基于多目标综合评价的苹果水氮综合调控

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the comprehensive impact of integrated drip irrigation and nitrogen regulation on the growth, physiology, water-nitrogen utilization efficiency, yield, and fruit quality of apple trees in northern semi-arid regions, and to determine the optimal water-nitrogen regulatory system. 【Method】 The experimental design involved two regulatory factors: irrigation and fertilizer application. Three irrigation levels were set up, representing 75%-90% (W1), 60%-75% (W2), and 45%-60% (W3) of field water capacity, respectively. Four fertilizer application levels were set, with N-P₂O₅-K₂O of 18-12-6 g/plant (F1), 15-12-6 g/plant (F2), 12-12-6 g/plant (F3), and 9-12-6 g/plant (F4). The study analyzed the effects of different water-nitrogen treatments on the growth and physiological indicators, water-fertilizer utilization efficiency, dry matter, yield, and fruit quality of apple trees. With the objectives of water and fertilizer saving, as well as high yield and high quality, a comprehensive evaluation model was established by combining the AHP-CRITIC combination weight method and the TOPSIS model. 【Result】 Water-fertilizer coupling produced highly significant effects on plant growth, chlorophyll content (SPAD), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fertilizer partial productivity (PFP), fruit weight and yield of apple trees, and significant effects on basal stem growth. Under different water-fertilizer coupling treatments, the moderate deficit of irrigation and nitrogen application treatments were more favorable to increase plant growth, basal stem growth, leaf area, dry matter, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), water productivity (WP), IWUE, FPP, and fruit weight of apple trees, and their maximums occurred in the F2W2 treatment. The SPAD, photosynthesis rate, and transpiration rate of apple trees increased with increasing amounts of irrigation and nitrogen, but the moderate deficit of irrigation and nitrogen application treatments had no significant effect on physiological indices, with the F1W2 and F2W1 treatments decreasing by only 3.5%, 3.1%, 7.7%, and 3.5%, 3.1%, and 3.8%, respectively, compared with F1W1. The AHP-CRITIC combination was used to determine the combination weights of the indicators, in which the weight of yield was the largest, amounting to 0.406, followed by vitamin C. The TOPSIS algorithm was used to construct a comprehensive multi-objective evaluation system for apples, and the result was that the comprehensive score under the F2W2 treatment was the highest, amounting to 0.8974, with the F1W2 and F2W1 treatments coming next, and the F4W3 treatment had the lowest score of 0.0177. The established interaction response model of coupled water and fertilizer in apples shows that the effects of both irrigation and fertilizer application on the composite score of apple growth were parabolic lines with downward opening. The apple growth composite scores showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing irrigation or fertilizer application, which was consistent with the diminishing reward effect, i.e., irrigation and nitrogen application exceeding a certain range and then continuing to increase would lead to a decrease in composite scores, which was not obvious for the improvement of apple growth. When the fertilizer application coded value X₁ was 0.681 and the irrigation coded value X₂ was 0.488, the highest apple composite score was 0.923, i.e., the fertilizer application rate was 34.56 g·plant^-1 (N-P₂O₅-K₂O: 16.56-12-6 g/plant), and the irrigation rate was controlled at 82.3% of field water capacity, so this irrigation and fertilizer application treatment was the most desirable for the growth of apples. 【Conclusion】 The comprehensive evaluation system constructed using the AHP-CRITIC-TOPSIS method could effectively determine the optimal water and nitrogen regulation system for apples, which provided a theoretical and practical basis for the actual production of apple orchards in northern semi-arid regions.

Key words: apple, growth physiology, drip irrigation, water and fertilizer utilization, integrated evaluation model, water and nitrogen regulation

ZHOU HanMi, MA LinShuang, SUN QiLi, CHEN JiaGeng, LI JiChen, SU YuMin, CHEN Cheng, WU Qi. Optimization of Integrated Water and Nitrogen Regulation System in Apple Based on Multi-Objective Comprehensive Evaluation[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(18): 3654-3670.

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Figures/Tables 12

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Table 1

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Table 8

Apple composite indexes calculated based on TOPSIS method and their ranking"

处理 Treatment	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C21	C22	C23	C24	C31
F1W1	0.1057	0.1062	0.1031	0.0908	0.0949	0.0949	0.0834	0.0797	0.1004	0.0989	0.0936
F1W2	0.1104	0.1099	0.1112	0.0877	0.0920	0.0876	0.0876	0.0920	0.1172	0.1003	0.0942
F1W3	0.0675	0.0588	0.0699	0.0805	0.0822	0.0811	0.0845	0.0928	0.0500	0.0343	0.0760
F2W1	0.1095	0.1222	0.1159	0.0876	0.0920	0.0913	0.0839	0.0820	0.0999	0.1076	0.0966
F2W2	0.1206	0.1297	0.1205	0.0828	0.0884	0.0840	0.0878	0.1002	0.1241	0.1161	0.1025
F2W3	0.0639	0.0607	0.0701	0.0795	0.0802	0.0787	0.0850	0.0928	0.0514	0.0385	0.0761
F3W1	0.0874	0.0983	0.0807	0.0874	0.0872	0.0891	0.0816	0.0731	0.0945	0.1121	0.0862
F3W2	0.0911	0.0949	0.0892	0.0824	0.0838	0.0819	0.0854	0.0847	0.1123	0.1151	0.0865
F3W3	0.0550	0.0467	0.0599	0.0785	0.0734	0.0750	0.0816	0.0851	0.0460	0.0379	0.0696
F4W1	0.0743	0.0786	0.0749	0.0845	0.0808	0.0869	0.0776	0.0696	0.0870	0.1145	0.0822
F4W2	0.0671	0.0605	0.0614	0.0816	0.0754	0.0771	0.0816	0.0750	0.0786	0.0895	0.0768
F4W3	0.0475	0.0336	0.0431	0.0768	0.0696	0.0724	0.0801	0.0731	0.0386	0.0351	0.0598
处理 Treatment	C32	C41	C42	C43	C44	C45	C46	D+	D-	贴近度 Closest degree	排序 Rankings
F1W1	0.1131	0.0913	0.0922	0.0871	0.0829	0.0906	0.0880	0.2075	0.8567	0.8050	4
F1W2	0.1148	0.0970	0.0941	0.0851	0.0868	0.0906	0.0894	0.1241	0.8967	0.8784	2
F1W3	0.0391	0.0777	0.0714	0.0831	0.0837	0.0854	0.0803	0.8298	0.2408	0.2249	10
F2W1	0.1129	0.0924	0.0903	0.0851	0.0884	0.0843	0.0883	0.1674	0.8662	0.8380	3
F2W2	0.1217	0.0998	0.0910	0.0851	0.0913	0.0838	0.0883	0.1115	0.9758	0.8974	1
F2W3	0.0404	0.0760	0.0738	0.0821	0.0887	0.0824	0.0779	0.8167	0.2753	0.2521	9
F3W1	0.1068	0.0869	0.0875	0.0841	0.0800	0.0818	0.0857	0.3218	0.7638	0.7036	6
F3W2	0.1098	0.0883	0.0896	0.0831	0.0829	0.0807	0.0863	0.2705	0.8023	0.7478	5
F3W3	0.0361	0.0681	0.0689	0.0811	0.0794	0.0791	0.0768	0.9053	0.1197	0.1168	11
F4W1	0.0982	0.0829	0.0882	0.0831	0.0786	0.0815	0.0841	0.4034	0.6760	0.6263	7
F4W2	0.0769	0.0755	0.0854	0.0821	0.0802	0.0807	0.0810	0.5523	0.4703	0.4599	8
F4W3	0.0301	0.0642	0.0679	0.0790	0.0770	0.0789	0.0738	0.9935	0.0180	0.0177	12

Table 8

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment	灌水处理 Irrigation treatment	植株生长量 Plant growth (cm)	基茎生长量 Basal stem growth (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (m²/plant)	叶绿素含量 Chlorophyll content (SPAD)	净光合速率 Photosynthetic rate (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)
F1	W1	76.35±12.66ab	5.53±1.27ab	0.534±0.115abcd	62.59±0.30a	39.26±1.24a	8.60±0.17a
	W2	79.80±11.6ab	5.72±1.16ab	0.576±0.119abc	60.43±0.34b	38.06±0.87ab	7.94±0.13abc
	W3	48.75±7.85cd	3.06±0.40cde	0.362±0.053cde	55.50±0.25ef	33.99±1.05cde	7.35±0.10cde
F2	W1	79.10±12.45ab	6.36±1.39a	0.600±0.159ab	60.37±0.30b	38.05±1.18ab	8.27±0.30ab
	W2	87.15±10.54a	6.75±1.41a	0.624±0.146a	57.08±0.37d	36.56±1.59abc	7.61±0.36bcd
	W3	46.20±8.34cd	3.16±0.32cde	0.363±0.081cde	54.77±0.63fg	33.15±0.69cde	7.13±0.16def
F3	W1	63.15±8.84bc	5.12±1.05abc	0.418±0.03abcde	60.23±0.17b	36.04±0.63abc	8.07±0.25abc
	W2	65.80±13.58abc	4.94±0.95abc	0.462±0.033abcd	56.78±0.56d	34.67±1.28bcd	7.42±0.32cde
	W3	39.75±6.29d	2.43±0.29de	0.310±0.089de	54.12±0.29g	30.35±2.48ef	6.79±0.51ef
F4	W1	53.65±5.02cd	4.09±0.30bcd	0.388±0.054bcde	58.23±0.13c	33.41±1.09cde	7.87±0.25bc
	W2	48.50±3.82cd	3.15±0.51cde	0.318±0.042de	56.25±0.61de	31.20±2.93def	6.98±0.29def
	W3	34.30±4.95d	1.75±0.21e	0.223±0.105e	52.95±0.37h	28.78±2.69f	6.56±0.46f
显著性检验（F） Test of significance (F value)
施肥 Fertilizer		33.427**	22.050*	16.607*	1431.822**	48.317**	24.115*
灌水 Irrigation		167.102**	27.914*	1476.879**	1204.190**	92.922*	770.439**
施肥×灌水 Fertilizer×Irrigation		14.340**	8.294*	2.058	37.038**	0.736	0.741

施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment	灌水处理 Irrigation treatment	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (μmol·mmol^-1)	水分生产率 Water productivity (kg·m^-3)	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (kg·m^-3)	肥料偏生产力 Fertilizer partial productivity (kg·kg^-1)
F1	W1	4.57±0.05cde	2.06±0.05def	2.03±0.25abc	6.45±0.8ab
	W2	4.80±0.04ab	2.38±0.13bc	2.37±0.16ab	6.54±0.47ab
	W3	4.63±0.08abcd	2.40±0.06ab	1.01±0.34d	2.24±0.76c
F2	W1	4.60±0.03bcd	2.12±0.06de	2.02±0.16abc	7.02±0.54ab
	W2	4.81±0.02a	2.59±0.06a	2.51±0.18a	7.57±0.52a
	W3	4.66±0.01abcd	2.40±0.14ab	1.04±0.27d	2.51±0.64c
F3	W1	4.47±0.06de	1.89±0.04fg	1.91±0.08bc	7.31±0.32a
	W2	4.68±0.03abc	2.19±0.09cd	2.27±0.25ab	7.51±0.82a
	W3	4.47±0.03de	2.20±0.06cd	0.93±0.26d	2.47±0.70c
F4	W1	4.25±0.01f	1.80±0.03g	1.76±0.07c	7.47±0.30a
	W2	4.47±0.23de	1.94±0.13efg	1.59±0.16c	5.84±0.58b
	W3	4.39±0.11ef	1.89±0.06fg	0.78±0.16d	2.29±0.49c
显著性检验（F） Test of significance (F value)
施肥 Fertilizer		10.067*	35.840**	39.757**	29.319*
灌水 Irrigation		19.489*	61.777*	243.075**	2180.847**
施肥×灌水 Fertilizer×Irrigation		0.590	4.063	17.687**	16.382**

施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment	灌水处理 Irrigation treatment	干物质量 Dry matter (g/plant)	产量 Yield (g/plant)
F1	W1	235.30±5.90b	232.09±28.67ab
	W2	236.72±12.88b	235.53±16.72ab
	W3	191.06±4.94de	80.30±27.27d
F2	W1	242.83±6.35ab	231.70±17.76ab
	W2	257.81±6.45a	249.61±17.20a
	W3	191.32±11.41de	82.88±20.97d
F3	W1	216.75±4.07c	219.20±9.65ab
	W2	217.51±8.96c	225.34±24.66ab
	W3	174.98±5.32e	74.07±20.99d
F4	W1	206.55±3.15cd	201.52±8.27b
	W2	193.02±13.27de	157.68±15.80c
	W3	150.22±5.42f	61.83±13.34d
显著性检验（F） Test of significance (F value)
施肥 Fertilizer		32.684**	39.664**
灌水 Irrigation		374.321**	2672.690**
施肥×灌水 Fertilizer×Irrigation		3.439	17.358**

施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment	灌水处理 Irrigation treatment		单果重 Fruit weight (g)		着色指数 Color index		果形指数 Fruit shape index	维生素C Vitamin C (mg·100g^-1)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (%)	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio
F1	W1		76.47±6.93ab		2.63±0.106a		0.86±0.04a	3.13±0.16abcd	7.05±0.02a	20.66±0.81a
	W2		81.24±7.36a		2.69±0.16a		0.84±0.04ab	3.28±0.12abc	7.05±0.05a	20.99±0.11a
	W3		65.09±7bcd		2.04±0.11b		0.82±0.03ab	3.16±0.11abcd	6.64±0.37ab	18.86±0.95bcd
F2	W1		77.39±7.45ab		2.58±0.06a		0.84±0.04ab	3.34±0.15ab	6.56±0.2bc	20.74±0.75a
	W2		83.65±6.72a		2.60±0.19a		0.84±0.02ab	3.45±0.16a	6.52±0.28bc	20.72±0.86a
	W3		63.64±6.24bcd		2.11±0.11b		0.81±0.02ab	3.35±0.13a	6.41±0.26bc	18.29±0.52cde
F3	W1		72.84±6.8ab		2.50±0.13a		0.83±0.03ab	3.02±0.12bcd	6.36±0.23bc	20.11±1.01ab
	W2		73.97±6.72ab		2.56±0.11a		0.82±0.02ab	3.13±0.12abcd	6.28±0.03bc	20.26±0.44ab
	W3		57.06±3.08cd		1.97±0.08b		0.80±0.01ab	3.00±0.15cd	6.15±0.18bc	18.03±0.37de
F4	W1		69.48±2.93abc		2.52±0.2a		0.82±0.02ab	2.97±0.15cd	6.34±0.14bc	19.74±0.78abc
	W2		63.25±3.15bcd		2.44±0.12a		0.81±0.03ab	3.03±0.08bcd	6.28±0.21bc	19.02±0.23bcd
	W3		53.80±1.99d		1.94±0.28b		0.78±0.01b	2.91±0.11d	6.14±0.07c	17.33±0.02e
显著性检验（F） Test of significance (F value)
施肥 Fertilizer		17.677*		6.402		9.327*		320.509**	56.243**	33.773**
灌水 Irrigation		218.780**		1351.803**		10.790		42.431*	12.447	56.632*
施肥×灌水Fertilizer×Irrigation		21.229**		1.352		2.804		1.740	0.653	1.358

	局部权重值 Local weight	最终权重值 Ultimate weight	一致性检验参数 Consistency test parameter
目标层C Target layer C	0.1221	0.1221	CR=0.0284<0.1 λ_max =4.0758
	0.0526	0.0526
	0.4297	0.4297
	0.3956	0.3956
准则层C1 Criteria layers C1	0.0429	0.0052	CR=0.0172<0.1 λ_max =6.1085
	0.053	0.0065
	0.1619	0.0198
	0.3372	0.0412
	0.3194	0.0390
	0.0855	0.0104
准则层C2 Criteria layers C2	0.0837	0.0044	CR=0.0077<0.1 λ_max =4.0206
	0.2279	0.0120
	0.5021	0.0264
	0.1863	0.0098
准则层C3 Criteria layers C3	0.2000	0.0859	CR=0<0.1 λ_max =2
准则层C3 Criteria layers C3	0.8000	0.3438	CR=0<0.1 λ_max =2
准则层C4 Criteria layers C4	0.2779	0.1099	CR=0.0094<0.1 λ_max =6.0595
	0.0637	0.0252
	0.0737	0.0292
	0.3030	0.1199
	0.1398	0.0553
	0.1420	0.0562

Optimization of Integrated Water and Nitrogen Regulation System in Apple Based on Multi-Objective Comprehensive Evaluation

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施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment (N-P₂O₅-K₂O g/plant)		灌水处理Irrigation treatment
施肥处理 Fertilizer treatment (N-P₂O₅-K₂O g/plant)		W1	W2	W3
F1	18-12-6	75%-90%θ_f	60%-75%θ_f	45%-60%θ_f
F2	15-12-6
F3	12-12-6
F4	9-12-6

准则层 Criteria layer	指标层 Index layer	主观权重值 Subjective weighting values（AHP）	客观权重值 Objective weight values (CRITIC)	组合权重值 Combined weight values
准则层C1 Criteria layers C1	植株生长量 Plant growth (C11)	0.0052	0.0590	0.0052
	基茎生长量 Basal stem growth (C12)	0.0065	0.0529	0.0058
	叶面积 Leaf area (C13)	0.0198	0.0489	0.0163
	叶绿素 Chlorophyll content (C14)	0.0412	0.0537	0.0373
	光合速率 Photosynthetic rate (C15)	0.0390	0.0458	0.0301
	蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate (C16)	0.0104	0.0517	0.0091
准则层C2 Criteria layers C2	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (C21)	0.0044	0.0364	0.0027
	水分生产率 Water productivity (C22)	0.0120	0.0628	0.0127
	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency (C23)	0.0264	0.0633	0.0282
	肥料偏生产力 Fertilizer partial productivity (C24)	0.0098	0.0845	0.0140
准则层C3 Criteria layers C3	干物质量 Dry matter (C31)	0.0859	0.0386	0.0559
准则层C3 Criteria layers C3	产量 Yield (C32)	0.3438	0.0701	0.4063
准则层C4 Criteria layers C4	单果重 Fruit weight (C41)	0.1099	0.0478	0.0885
	着色指数 Color index (C42)	0.0252	0.0611	0.0260
	果形指数 Fruit shape index (C43)	0.0292	0.0337	0.0166
	维生素C Vitamin C (C44)	0.1199	0.0625	0.1262
	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (C45)	0.0553	0.0850	0.0792
	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio (C46)	0.0562	0.0425	0.0402

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