica napus L.)-winter wheat was conducted on a typical black clay soil in the Longdong dry loess area of Gansu Province. Soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content and β-1,4-glucosidase (βG), cellobiose hydrolase (CBH), β-xylosidase (βX) geometric mean enzyme activity (GMEA) activities were analyzed in four soil layers of different stages of winter wheat after the mulching and overturning of hairy vetch, forage rape. 【Result】 The method of green manure returning to the field had a significant effect on the content of soil organic carbon components and the activities of CBH and βX. Compared with mulching, hairy vetch and forage rape overturning were able to increase the content of soil SOC, EOC and MBC by 12.9%, 12.1% and 53.8%, while the activity of βG, CBH increased by 3.2% and 10.2%, respectively, and the most significant effect was found in the 20-25 cm soil layer. There were significant differences in soil labile organic carbon content and soil enzyme activities at different winter wheat growth period, in which soil EOC and MBC content reached the highest at the maturity and greening stage of winter wheat, respectively, and the activities of βG, CBH, βX and GMEA reached the highest at the booting stage of winter wheat. The soil βG activity had the most significant changes and highest in different return methods and it was the main enzyme participating in the soil carbon transformation process after green manure returned to the field. Soil carbon component content and carbon invertase enzyme activity differed significantly in different soil layers, and both decreased with the increase of soil depth. The type of green manure also significantly affected soil carbon components and enzyme activities, in which the SOC and MBC content and the activities of soil βG, CBH, βX and GMEA returned to the field by forage rape were 1.08, 1.21, 1.15, 1.23, 1.19, and 1.19 times higher than common vetch. Structural equation modeling indicated that the green manure return method affected SOC accumulation by regulating the cumulative decomposition rate, and could regulate soil pH, SOC and the accumulated decomposition rate of green manure affecting GMEA activity. SOC accumulation was more affected by the green manure return biomass more than return method, while the opposite was true for carbon invertase enzyme activity.【Conclusion】 Cultivating and overturning forage rape during summer fallow period significantly increased soil organic carbon components and carbon invertase enzyme activities in 0-25 cm soil layer, which was an effective measure for efficient resource utilization during summer fallow period in Loess Plateau. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of Long-Term Appling Different Fertilizers on the Activities and Abundances of Canocial Ammonia Oxidizers and Comammox in Paddy Soil ZHANG XiaoQin, YIN Chang, LI Zheng, TANG Xu, LI Yan, WU ChunYan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (14): 2803-2814.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.14.009 Abstract （179）   HTML （8）    PDF （1514KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This work aimed to investigate the impact of long-term applying organic and inorganic fertilizers on the abundance and activities of complete ammonia oxidizers (Comammox), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), as well as the abundances of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter in paddy soil, providing a scientific basis for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable agricultural production.【Method】 By utilizing multiple specific inhibitors (i.e., acetylene, 1-octyne, and DMPP) in conjunction with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), this work examined the differences in activities and abundances of Comammox, AOA, and AOB as well as the abundances of Nitrobacter and Nitrospira in a paddy soil under four fertilization regimes: plots without fertilizer (CK), with manure (M), with chemical fertilizer (NPK), and with combination of manure and chemical fertilizer (MNPK).【Result】 The long-term application of organic fertilizer significantly stimulated the activities of Comammox and AOA (Two-way ANOVA, P<0.001). In those plots solely receiving organic manure, Comammox accounted for as high as 64.2% of total ammonia oxidizing activity, while the inorganic fertilizer application only enhanced the activity of AOB (Two-way ANOVA, P<0.001). qPCR demonstrated that chronic organic amendment significantly increased the abundances of AOA, Nitrospira, Comammox clade A and Clade B (Two-way ANOVA, P<0.001); whereas inorganic amendment increased the abundances of AOB and Nitrobacter (Two-way ANOVA, P<0.001). The correlation analysis revealed there were positive correlations between activities of AOA and Comammox with moisture content, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen (AN), as well as AOA and Nitrospira abundances, while the activity of Comammox was positively correlated with the abundance of Comammox clade A as well. Additionally, the activity of AOB showed positive correlations with AOB and Nitrobacter abundances, nitrate content, and available potassium (AK).【Conclusion】 Comammox played an important role in nitrification of the tested paddy soil, with its abundance and activity primarily influenced by the changes in moisture content, OM, TN, TP, AP, and AN etc.. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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