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Effects of Potassium Application Dosage on Yield, Quality and Light Temperature Physiological Characteristics of Summer Peanut YANG QiRui, LI LanTao, ZHANG Xiao, ZHANG Qian, ZHANG YinJie, ZHANG Duo, WANG YiLun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (7): 1335-1349.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.010 Abstract （34）   HTML （3）    PDF （3844KB）（31）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of different potassium levels on the yield and quality of summer peanuts at the maturity stage, the dynamics of potassium accumulation at the growth stage, physiological characteristics of light and temperature, and root morphology were explored to provide a scientific basis for rational application of potassium in peanut. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Wen County, Henan Province, from 2021 to 2022. The peanut cultivar of Yuhua 22 was used as test material, and 5 potassium fertilizer treatments was set, including 0 (K0), 45 (K45), 90 (K90), 135 (K135) and 180 (K180) kg·hm-2. The yield and quality indexes of summer peanut pods were determined at the maturity stage. Leaf SPAD value, canopy photosynthetically active radiation and canopy temperature were measured at the seedling stage, flowering-pegging stage, pod-setting stage and pod-filling stage, respectively. The potassium accumulation in plants and root morphology were analyzed too. 【Result】With the increase of potassium application rate, the pod yield of peanut in 2 years could be fitted by “linear + platforms trends” and “quadratic equation with one variable”, respectively, and the appropriate potassium application rate was 164 and 135 kg·hm-2, respectively. Potassium application increased yield by 17% on average. The content of crude protein, oil and amino acid in grain at maturity showed a trend of “first increasing and then stabilizing” with the increase of potassium application. Compared with no potassium application, the average increase of crude protein, oil and amino acid contents in grain under potassium application was 7.85%, 3.98% and 13.97%, respectively. The Logistic equation was applied to the nonlinear regression fitting of potassium accumulation in summer peanuts. The results showed that potassium application mainly increased the maximum accumulation rate (Vmax) and average accumulation rate (Vmean), delayed the occurrence of peak absorption (Tmax), and prolonged the rapid accumulation period (Δt) and active accumulation period (Taas) to promote the sustainable and rapid growth of summer peanuts. In addition, the maximum, minimum and mean canopy temperatures decreased significantly with increasing potassium application at all fertility stages. Compared with K0, 135 kg hm-2 treatment significantly increased the leaf SPAD value and canopy photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and component (FPAR) of peanut and had a positive effect on root morphology. The utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer decreased gradually with the increase of potassium application. 【Conclusion】Reasonable application of potassium could significantly improve the yield and quality of summer peanut, promote the accumulation and utilization of potassium, and significantly improve the physiological properties of light and temperature during the growth period. The recommended potassium application amount of summer peanuts under this test condition was 135-160 kg·hm-2. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and Mechanism of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacterial on Activating of Low-Grade Phosphate Rock Powder in Red Paddy Soil SONG YaRong, CHANG DanNa, ZHOU GuoPeng, GAO SongJuan, DUAN TingYu, CAO WeiDong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (6): 1102-1116.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.007 Abstract （58）   HTML （10）    PDF （2072KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The biological utilization of phosphorus (P) in low grade phosphate rock powder (PRP) is of great significance. The study explore the effect and mechanism of activating low-grade PRP by phosphate-solubilizing bacterial (PSB) which can provide basis for improving the fertilization effect of PRP on red soil paddy soil. 【Method】 PRP with different particle sizes (0.18, 0.10 and 0.05 mm) was added to the red paddy soil collected in Hunan Province. Three treatments were set up: inoculated with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (P1), Acinetobacter pittii (P2) and no inoculation with PBS (P0) as control. Bottles were cultured in a dark incubator at 25 ℃ for 60 days, during which different forms of P and pH were dynamically monitored. On the 60th day, the activity of organic acid, acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP, ALP) and alkaline phosphatase gene (phoD) were determined to study the activation effect and mechanism of PSB on PRP with different particle sizes. 【Result】 Both strains of PSB could activate insoluble P, but the activation effect was not significantly different. During the whole culture period, the average available P content of three particle sizes of PRP inoculated with PSB was 13.4-14.7 mg·kg-1, which was higher than that of P0 treatment and increased by 31.1%-53.1%; The average content of available P increased by 53.1% and 47.5% after inoculation with P1 and P2 bacteria (P<0.05), respectively. The average content of Resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi were 13.9-16.6 mg·kg-1 and 14.9-16.5 mg·kg-1, respectively, which were higher than those without inoculation, and increased by 36.4%-78.5% and 13.7%-25.0%, respectively; the increase of average content of Resin-Pi in 0.18 mm PRP was the most obvious, which was 78.5% and 49.5%, respectively (P<0.05). Compared with P0 treatment, the increase of active P in 0.18 mm PRP treatment was the most obvious, ranging from 28.4% to 46.7%, and the decrease of stable P was 2.1%-8.0%. Compared with the P0 treatment, inoculation of PSB significantly reduced pH value by 0.18-0.35 units (P<0.05) and increased acetic acid and propionic acid content by 5.2%-13.7% and 45.9%-127.5% (P<0.05), respectively. ALP content and phoD abundance under P1 treatment increased by 6.5%-13.4% and 24.0%-98.6% (P<0.05), respectively, and ACP in P2 treatment increased by 12.8%-17.2% (P<0.05), which indicated that P1 mainly secreted ALP, while P2 mainly secreted ACP. The results of correlation analysis showed that the two PSB strains dissolved insoluble Conc.HCl-Po, Conc.HCl-Pi and NaOH-Pi by secreting acetic acid and propionic acid, dissolved insoluble Conc.HCl-Po by secreting ACP and ALP, and converted into these insoluble P to Resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi which promoted the turnover of P pool. The structural equation model showed that the addition of small particle size PRP and the inoculation of PSB could directly increase the soil available P content, but the inoculation of PSB had a greater effect on available P. 【Conclusion】 Inoculation of phosphate- solubilizing bacterial can promote the activation of insoluble phosphorus in phosphate rock powder with the biggest increasement of available phosphorus for particle size of 0.05 mm, and biggest increasement of active phosphorus proportion for particle size of 0.18 mm. The two phosphate-solubilizing bacteria A. calcoaceticus and A. pittii mainly secreted organic acids and phosphatases, such as acetic acid and propionic acid, activated insoluble phosphorus, increased active phosphorus content, and improved the application effect of phosphate rock powder in red paddy soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of Application Efficacy for Agro-Forestry Absorbent Polymers and Their Environmental Risks WANG XiaoBin, YAN Xiang, LI XiuYing, SUN ZhaoKai, TU Cheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (6): 1117-1136.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.008 Abstract （62）   HTML （7）    PDF （731KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save Since the performing of Seventh Five-Year (1986-1990) National Scientific and Technological Projects in China, when the national dryland farming research projects started, the super-absorbent polymers for agriculture and forestry (SAP-AF), as one of the technical products for drought-resistance and water-retention in agriculture and forestry, have been given concerned. A Chinese agricultural standard of Agro-forestry absorbent polymer (NY 886) was issued in 2004, and then revised three times in 2010, 2016 and 2022, respectively. However, so far there is still no relevant standard or regulation on experiment and assessment for the SAP-AF application efficacy, thus greatly affecting its promotion and application. Based on the literature review on the relevant research and application status of the SAP-AF for more than 30 years (1990-2023), this paper focused on the research about the effects of the SAP-AF application on soil water retention, crop water use, and crop yield, as well as environmental impact. The results showed as follows. (1) The SAP-AF products could enhance the ability to soil water storage and retention (especially for sandy soils), and be beneficial to protecting crop seedlings against drought, water-saving, and yield-increasing, as well as water use efficiency (WUE)-improving in dry-farming areas. (2) The assessment indicators (mainly including soil water storage, crop water consumption, crop yield, and WUE) were proposed to be applicable to evaluate the experiments for the SAP-AF product application efficacy. (3) According to the phenomenon that the SAP-AF application for crops in some regions could not always show a significant effect on yield increase, or sometimes had a negative return, it was proposed that SAP-AF application should formulate corresponding technical regulations, and determine the appropriate product types, and their application methods and dosage for crops. (4) The environmental safety of the SAP-AF products (mainly in the form of polyacrylamide or polyacrylic acid (PAM or PAA)-based materials) mainly involved the biodegradability of the PAM or PAA-based materials and the biological toxicity induced by the residual monomers (acrylamide or acrylic acid (AM or AA)) in the products. The residual AM or AA monomer content detected in the PAM or PAA-related products on the market were partly at the risk of exceeding the allowable limits (accounting for about 22%-100% of the total, referred to as the standard limits for some similar products). The review also indicated that some natural polymer materials such as such as starch grafted based polymer materials would be the replaycement of the SAP-AF in the future. The results of this study provided the reference for the formulation of evaluation standards or regulations for SAP-AF product application efficacy. It was suggested that relevant departments should strengthen the detection of residual monomer and its limit requirements for PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products, and quantify the biodegradability index of products, in order to provide protection for the environmental safety of agricultural and forestry water protection agent products. It was suggested to strengthen the detection of residual AM or AA monomers, and research on the environmental safety threshold of residual monomers for such PAM or PAA-based SAP-AF products; but also need to further explore the relationship between the product biodegradability indicators in the soils and the safety of soil ecological environment, in order to ensure the product environmental safety. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water and Carbon Footprint and Layout Optimization of Major Grain Crops in the Northwest China WANG ChuFan, NIU Jun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (6): 1137-1152.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.06.009 Abstract （95）   HTML （15）    PDF （699KB）（79）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This paper assessed the carbon footprint and water footprint of major food crops in the northwest region, and established a multi-objective planting structure optimization model based on the carbon footprint and water footprint to adjust the spatial distribution of food crops in each province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing water resource management. 【Method】 Based on the planting area, yield, and agricultural inputs of wheat, maize, and rice in the northwest region, the carbon footprint was evaluated using Life Cycle Analysis (LCA); Based on evapotranspiration and effective precipitation, the water footprint was evaluated by Penman-Monteith formula; Multi objective optimization of the layout of three major grain crops in the five northwest provinces was performed based on entropy weight method. 【Result】 The data showed that the carbon footprint and water footprint of wheat, maize and rice in northwest China from 1999 to 2020 showed significant differences in different provinces. In the northwest region, the carbon emissions from the production of three grain crops, wheat, maize and rice showed a distribution pattern of higher levels in the eastern and western regions and lower levels in the central region; the range of carbon footprint per unit production (PCF) was 0.36-0.63, 0.33-0.56, 0.57-0.97 t CO2-eq·t-1, respectively; the carbon footprint per unit area (FCF) was (2.46±0.77), (3.21±0.49) and (5.57±0.91) t CO2-eq·hm-2, respectively. From 2010 to 2018, the total green water content of wheat, maize and rice in the northwest region showed a steady upward trend, with regions with higher average green water content distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. The total amount of blue water showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2015, and a downward trend from 2015 to 2018. The regions with higher average total blue water were distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, and Xinjiang. Among the three major grain crops in northwest China, maize consumes the least blue water footprint, with an average blue water footprint of 0.45 m3·kg-1; the blue water footprint consumption of rice was the largest, and the average production blue water footprint was 0.77 m3·kg-1. The optimization of food crop cultivation structure was performed, based on carbon and water footprints, using the cultivated area of different crops in each province as decision variables, and setting optimization scenarios focusing on reducing carbon emissions (ecological benefits) and increasing green water use (water resource benefits) according to different weights. In Scenario 1, the total carbon emissions decreased by 1.9% and the total green water increased by 5.0%; In scenario 2, the total carbon emissions decreased by 11.8%, while in scenario 3, the total utilization of green water increased by 6.7%. 【Conclusion】 There were significant spatial and temporal differences in carbon emissions and total water volume of the three major food crops in the Northwest Region. In terms of carbon footprint, the average FCF of the three major grain crops in the region shows an increasing trend, and the PCF shows a decreasing trend. In terms of water footprint, the green water footprint of the three major food crops in the region was higher than the national average, with maize having the largest green water footprint and rice having the smallest green water footprint. Under the premise of ensuring food crop security, the planting area of wheat has increased by 6.7%, while the planting area of maize and rice has decreased by 5.8% and 8.0%, respectively. The economic, resource, and ecological benefits have all been improved to a certain extent. In summary, multi-objective optimization could improve the utilization of green water resources, reduce carbon emissions, and alleviate environmental pressure. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial Distribution and Driving Factors of Winter Wheat Irrigation Carbon Emission Intensity at Township Level in Henan Province ZHU RuiMing, ZHAO RongQin, JIAO ShiXing, LI XiaoJian, XIAO LianGang, XIE ZhiXiang, YANG QingLin, WANG Shuai, ZHANG HuiFang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (5): 950-964.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.010 Abstract （59）   HTML （6）    PDF （2852KB）（52）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the spatial distribution pattern and driving mechanism of agricultural carbon emissions of different townships and irrigation modes, and to reveal the regional differences of agricultural water and energy resources consumption combination characteristics, so as to provide necessary references for agricultural irrigation mode optimization, water and energy resources conservation and low-carbon agricultural sustainable development. 【Method】The irrigation carbon emission intensity and its spatial distribution of winter wheat at township level were calculated by using multi-source data, including remote sensing data, statistical data, meteorological data, and agricultural irrigation survey data. In addition, the geographical detector was employed to discuss the influencing factors of carbon emission intensity under different irrigation modes (Irrigation mode with rain-fed agriculture as the primary method, PI mode; Irrigation mode with surface water irrigation as the primary method, SWI mode; Irrigation mode with diversion and irrigation projects as the primary method, WDI mode; Irrigation mode with groundwater irrigation as the primary method, GI mode). 【Result】(1) In 2018, the average carbon emission intensity of winter wheat irrigation at the township level in Henan Province was 15.05 kg∙t-1, which showed a west-to-east decreasing trend in the longitudinal direction and a north-high-south-low spatial distribution pattern in the latitudinal direction. The mean value of mean carbon emission intensity at township level was 15.05 kg∙t-1. The high value townships was concentrated in the western mountainous region, while the lower gathered in the southeast region. (2) By comparing four irrigation modes, the irrigation mode with highest carbon emission intensity was the irrigation mode with rain-fed as the primary method (PI mode, 22.22 kg∙t-1), while the irrigation mode with groundwater irrigation as the primary method was the least ideal (SWI mode, 11.05 kg∙t-1). (3) The average elevation and effective precipitation explained 49% and 39% of the spatial differentiation pattern of carbon emission intensity, respectively, which were key factors influencing the carbon emission intensity of winter wheat irrigation. The effect of the same driving factor under different irrigation modes was variable. The influence of energy consumption on the spatial differentiation pattern of winter wheat irrigation carbon emission intensity under the irrigation mode dominated by water diversion irrigation projects (WDI mode) was the strongest, and the driving effect of land input intensity under the GI mode was the most significant. In addition, the interaction of different drivers had double-factor enhancement effects and non-linear enhancement effects. 【Conclusion】There was spatial heterogeneity and differences in irrigation mode in the carbon emission intensity of winter wheat irrigation at the township level in Henan Province. The PI mode was the mode with the highest winter wheat irrigation carbon emission intensity and the WDI mode was the mode with the highest carbon emissions. The average elevation and effective precipitation were the main reasons for the formation of spatially divergent patterns of irrigation carbon emission intensity of winter wheat at township scale in Henan Province, while anthropogenic factors were the dominant forces under different irrigation patterns. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Localized Nitrogen Supply on Plant Growth and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies of Maize Seedling Under Drought Stress WANG Yu, ZHANG YuPeng, ZHU GuanYa, LIAO HangXi, HOU WenFeng, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (5): 919-934.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.008 Abstract （71）   HTML （3）    PDF （1337KB）（67）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Frequent spring drought and excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer would hinder maize seedling growth and development, and may negatively affect plant growth during middle-late periods and final grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects of localized supply of N fertilizer on maize seedling growth, root morphology, water and N utilization under drought stress conditions, ait of nitrogen inputs on graming to provide a technical basis for promoting root development, improving water and N use efficiencies, and achieving high and stable yields in maize production.【Method】The split-root pot experiments with different water and N levels were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Five N supply patterns were designed: no N supply (N0/N0), uniform low N supply (LN/LN), localized low N supply (LN/N0), uniform high N supply (HN/HN), and localized high N supply (HN/N0). The N rates were 0.12 and 0.24 g N·kg-1 dry soil for LN and HN levels, respectively. Water management was initiated from 3-leaf stage and lasted for 3 weeks, including three soil moisture content: severe water-stress (35% of field capacity, W0), moderate water-stress (55% of field capacity, W1), and well-watered conditions (75% of field capacity, W2). At the end of the water management period, plant growth traits, shoot dry matter (DM), shoot N uptake, root DM, root length, and water and N use efficiency (WUE, NUE) were measured. 【Result】 The water stress significantly limited plant growth, DM accumulation, and N uptake in maize seedlings, but increased root shoot ratio. Compared with W2, the total root length under W0 was reduced by 48.0%, while the effects were relatively less under W1. The water stress reduced NUE in maize, with average decreases of 10.1 and 4.6 percentage points under W0 and W1, respectively, compared to W2, and the WUE was decreased by 19.4% under W0 and increased by 11.9% under W1. The N supply patterns also significantly affected plant growth, DM accumulation, N uptake and utilization in maize seedlings, and the two factors of water and nitrogen showed significant interaction. Based on the results obtained in 2022, the highest shoot DM was observed in LN/LN, and which were 8.3%, 12.6% and 23.6% higher than those in N0/N0 under W0, W1 and W2, respectively. Nevertheless, the highest root DM was observed in LN/N0, with the increases of 9.5%, 17.0%, and 31.2% higher than that in N0/N0 under the three water levels. Moreover, the LN/N0 increased significantly root﹕shoot ratio under both W1 and W2. The HN/HN had the most severe negative impacts on maize seedling growth, with 30.1%, 14.6%, and 7.0% lower shoot DM as compared with N0/N0 under W0, W1 and W2, respectively. The larger decreases in root DM (41.0%, 44.2% and 34.9%, respectively) were observed in HN/HN, thus resulting in significant reductions in root﹕shoot ratio. The HN/N0 showed a relatively less effect on shoot DM, but significantly reduced root DM and root﹕shoot ratio. Compared with N0/N0, both HN/HN and HN/N0 resulted in significant decreases in root length, whereas LN/N0 significantly increased total root length by promoting root proliferation on the side without N supply. The application of N fertilizer significantly increased plant N uptake, with higher value in LN/LN but lower in LN/N0 across all water levels. With regard to NUE, which was higher in LN/LN while lower in HN/HN. The differences in N uptake and NUE among treatments increased with reducing water stress levels. Both plant water consumption and WUE were higher in LN/LN and LN/N0, followed by HN/N0, whereas the lowest values were observed in HN/HN. Compared with N0/N0, uniform or localized low N supply showed promoting effects on maize seedling growth, while uniform or localized high N supply had negative effects that intensified with increasing water stress levels. Overall, localized N supply had a greater effect on root growth relative to uniform N supply, inducing a morphological plasticity response in the root system. The correlation analysis results indicated that shoot DM, WUE and NUE had positive and significant relationships with total root length of maize seedlings across different water levels and N supply patterns. For the localized N supply treatments, the correlation between root length on the side without N supply and shoot DM, WUE and NUE was higher.【Conclusion】In comparison to uniform N supply, the localized N supply effectively promoted root proliferation on the side without N supply during maize seedling stage, resulting in increased root DM and total root length. Hence, the localized supply with a lower N rate was recommended to enhance drought tolerance of maize seedlings and improve WUE. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential in the Farmland GAO ShangJie, LIU XingRen, LI YingChun, LIU XiaoWan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (5): 935-949.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.05.009 Abstract （173）   HTML （11）    PDF （3395KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The global warming potential of agro-ecosystem is an important part of affecting global climate change. This study clarified the effects of biochar and straw application on the global warming potential of farmland through field experiments, in order to provide theoretical basis for mitigating climate change and agricultural waste resource utilization. 【Method】In our study, a three-year field positioning experiment was carried out in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation farmland in the Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station in Huantai County, Shandong Province. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: ① control (CK); ② biochar (C); ③ straw return(S); ④ straw return combined with biochar (CS). The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied in all treatments. The nitrogen fertilizer was 200 kg·hm-2·a-1 urea, the phosphate fertilizer was 55 kg·hm-2·a-1 superphosphate and the potassium fertilizer was 40 kg·hm-2·a-1 potassium sulfate. We measured the flux of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4) by static chamber-gas chromatography method, calculated the net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI), and analyzed the effect of biochar and straw on the greenhouse gas emissions and the net global warming potential. 【Result】(1) From the emission of greenhouse gases in the three-year experiment, the average annual cumulative Re emissions of S and CS treatments increased by 47.8% and 67.9% (P<0.05), respectively, compared with CK. The average annual cumulative N2O emission under C treatment reduced by 20.3% than CK treatment (P<0.05), and the cumulative N2O emission under S and CS treatments increased by 23.6% and 41.4% (P<0.05), respectively. (2) In comparison with CK treatment, soil organic carbon change (ΔSOC) of C, S and CS treatments increased significantly, and the largest increase was in the CS treatment by 150.6% (P<0.05). Compared with the first year, soil organic carbon change (ΔSOC) of C, S and CS treatments increased by 21.7%, 20.8% and 17.8% (P<0.05), respectively. There were significant differences in net global warming potential (NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) among all treatments. Compared with CK treatment, the average annual NGWP of C, S and CS treatments decreased by 163.5%, 171.7% and 273.0% (P<0.05). Compared with the first year, the NGWP of C, S and CS treatments in the third year decreased by 73.4%, 58.8% and 54.7% (P<0.05), respectively. The annual average GHGI of C, S and CS treatments decreased by 236.2%, 253.3% and 388.9% than CK treatment (P<0.05), respectively. In comparison with the first rotation, the GHGI of C, S and CS treatments in the third rotation decreased significantly by 126.3%, 98.2% and 108.6% (P<0.05), respectively. The yield of C, S and CS treatments remained stable with a slight increase, but there was no significant difference between the yield of CK, C, S and CS treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with applying chemical fertilizer alone, the methods of adding biochar, straw return and straw return combined with biochar could prevent the NGWP without reducing crop yield. Among these treatments, straw return combined with biochar could reduce the net global warming potential to the greatest extent. Therefore, straw return combined with biochar is an effective measure to enhance carbon sequestration and mitigate climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on Potential of Replacing Chemical Fertilizer for Crop Straw and Livestock Manure Organic Fertilizer in Shandong Province MA RongHui, YANG WuJie, YU Lei, YANG ZeLong, WANG Jian, GUO YueSheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (4): 721-739.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.04.008 Abstract （90）   HTML （8）    PDF （3295KB）（66）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The quantity and total nutrient of crop straw, livestock and poultry manure resources were calculated, and their potential to replace chemical fertilizers was estimated, so as to provide the data support for the overall and rational utilization of organic fertilizer resources in Shandong. 【Method】Based on the crops (wheat, corn, rice/rice, soybean, potato, peanut and cotton) and livestock/poultry (cattle, pig, sheep, poultry and rabbit), the grass-grain ratio and excretion coefficient methods were used to calculate the total amounts of organic fertilizer and total nutrients in Shandong in 2020, and the potential of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer was estimated. 【Result】 (1) In 2020, the total amount of straw resources was 7 616.8×104 t, and the total amount of nutrients was 163.2×104 t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of straw nutrients to replace chemical fertilizers was 42.9%, while the actual potential was 20.9%. The theoretical potential of N, P2O5 and K2O in straw to replace chemical fertilizers was 35.3%, 9.0% and 92.2%, respectively, while the actual potential was 12.5%, 4.2% and 53.7%, respectively. The total amount of straw resources increased by 16.8% from 2016 to 2020. (2) In 2020, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure resources was 9 131.2×104 t, the total amount of nutrients was 82.7×104 t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of livestock and poultry manure nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizers was 21.7%, and the actual potential was 19.5%; the theoretical substitution potential of N, P2O5 and K2O resources in livestock manure was 19.6%, 11.4% and 36.4%, respectively, while the actual substitution potential was 17.7%, 10.3% and 32.9%, respectively. From 2016 to 2020, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure resources decreased by 25.4%. (3) The theoretical potential of crop straw and livestock manure nutrients in different regions of Shandong to replace chemical fertilizers was as followed: Northwest Shandong>South Shandong>South Central Shandong>Central Shandong>East Shandong. Northwest Shandong and South Shandong were with the highest potential of 77.0% and 75.6%, respectively; East Shandong was with the lowest of 46.5%. Among them, Dezhou had the greatest potential of 95.3%, followed by 92.6% of Dongying and 91.2% of Binzhou. Yantai and Weihai were with the smallest of 35.5% and 40.6%, respectively. (4) The theoretical potential of different types of resources of crop straw and livestock/poultry manure nutrients to replace chemical fertilizers were as followed: corn (16.7%)>wheat (16.2%)>potato (4.9%)>peanut (3.6%)>rice (0.7%)>cotton (0.4%), soybean (0.4%)>cow manure (8.7%)>pig manure (6.5%)>sheep manure (3.2%)>poultry manure (3.2%)>rabbit manure (0.1%).【Conclusion】In 2020, the total amount of straw and livestock manure resources was 16 748.0×104 t, and the total amount of nutrients was 245.9×104 t, in Shandong. The theoretical potential of straw and livestock manure nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizers was 64.6%, and the actual potential was 40.4%. The theoretical substitution potential of N, P2O5 and K2O in straw and livestock manure was 54.8%, 20.4% and 128.6%, respectively, and the actual substitution potential was 30.2%, 14.5% and 86.6%, respectively. The organic fertilizer resources of crop straw and livestock manure in western, northern and southern Shandong were very rich, while those in central and eastern Shandong were relatively few. There were more organic fertilizer resources of crop straws, such as corn and wheat, and more organic fertilizer resources of livestock, and poultry manure, such as cattle and pigs. Efficient and rational use of organic fertilizer resources, such as crop straws and livestock and poultry manure, was an important guarantee for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water Utilization and Economic Benefit of Wheat Multiple Cropping with Green Manure Under Nitrogen Reduction in Hexi Irrigation Area of Northwest China MA BiJiao, CHEN GuiPing, GOU ZhiWen, YIN Wen, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, FAN Hong, HE Wei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (4): 740-754.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.04.009 Abstract （176）   HTML （12）    PDF （614KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In view of the problems of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer and lower water resource utilization efficiency and economic benefits in crop production in the irrigation area of Hexi Oasis, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of multiple green manures after wheat and moderate reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer on the water consumption characteristics and economic benefit of wheat field. 【Method】 From 2019 to 2020, a split plot experiment was conducted in the oasis irrigation area of Hexi, Gansu province. Two planting patterns were set up in the main area, namely, multiple cropping of green manure after wheat harvest (W-G) and single cropping of wheat (W). In the sub-plot, there were five nitrogen application levels, namely no nitrogen application (N0), conventional nitrogen application level 180 kg·hm-2 (N4), reduced 45% nitrogen application (N1), reduced 30% nitrogen application (N2), and reduced 15% nitrogen application (N3).【Result】Grain yield of wheat and systematic biothermal energy were significantly increased by multiple green manure after wheat (W-G) and the moderate reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, in 2019 and 2020, which increased by 10.8% and 12.4%, respectively, and the yield of systematic biothermal energy increased by 37.8% and 40.3%, respectively. Compared with nitrogen reduction of 15% (W-G-N3) in sole wheat and traditional nitrogen application (W-N4) in sole wheat, the grain yield increased by 6.9%-16.7% and 7.9%-13.6%, respectively, and the biothermal energy yield increased by 52.0%-62.2% and 27.1%-58.9%, respectively. The water consumption of W-G decreased by 6.3%-16.0% compared with that of W wheat growing stage, and W-G-N3 decreased the seasonal water consumption of W-N3 and W-N4 by 13.4%-20.5% and 20.8%-29.0%, respectively. Repeated planting of green manure could improve the water use efficiency of wheat, and W-G increased by 7.9% and 19.2%, respectively. In 2019, compared with W-N3 and W-N4, the WUE of W-G-N3 increased by 23.5% and 5.1%, respectively. Compared with W-N3 and W-N4, W-G-N3 could improve the energy yield of per unit water efficiency of the system, which was increased by 2.7%-14.5% and 9.3%-17.5%, respectively. Compared with the W and W-G increased the cost input, and the gross output also increased. In 2019, the net return of W-G-N3 increased by 9.8% and 9.5% compared with W-N3 and W-N4, respectively; in 2020, the net return of W-G-N3 decreased by 15.6% and 15.7% compared with W-N3 and W-N4, respectively. In 2019 and 2020, the output/input of multiple cropping green manure after wheat harvest reduced by 20.7% and 23.1% compared with sole wheat, and the output/input of W-G-N3 was 14.8%-23.1% compared with W-N3 and W-N4, and W-G reduced the benefit per cubic meter water of the system due to more resources input. 【Conclusion】In the Hexi oasis irrigation areas, multiple green manure after wheat combined with moderate reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer could improve crop yield and economic benefit, as well as water resource utilization efficiency, among which the comprehensive effect of multiple green manure after wheat combined with 15% nitrogen treatment is outstanding, which could be used as an ideal planting pattern and nitrogen application level to improve water resource utilization and farmers' income. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Levels on Grain Yield, Plant Nitrogen Utilization Characteristics and Grain Quality of Foxtail Millet DONG ErWei, WANG Yuan, WANG JinSong, LIU QiuXia, HUANG XiaoLei, JIAO XiaoYan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (2): 306-318.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.007 Abstract （130）   HTML （13）    PDF （3404KB）（104）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To provide the theoretical basis for rational nitrogen (N) application and promoting high yield and high quality of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.), this study aimed to clarify the effects of different N application rates on plant N utilization characteristics, grain yield and grain quality of foxtail millet. 【Method】 To investigate the effects of different N application levels on plant N accumulation, transfer and utilization characteristics, grain yield and its components, grain micronutrients content and pasting properties, a 2-year field experiment (2020-2021) was performed with different N fertilization application at four levels (0, 75, 120, and 150 kg·hm-2, represented as N0, N75, N120, and N150, respectively) in the Qinxian County of Shanxi Province, located in the spring sowing region of China.【Result】 Compared with N0, N application increased panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle and plant productivity of foxtail millet. N application also significantly enhanced N translocation and promoted the distribution of both dry matter and N in grains. As a consequence, an enhanced grain yield was obtained when subjected to N application. Further, among all treatments, the highest values of panicle number per unit area at harvest, grain number per panicle, both grain yield and biomass, harvest index, total N accumulation and N translocation efficiency were obtained when 75 kg·hm-2 was supplied; compared with the values produced by N0, the increased rate reached 7.5%, 23.3%, 31.0%, 21.2%, 8.6%, 40.3% and 9.2% by N75, respectively. Compared with N0 treatment, the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains under N75 treatment were increased by 37.3%, 43.6%, 56.0%, 30.5% and 16.9% at most, respectively. Excessive N application (N 150) decreased grain number, harvest index and N translocation efficiency compared with N75 treatment. More than 75 kg·hm-2 application resulted in diminished N translocation efficiency, by 23.1% and 28.1%, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The content of amylopectin and starch yield were also limited by excessive N. Over-use N fertilizer also significantly decreased final viscosity, setback and trough viscosity. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated a strong positive relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in foxtail millet grains, and a significant negative relationship between plant N accumulation and the content of amylopectin, final viscosity and trough viscosity in foxtail millet grains.【Conclusion】 The N application at 75-120 kg·hm-2 could promoted the allocation of dry matter and N in grain, which was relative to the enhanced N transfer from vegetative organs to grains. Also the reasonable pasting properties and biofortification of beneficial trace elements of Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se was produced by such N dose in this study area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Irrigation Water Temperature and Nitrogen Application Rate on Soil Hydrothermal Environment and Cotton Growth and Yield Under Mulched Drip Irrigation HE Jing, WANG ZhenHua, LIU Jian, MA ZhanLi, WEN Yue Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (2): 319-335.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.02.008 Abstract （136）   HTML （30）    PDF （2141KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The response mechanism of soil hydrothermal environment and cotton growth to irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application rate under mulched drip irrigation was explored to determine the reasonable irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application rate of drip irrigation cotton in northern Xinjiang.【Method】 A two-factor completely randomized experimental design was conducted with "Xinluzao 42" cotton as the experimental material with four irrigation water temperature levels (15 ℃ (T0), 20 ℃ (T1), 25 ℃ (T2), and 30 ℃ (T3)) and three nitrogen application levels (250 kg·hm-2 (F1), 300 kg·hm-2 (F2), and 350 kg·hm-2 (F3)). The effects of nitrogen application on soil hydrothermal environment, cotton growth and yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency under different irrigation water temperature were analyzed.【Result】 The conventional irrigation water temperature and low nitrogen treatment reduced soil temperature, inhibited cotton growth, decreased boll number per plant and seed cotton yield. Suitable irrigation water and nitrogen application could improve the soil's hydrothermal environment, promote cotton growth and development, and improve seed cotton yield and water and nitrogen utilization. Compared with 15 ℃ of conventional irrigation water temperature, the warming irrigation significantly increased the soil temperature by 0.58-3.30 ℃, and soil water storage was reduced by 1.2%-7.2%, while soil respiration rate was significantly increased by 5.7%-28.0%; cotton plant height, leaf area index, and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation water temperature, and reached the maximum at 25 ℃. With increasing nitrogen application rate, soil water storage decreased by 3.3%-6.7%, soil respiration rate increased significantly by 3.6%-9.5%, cotton plant height increased significantly by 3.2%-4.9%, leaf area index increased significantly by 5.8%-11.0%, and above-ground dry matter accumulation increased significantly by 1.2%-2.2%, these indicators all reached the maximum under 350 kg·hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer application. Water use efficiency, nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity, and seed cotton yield all increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation water temperature, and showed a trend of “increasing, decreasing, and increasing” with the increase of nitrogen application. The path analysis showed that soil temperature directly affected seed cotton yield, while nitrogen application indirectly affected seed cotton yield by promoting cotton growth. The seed cotton yield and water use efficiency reached the maximum under T2F2 treatment, which were 6 652.3 kg·hm-2 and 1.17 kg·m-3, respectively. But the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity was significantly greater under T2F2 treatment (22.17 kg·kg-1) than that under T2F3 treatment (18.80 kg·kg-1).【Conclusion】 Considering the effects of irrigation water temperature and nitrogen application on soil temperature, soil respiration rate, cotton growth, yield, and water and nitrogen utilization rate, a suitable combination of irrigation water temperature of 25 ℃ and nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm-2 were recommended in northern Xinjiang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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40 Years’ Change Characteristics of Soil Basic Properties in the Main Planting Area of Winter Oilseed Rape HUO RunXia, ZHANG Zhe, LI WenPing, ZHANG YangYang, LIAO ShiPeng, REN Tao, LI XiaoKun, LU ZhiFeng, CONG RiHuan, LU JianWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4696-4705.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.011 Abstract （231）   HTML （22）    PDF （722KB）（227）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in basic physical and chemical properties of soils in the main winter oilseed rape producing areas in the Yangtze River Basin over the past 40 years, and to clarify the characteristics of changes in comprehensive soil fertility of arable land in winter rape growing areas, in order to provide a scientific basis for conservation and soil fertility improvement in low and middle yielding fields in the Yangtze River Basin.【Method】By collecting and organizing the data from published literatures, master’s and doctoral dissertations at home and abroad in the past 40 years, the temporal variation characteristics of basic soil properties in winter oilseed rape growing areas in the Yangtze River Basin were analyzed. Then the variation characteristics of integrated soil fertility (IFI) and its correlation with basic soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated. 【Result】The average values of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and pH in the main winter oilseed rape producing areas of the Yangtze River Basin were 18.54 g·kg-1, 1.16 mg·kg-1, 8.60 mg·kg-1, 42.90 mg·kg-1, and 6.26 during the period of 1981-1990, respectively, but enhanced to 25.60 g·kg-1, 1.41 mg·kg-1, 18.66 mg·kg-1, 108.98 mg·kg-1, and 6.31 by 2016-2020, respectively. Clearly, the soil basic physical and chemical properties have been improved extensively in planting area of winter oilseed rape in the Yangtze River Basin. The average annual increase rate was 1.2% in soil organic matter and 0.7% in soil total nitrogen. Soil available phosphorus and available potassium were enhanced by 3.0% and 4.0% per year, respectively. Soil pH remained stable in the past 40 years, with the mean range of 6.21-6.45 among different periods. Based on the improved Nemerow index method, soil IFI value was also found enhanced in the past four decades. Compared with the mean IFI in the period of 1981-2000, the value was significantly increased by 14.8%-30.4% during the period of 2001-2020. The IFI was positively correlated with soil organic matter, pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Path analysis showed that soil available potassium was the most important index affecting IFI, followed by soil total nitrogen and available phosphorus. 【Conclusion】The basic physical and chemical properties and comprehensive fertility of the soil was significantly improved in the past 40 years in the planting area of winter oilseed rape. Developing the planting area of oilseed rape would be benefit for soil fertility and productivity improvement in the Yangtze River Basin, especially for the farmland with low yield productivity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interaction Between Transverse Ridge Tillage and Topography on Soil Erodibility Along the Long Gentle Slope in a Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China YU BoWei, ZHANG QingWen, HAO Zhuo, SHI YuLong, LI XueLiang, LI MengNi, JING XueKai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4706-4716.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.012 Abstract （114）   HTML （12）    PDF （2262KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The soil erosion of slope farmland in Chinese black soil region is becoming more and more serious. This study mainly focused on the interaction between transverse ridge tillage and topography on soil erodibility, which could provide a scientific theoretical basis for precise prevention of soil erosion of slope farmland in black soil region. 【Method】A typical slope farmland in the Hongxing farm in Beian city of Heilongjiang Province was selected as research object. A total of 25 sampling points were designed along both the transverse ridge tillage direction and longitudinal waterline direction. The soil erodibility K values of the corresponding sample points were calculated and tested by One-way ANOVA method. The influence factors of soil erodibility K value were analyzed by using the geographic detector model. 【Result】In the transverse ridge tillage direction, the ridge soil erodibility decreased gradually from the top to the foot of slope, and the K value decreased by 6.2%. The furrow soil erodibility decreased gradually from the shoulder to the foot of slope, and the K value decreased by 5.8%. In the waterline direction, due to the blocking effect of ridge terrace on surface runoff, soil erodibility K value of ridge and furrow did not change significantly along the slope. Geodetector analysis showed that the influence of the transverse ridge tillage on soil erodibility K value was the greatest, and its interpretation rate was more than 51% and 18% in the ridge and furrow, respectively. The transverse ridge tillage and other factors had a significant interaction enhancement effect on K value, particularly the interaction between the transverse ridge tillage and topography. 【Conclusion】 The soil erodibility K value of slope farmland in the black soil region had obvious spatial variability. There was significant interaction between the transverse ridge tillage and topography on soil erodibility. The transverse ridge tillage could significantly intercept runoff and reduce soil erosion. Due to the long slope in the transverse ridge tillage, it was easy to collect runoff at the foot of the slope, and increase the potential risk of ridge failure. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Carbon and Nitrogen Sink of Duckweed Growing in Paddy and Its Effects on Rice Yield JING LiQuan, LI Fan, ZHAO YiHan, WANG XunKang, ZHAO FuCheng, LAI ShangKun, SUN XiaoLin, WANG YunXia, YANG LianXin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (23): 4717-4728.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.23.013 Abstract （124）   HTML （13）    PDF （3554KB）（222）       Knowledge map    Save Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) is a floating microscopic plant that is usually found in standing water. Climate change is characterized by rising temperature, which is mainly due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration, and it poses potential risks to food production. Owing to factors such as climate warming and/or the eutrophication of water, duckweed growth in paddy fields has shown an increasing trend year by year in China. This paper focused on the impacts of duckweed on paddy fields and highlighted some vital trends. Duckweed reduced the water temperature of paddy by 0.86-2.76 ℃ and the pH value by 0.10-0.45, changed the structure of microbial community, reduced the NH3 volatilization by 18.2%-59.0%, and increased the nitrogen utilization rate by 17.2%-78.0%. As a result, the nitrogen sink of paddy increased and the rice yield rose by 9.0%-34.6% upon duckweed growing in paddy. Duckweed grew and reproduced rapidly, and its annual biomass could reach 8×103-13×103 kg·hm-2, making its carbon sink almost equal to that of rice in the same season. The mutualism between duckweed and rice was greater than its competition, and the coexistence of duckweed and rice in paddy showed an adaptation of the rice field ecosystem to environmental changes. Future research in this field should focus on the effect and its mechanism of duckweed on the paddy environment changes, rice growth, yield, and quality, and the risks which might bring to the paddy fields, especially the interaction with environmental factors (elevated temperature and CO2 concentration, etc.). Such research would provide theoretical support for the sustainable agricultural development of rice farming technology based on biological collaboration, such as rice-duckweed, which can adapt to future changes in climate and environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Succession of Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities in Continuous Cropping Watermelon GUO HanYue, WANG DongSheng, RUAN Yang, QIAO YiZhu, ZHANG YunTao, LI Ling, HUANG QiWei, GUO ShiWei, LING Ning, SHEN QiRong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4245-4258.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.009 Abstract （142）   HTML （20）    PDF （3190KB）（335）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of continuous cropping on the construction and potential functions of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon, and to clarify the adaptability of rhizosphere microorganisms to environmental changes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for ecological control of watermelon continuous cropping obstacles and healthy maintenance of farmland.【Method】In this study, the rhizosphere soil of watermelon without continuous cropping (CK), continuous cropping for 2 times and continuous cropping for 6 times was used as the research object. 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the effects of continuous cropping on the bacterial and fungal communities of rhizosphere soil of watermelon.【Result】With the increasing continuous cropping times, the bacterial diversity index in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while the fungal diversity index decreased significantly. At the bacterial genus level, multiple times of continuous cropping decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas and Lysobacter in watermelon rhizosphere soil; at the fungal genus level, the relative abundance of Fusarium increased with the continuous cropping times. Compared with CK, the network complexity of continuous cropping was higher, but the stability of network structure was lower. In addition, compared with CK, the relative abundance of biodegradation pathways of harmful substances and metabolic pathways of amino acids could be significantly reduced after continuous cropping for 6 times; the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi significantly increased in the fungal community after continuous cropping for 6 times. During community succession, the stochastic processes dominated rhizosphere bacterial community construction in watermelon under continuous cropping, while the deterministic processes dominated rhizosphere fungal community construction in watermelon.【Conclusion】Continuous cropping caused changes in community characteristics, functional composition and succession process of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. The decrease of key functions of bacterial community, the increase of pathologic fungi and the decrease of stability of microbial community network might be the important factors leading to occurrence of watermelon continuous cropping obstacles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Variability Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors of Soil Fertility in Shouyang County of Cinnamon Soil Area SHEN Tong, WANG HengFei, DU WenBo, ZHOU HuaiPing, WANG Rui, ZHANG JianJie, JIN DongSheng, XU MingGang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4259-4271.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.010 Abstract （177）   HTML （7）    PDF （4832KB）（181）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The main controlling factors of soil fertility and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics in typical county of cinnamon soil region were investigated, so as to provide the basis for scientific management of nutrients and soil fertilization.【Method】Based on the data of soil fertility, including soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK) and pH, at Shouyang County in 1983, 2007 and 2017, the Nemerow index method was used to calculate the comprehensive index of soil fertility, the random forest method was used to explore the main controlling factors of soil fertility, and the combined method of GIS and geostatistics was used to determine the temporal and spatial variability characteristics and the distribution patterns of the comprehensive index of soil fertility and its main factors.【Result】(1) The overall level of cultivated land soil fertility showed an upward trend in Shouyang County during the past 34 years, and the comprehensive index of soil fertility increased by 0.26, which changed from 1.16 to 1.42. The changes of soil fertility index were characterized by stages. From 1983 to 2007, the average annual increases of SOM, TN and AK were 0.09 g·kg-1, 0.0021 g·kg-1 and 1.61 mg·kg-1, respectively, while the changes of AP were not significant. From 2007 to 2017, SOM, TN and AP increased significantly, with the average annual increases of 0.25 g·kg-1, 0.01 g·kg-1 and 0.31 mg·kg-1, respectively, while the changes of AK were not significant. (2) The analysis results of the random forest model showed that, the main controlling factors of soil fertility were TN and SOM in 1983, with the importance of 75.3% and 17.8%, respectively. In 2007, the main controlling factors of soil fertility became AK, AP and TN, with the importance of 31.8%, 27.1% and 26.8%, respectively. In 2017, the main controlling factors were TN, AK and AP, and the importance for the three factors were 31.8%, 27.1% and 26.8%, respectively. (3) There were certain spatial differences in the main controlling factors of soil fertility. From 1983 to 2007, SOM increased in the whole county; TN decreased in the northwest and central regions, but increased in other regions; AP decreased in the north regions, but increased in the south regions; AK increased in the whole county. From 2007 to 2017, SOM increased fast in the southeast regions but slow in other regions; TN decreased in the middle regions but increased in other regions; AP decreased in the east regions, but increased in other regions; AK decreased in the east and west regions, but increased in the central region.【Conclusion】After 34 years, the cultivated land soil fertility of Shouyang County has been improved, and SOM, TN, AP and AK were the main controlling factors affecting the soil fertility variability. SOM, TN and AP increased fast in the south regions, while AK increased fast in the east regions. It was suggested that the whole Shouyang County still needed to increase the application of nitrogen fertilizer moderately, especially in the central region, and stabilize the application of phosphate fertilizer, while control the application of potassium fertilizer in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Soil Particle Composition in Ningxia ZHOU Lei, QU XiaoLin, ZHOU Tao, MA ChangBao, LI JianBing, LONG HuaiYu, XU AiGuo, ZHANG RenLian, LI Ge Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4272-4287.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.011 Abstract （107）   HTML （10）    PDF （2196KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics and influencing factors of soil particle composition in Ningxia, so as to provide the scientific reference for local land use and agricultural production planning.【Method】Based on the soil particle composition test data at 114 sites in Ningxia, the effects of environmental factors on soil particle composition, the statistical characteristics of soil particle composition, soil texture type, particle size of soil control layer, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil particle composition were studied.【Result】(1) The content of sand, silt and clay in Ningxia soil were 2.4%-97.2%, 0.8%-86.0% and 0.7%-43.3%, respectively, and the average content were 34.9%, 49.6% and 15.5%, respectively; Soil texture was mainly composed of silty loam (46.5%), sandy loam (17.6%) and loam (13.3%), and the variation of soil texture types was mainly attributed to the change of sand and silt content. (2) A number of environmental factors jointly affect the soil particle composition in Ningxia, and the influential factors were geomorphic factors, parental material type factors, small topographic factors, thermal factors, soil type factors, land use type factors and wind speed factors in turn from large to small. (3) There were 11 types of particle sizes in the control interval, among which loamy (46.5%), clay (19.3%) and sandy (16.7%) were the main ones. (4) It was difficult to develop argic horizon in Ningxia. Among 114 sections, 26 clay particles were consistent with cohesive layer, but only 2 were exact argic horizon. (5) Siltigic epipedon of Ningxia produced obvious texture differentation.【Conclusion】The soil particle composition in Ningxia was mainly sand and silt, while landform and parental material were the most important factors affecting the particle composition. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Straw Return and Nitrogen Application Rate on Organic Carbon Storage, Components and Aggregates in Cultivated Layers GUO RongBo, LI GuoDong, PAN MengYu, ZHENG XianFeng, WANG ZhaoHui, HE Gang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4035-4048.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.009 Abstract （412）   HTML （28）    PDF （599KB）（408）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The results of carbon sequestration studies on combining straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer are controversial. Aimed at such problem, this experiment was carried out to reveal the effects of combining straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer on Carbon sequestration capacity and mechanism of farmland, so as to provide a reference for the future research. 【Method】Based on 11 years of long-term positioning experiments, this paper adopted split-zone design, the main treatment included straw returning to soil and removal straw from field, and the subplots included three N application rate, which were no nitrogen (N0), 168 kg·hm-2 (N168, nitrogen), and 336 kg·hm-2 (N336, excessive nitrogen application). 【Result】Compared with wheat without nitrogen fertilizer, wheat yield increased by 14.4%-19.5% with nitrogen fertilizer. The effect of straw returning to the field on yield was not significant. Straw returning significantly increased the cumulative input of soil carbon by 70.8% (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on soil organic carbon storage. Compared N0, the nitrogen application significantly increased soil carbon accumulation input and soil organic carbon storage by 7.7%-8.5% (P<0.05) and 4.7%-8.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the carbon fixation rate by 32.7%-56.1% (P<0.05), and N336 significantly increased the soil carbon fixation efficiency by 51.8% (P<0.05); straw returning to the field did not significantly improve the soil carbon fixation rate, but significantly reduced the carbon fixation efficiency by 30.9% (P<0.05). Both nitrogen application and straw returning could improve soil carbon pool capacity, and N0 and N168 have reached carbon saturation. The content of soluble organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and easily oxidized organic carbon (EO) in the soil increased by 4.6%, 11.2% and 4.5% respectively after returning straw to the field. Compared N0, DOC under N168 and N336 increased by 14.12% and 29.54% respectively; MBC decreased by 14.0% and 28.0% on average, respectively; EO increased by 8.2% and 11.5%, respectively. Straw returning to the field was beneficial to the improvement of soil DOC/SOC and microbial entropy. Applying nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of DOC/SOC, but reduced the microbial entropy. Both straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application had no effect on soil EO/SOC. Both straw returning and nitrogen application were beneficial to the improvement of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), and straw returning significantly increased the organic carbon content of macroaggregates by 5.2%. The average weight diameter (MWD) and geometric average diameter (GMD) of aggregates under non-return showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen level, while under straw returning, it showed an increase with the increase of nitrogen level. Straw returning increased the MWD and GMD of aggregates by 8.8% and 7.5% respectively, and the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the MWD and GMD by 14.1%-22.7% and 16.8%-23.4% respectively, compared with CK. Both straw returning and nitrogen application could improve the distribution of organic carbon in large aggregates. 【Conclusion】Straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer could increase carbon input, increase activated organic carbon content, reduce microbial activity, and improve the protection of organic carbon by aggregates. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Evolution, Decoupling Effect and Performance Evaluation of China’s Agricultural Carbon Emissions MENG QingLei, YIN YuXiang, WANG YuHao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4049-4066.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.010 Abstract （157）   HTML （12）    PDF （2752KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The temporal characteristics, spatial pattern, evolution mode, decoupling relationship and performance evaluation of China’s agricultural carbon emissions were analyzed scientifically, so as to provide a basis for helping China achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” and strengthen the construction of an agricultural power. 【Method】This study constructed an index system for assessing agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural carbon emission performance in China, and measured the systematic measurement index of agricultural carbon emissions in Chinese provinces from 2007 to 2020. The Kernel density estimation and standardized ellipsoidal visualization analysis were used to analyze the regional distribution characteristics and spatial-temporal evolution trends of agricultural carbon emissions, Tapio model was used to examine the decoupling relationship between examining agricultural carbon emissions and economic growth, and the super-efficient SBM model with non-expected output was constructed to report the agricultural carbon emission performance and decomposition efficiency of China and the seven economic regions. 【Result】 From 2007 to 2020, the overall agricultural carbon emissions in China showed an “inverted U-shaped” curve of rising and then declining, with obvious regional differences and stable distribution of ranks. The eastern region had the best emission reduction effect, the central region had a “bipolar” distribution, and the western region had a higher pressure of emission reduction, with the overall spatial pattern dominated by the northeast-southwest direction, and tended to be decentralized to the northeast and northwest. China’s agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural economic development have been maintained at a weakly decoupled level and have made a breakthrough to a strongly decoupled level, which could be divided into two stages: a stable period (2007-2016) and a breakthrough period (2017-2020). The assessment of agricultural carbon emission performance showed a trend of “rapid rise - slow decline - steady improvement”, with the Great Northwest Economic Zone and the Northern Coastal Economic Zone in the first and last positions, respectively, and the contribution of technological change in agricultural production (TC) was more prominent than that of technical efficiency change (EC). 【Conclusion】With 2017 as the inflection point, China’s agricultural carbon emissions as a whole showed a decreasing trend, and the agricultural economic development as a whole was gradually getting rid of the dependence on agricultural carbon emissions, with different agricultural bases and different emission reduction targets in each region and province. It was necessary to reasonably plan the scale and internal structure of agricultural comparative advantage industries according to local conditions, reasonably select the resource endowment production characteristics of industries in the region. At the same time, we should pay attention to technology iteration and updating in the agricultural economic development and energy conservation and emission reduction in the role of promoting, taking into account the regional ecological benefits and economic benefits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Conception of Eco-Circular Agriculture of "Rice-Potato-Pig" FAN ZiYao, LI Kui, LI JiaYang, HUANG SanWen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (20): 4067-4071.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.011 Abstract （132）   HTML （6）    PDF （377KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save Empowered by breakthroughs in hybrid potato breeding technology and the well-established molecular design breeding in rice cultivation, we propose a new eco-circular agricultural model, referred to as "rice-potato-pig (RPP)". This model involves planting rice in spring and summer, growing potatoes in winter, and using potatoes and bran as feed for pigs, while simultaneously utilizing pig manure and urine to fertilize the fields. RPP has the potential to alleviate the pressure of China's feed imports and address issues such as low efficiency, resource wastage, and environmental harm caused by the gap between planting and feeding. In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of the RPP model, which utilizes winter fields for potato cultivation to produce animal protein. We also discuss the operational characteristics and implementation of this model. Based on the design principles of agricultural system engineering, the entire RPP system is divided into four sub-systems, including field planting management, potato storage, pig feeding with potatoes, and manure and urine treatment followed by returning nutrients to the fields. Through stepwise optimization, integration, and modeling of these sub-systems, we explore the practical implementation of the eco-circular agricultural model of RPP according to local conditions and moderate scale in southern China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Paddy Soil Health to Continuous Amendments of Organic Fertilizer and Lime Separately Under Double-Cropping Rice Fields YIN ZeRun, SHENG Hao, LIU Xin, XIAO HuaCui, ZHANG LiNa, LI YuanZhao, TIAN Yu, ZHOU Ping Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3829-3842.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.010 Abstract （173）   HTML （12）    PDF （2201KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the comprehensive soil health of double-cropping rice fields in response to continuous organic fertilizer and quick lime amendments, and to verify the current major soil health assessment methods in terms of the adaptability, sensitivity, and their sensitivity indicators in paddy soils. 【Method】 Here the double-cropping rice fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River watershed were selected. Based on the principles of experimental design, the control and treatment fields were set up. It aimed at illuminating the changes in topsoil physical, chemical, and biological indicators (24 indicators) after 6-year biannual continuous organic and quick lime amendments, and assessing the holistic soil health index using the Cornell Soil Health Assessment (CASH), the Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT), and the principal component analysis combined with minimal data set construction (MDS) methods. 【Result】 Compared with the control treatment (CK), 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment reduced the soil bulk density, penetration resistance, and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) significantly by 14%, 25%, and 32%, respectively; however, which rose the soil aggregate (0.5-1 mm), ammonium N, activated C, water extractable organic C and N, respiration rate, and autoclaved-citrate extractable protein significantly by 100%, 37%, 54%, 21%, 44%, 59%, and 8%, respectively; in addition, the minimum data set (MDS), comprehensive assessment of soil health (CASH), 2015, 2018, and Ward Laboratory (SHS) versions of Haney soil health test (HSHT) indexes were significantly enhanced by 75%, 20%, 42%, 95%, and 55% under 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment than that under CK, respectively (P<0.05). After the 6-year continuous liming, the soil penetration resistance, microaggregates, water extractable organic N, and pH were significantly increased by 44%, 22%, 61%, and 0.57 units than that under CK, respectively; whereas 0.5-1 mm soil aggregates, available Zn, and respiration decreased significantly by 39%, 14%, and 52% under 6-year continuous organic amendment treatment than that under CK, respectively; meanwhile, the MDS, CASH and SHS HSHT indexes were significantly decreased by 59%, 15% and 47%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The 6-year continuous biannual organic and liming amendments separately exerted positive and negative effect on the paddy soil health, and the soil respiration rate sensitively indicated the paddy soil health. However, the soil health index cannot reflect the change in soil Cd accumulation and its phyto-availability, and the assessment tools for paddy soil with excess Cd concentration remained to be further developed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Rhizodeposition on Straw Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in Soil Profile Under Different Fertilization Conditions MEI XiuWen, ZHU TengXiao, LI YuPing, LI ShuangYi, SUN LiangJie, AN TingTing, WANG JingKuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3856-3868.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.012 Abstract （130）   HTML （11）    PDF （582KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Straw returning is an important measure for protecting black soil in Northeast China. Straw and rhizodeposition coexisted in the practical agricultural production, while the sequestration characteristics of straw carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soils remained not very clear under this condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in the content of soil organic C (SOC) derived from straw C (13C-SOC) and that of soil total N (TN) derived from straw N (15N-TN) among different soil layers, and to investigate the effects of rhizodeposition on straw C and N sequestration in soil profile under different fertilization conditions, so as to provide a basis for the protection and utilization of black soil in Northeast China. 【Method】Based on the long-term experimental station of Shenyang Agricultural University, the treatments of adding 13C15N double-labeled straw (S) and its combination with rhizodeposition (hereafter referred to as “rhizodeposition”) (SR) were designed under different fertilization plots (no fertilization, CK; single application of chemical fertilizer, NP), including four treatments: CK+S, CK+SR, NP+S, NP+SR. The contents of SOC and TN, and values of δ13C and δ15N at different soil layers were measured after the 50 and 150 days of in-situ experiment. 【Result】At the early stage of straw decomposition (the 50th day), fertilization, rhizodeposition and their interactions significantly affected (P<0.05) the contents of 13C-SOC and 15N-TN in the topsoil (0-20 cm). On the 50th day, compared with the CK+S treatment, the CK+SR treatment increased the contents of 13C-SOC and 15N-TN in the topsoil by 18.6% and 21.7% (P<0.05), respectively. The contribution percentage of 13C-SOC to SOC in the topsoil was, on average, 10.5% and 12.0% in the S (CK+S and NP+S) and SR (CK+SR and NP+SR) treatments under different fertilization, respectively. The contribution percentage of 15N-TN to TN in the topsoil was, on average, higher 27.6% (P<0.05) in the two treatments under CK (CK+S and CK+SR) than that in the corresponding treatments under NP (NP+S and NP+SR). On the 50th day, the contribution percentage of 13C-SOC to SOC and that of 15N-TN to TN at deep soil (20-50 cm) were 1.0%-2.2% and 0.5%-0.9%, respectively. At the later stage of straw decomposition (the 150th day), rhizodeposition and fertilization significantly affected (P<0.05) the contents of 13C-SOC and 15N-TN in the topsoil, respectively. On the 150th day, compared with the treatment of rhizodeposition, the treatment of straw addition increased the 13C-SOC content in the topsoil, on average, by 12.6% (P<0.05). The 15N-TN content in the topsoil was, on average, higher 22.0% (P<0.05) in the two treatments under CK than that in the corresponding treatments under NP. The contribution percentage of 15N-TN to TN in the topsoil in CK and NP treatments was 5.5% and 4.0%, respectively. On the 150th day, the contribution percentage of 13C-SOC to SOC and that of 15N-TN to TN at deep soil were 0.8%-3.2% and 0.7%-1.8%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Rhizodeposition had a negative feedback effect on the sequestration of straw C in topsoil during the later stage of straw decomposition. Straw derived C and N were constantly migrated and then accumulated from topsoil to deep soil, and their influences on the stabilities of soil organic C and N pools should be paid more attention. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Returning Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw to Replace Partial Fertilizers on Double Season Rice Yield and Soil Labile Organic Carbon XIE Xue, LU YanHong, LIAO YuLin, NIE Jun, ZHANG JiangLin, SUN YuTao, CAO WeiDong, GAO YaJie Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3585-3598.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.008 Abstract （127）   HTML （9）    PDF （2514KB）（168）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing partial chemical fertilizers with Chinese milk vetch and rice straw on double rice yield and the soil labile organic carbon fractions, carbon pool management index of the paddy soil based on four consecutive years of field experiment. 【Method】 The double-season rice field experiment was conducted, and then yield of rice yield early and late rice, contents of soil organic carbon, soil high labile, medium labile, labile and no labile organic carbon were measured after four years experiment, then soil carbon pool management index were calculated. There were six treatments: (1) Winter fallow + N, P, K (CF); (2) Chinese milk vetch+N, P, K (MV); (3) Winter fallow + low weight of rice straw returning+N, P, K (RSl); (4) Winter fallow+high weight of rice straw returning+N, P, K (RSh); (5) Chinese milk vetch + low weight of rice straw returning+N, P, K (MV+RSl); (6) Chinese milk vetch + high weight of rice straw returning+N, P, K (MV+RSh). After harvest of late rice, 0-15 cm surface soil was collected. Potassium dichromate method was used to determine the content of soil organic carbon, and potassium permanganate oxidation method was used to determine the content of soil organic carbon with high labile (33 mmol·L-1), medium labile (167 mmol·L-1) and labile (333 mmol·L-1). 【Result】 Under the equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient inputs, the double-season rice yield under the MV+RSh treatment differed significantly from the CF and RSl treatments, while there was no significant difference in rice yield between the other treatments, and the total double-season rice yield was the highest under the RSl treatment at 13 347 kg·hm-2 and the lowest in the MV+RSh treatment at 11 687 kg·hm-2. After four years of continuous trials, the MV+RSh, RSh, MV+RSl, RSl, and MV treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon by 42.0%, 32.9%, 29.9%, 28.3%, and 26.3% (P<0.05), respectively; soil labile organic carbon content was increased by 23.9%-56.4% in each treatment, and soil no labile organic carbon content under MV+RSh, RSh, MV+RSl, RSl, and MV treatments significantly was increased by 37.3%, 28.6%, 25.8%, 24.1% and 23.4% (P<0.05). Compared with the CF treatment, soil high labile organic carbon was increased by 12.3%-27.7%, medium labile organic carbon was increased by 5.6%-20.0%, and labile organic carbon was increased by 9.9%-26.3% under MV+RSh, MV+RSl, MV, RSh and RSl treatments. The CF、MV、RSl、MV+RSl、RSh、MV+RSh treatments increased the soil organic carbon pool management index by 25.5%-61.7%.【Conclusion】 Under four consecutive years of equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient inputs, returning Chinese milk vetch and rice straw replacing part of the chemical fertilizer dosage could ensure double-season rice yields and increase soil organic carbon content, and also help to increase the content of high labile, medium labile, labile and no labile soil organic carbon, all of which were most significantly increased by the treatment of MV+RSh. The contribution of rice straw alone to the increase in soil organic carbon content was greater than that of Chinese milk vetch alone. To sum up, in the southern double-season rice area, within a certain range of substitution, the return of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw to the field could reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer and ensure rice yield, which was of great significance for green and sustainable rice production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Straw Returning and Post-Silking Irrigating Improve the Grain Yield and Utilization of Water and Nitrogen of Spring Maize WANG YongLiang, XU ZiHang, LI Shen, LIANG ZheMing, XUE XiaoRong, BAI Ju, YANG ZhiPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3599-3614.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.009 Abstract （140）   HTML （12）    PDF （620KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The irrigation system for spring maize production in the eastern Loess Plateau is unclear. In view of this, the effects of straw return and post-silking irrigation on grain yield and use efficiency of water and nitrogen of spring maize were studied in order to explore effective management measures to achieve sustainable and efficient utilization of water and nitrogen in spring maize in the region, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the high yield, high resource efficiency, and environmentally friendly agricultural sustainable development of spring maize in the region.【Method】Based on a 7-year long-term positioning experiment (2014-2020), a field experiment was carried out from 2021 to 2022. A split design was applied for the treatments, the main factors included straw returning (R) and no straw returning (U), and sub-factors included five post-silking irrigation gradients (I0, I50, I100, I150, and I200 mm). The correlation between dry matter accumulation at post-silking and evapotranspiration of spring maize was analyzed, and the effects of different treatments on grain yield, economic benefits and use efficiency of water and nitrogen were studied.【Result】The grain yield, economic benefit and use efficiency of water and nitrogen of spring maize were significantly improved by straw returning and irrigating at post-silking. Compared with conventional tillage, the grain yield, the economic benefit and the water use efficiency of straw returning treatment increased by 15.1%-43.5%, 15.9%-49.1%, and 16.8%-36.9%, respectively. The N recovery use efficiency, N agricultural efficiency, and N partial productivity of spring maize were significantly improved by 15.8%-62.0%, 26.5%-126.0%, and 15.1%-43.6%, respectively. The relationship between dry matter accumulation and evapotranspiration at post-silking was a quadratic function. Compared with conventional tillage, the straw returning treatment showed a stronger water productivity at post-silking. Though the yield response factor, the straw returning treatment had stronger water buffering capacity under water stress. Under the condition of straw returning, the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of the treatment with irrigation rate at post-silking were the highest under I150 treatment. In addition, the straw returning and irrigating at post-silking significantly promoted root growth of spring maize, but excessive irrigating (I200 treatment) inhibited root growth.【Conclusion】To sum up, in the spring maize production system in the eastern valley plain of the Loess Plateau, straw returning with the irrigating rate of 150 mm at post-silking could be used as a management measure for the efficient and sustainable use of water and nitrogen of spring maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Variation of Relative Yield Gap of Wheat and Maize and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in China SHEN Zhe, HAN TianFu, QU XiaoLin, MA ChangBao, WANG HuiYing, LIU KaiLou, HUANG Jing, DU JiangXue, ZHANG Lu, LIU LiSheng, LI JiWen, ZHANG HuiMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2724-2737.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.008 Abstract （202）   HTML （19）    PDF （757KB）（242）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of relative yield gap of wheat and maize in China during the past 15-20 years and the response of relative yield gap to nitrogen fertilizer under different soil productivity levels, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and the realization of high and stable yield of wheat and maize.【Method】Based on the long-term monitoring database, the difference of wheat and maize yield between fertilized area and non-fertilized area was used to represent the relative yield (RY). The highest relative yield (HRY), the average relative yield (ARY) and the relative yield gap (GRY) were obtained by using the statistical of high-yielding households, the effects of fertilization and soil factors on the relative yield gap were determined used the random forest model, and soil productivity level was divided according to the yield of non-fertilized area. The relationship between the relative yield gap of wheat and maize and nitrogen application rate under different soil productivity levels was quantified.【Result】 HRY of wheat in China was 3.83-6.75 t·hm-2, ARY was 2.10-3.42 t·hm-2, and GRY was 1.73-3.33 t·hm-2, GRY accounting for 44.64%-49.06% of HRY. HRY, ARY and GRY of wheat were north China>middle-lower Yangtze Plain>northwest China>southwest China. HRY of maize in China was 6.53-8.20 t·hm-2, ARY was 3.37-4.12 t·hm-2, and GRY was 3.16-4.08 t·hm-2, GRY accounting for 44.78%-50.52% of HRY. HRY, ARY and GRY of maize were northeast China>north China>southwest China>northwest China. Except for north China, HRY and GRY of wheat and maize increased with time. Except in northwest China, the GRY decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in low and medium soil productivity, and the decrease amplitude was more significant in low soil productivity level, while the decrease of GRY with nitrogen application rate in high soil productivity was not significant. Regionally, the balance points of nitrogen fertilizer application were found in wheat and maize in North China, wheat in middle-lower Yangtze Plain, and maize in northeast China at low and medium soil productivity. Overall, the nitrogen application rate and soil organic matter were relatively important influencing factors of GRY for wheat and maize at low and medium soil productivity. Potassium application had a significant impact on the GRY in middle-lower Yangtze Plain and north China, while organic matter had a significant impact on the GRY in the northwest and southwest China under high soil productivity. 【Conclusion】N application and soil organic matter were important factors affecting the relative yield gap. The higher soil productivity level, the lower the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on reducing the relative yield gap. N fertilizer should be reduced appropriately in high productivity soil. In order to increase yield and avoid the waste of resource and environmental risks, it was suggested that the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer should not exceed its balance point. The recommended application rates of nitrogen fertilizer were 260.6 and 159.2 kg·hm-2 for wheat and 262.5 and 246.0 kg·hm-2 for maize at low and medium productivity levels in north China, respectively. In the middle-lower Yangtze Plain, 199.5 and 187.5 kg·hm-2 were recommended for nitrogen application at low and medium productivity levels, respectively. In northeast China, the recommended amount of N fertilizer application was 259.5 and 228.0 kg·hm-2, respectively. Under low and medium productivity levels in southwest and northwest China, N fertilizer should be appropriately increased. The potassium fertilizer reasonable application should be paid more attention at high soil productivity in north China and middle-lower Yangtze Plain. The improvement of soil organic matter should be as the main measures to achieve high and stable yields in southeast and southwest China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Straw Returning Patterns on Soil CO2 Emission and Carbon Balance in Maize Field LI Jin, REN LiJun, LI XiaoYu, BI RunXue, JIN XinXin, YU Na, ZHANG YuLing, ZOU HongTao, ZHANG YuLong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2738-2750.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.009 Abstract （170）   HTML （19）    PDF （1774KB）（216）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The effects of different straw returning patterns on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission characteristics and carbon balance were discussed, which provided a scientific basis for carbon (C) sequestration and emission reduction as well as the selection of straw returning patterns in Northeast China. 【Method】 A field micro-plot experiment were conducted with maize as the experimental crop, and three straw returning patterns were set up, including straw shallow returning (QH), straw deep returning (SH), and straw mulching (FG). No straw returning (CK) was used as the control treatment. The LI-8100A automatic soil C flux tester was used to monitor soil CO2 emission characteristics under different straw returning patterns during the maize growth period. Effects of soil temperature, soil moisture content, pH, MBC, available nutrients and total nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil CO2 emissions were analyzed, and soil carbon balance was investigated too. 【Result】 During the maize season, soil CO2 emission rates showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing under different straw returning patterns. The cumulative soil CO2 emissions were as follows: FG>QH>SH>CK treatment. Compared with SH treatment, the cumulative soil CO2 emissions under FG and QH treatments increased by 14.0% and 6.4%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the treatments (P<0.05). The single factor model fitting of soil CO2 emission rates, soil temperature and soil moisture content under different straw returning patterns showed a quadratic function correlation, and reached a significant level (P<0.05), soil temperature could explain the variation of soil CO2 emission rate of 68.2%-73.7%, and soil moisture content could explain 21.3%-37.5%. However, the two-factor composite model of soil temperature and soil moisture content could better explain the variation of soil CO2 emission rate, with an explanation of 78.5%-82.8%. Correlation analysis showed that cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly correlated with available potassium and MBC (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with soil organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen, and pH (P<0.05). The soil carbon balance was positive under different straw returning patterns, which were the "sink" of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The soil carbon balance and carbon sequestration potential under the SH treatment were significantly higher than the QH and FG treatments by increased of 23.4%, 475.7% and 7.1%, 30.7% (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with other treatments, the SH treatment showed a strong carbon "sink" function. In the two-year harvest period, straw returning treatments significantly increased maize yield, SH treatment had the highest maize yield, but there was no significant difference with QH and FG treatments. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, taking into account the carbon sequestration and emission reduction effect and yield, SH was a better straw returning pattern compared with the three patterns. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rapid Identification for Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5873 by PCR and Its Evaluation in Application MA MingChao, JIANG Xin, WANG PengHui, GUAN DaWei, LI Jun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (14): 2751-2760.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.14.010 Abstract （96）   HTML （8）    PDF （2265KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Bradyrhizobium japonicum is one of the important functional bacteria in microbial fertilizer products. As a commercialized strain, B. japonicum 5873 was wildly used in agricultural production and played important roles in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid identification method at the strain level by screening and identifying specific primers for rhizobia, and is of great importance in the aspects of microbial fertilizer product quality inspection, strain identification and function evaluation.【Method】According to the whole genome sequencing of B. japonicum 5873 and other strain related sequences from NCBI, as well as the differential fragments of B. japonicum USDA 6T which is highly homologous to B. japonicum 5873 (the ANI value of the genome is greater than 99.95%), specific PCR primers were designed and obtained. After optimization of PCR reaction conditions and the detection of sensitivity and specificity, a rapid detection method for B. japonicum 5873 was established. Then, using pot experiment, B. japonicum 5873 was mixed with other rhizobium strains and inoculated in the soybean rhizosphere, and the above method was used to evaluate the competitive nodulation ability of B. japonicum 5873.【Result】A set of species-specific primers 4-4 and Q1 (4-4-F 5′-GATAAGGCCACGGGTGAACA-3′/4-4-R 5′-CACTCGATAAGCTCCGCTGT-3′ and Q1-F 5′-CCGGTCGTGACTGGAATGAT-3′/Q1-R 5′-TCGAGGCCTACAAGAACGTC -3′), were successfully designed to selectively amplify 355 and 218 bp amplicon from B. japonicum 5873. Well specificity was demonstrated by reference strains, from which only the targeted bands of B. japonicum 5873 were observed. Amplifications were performed in a 25 μL reaction mixture, which contained Premix TaqTM 12.5 μL, template DNA (15 ng of genomic DNA), primers 4-4 and Q1 (1.0 μL, respectively). The PCR cycling consisted of one cycle of 5 min at 95 ℃ and 30 cycles of 45 s at 94 ℃, 45 s at 61 ℃, and 60 s at 72 ℃. A final extension step was run for 10 min at 72 ℃. The sensitivity was 1 850 CFU/µL. In addition, the method mentioned above was successfully used to evaluate the competitive nodulation ability of B. japonicum 5873, which was consistent with the results of traditional BOX-PCR identification.【Conclusion】The established rapid detection method can directly use the bacterial solution or squeezed nodules as templates, which will eliminate laborious tasks, such as processes of nodule isolation, purification, culture, DNA extraction, sequencing and sequence comparison. It only takes a few hours to accurately detect B. japonicum 5873, which provides a reference for product quality detection and competitive nodulation ability evaluation of microbial fertilizers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in Topsoil Organic Matter Content and Composition of a Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol Amended with Maize Residue in Different Forms from the Tai Lake Plain, China CHEN ShuoTong, XIA Xin, DING YuanJun, FENG Xiao, LIU XiaoYu, Marios Drosos, LI LianQing, PAN GenXing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2518-2529.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.007 Abstract （201）   HTML （26）    PDF （1130KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was to explore the changes in topsoil organic matter content and composition of a rice paddy with crop residue return in different forms, in order to provide the useful information for crop residue utilization and paddy soil carbon sequestration.【Method】 In June, 2015, compared with no straw amendment (CK), untreated (CS), manured (CM) and pyrolyzed (CB) maize residue were returned at 10 t C·hm-2 to a paddy topsoil in Tai Lake Plain, China. Topsoil (0-15 cm) samples were collected at rice harvest in November respectively of 2015, 2017 and 2019, and the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and molecular composition were analyzed using 13C isotope and biomarker assays. 【Result】Compared with CK, topsoil OC was significantly increased by 8%-36% in 2015 and 2017 with all the residue amendment treatments, but increased by 24% only under CB in 2019, with the SOC increases mainly from the input biochar. The abundance of lignin phenols in the topsoil under CS and CM peaked after 2-year amendment, and increased by 115% and 66% relative to CK, respectively. After 4 years, molecular abundance of plant-derived lipids increased significantly under all the amendments and the abundance ratio of plant- to microbe-derived lipids (PL/ML) and Shannon diversity of biomarkers (H’) were significantly enhanced. 【Conclusion】Compared with untreated and manured residue, pyrolyzed residue returning enhanced SOC sequestration and the molecular diversity of organic matter, through the retention of plant-derived components in the paddy soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Origin, Present Situation and Development Trend of Green Fertilizer WU ZhiJie, ZHANG LiLi, SHI YuanLiang, WEI ZhanBo, LI DongPo, GONG Ping, LI Jie, ZHANG Lei, WANG LingLi, WU KaiKuo, XUE Yan, SONG YuChao, CUI Lei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2530-2546.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.008 Abstract （278）   HTML （23）    PDF （558KB）（512）       Knowledge map    Save The new development concept of "innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing" is the centralized reflection of China's development concept, direction and focus in the 14th Five-Year Plan and even in the longer term. The green development of agriculture is an important part of the implementation of the new development concept, which plays an important role in forming a harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature, ensuring food safety and creating a livable environment. Fertilizer, as the largest exogenous input and production material, plays a significant role and has a profound impact on the quantity and quality of agricultural products and the agricultural ecological environment, and plays a pivotal role in the green development of agriculture. However, the improper application of traditional fertilizers has caused the degradation of soil quality, environmental pollution and degradation of agricultural products, which urgently requires the transformation and upgrading of fertilizer products, and the development of green inputs has come into being. Green fertilizer concept and definition is: the application of quality and safety of raw materials, low-carbon environmental protection process, the use of physical - chemical - biological modification and efficiency technology production and use, with efficient and balanced nutrients, emission reduction and environmental protection, fertilization of fertile soil function of a class of fertilizers. The types of green fertilizers are mainly divided into the following five categories: nutrient-efficient green fertilizers, carbon-fixing and fertilizing green fertilizers, efficiency-enhancing and nutrient conversion efficiency green fertilizers, nutrient-balanced green fertilizers, and value-added green fertilizers. How to realize the green transformation of chemical fertilizers and the efficient and low-cost utilization of organic fertilizer resources? there are four main suggestions: (1) Rely on market mechanisms, strengthen top-level design, and build a new system of green fertilizer manufacturing; (2) Take the integrated management of nutrient resources as the core, and promote the balanced and coordinated development of organic-mass-element-micro-element fertilizers; (3) Fully play the role of scientific research platforms, and greatly develop intelligent green fertilizer products; (4) Integrate modern sensing and information technology to thoroughly promote green and efficient precision fertilization. This paper provided an overview of the background, concept, types and characteristics of green fertilizers proposed, and discussed the future development direction, in order to provide insight into the green transformation of China's fertilizer industry and the green development of agriculture in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Pattern, Influencing Factors and Spatial Spillover Effect of Rural Energy Carbon Emissions in China TIAN Yun, YIN Minhao, ZHANG Huijie Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2547-2562.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.009 Abstract （155）   HTML （9）    PDF （666KB）（382）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In the context of the “dual carbon” strategy, clarifying the current characteristics, spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of rural energy carbon emissions can provide important support for effectively promoting rural low-carbon development. 【Method】Carbon emission factor method is used to measure rural energy carbon emissions in China effectively, and analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics. Then, the autocorrelation model is used to explore its spatial correlation pattern. Finally, the introduction of STIRPAT extended model is used to analyze the main factors affecting its intensity changes and the spatial spillover effect. 【Result】China's total rural energy carbon emissions are in a continuous upward trend, with an increase of 77.55% in 2019 compared with 2005, which is mainly attributed to the increase in rural residents' domestic energy consumption. Rural energy carbon emission intensity has increased slightly during the investigation period. Although there are some inter-annual fluctuations, the overall fluctuations are small. In 2019, there were significant inter-provincial differences in rural energy carbon emissions, with Hebei leading the way and Ningxia at the bottom. Compared with 2005, only 5 provinces were in a downward trend. In 2019, Beijing ranked first in rural energy carbon emission intensity, while Hainan ranked last, with the latter even less than one tenth of the former. Since 2008, China's rural energy carbon emissions have shown obvious and stable spatial dependence, as well as local spatial clustering, with a small and relatively stable number of high-high concentration provinces and a lager and growing number of low-low concentration provinces. Among the social factors, the increase of rural affluence can lead to an increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, while agricultural technology progress and rural labor force structure variables have a dampening effect, with only rural affluence showing a spatial spillover effect in a negative direction. Among the economic factors, the increase in the rural financial agglomeration and the improvement of agricultural development level both lead to the increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, and both have spatial spillover effects, with the former positive and the latter negative. While agricultural financial investment does not have a direct effect but shows a negative spatial spillover effect. Among the industry-level factors, the increase of agricultural industry agglomeration leads to the increase of rural energy carbon emission intensity, but at the same time, it also presents a negative spatial spillover effect. 【Conclusion】The total amount and intensity of rural energy carbon emissions in China are on the rise, with significant inter-provincial differences. China's rural energy carbon emissions show obvious spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Rural energy carbon emissions are affected by a combination of social, economic and industrial factors. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergistic Effects of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Water-Stable Aggregates as well as Microbial Biomass on Crop Yield Under Long-Term Straw Combined Chemical Fertilizers Application HAN ZiXuan, FANG JingJing, WU XuePing, JIANG Yu, SONG XiaoJun, LIU XiaoTong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (8): 1503-1514.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.08.007 Abstract （335）   HTML （85）    PDF （3128KB）（276）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The effects of long-term straw combined application of chemical fertilizers on the content of aggregates, distributions of aggregate-associated organic carbon and nitrogen, and soil microbial biomass were studied to reveal the promotion of soil fertility and productivity. 【Method】Soil samples were collected from a 40-year long-term experiment. The research was conducted with 4 treatments: pure chemical fertilizer (NP), straw with chemical fertilizer (S+NP), straw with 1/2 chemical fertilizer (S+1/2NP), and straw with 1/4 chemical fertilizer (S+1/4NP), and the straw was returned with the amount of 3 000 kg·hm-2, chemical fertilizer NP was pure N 150 kg·hm-2 and P2O5 150 kg·hm-2 conducted. All soils samples were separated into four aggregate-size classes (>2 mm, 0.25-2 mm, 0.053-0.25 mm, and <0.053 mm) by wet sieving. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content of aggregates and soil microbial biomass content were measured. 【Result】(1) Long-term application of chemical fertilizers with straw reduced soil bulk density, while improved the stability of aggregates. Compared with NP, the bulk density of S+NP decreased by 4.7%, while the proportion of aggregates >2 mm in size, the average weight diameter (MWD) and geometric weight diameter (GWD) increased by 254.4%, 76.5% and 91.3%, respectively. (2) In the three chemical fertilizers combined with straw return, the percentage of aggregates >2 mm, MWD and GWD under S+NP and S+1/2NP were significantly increased by 49.1%-52.4%, 19.43%-22.4% and 24.2%-33.3%, compared with S+1/4NP, respectively. (3) Compared with NP, S+NP, S+1/2NP and S+1/4NP increased the contribution rate of aggregates >2 mm and >0.25 mm to SOC and total nitrogen, and significantly improved the SOC, SMBC and SMBN content in bulk soil. Among them, the SOC content was the highest under S+NP, which was 6.3% and 12.6% higher than that under S+1/2NP and S+1/4NP, respectively. (4) The yield was showed that S+NP>NP>S+1/2NP>S+1/4NP, and S+NP increased wheat yield by 5.83%-83.6% compared with other treatments. (5) Positive correlation was revealed between soil aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen content and crop yield, and >2 mm aggregate content, while MWD and GWD were significantly or extremely significant with the total soil SOC, SMBC content and wheat yield, respectively.【Conclusion】In the dark brown soil area, the long-term straw returning and fertilizer application of 150 kg N·hm-2 and 150 kg P2O5·hm-2 could improve aggregate stability, soil organic carbon content, microbial biomass and yield, and achieve the synergistic effect of soil structure improvement, fertility improvement and crop yield increase. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Drip Irrigation Under Film and Trickle Furrow Irrigation on Maize Growth and Yield LIU MengJie, LIANG Fei, LI QuanSheng, TIAN YuXin, WANG GuoDong, JIA HongTao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (8): 1515-1530.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.08.008 Abstract （324）   HTML （29）    PDF （2187KB）（237）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drip irrigation and trickle furrow irrigation on maize growth, yield and water use efficiency. 【Method】 Taking Zhengdan 958 as the research object, a field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2021. The soil water content of 0-50 cm under narrow row, root zone and wide row was measured by a tubular moisture meter to study the effects of drip irrigation and trickle furrow irrigation under film on soil water distribution and its effects on maize plant height, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, biomass, yield and water use efficiency.【Result】Drip irrigation under mulch gave priority to supplement soil moisture in narrow row and root zone, while trickle furrow irrigation gave priority to supplement surface moisture in wide row. The water consumption of maize was mainly concentrated in 0-30 cm soil layer, and the soil water content in narrow row and 0-30 cm root zone of drip irrigation under mulch was higher than that of trickle furrow irrigation; with the increase of depth, the effect of irrigation on soil water content decreased, and the 40-50 cm water dynamics was less affected by irrigation methods. Drip irrigation under mulch could significantly promote the growth of maize at flowering and maturation stages, and increase leaf area index compared with trickle furrow irrigation. Compared with trickle irrigation, the plant height and leaf area index of drip irrigation under mulch increased by 4.3% and 8.3% at flowering stage, and increased by 4.9% and 15.1% at maturation stage, respectively. The total biomass of maize at flowering stage and maturation stage was drip irrigation under mulch>trickle furrow irrigation treatment, with an increase of 12.2% at flowering stage, and the maturation stage increased by 11.5%. The amount of dry matter transfer, the rate of dry matter transfer and the contribution rate of dry matter transfer of maize under drip irrigation were significantly higher than those under trickle irrigation, with increasing by 17.8%, 3.8% and 3.5% respectively. Drip irrigation under mulch significantly increased maize yield and irrigation water utilization efficiency, with an average yield increase of 14.4%, and irrigation water utilization efficiency increased by 14.6%.【Conclusion】Under the condition of equal irrigation volume, the drip irrigation under mulch could increase the water content in maize root zone, promote the growth of maize, facilitate the accumulation and transportation of dry matter of maize, improve the yield, and achieve water saving and efficiency increasing. Compared with trickle furrow irrigation, the average yield increased by 2 131.68 kg·hm-2, and the irrigation water use efficiency increased by 8.8%-24.1%. Therefore, the drip irrigation under plastic mulch was a high-yield and efficient irrigation method for maize planting in Northern Xinjiang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Ratio on Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Cotton Under Water Deficit WANG Ning, FENG KeYun, NAN HongYu, CONG AnQi, ZHANG TongHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (8): 1531-1546.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.08.009 Abstract （229）   HTML （31）    PDF （1078KB）（165）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on water and nitrogen use efficiency and yield of cotton under different water conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of organic fertilizer in the cotton area of Hexi corridor.【Method】Field experiments were carried out from 2020 to 2021. The experiment was designed by split block, the main plot treatment consisted of full irrigation (W1) and deficit irrigation(W2), and the split-plot treatment was composed of five fertilizer treatments: no fertilizer (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (CF), 25% organic manure with 75% chemical fertilizer (OF1), 50% organic manure with 50% chemical fertilizer (OF2) and 75% organic manure with 25% chemical fertilizer (OF3), while the nutrient content of each fertilization treatment was equal. The effects of fertilization under different water conditions on soil water content, periodical evapotranspiration, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, transport and distribution, water and nitrogen use efficiency, seed cotton yield and economic benefits were analyzed. 【Result】The seed cotton yield, water and nitrogen utilization characteristics of cotton were significantly affected by different water and fertilizer treatments and interactions. Soil water content, total evapotranspiration, dry matter accumulation, total nitrogen uptake and seed cotton yield decreased significantly, while water use efficiency increased significantly under deficit irrigation. The suitable combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatment could increase the soil water content of 0-40 cm soil layer, and reduce the evapotranspiration at seedling stage and budding stage, while increase the evapotranspiration at flower-boll stage, increase dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and promote distribution to reproductive organs. Under the condition of full irrigation, the yield of the OF1 treatment was the highest in all fertilization treatments, with an average increase of 10.5% over single application of chemical fertilizer in two years, there was no significant difference between OF2 and CF, while the treatment of OF3 was significantly lower than that under single application of chemical fertilizer. The treatment of OF1 had the highest water and nitrogen use efficiency in each fertilization treatment, in which water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency were 8.9%, 14.3% and 28.9% higher than CF, respectively. Under the condition of deficit irrigation, the seed cotton yield of the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatments were higher than that of CF among which OF2 was the highest, and the average seed cotton yield of two years was 12.9% higher than that of CF, meanwhile, the treatment of OF2 also had the highest water and nitrogen use efficiency, in which the water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency were 6.3%, 35.5% and 31.6% higher than that of CF, respectively.【Conclusion】The appropriate proportion of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could coordinate the supply and demand relationship of soil and crop for water and nutrients, and improve the seed cotton yield and the water and nitrogen use efficiency. Considering yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefits, the treatment of 25% organic manure was the suitable mode of organic fertilizer application in Hexi corridor. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Carbon and Nitrogen Distribution in Organo-Mineral Complexes of Red Paddy Soil to Long-Term Fertilization LI Hao, CHEN Jin, WANG HongLiang, LIU KaiLou, HAN TianFu, DU JiangXue, SHEN Zhe, LIU LiSheng, HUANG Jing, ZHANG HuiMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (7): 1333-1343.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.07.011 Abstract （242）   HTML （31）    PDF （960KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The effects of long-term fertilization on the distribution of organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TNOIC) of organo-mineral complexes in red paddy soil were studied, so as to provide a basis for long-term management and cultivation of soil fertility in red paddy soil. 【Method】 The red paddy soils in long-term fertilization experiment were studied (Since 1984), which included four treatments: no fertilization (CK), inorganic P and K fertilizers (PK), inorganic N, P and K fertilizers (NPK), and NPK plus manure (NPKM, 70%NPK plus 30% manure). Soil samples of 0-20 cm soil layer were collected, and the distribution of organo-mineral complexes at each particle level (<2 μm, 2-10 μm, 10-20 μm, 20-50 μm, and 50-250 μm) was analyzed. The effects of fertilization on the content, storage of organic carbon and total nitrogen as well as the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) were discussed. The effects of OC and TNOIC contents in organo-mineral complex on contribution rate of SOC and TN contents in red paddy soil were investigated too.【Result】 Compared with the CK treatment, the fertilization treatment significantly increased the particle size ratio of 20-50 μm and decreased the particle size ratio of <10 μm. Compared with other fertilization treatments, NPKM treatment increased the proportion of 50-250 μm grain size complex more significantly. Different fertilization treatments had different effects on the content of OC and TNOIC in grain size. Compared with PK, the content of OC and TNOIC in grain size from 50 μm to 250 μm under NPK treatment increased 36.3% and 80.6%, respectively. Compared with NPK, the content of OC and TNOIC in 50-250 μm granular complex increased by 35.4% and 19.5% under NPKM treatment, respectively. The OC and TNOIC storage of the organic and inorganic complexes were mainly distributed at the 10-20 μm particle level. And fertilization significantly reduced the storage of <2 μm particle-level complex OC and TNOIC, but increased the storage of OC and TNOIC at 20-50 μm particle-level. Compared with PK treatment, the OC storages of <2 μm and 50-250 μm particle-level complexes treated by NPK increased by 18.5% and 31.2%, respectively, and the storages of TNOIC increased by 18.8% and 73.7%, respectively. Compared with NPK, the NPKM treatment reduced the OC and TNOIC storages of the <2 μm particle-level complex by 25.6% and 27.4%, respectively, while OC and TNOIC storages of 50-250 μm particle-level complex increased by 56.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Fertilization significantly influenced the C/N ratio of 50-250 μm particles. Compared with PK, the C/N ratio of 50-250 μm fraction treated with NPK decreased by 24.6%; compared with NPK, the C/N ratio of 50-250 μm fraction treated with NPKM was increased by 13.4%. Fertilization significantly affected the contribution rate of organo-mineral complexes of each particle size to SOC and TN content. Compared with PK, the contribution rate of NPK treatment 50-250 μm particle-level complex to SOC and TN increased by 17.4% and 47.4%, respectively. Compared with NPK, the contribution rate of NPKM treatment 50-250 μm particle to SOC and TN were reduced by 39.5% and 32.8%, respectively.【Conclusion】 In red paddy soil, the long-term fertilization promoted the formation of large-grain organo-mineral complexes. The nitrogen input in the chemical fertilizers significantly increased the grain-level organic carbon, total nitrogen content and storage of the granular grade of 50-250 μm. The organo-mineral combined application was conducive to increasing the soil organic carbon content and the proportion of large-grain organo-mineral complexes, which was helping to preserve the inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application. Therefore, organic and inorganic compound application was an effective measure for long-term fertilization management of red paddy soils. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Incorporation Quantity on Soil Physical Characteristics of Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System in the Central Hilly Area of Sichuan Basin MA ShengLan, KUANG FuHong, LIN HongYu, CUI JunFang, TANG JiaLiang, ZHU Bo, PU QuanBo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (7): 1344-1358.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.07.012 Abstract （244）   HTML （35）    PDF （4839KB）（185）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of straw returning quantity on the soil physical characteristics and to establish a recycling model for planting by-products, so as to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of straw resources in the central hilly area of Sichuan basin.【Method】 Herein, based on long-term field trials (2006-present) using a combination of in situ monitoring and computed tomography microscanning (CT), the effects of different amounts of straw returned to the field (0 straw returned (RMW0), 30% straw returned (RMW30), 50% straw returned (RMW50), and 100% straw returned (RMW100)) on the physical characteristics at the cultivated soil layer of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were examined.【Result】 (1) Straw returned to the field could significantly improve soil permeability, water holding capacity and hydraulic conductivity, and the improving effect increased significantly with the amount of straw returned to the field. Compared with RMW0, soil bulk density under RMW30, RMW50, and RMW100 reduced significantly by 15.2%, 11.7%, and 17.9%, respectively; whereas, soil porosity under these treatments were significantly increased by 18.4%, 13.7%, and 21.3%, respectively. In addition, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of RMW100 treatment was as high as 1.62 mm·min-1, and the soil hydraulic conductivity was superior to other treatments. (2) Straw returning promoted the development of existing pores into larger ones and significantly improved pore uniformity and connectivity. The RMW100 and RMW50 treatments improved the macropore composition of the soil better than that under the RMW30 and RMW0 treatments. The average pore diameter of the RMW100 treatment tended to be larger and inter-pore connectivity was optimal. The homogeneity of the pores under the RMW50 treatment was significantly improved and the pore size distribution was more appropriate than that under other treatments. (3) Compared with RMW0 treatment, the number of >2 mm agglomerates increased significantly and the number of 0.25-2 mm agglomerates decreased significantly after straw returned to the field, which was beneficial to the formation of large soil water-stable agglomerates and promoted the transformation of medium to large agglomerates. Both RMW50 and RMW100 treatments improved significantly better than that under RMW30 treatment. (4) Principal components analysis showed soil bulk density, water-stable aggregate with diameter larger than 0.25 mm and large pore were the main indicators of the physical characteristics of cultivated soils in calcareous purple soils. The first and second principal components explained 57.8% and 23.6% of the physical properties of the soil, respectively. The physical characteristics under RMW50 and RMW100 treatments were close to each other, and showed significant divergence from the RMW0 and RMW30 treatments on the PC1 and PC2 axes. 【Conclusion】 On the basis of no significant difference of crop yield in the central hilly area of Sichuan basin, there were differences in the effects of different straw returning quantities on the physical properties of cultivated soil layer, with no significant differences between 50% and 100% straw returning effects, but significantly better than that of 30% and 0 of straw incorporation. The specific straw application rate should be selected according to the local conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Varieties of Phosphate Fertilizer Application on Soil Phosphorus Transformation and Phosphorus Uptake and Utilization of Winter Wheat WANG XiaoXuan, ZHANG Min, ZHANG XinYao, WEI Peng, CHAI RuShan, ZHANG ChaoChun, ZHANG LiangLiang, LUO LaiChao, GAO HongJian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (6): 1113-1126.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.06.008 Abstract （268）   HTML （35）    PDF （597KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Effects of different phosphorus (P) fertilizers application on soil P transformation as well as P uptake and utilization in wheat were investigated, so as to provide a theoretical basis for precise matching and efficient utilization of P fertilizer in soil - P fertilizer - crop system. 【Method】 The pot experiment was conducted in lime concretion black soil and red soil including six treatments: no P fertilizer (CK); application of calcium superphosphate (SSP), calcium magnesium phosphate (FMP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), calcium superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The relationship between the P transformation in rhizosphere as well as non-rhizosphere soils with P accumulation in wheat at the jointing and anthesis stages was analyzed. 【Result】 Soil Olsen-P concentration increased by 194%-662% after application of P fertilizer in lime concretion black soil. Soil Olsen-P concentration in wheat rhizosphere soil followed the order: APP, TSP, DAP, FMP, SSP, and CK. The H2O-P and NaHCO3-Pi concentration was significantly increased, whereas the Residual-P concentration was significantly reduced after phosphate fertilizer application. Both H2O-P and NaHCO3-Pi concentration was positively correlated with soil Olsen-P. At the jointing stage, in comparison to that of the control, TSP and APP application increased NaHCO3-Pi concentration by 41.0 and 36.0 mg·kg-1, respectively. For the red soil, soil Olsen-P concentration in rhizosphere soil increased by 84%-791% as P fertilizer was applied. And soil Olsen-P concentration under DAP and TSP treatments was significantly higher than that under other P fertilizer treatments. The NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi concentration increased by 275.2%-848.3% and 26.9%-58.3%, respectively, which was positively correlated with rhizosphere soil Olsen-P concentration. After P fertilizer application, the most significant effects were found under DAP and TSP treatments. At the jointing stage, there was a significant positive correlation between shoot P accumulation and soil Olsen-P concentration in lime concretion black soil and red soil. When soil Olsen-P concentration increased by 1 mg·kg-1, shoot P accumulation increased by 0.87 and 0.37 mg/pot respectively in lime concretion black soil and red soil. In lime concretion black soil, shoot P accumulation significantly increased by 15.44%-50.9% compared with the control as different P fertilizers addition, and the APP and TSP significantly increased shoot P accumulation and utilization efficiency in shoot than other P fertilizers. After P fertilizer application in red soil, shoot P accumulation and grain yield of wheat increased by 123.7%-643.9% and 75.5%-337.2%, respectively. The grain yield, shoot P accumulation and P utilization efficiency under TSP treatments were significantly higher than that under other P fertilizer treatments. 【Conclusion】 In lime concretion black soil, the concentration of H2O-P and NaHCO3-Pi was significantly increased after application of APP and TSP. In red soil, the NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi concentration was significantly increased after the application of DAP and TSP. Therefore, in order to increase wheat P efficiency, APP or DAP was recommended as a proper fertilizer in lime concretion black soil, while DAP or TSP was recommended as a proper P fertilizer in red soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Decomposition Characteristics of Straw and Organic Fertilizer Mixed Soil After Landfill in Typical Area LI DeJin, MA Xiang, SUN Yue, XU MingGang, DUAN YingHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (6): 1127-1138.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.06.009 Abstract （286）   HTML （26）    PDF （600KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Straw and manure are the main sources of organic materials in China, and rotary tillage is the main way of returning farmland. In this study, the characteristics and driving factors of their decomposition process in typical farmland soils in China were investigated to provide a scientific basis for better utilization of straw resources and rational application of manure. 【Method】 The landfill experiment of field organic material mixed with soil was carried out on a typical black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and red soil in China. Four treatments were set up: wheat straw plus soil (WS+Soil), maize straw plus soil (MS+Soil), pig manure plus soil (PM+Soil), and cow manure plus soil (CM+Soil). All the organic materials (8 g carbon) were mixed with 200 g of soil in a nylon mesh bag buried in soil, six samples were taken within one year after landfilling, once from 2 to 2.5 years after landfilling, and once in 3 years, then a total of eight samples were taken. The decomposition differences of organic materials in different mixtures were analyzed. The double exponential equation was used to clarify the proportion and decomposition rate of easy-to-decompose carbon pool and refractory organic carbon pool, and to clarify the fast decomposition rate, slow decomposition rate and accumulated temperature turning point of organic materials in each soil. The random forest model was used to quantify the relative contribution of material composition and environmental factors to the decomposition rate. 【Result】 The humification coefficient of straw pluil was ranged from 22% to 43%, and that of manure plus soil was ranged from 45% to 58%. The decomposition rate of manure plus soil was slower than straw plus soil, and there was little difference between regions. Besides, the decomposition of organic materials was accelerated from north to south, and the decomposition of straw was faster than that of organic fertilizers. The proportion of decomposable organic carbon poor of straw (70%-87%) was higher than that of organic fertilizer (57%-83%), and the decomposition rate of straw decomposable carbon pool k1 (1.0%·a-1-4.9%·a-1) was higher than that of organic fertilizer k1 ( 0.7%·a-1-1.1%·a-1). There was little difference in the turning point of accumulated temperature of straw in the three types of soil. Before 3 700℃, it was the stage of rapid decomposition, and then it was the stage of slow decomposition. On the other hand, the difference in accumulated temperature at the turning point of rapid decomposition and slow decomposition of organic fertilizer gradually increased from north to south, and the accumulated temperature at the turning point of organic fertilizer was 2-5 times higher that of straw. Soil accumulated temperature and soil organic carbon content were the main driving factors of mixed soil straw and organic fertilizer, contributing about 17% and 13% of the decomposition rate, respectively. In addition, the main driving factor for mixed soil straw was the ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen, but the main driving factor for mixed soil organic fertilizer was the time. 【Conclusion】 Straw returning to the field decomposed faster than organic fertilizer, and the high proportion of easily decomposable organic carbon pool with fast decomposition rate of straw was one of the main reasons for the difference. For straw, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was the main factor affecting its decomposition, and for organic fertilizer, it was time. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen of soil and material should be considered to regulate the decomposition of straw, and the long-term effect of organic fertilizer should be fully considered. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Fertilization Methods on Ammonia Volatilization of Spring Maize in Dry Farming on the Loess Plateau XU FangLei,ZHANG Jie,LI Yang,ZHANG WeiWei,BO QiFei,LI ShiQing,YUE ShanChao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (12): 2360-2371.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.12.008 Abstract （306）   HTML （47）    PDF （1319KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 A two-year on-farm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization application methods and nitrogen application rates on soil ammonia volatilization of spring maize in dry farming on the Loess Plateau. 【Method】The split zone test design was adopted in the experiment, the main factor included three nitrogen application rates of 0, 180 and 300 kg·hm-2 (namely N0, N180 and N300, respectively), and the sub-factors included three fertilization methods of solid granular urea one-time basal fertilization (UR), solid granular urea basal and top-dress fertilization (URT, 40% as basal fertilizer and 60% as top-dressing at 10 leaf stage), and common urea and controlled-release urea mixed in one-time basal application (CRU). Sponge absorption ventilation method was used for in-situ determination. 【Result】 (1) As for the ammonia volatilization after basal fertilizer, the three fertilization methods all showed the peak value of ammonia volatilization, and the peak value of ammonia volatilization under UR treatment was higher than that of the other two fertilization methods, especially under the condition of high nitrogen application rate. For the ammonia volatilization after topdressing, only the URT treatment showed the peak value, which was higher than that after basal fertilizer. (2) The accumulation of ammonia volatilization increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the accumulation of ammonia volatilization under URT treatment was the highest (2.88-36.84 kg·hm-2), which was mainly concentrated in the top dressing period (72.24%-90.4% of the whole growth period). The second was UR treatment (1.08-10.07 kg·hm-2), while the cumulative ammonia volatilization under CRU treatment was the lowest (0.96-5.69 kg·hm-2). 3. The interaction between nitrogen application rate and fertilization method on ammonia volatilization was very significant. The annual difference of ammonia volatilization emission was mainly influenced by rainfall after fertilization. 【Conclusion】For spring maize covered with film in dry farming in northwest China, CRU could reduce both the artificial input of topdressing and the loss of ammonia volatilization, which could be used as a green fertilization method worthy of promotion in this area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soil Available Sulfur Content in Jilin Province and Its Correlation with Soil Organic Matter and Soil Total Nitrogen CUI Shuai,LIU ShuoRan,WANG Yin,XIA ChenZhen,YAN Li,FENG GuoZhong,GAO Qiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (12): 2372-2383.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.12.009 Abstract （291）   HTML （41）    PDF （4439KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to clarify the status of effective sulfur content of dryland soils in Jilin province and its distribution differences, so as to provide a basis for reasonable sulfur application to regional crops.【Method】232 surface (0-20 cm) soil samples were collected from 8 major soil types in different ecological zones of Jilin province, and the spatial distribution characteristics of effective sulfur content were analyzed by geostatistical methods to compare the differences in effective sulfur content of different types of soils and to establish the correlation between effective sulfur, organic matter and total nitrogen in soils.【Result】 The distribution of effective sulfur content in dryland soils of Jilin Province ranged from 5.8 to 40.7 mg·kg-1, with a mean value of 18.06 mg·kg-1. The proportions of sulfur deficiency and potential sulfur deficiency in all samples were 27.2% and 20.7%, respectively. The spatial distribution showed that the overall trend of effective soil sulfur content gradually decreased from east to west, and the corresponding incidence of sulfur deficiency gradually increased from east to west. The mean values of soil effective sulfur content (incidence of sulfur deficiency or potential sulfur deficiency) in the three major ecological zones of east, central and west were 22.3 mg·kg-1 (24.2%), 18.1 mg·kg-1 (40.0%) and 14.3 mg·kg-1 (75.6%), respectively. The mean values of effective sulfur content of albic soil and dark brown loam, which were mainly distributed in Eastern humid mountainous area, were 22.1 and 22.0 mg·kg-1, respectively, and 15.2% and 28.3% of the samples were sulfur deficient or potentially sulfur deficient, respectively; the mean values of effective sulfur content of black soil, alluvial soil and meadow soil in the central semi-humid plain area were 18.8, 17.1 and 16.2 mg·kg-1, respectively. The mean values of effective sulfur content of chernozem, aeolian sandy soil and saline-alkali soil in the western semi-arid plain area were 11.9, 14.0 and 13.9 mg·kg-1, respectively, with higher risk of sulfur deficiency or potential sulfur deficiency, accounting for 73.6%, 73.3% and 75.5% of the samples, respectively. The regression analysis results showed that the effective sulfur in dryland soils of Jilin province was significantly logarithmically correlated with soil total nitrogen and soil organic matter, and the effective sulfur content of soil increased with the increase of soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen content. 【Conclusion】 The effective sulfur content of dryland soils in Jilin province varied significantly among regions and soil types, and the sulfur deficiency was more common, especially in aeolian sandy soil, saline-alkali soil and chernozem in the central and western regions, where the risk of sulfur deficiency was higher, so the sulfur supplementation should be emphasized in soil fertilization and crop management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Intercropping of Maize with Hairy Vetch Root Returning to Field on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction LU BingLin,CHE ZongXian,ZHANG JiuDong,BAO XingGuo,WU KeSheng,YANG RuiJu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (12): 2384-2397.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.12.010 Abstract （288）   HTML （36）    PDF （567KB）（122）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Effects of long-term intercropping hairy vetch and its stubble returning on maize yield and nitrogen fertilizer contribution rate under nitrogen fertilizer reduction were studied, in order to provide a scientific basis for nitrogen fertilizer substitution and nitrogen resource efficient management in maize/hairy vetch intercropping system.【Method】The field experiment was carried out from 2014 to 2019 at scientific observing and experimental station of arable land conservation and agriculture environment of Gansu Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs. The monocropping maize treatment was set under the levels of no fertilization and conventional nitrogen fertilization, the intercropping system of maize with hairy vetch were set under 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 0% of conventional nitrogen application levels, and there were 7 treatments with 3 replicates in a field experiment by using a randomized block design. The changes of crop yield, economic benefits, partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer contribution rate were studied in long-term intercropping of maize with hairy vetch under different nitrogen fertilizer reductions.【Result】The long-term intercropping system of maize with hairy vetch and hairy vetch stubble returning had the obvious advantage for increasing maize yield, the yield increase advantage increased with the lengthening of intercropping years. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilization, the hay yield of hairy vetch could be increased by 2 273.2 kg·hm-2 under the condition of ensuring stable maize grain yield, the total profit was 29 686 yuan/hm2 and increased by 0.9%, and the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were significantly increased by 20.7% and 14.7%, respectively, in the long-term intercropping system of maize with hairy vetch and hairy vetch stubble returning under the condition of reduced 20% nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilization, although the maize grain yield was significantly reduced by 7.7%, the hay yield of hairy vetch could be increased by 2 319.34 kg·hm-2, and the total profit was 28 652 yuan/hm2, which was equivalent to that of conventional nitrogen fertilization, while the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were significantly increased by 31.8% and 16.3%, respectively, in the long-term intercropping system of maize with hairy vetch and hairy vetch stubble returning under the condition of reduced 30% nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilization, although the hay yield of hairy vetch could be increased by 2 303.09 kg·hm-2, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were significantly increased by 48.8% and 23.8%, respectively; however, the maize grain yield was significantly decreased by 10.7%, and the total profit was only 27 929 yuan/hm2, which was significantly lower than that of conventional nitrogen fertilization in the long-term intercropping system of maize with hairy vetch and hairy vetch stubble returning under the condition of reduced 40% nitrogen fertilizer.【Conclusion】If only maize grain yield was considered, 20% chemical nitrogen fertilizer could be substituted, and if total output value of maize and hairy vetch was considered, 30% chemical nitrogen fertilizer could be substituted, in maize/hairy vetch intercropping and hairy vetch stubble returning for 9 years under nitrogen fertilizer reduction in the production process of maize in Hexi oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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