Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (3): 507-519.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.008

• SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of Long-Term Mulching Practices on Maize Yield, Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions and Indexes Related to Carbon and Nitrogen Pool on the Loess Plateau

ZHANG FangFang1,2(), SONG QiLong2, GAO Na2,4, BAI Ju2,3, LI Yang2,3, YUE ShanChao2,*(), LI ShiQing2,*()   

  1. 1 College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan
    2 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
    3 Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031
    4 Carbon Neutrality Research Center, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035
  • Received:2024-02-05 Accepted:2024-04-29 Online:2025-02-01 Published:2025-02-11
  • Contact: YUE ShanChao, LI ShiQing

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Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of long-term mulching practices on crop yield, soil carbon and nitrogen physical fractions and carbon and nitrogen pool-related indexes, with a view to providing a scientific basis for long-term maintenance of high crop yields and soil fertility in dry-crop farmlands on the Loess Plateau. 【Method】 Based on a field experiment of more than 10 years in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, three treatments of no mulching (CK), gravel mulching (GM) and film mulching (FM) were set up. From 2018 to 2020, in situ soil samples in the 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers were collected, and soil samples from each soil layer were grouped by using the physical method. The variation characteristics were investigated, including spring maize yield, and soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), mineral-bound organic carbon (MAOC) and mineral-associated organic nitrogen (MAON) in each soil layer. Based on carbon pool management index (CPMI), nitrogen pool management index (NPMI), and carbon stability index (CSI), the nitrogen stability index (NSI). Combined with correlation analysis, the relationships between the yields and the soil carbon and nitrogen fractions and the related indexes were clarified. 【Result】Compared with CK treatment, the GM treatment showed a decrease in yield, with a 5.8% decrease in mean yield, while the FM treatment continued to increase yield, with a significant 13.6% increase in mean yield. The mean SOC and TN content of the topsoil (0-20 cm) were decreased under both the GM and FM treatments compared with CK treatment, with a significant reduction of 7.3% in the mean SOC content of the topsoil under FM treatment, while it was not significant under GM treatment. Both GM and FM treatments significantly decreased mean POC and PON content in the topsoil and significantly increased MAOC and MAON content in the topsoil compared to CK treatment, i.e. long-term mulching practices significantly decreased labile carbon and nitrogen contents in the topsoil and significantly increased recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen content in the topsoil. Compared with CK treatment, the GM treatment significantly decreased CPMI in the topsoil and significantly increased CSI in the topsoil, whereas the FM treatment significantly decreased CPMI and NPMI and significantly increased CSI and NSI in the topsoil, indicating that the GM treatment significantly increased carbon pool stability of the topsoil, whereas the FM treatment significantly increased both carbon pool stability and nitrogen pool stability of the topsoil. Correlation analyses showed that in addition to POC and MAOC being related to carbon pool indexes, POC was also closely related to NPMI and NSI, while MAOC was also closely related to yield and NPMI. 【Conclusion】Long-term film mulching maintained high crop yields and improved the stability of soil carbon and nitrogen pools, but it reduced topsoil fertility and could be made more sustainable by combining it with other measures to replenish soil organic matter.

Key words: long-term mulching practices, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, mineral-associated organic carbon, recalcitrant organic carbon fraction, indexes related to carbon and nitrogen pools, maize yield

Fig. 1

The average monthly temperature and average monthly precipitation during maize growing season of spring maize from 2018 to 2020"

Fig. 2

Spring maize yield in 2018-2020 under long-term mulching practices"

Fig. 3

SOC and TN content of different soil layers in 2018-2020 under long-term mulching practices Different lowercase letters mean significant differences between treatments in the same soil layer (P<0.05). The same as below"

Fig. 4

POC and MAOC content in different soil layers in 2018-2020 under long-term mulching practices"

Fig. 5

PON and MAON content in different soil layers in 2018-2020 under long-term mulching practices"

Table 1

The CPMI and NPMI under long-term mulching practices"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020 平均值Mean
碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 氮库管理
指数
NPMI		 碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 氮库管理
指数
NPMI		 碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 氮库管理
指数
NPMI		 碳库管理
指数
CPMI		 氮库管理
指数
NPMI
0-20 CK 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a
GM 81.15a 54.83a 50.81b 63.78a 56.35b 90.98ab 60.64b 73.59ab
FM 71.81a 63.71a 30.01b 58.34a 38.22c 75.23b 42.64b 66.55b
20-40 CK 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a
GM 106.59a 72.4a 96a 54.02b 93.8a 98.27a 77.79a 76.92a
FM 118.69a 112.31a 186.49a 73.06ab 64.26a 71.25b 83.14a 77.29a
40-60 CK 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a 100a
GM 115.96a 81.07a 299.75a 145.64a 111.64a 80.93a 119.13a 92.94a
FM 111.32a 126.78a 229.10a 163.66a 91.41a 94.40a 106.88a 110.41a

Table 2

The CSI and NSI under long-term mulching practices"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020 平均值Mean
碳库稳定
性指数
CSI		 氮库稳定
性指数
NSI		 碳库稳定
性指数
CSI		 氮库稳定
性指数
NSI		 碳库稳定
性指数
CSI		 氮库稳定
性指数
NSI		 碳库稳定
性指数
CSI		 氮库稳定
性指数
NSI
0-20 CK 1.92a 4.49b 1.10a 2.55a 1.41b 2.40a 1.43b 2.95b
GM 2.62a 9.04a 2.34a 4.21a 2.54ab 2.62a 2.40a 4.19ab
FM 2.77a 7.53ab 5.90a 4.85a 3.57a 3.01a 3.59a 4.43a
20-40 CK 3.66a 8.99a 4.44a 3.92b 2.31a 2.34b 2.92a 3.94a
GM 3.83a 14.07a 6.46a 7.81a 2.93a 2.14b 3.86a 5.00a
FM 4.60a 8.73a 4.06a 5.62ab 3.59a 3.15a 3.79a 4.94a
40-60 CK 5.40a 14.39a 22.59a 15.78a 3.23a 3.14a 5.45a 7.16a
GM 5.70a 19.49a 7.50a 11.52a 3.20a 3.74a 4.69a 7.80a
FM 5.76a 14.13a 20.04a 10.23a 4.37a 3.52a 5.39a 6.60a

Fig. 6

Correlations between yield and SOC, TN and their fractions, carbon and nitrogen pool-related indexes in the topsoil under long-term mulching practices ***, ** and * in the figure indicate significance levels P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively"

Fig. 7

Schematic diagram of the potential mechanism of MAOC replenish labile organic carbon fractions for increasing crop yield The difference in the thickness of the arrows indicates the difference amount in the conversion"

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