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Regulatory of Exogenous Melatonin on Floret Development and Carbon Nutrient Metabolism in Winter Wheat Under Drought Stress ZHANG Rong, LIU LinRu, FU KaiXia, WU ZiJun, SONG YiFan, WANG LuYuan, HOU GeGe, HE Li, FENG Wei, DUAN JianZhao, WANG YongHua, GUO TianCai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4644-4657.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.006 Abstract （187）   HTML （12）    PDF （1512KB）（673）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on floret development and carbon nutrient metabolism in winter wheat under drought stress. 【Method】 Two soil water conditions (drought stress treatment: D, and normal moisture treatment: W) were set up using multi-spike variety Yumai 49-198 and large-spike variety Zhoumai 22 as experimental wheat materials, with foliar spraying 100 μmol·L-1 exogenous melatonin (MT) and clear water control (CK) before the peak of floret degradation (about 20 days after jointing) in 2021-2023, focusing on the effects of exogenous melatonin on the number and morphological characteristics of floret development, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, sucrose content and its metabolic enzyme activities of top spread leaves, and yield component factors of winter wheat under drought stress. 【Result】 The drought stress led to an increase in floret degradation and abortion in wheat, while spraying exogenous melatonin could effectively reduce floret degradation and abortion, and increase number of fertile florets of the two varieties, but could not completely counteract the negative effect of drought stress; exogenous melatonin also showed positive regulatory effect on normal water treatments of the two varieties. Spraying exogenous melatonin could effectively increase SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, carbon metabolism- related enzyme activities of top spread leaves and spike sucrose content of the two varieties under drought stress and normal water treatment, and the increase range was higher in drought treatment than in normal water treatment; exogenous melatonin decreased sucrose content of stem and leaf organs of both varieties under drought stress, but the opposite was true under normal water treatment. Spraying exogenous melatonin significantly increased grain number per spike of two varieties under two moisture treatments, compared with no-spraying MT treatment, the grain number per spike of Yumai 49-198 with spraying MT treatment increased by 19.12% (D) and 6.65% (W), respectively; the grain number per spike of Zhoumai 22 with spraying MT treatment increased by 21.57% (D) and 8.73% (W), respectively; spraying MT showed some regulation effect on spike number and thousand grain weight of the two varieties under the same water treatment, but did not reach a significant level. Compared the differences between two varieties, the regulatory effect of spraying melatonin was overall higher in the large-spike variety Zhoumai 22 than in the multiple-spike variety Yumai 49-198. 【Conclusion】 Spraying exogenous melatonin before the peak of floret degradation could effectively increase the SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and carbon metabolism-related enzyme activities of top spread leaves in wheat, and promote synthesis of photosynthesis products and the distribution and transportation of sucrose from stem and leaf nutrient organs to spike organ, which could provide sufficient nutrient security for the development of florets to increase number of fertile florets, thereby increasing grain number per spike, and the regulating effect on the large-spike variety of Zhoumai 22 was more pronounced. The results of this study provided the theoretical basis and technical support for increasing grain number per spike, stabilizing yield and reducing disaster under drought stress through the application of exogenous melatonin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation Effects of Line-Spacing Expansion and Row-Spacing Shrinkage on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation and Transport of Summer Maize Under High Plant Density SHI DeYang, LI YanHong, WANG FeiFei, XIA DeJun, JIAO YanLin, SUN NiNa, ZHAO Jian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4658-4672.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.007 Abstract （165）   HTML （16）    PDF （681KB）（140）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to explore the effect of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and transport under high-density planting conditions, and to clarify the optimal allocations of row-spacing, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the further increase of grain yield in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region.【Method】 For two consecutive maize growing seasons in 2019-2020, under the planting density of 82 500 plants/hm2, a field comparison experiment was conducted with 5 equidistant row, including 60 cm (B1), 65 cm (B2), 70 cm (B3), 75 cm (B4) and 80 cm (B5), and 2 summer maize varieties, including Denghai 518 (DH518) and Denghai 605 (DH605). The effects of line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage on maize yield and its constituent factors, dry matter accumulation, distribution and transport, nutrient absorption and transport were studied, and the correlation between dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorption and yield was analyzed too. 【Result】 The increase of the yield of summer maize showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, reaching the extreme value under B4. In the 2-year experiment, the yields of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 9.59% and 13.18% on average compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The analysis of yield components showed that the yield of summer maize was affected mainly by the number of grains per ear, the grain number per spike of DH518 and DH605 increased by 8.30% and 11.1% under B4 treatment compared with B1 treatment, respectively. Line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage significantly affected the dry matter accumulation of maize plants after silking (R1), and the increase of trailing distance showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, which reached the maximum value under B4 treatment. Logistic regression equation was used to fit the growth curve, and it was found that the maximum dry matter accumulation rate of DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 13.6% and 16.3% than that under B1 treatment, respectively, and the average growth rate increased by 15.9% and 17.5%, respectively. Appropriate increase of planting row spacing could improve dry matter accumulation after R1, and dry matter transfered from vegetative organs to grain before R1. The accumulation of N, P and K in the two varieties increased first and then decreased. The N, P and K accumulation of DH518 in R1 and physiological maturity (R6) were increased by 5.2%-25.2%, 9.8%-43.5%, 3.5%-26.1% and 6.3%-29.0%, 9.6%-49.9%, and 8.5%-31.0% compared with B1 treatment, respectively; DH605 increased by 6.0%-17.4%, 5.7%-28.9%, 5.2%-19.1% and 7.6%-28.4%, 8.7%-46.5%, and 6.6%-25.7%, respectively. The increase of row spacing significantly increased the volume of transshipment of N, P and K in the 2 varieties, and reached the extreme value under B4 treatment. The volume of transshipment of N, P and K in DH518 and DH605 under B4 treatment increased by 19.9%, 39.3%, 23.3% and 14.6%, 30.8%, 24.9% compared with B1 treatment, respectively. The correlation analysis of above-ground dry matter accumulation and N, P, K accumulation and yield in R1 and R6 showed that the dry matter accumulation and N, P, and K accumulation were significantly positively correlated with grain yield.【Conclusion】 Under high density planting conditions, line-spacing expansion and row-spacing shrinkage improved the maximum and average dry matter growth rate of DH518 and DH605, and promoted nutrient translocation amount and contribution rate of accumulation nutrients after the R1 stage, synergistically, thus increased maize yield and fertilizer utilization. Considering yield, accumulation and transport of dry matter and nutrients, 75 cm equal row spacing was beneficial to yield under the planting condition of 82 500 plants /hm2 in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Late Sowing on Yield, Quality, Photosynthetic Source Succession and Loadability Characteristics of Rape LI Fei, XIONG Cai, GU JiaJia, CAO Xin, WANG ShanShan, HU Wei, ZHOU ZhiGuo, CHEN BingLin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (23): 4673-4685.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.008 Abstract （157）   HTML （10）    PDF （633KB）（102）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the regulation mechanism of late sowing on succession of photosynthetic sources (leaf and silique shell), source loadability, yield and quality in rape. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in the Dafeng District, Yancheng city of Jiangsu Province, and Nanjing of Jiangsu Province in 2022-2023. The main factors sowing dates were set up at 6 levels, October 17th (SD1), October 23rd (SD2), October 29th (SD3), November 4th (SD4), November 10th (SD5), and November 16th (SD6), and the secondary factors were two conventional varieties: Nannongyou 4 (strong cold resistance) and Zheyou 51 (medium cold resistance). The effects of different sowing dates on dynamic change characteristics of leaf area index (LAI), pod area index (PAI) and source succession, source loadability and rape yield and quality were investigated. 【Result】 (1) The later the sowing dates, the younger the pre-winter seedling age, and the lower the overwintering survival rate. The latest safe date of late-sowing rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River was the end of October, and the pre-winter seedling age was more than 5 leaves. The sowing date was postponed to November, the leaf age of rape decreased to 1.2-3.6 leaves, and the average overwintering survival rate was less than 30%. The average overwintering rate of Nannongyou 4 in November was 30.9%, which was 14.5% higher than that of Zheyou 51. (2) During the latest safe sowing period, the yield of rapeseed decreased significantly with the delay of sowing dates, and the decrease of plant silique number and 1000-seed weight were the most direct factors causing the decrease of oilseed yield. With the delay of sowing date, compared with SD1, the yield of SD2 and SD3 decreased by 9.6% and 29.0%, the number of plant silique number decreased by 6.1% and 23.9%, and the 1000-seed weight decreased by 4.4% and 6.5%, respectively. The average content of fat and protein in Nannongyou 4 was 42.9% and 25%, which in Zheyou 51 was 47.9% and 22.7%, respectively. (3) With the delay of sowing dates, the maximum LAI and PAI of rape decreased significantly, the slow growth rate before LAI reaching the peak and the fast decline rate after LAI reaching the peak both decreased, and the rapid growth rate of PAI slowed down. The later the sowing dates, the earlier the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the effective accumulated temperature), and the lower the LAI and PAI succession points (the lower the LAI and PAI succession point). The photosynthetic source and source succession dynamic characteristic values of Nannongyou 4 were generally better than those of Zheyou 51. (4) With the delay of sowing date, the leaf area decreased faster than the seeds yield and pod area, caused the leaf loadability gradually increased, while the silique loadability gradually decreased. Insufficient leaf source and seeds sink were the main reasons for the yield reduction of late sowing. The leaf and shell loadability of Nannongyou 4 was both higher than that of Zheyou 51.【Conclusion】 Within the latest safe sowing period of rapeseed in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, it was advisable to select cold-resistant, high-yield and high-oil varieties with suitable photosynthetic source succession point and high source load, to reduce yield loss caused by late sowing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Sowing Date Adjustment on Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in Northern Area of North China ZHAO HuaRong, ZHOU GuangSheng, QI Yue, GENG JinJian, TIAN XiaoLi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2964-2985.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.005 Abstract （581）   HTML （38）    PDF （698KB）（2179）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the field staging experiments, this study revealed the different responses of winter wheat and summer maize sowing date adjustments in growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, grain filling, yield formation and quality to climate warming in northern area of North China, providing scientific basis for agricultural production measures to cope with climate change in North China Plain.【Method】Different sowing date experiments of winter wheat and summer maize have been conducted at Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station in northern area of North China from 2017 to 2023, which were set up in four sowing dates, including 10 d early sowing, 10 d late sowing, 20 d late sowing, and control. The growth process, above-ground dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, grain filling rate, yield agronomic traits, and grain nutrients of winter wheat and summer maize were observed. 【Result】 The whole growth period of winter wheat was shortened with the delay of sowing date, mainly because of the shortening of seedling stage before winter. There was a parabolic relationship between the whole growth period and sowing date of summer maize. The seedling stage was shortened by 1.3 d, and the flowering stage and grain formation-filling stage were extended by 1.5 d and 1.6 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. The grain filling characteristics of winter wheat and summer maize were not sensitive to sowing date adjustments, and the grain filling rate of summer maize was little different during different sowing dates, but the grain formation period, the filling end date and the peak date were successively delayed due to the delay of sowing date, and the duration of filling days was shortened by 4.0 d for every 10 d delay of sowing date. Under the background of warm autumn and winter in northern wheat region, the sowing duration of winter wheat was extended, while its influence on the yield was obviously weakened. The delay of sowing date with the increase of sowing seed amount would result in yield increase slightly. The yield of summer maize decreased significantly with the delay of sowing date, and the decline rate of theoretical yield was 1 381.50 kg·hm-2 for every 10 d delay of sowing date, but the yield of winter wheat and summer maize showed a jumping decease for 20 d late sowing. The grain distribution rate increased by 1.67% for winter wheat, decreased by 1.57% for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. As a result, the harvest index increased by 0.017 for winter wheat, and decreased by 0.016 for summer maize with every 10 d delay of sowing date. The leaf photosynthetic rates (Pn) of winter wheat and summer maize were also different in response to sowing date, they were similar for winter wheat during different sowing dates, while decreased by 1.21 μmol·m-2·s-1 for summer maize for every 10 d delay after sowing date. Sowing date adjustments had no significant effects on grain quality of winter wheat and summer maize in northern area of North China. 【Conclusion】Extending suitable sowing date range and sowing date delay of winter wheat in North China Plain were positive and effective measures to adapt to climate warming. The early sowing of summer maize in North China Plain might avoid the negative effects of high temperature and heat damage, and would promote the increase of yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Related Driving Factors of Water Use Efficiency and Its Prediction Model Construction in Winter Wheat GAO ChenKai, LIU ShuiMiao, LI YuMing, ZHAO ZhiHeng, SHAO Jing, YU HaoLin, WU PengNian, WANG YanLi, GUAN XiaoKang, WANG TongChao, WEN PengFei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (7): 1281-1294.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.006 Abstract （286）   HTML （20）    PDF （686KB）（1010）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The water use efficiency can comprehensively reflect the growth suitability and energy conversion efficiency of winter wheat. The driving factors of winter wheat in response to standardized water use efficiency (WP*) at different growth stages were screened and explored, and the WP* prediction model of related driving factors was constructed, which was of great significance for the monitoring of water use efficiency and efficient use of water resources in winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.【Method】Three water treatments were set up, including water deficit treatments (W1:35 mm, and W2:48 mm) and control treatment (W3: 68 mm), and the canopy temperature parameters, physiological indexes and standardized WP* of winter wheat at the jointing, booting and filling stages were measured. Stepwise regression and pathway analysis were used to screen the main driving factors in response to WP* changes at each growth stage, the relationship between WP* and related drivers was explored, and finally the partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used to construct a driver-based WP* prediction model in each growth stage. 【Result】 Compared with W3, the canopy temperature parameters, physiological indexes and WP* of winter wheat under the water deficit treatments showed significant differences. Based on the stepwise regression method, the main driving factors in response to WP* at each growth stage were screened, and the sensitivity of each driving factor in response to WP* was ranked by pathway analysis, that is, maximum temperature difference (MTD), stomatal conductance (Gs), leaf water content (LWC) and POD were selected at the jointing stage; canopy relative temperature difference (CRTD), equivalent water thickness (EWT), soluble sugar content (SSC) and crop water stress index (CWSI) were selected at the booting stage; SSC, standard deviation of canopy temperature (CTSD), LWC and Gs were selected at the filling stage. Finally, the driver-based WP* prediction model for each growth stage was construct by using PLSR and SVM. Among them, the prediction model of WP* at booting stage constructed by SVM had the best accuracy, with R2cal (R2val), RMSEcal (RMSEval) and nRMSEcal (nRMSEval) of 0.945 (0.926), 0.533 g·m-2 (0.580 g·m-2) and 2.844% (3.075%), respectively. 【Conclusion】 By screening the relevant driving factors of WP* at each growth stage of winter wheat and constructing a prediction model of winter wheat water use efficiency, this paper provided a theoretical basis for accurate monitoring and management of winter wheat moisture in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Postponing Application Benefits Wheat-Maize Intercropping by Reducing Soil Evaporation and Improving Water Use Efficiency REN Qiang, XU Ke, FAN ZhiLong, YIN Wen, FAN Hong, HE Wei, HU FaLong, CHAI Qiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (7): 1295-1307.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.007 Abstract （232）   HTML （32）    PDF （590KB）（599）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Aiming at the problem of insufficient excavation of the potential of efficient water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping in the oasis irrigation area, which restricted the stable development of multi-maturing cultivation, this study was intended to provide the theoretical basis for the creation of a model of efficient water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping in the oasis irrigation area by investigating the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer postponing application on water consumption characteristics and water utilization of wheat-maize intercropping.【Method】The experiment was carried out in the oasis agricultural comprehensive experimental station of Gansu Agricultural University from 2020 to 2021. Three planting patterns of wheat-maize intercropping, monocropping wheat and monocropping maize were set up. Four treatments application systems were set up for maize: no nitrogen application (N0), 20% nitrogen fertilizer postponing (N1), 10% nitrogen fertilizer postponing (N2), and traditional nitrogen fertilizer without postponing (N3). The total nitrogen application rates of intercropping maize and monocropping maize were 210 and 360 kg·hm-2, respectively. The effects of different planting systems and nitrogen fertilizer postponing ratios on soil evaporation, water consumption characteristics and water use of wheat and maize were studied.【Result】During wheat and maize independent growth stage, the intercropping tree evaporation was greater than that of monocropping, the intercropping wheat tree evaporation increased 15.9%-16.7% than that of monocropping wheat, and the intercropping maize tree evaporation increased 5.4%-14.7% than that of monocropping maize, while wheat and maize symbiosis of intercropping tree evaporation compared with the monocropping weighted reduction of 4.6%-6.1%; the total amount of evaporation during the whole life cycle tree performance: wheat maize in the intercropping mode, intertree evaporation was reduced by 6.5% in the 20% N fertilization setback treatment compared with N3, and intertree evaporation in the wheat belt increased by 12.6%-17.3% compared with that in the maize belt, which was the main source of intertree evaporation in the intercropping system. In the intercropping system, water consumption was 34.3 and 18.9 mm lower than that of traditional N application under the 20% and 10% N fertilizer setback treatments, respectively, but the difference between E/ET and traditional N application was not significant. The seed yield of intercropping system was increased by 21.1%-39.0% compared with the weighted average of monocrop, and the seed yield of intercropping system with 20% N fertilizer setback treatment was increased by 28.8% compared with the traditional N application, among which the intercropped wheat and intercropped maize with 20% N fertilizer setback treatments were increased by 24.3% and 30.8%, respectively, compared with the traditional application of N. The water consumption during the whole growth period under intercropping system with 20% and 10% N fertilizer setback treatment was decreased by 34.3 and 18.9 mm that under traditional application of N, respectively. The E/ET of intercropping system with 20% N fertilization was increased by 20% than that under the traditional N application. The water use efficiency of intercropping planting pattern nitrogen fertilizer setback treatment was significantly increased by 15.0% and 12.3% than that under the weighted average of monocrops; among which the nitrogen fertilizer setback 20% treatment was increased by 35.9% compared with the traditional nitrogen application, and the nitrogen fertilizer setback 10% treatment was increased by 19.3% compared with the traditional nitrogen application.【Conclusion】The wheat-maize intercropping pattern combined with 20% nitrogen fertilizer postponing could reduce soil evaporation and water consumption during the whole growth period, and increase yield and water productivity, which was a nitrogen application system that could be used for high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat-maize intercropping in oasis irrigation areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in Physicochemical Characteristics and Eating Quality Between High Taste Northern Japonica Rice and Southern Semi- Glutinous Japonica Rice Varieties in China ZHU DaWei, ZHENG Xin, YU Jing, MOU RenXiang, CHEN MingXue, SHAO YaFang, ZHANG LinPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (3): 469-483.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.004 Abstract （238）   HTML （27）    PDF （782KB）（443）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Clarifying the differences of physicochemical characteristics and sensory taste qualities between northern japonica and southern semi-glutinous high eating quality japonica rice varieties in China is of great significance to the cultivation of high eating quality japonica rice. 【Method】In this study, representative northern japonica varieties and southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties were used as materials, Japanese Koshihikari rice was used as a control to systematically analyze the differences in appearance quality, starch fine structure, protein components, pasting properties of rice flour, cooked-rice texture, and sensory taste qualities of the two categories of japonica rice. 【Result】Although the three northern japonica varieties and the three southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties had high similar sensory taste values, they had significant differences of starch fine structure, protein components, pasting characteristics, and cooked-rice texture. For cooked rice sensory taste, three high taste northern japonica varieties showed better palatability (96-98 points), and three southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties showed better cold rice texture (92-100 points). For physicochemical characteristics, the three northern japonica varieties showed higher apparent amylose content (17.6%-19.6%), lower crude protein, gliadin and glutenin content. The three southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties showed lower apparent amylose content (8.5%-10.5%) and higher gliadin and glutenin content. For starch fine structure, the amylose content and amylose/amylopectin ratio of the three southern semi-glutinous japonica rice varieties were low (54.7% and 55.6% lower on average, respectively), and they had similar amylopectin chain length distribution. In addition, the ratio of amylose short chain to long chain in Nanjing 46 and Ningxiangjing 9 was higher than that in Wuyoudao 4 and Tianlongyou 619 (43.2% higher on average). As a result, the rice flour of southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties had higher pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown value, and lower setback viscosity, and the cooked rice had higher stickiness, less hardness and elasticity. 【Conclusion】Taste quality is a synergy of multiple factors of cooked rice, such as appearance, taste and cold rice texture. Appropriate protein components and amylose ratio are the key factors affecting pasting characteristics of rice flour and sensory taste of rice. In this study, the high eating quality northern japonica varieties had lower pasting temperatures, moderate hardness, and better elasticity, while the high eating quality southern semi-glutinous japonica varieties exhibited higher breakdown value, and the cooked rice had higher viscosity and better appearance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A VSURF-CA Based Hyperspectral Disease Index Estimation Model of Wheat Stripe Rust MEI GuangYuan, LI Rong, MEI Xin, CHEN RiQiang, FAN YiGuang, CHENG JinPeng, FENG ZiHeng, TAO Ting, ZHAO Qian, ZHAO PeiQin, YANG XiaoDong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (3): 484-499.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.005 Abstract （273）   HTML （21）    PDF （1134KB）（341）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Stripe rust is a serious threat to the growth and yield of wheat. Accurate monitoring and diagnostic assessment are fundamental prerequisites for effective prevention and control of stripe rust. The objective of this study is to construct a wheat stripe rust estimation model using remote sensing technology, enable the rapid and precise estimation of the disease index (DI), and to provide technical support for precise prevention and control.【Method】The hyperspectral data of wheat at different growth stages (heading period, grain-filling period, and maturity period) were acquired through the ASD spectrometer. Initially, the variable selection using random forests (VSURF) method, combined with correlation analysis (CA), was applied to select characteristic bands from the original spectrum (OR) and the first-order differential spectrum (FD). Subsequently, the random forest (RF) algorithm was utilized to compare modeling results of characteristic bands from different datasets, identifying the feature set with the most effective model. Further, models such as partial least squares regression (PLSR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) were employed to compare the modeling effects of different feature sets within various algorithms. This comprehensive analysis aimed to determine the optimal estimation model for wheat stripe rust DI across the entire growth period. Simultaneously, to validate the effectiveness of the feature set across different growth stages, the feature set was used to rebuild models during each of the three distinct growth periods.【Result】The comparative analysis of model effects revealed that the VSURF-CA-FD feature set (537 nm in the green range and 821, 846 nm in the near-infrared range) demonstrated the most effective estimation within the RF model, achieving an R2 value of 0.89 and an RMSE of 12.34. These feature bands also exhibited precision in models constructed with other algorithms, including XGBoost (R2: 0.87, RMSE: 13.15), BPNN (R2: 0.84, RMSE: 15.19), and PLSR (R2: 0.69, RMSE: 20.92). For models constructed during different growth stages, the early growth stage (heading period) exhibited an R2 value of 0.54, RMSE of 1.29, and NRMSE of 0.21, meeting the requirements for disease estimation. In the middle growth stage (grain-filling period), the model performed well with an R2 of 0.66, RMSE of 12.24, and NRMSE of 0.21. In the late growth stage (maturity period), the model’s effectiveness surpassed that of the previous two stages, with an R2 of 0.75, RMSE of 10.77, and NRMSE of 0.15.【Conclusion】Utilizing characteristic bands selected through the VSURF-CA method, an RF model with excellent estimation accuracy for wheat stripe rust DI can be established. The research outcomes will provide valuable insights and methodologies for predicting early and mid-stage stripe rust DI. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing Configuration on Sugar Accumulation and Lodging Performance of Wheat Stem Under Rainfall Harvesting Planting Mode QIN Feng, WANG XiaoFei, WU Zhen, HU YiBo, WANG XiaoQin, ZHANG JiaWei, CAI Tie Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (1): 65-79.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.006 Abstract （278）   HTML （34）    PDF （2529KB）（526）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different planting densities and row spacing configurations on stem carbohydrate accumulation and lodging resistance of wheat under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting mode, and to clarify the reasonable density and row spacing of wheat under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting mode, so as to provide a theoretical basis for further stabilizing and increasing wheat yield. 【Method】Xinong 979 was the main wheat cultivar in the arid area of north China, which was used as the experimental material. In 2019-2021, two planting densities (low density: 1.8 million plants per hm2; high density: 2.25 million plants per hm2) and two row spacing (equal row spacing: 20 cm; non-equal spacing: 12.5 cm:35 cm:12.5 cm) treatments were set in the rainfall harvesting planting mode. The effects of different densities and row spacing on photosynthetic rate of middle and lower leaves in wheat plants, content of stem non-structural carbohydrates and structural carbohydrates, stem breaking moment and lodging index, and grain yield were analyzed. 【Result】The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the middle and lower leaves (the third leaf, the fourth leaf and the fifth leaf) in wheat plants, the content of non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and structural carbohydrates (hemicellulose, cellulose) in the second internode at the base of stem, and the stem breaking moment were significantly decreased with the increase of planting density in the rainfall harvesting planting mode, but the stem lodging index increased significantly. However, under high-density planting condition, non-equal row spacing treatment could significantly change all plant indexes. Compared with high planting density + equal spacing treatment, the Pn of the third leaf, the fourth leaf and the fifth leaf in plants increased significantly, with increases of 7.7%-16.5%, 5.3%-37.7% and 11.9%-24.9%, respectively; the content of glucose, fructose and sucrose in stems increased by 9.8%-15.0%, 8.8%-27.4% and 8.2%-41.1%, respectively; the content of hemicellulose and cellulose increased by 4.5%-19.8%, 5.9%-31.2%, respectively; the stem breaking moment increased by 4.8%-17.3%, the stem lodging index decreased by 10.9%-25.9%, while wheat yield was significantly increased by 13.5%-15.2%. Correlation analysis showed that, the content of glucose, fructose and sucrose in the basal internode of wheat stem were positively correlated with the content of hemicellulose and cellulose. Non-structural carbohydrates and structural carbohydrates in wheat stem were positively correlated with Pn of middle and lower leaves as well as stem breaking moment, however, they were negatively correlated with lodging index. 【Conclusion】Under the rainfall harvesting planting mode, adjusting population spatial distribution by non-equal row spacing could effectively increase photosynthetic rate of middle and lower leaves of wheat plants, promote the synthesis and accumulation of sugar substances in stems, and enhance the lodging resistance of wheat stem, furthermore, reduce the lodging incidence of wheat and improve grain yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction of Water Content of Winter Wheat Plant Based on Comprehensive Index Synergetic Optimization GAO ChenKai, LIU ShuiMiao, LI YuMing, WU PengNian, WANG YanLi, LIU ChangShuo, QIAO YiBo, GUAN XiaoKang, WANG TongChao, WEN PengFei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4403-4416.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.004 Abstract （317）   HTML （14）    PDF （1467KB）（367）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To find a more comprehensive and accurate method to monitor the water deficit and to provide a theoretical basis for drought relief of winter wheat, the present study was conducted to construct an inversion model of plant water content (PWC) at different growth stages based on three comprehensive indexes, namely, canopy temperature, morphology and physiology indexes of winter wheat.【Method】The winter wheat was studied by setting up three water treatments (water deficit treatment W1: 35 mm, water deficit treatment W2: 48 mm, and control treatment W3: 68 mm) and two wheat varieties (general drought resistant variety Luomai 22 and weak drought resistant variety Zhoumai 27). Canopy temperature parameters (canopy temperature standard deviation (CTSD) and crop water stress index (CWSI)), morphological indicators (plant height, stem diameter, aboveground biomass, and leaf aera index (LAI)) and physiological indicators (stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic rate) of winter wheat were obtained at jointing, booting, and filling stages, respectively. Comprehensive temperature parameter indicators (CTPI), comprehensive growth indicators (CGI) and comprehensive physiological indicators (CPI) based on the average weight principle were constructed. The correlation between PWC and comprehensive indicators was analyzed, and multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares recurrence (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used to construct the PWC inversion model based on comprehensive indicators according to the growth period.【Result】The canopy temperature parameters, morphology and physiological indexes of winter wheat at different growth stages showed significant differences between water deficit treatments (W1, W2) and control treatment (W3) (P<0.05). Comprehensive indicators (CTPI, CGI and CPI) at booting and filling stages have a significant correlation with PWC, with correlation coefficients (r) of -0.70 (-0.78), 0.84 (0.80) and 0.83 (0.76), respectively. Using MLR, PLSR and SVM methods, the PWC inversion prediction model based on comprehensive indicators (CTPI, CGI and CPI) has high prediction accuracy, among which the PWC model built by SVM is the best, R2cal (R2val), RMSEcal (RMSEval), and nRMSEcal (nRMSEval) were 0.878 (0.815), 2.06% (2.37%), and 3.10% (3.33%), respectively.【Conclusion】The SVM-PWC model based on the comprehensive indicators CTPI, CGI and CPI can well predict the water deficit of winter wheat at different growth stages, and provide theoretical basis for drought prevention and drought resistance of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Light Intensity on Leaf Hydraulic Conductivity and Vein Traits of Soybean at Seedling Stage GAO Jing, CHEN JiYu, TAN XianMing, WU YuShan, YANG WenYu, YANG Feng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4417-4427.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.005 Abstract （304）   HTML （22）    PDF （2132KB）（394）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to explore the effects of light intensity on leaf hydraulic conductivity, photosynthetic traits, and water potential in soybean seedlings, analyze the adaptive mechanisms of leaf vein traits in response to varying light intensities, and to provide theoretical support for enhancing future light energy utilization in soybean.【Method】Two soybean varieties, Nandou 12 (shade-tolerant) and Guixia 7 (shade-sensitive), were cultivated and placed in growth chambers. The plants were exposed to varying light conditions, including high light intensity (HL) at (424.47±12.32) µmol·m-²·s-¹, medium light intensity (ML) at (162.52±20.31) µmol·m-²·s-¹, and low light intensity (LL) at (93.93±9.87) µmol·m-²·s-¹. After a 20-day treatment period, the impacts of different light intensities on hydraulic conductivity, photosynthetic parameters, leaf water potential, and leaf vein traits in the seedling leaves of soybean were examined.【Result】Compared with HL treatment, the leaf hydraulic conductivity of Nandou 12 and Guixia 7 under LL treatment was significantly decreased, and the leaf hydraulic conductivity of Nandou 12 under the three treatments was significantly higher than that of Guixia 7 under the three treatments. Compared with HL treatment, the leaf hydraulic conductivity of Nandu 12 under ML and LL treatments decreased by 7.56% and 21.24%, stomatal conductance decreased by 43.96% and 58.89%, and net photosynthetic rate decreased by 29.44% and 46.49%, respectively. Similarly, the leaf hydraulic conductivity of Guixia 7 under the ML and LL treatments decreased by 42.16% and 23.71%, stomatal conductance decreased by 54.55% and 45.79%, and net photosynthetic rate decreased by 37.03% and 42.06%, respectively. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were observed in the leaf water potential of both soybean varieties across the various treatments. Notably, leaf hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance of soybean exhibited a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) under the three light intensity treatments. As the light intensity decreased, a positive correlation was observed between leaf hydraulic conductivity and net photosynthetic rate (P<0.05) as well as stomatal conductance (P<0.01). Conversely, there was a noticeable decrease in the minor leaf vein density and the area of xylem conduits in major and minor veins under the ML and LL treatments for both soybean varieties. In the case of the minor leaf vein density and the area of xylem conduits in major veins, Nandou 12 exhibited significantly higher values than Guixia 7 under the ML and LL treatments. The major leaf vein density of Nandou 12 remained relatively stable across treatments, while that of Guixia 7 experienced a significant reduction of 11.4% and 15.0% under the ML and LL treatments compared to the HL treatment. Furthermore, a decrease in light intensity had a notable effect on increasing the distance between leaf veins and stomata. Specifically, under the ML and LL treatments, the distance from veins to stomata increased by 21.33% and 60.01% for Nandou 12 and by 31.50% and 53.59% for Guixia 7 in comparison to the HL treatment. The correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations (P<0.05) between the hydraulic conductivity of soybean leaves and the density of minor leaf veins, the area of xylem conduits in major and minor veins. Conversely, a significant negative correlation (P<0.01) was observed between hydraulic conductivity and the distance from veins to stomata.【Conclusion】Light intensity exerts an influence on the leaf hydraulic conductivity by modulating the leaf vein structure of soybean. Under low light conditions, there is a reduction in leaf hydraulic conductivity in soybean; however, the coordination between leaf hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance is maintained to establish equilibrium between leaf water supply and demand as light intensity diminishes. The presence of a higher vein density under low light serves to abbreviate the distance required for water transport, thereby enhancing leaf water supply capacity. Consequently, this facilitates CO2 diffusion and photosynthesis, representing an additional strategy employed by shade-tolerant soybean to acclimate to low-light environments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Potato Tuber Skin Roughness Classification Analysis Based on Image Characteristics Recognition TANG ZhenSan, YUAN JianLong, KANG LiangHe, CHENG LiXiang, LÜ Tai, YANG Chen, ZHANG Feng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4428-4440.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.006 Abstract （270）   HTML （22）    PDF （3392KB）（662）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The classification analysis of potato tuber skin roughness could provide the non-destructive testing methods for tuber appearance quality traits, which would establish the theoretical and practical base for the objective evaluation of tuber quality and high-throughput screening varieties.【Method】Seventy-nine potato varieties (lines) were selected as materials, and the images of tuber skin with and without bud-eyes were taken by camera. The tuber skin images were preprocessed using MATLAB R2016a software. Eight materials were randomly selected to compare the effect of image graying, enhancement and denoising using the correlation function indicators. The image characteristic parameters, angular second moment (ASM), entropy (ENT), contrast (CON) and correlation (COR) were extracted using the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and the suitable distance (d) of GLCM were determined. The differences in two types of tuber skin image feature parameters were compared, and the set of tuber skin image features with less difference was selected for statistical analysis and classification recognition. The support vector machine (SVM) and backpropagation neural network (BPNN) models were constructed for tuber skin roughness classification, and the evaluation indexes of model grading accuracy were accuracy, precision, recall and harmonic mean, respectively. 【Result】The texture structure of tuber skin image after grayscale processing using the weighted average method was clear, and the evaluation value of image clarity was 2.5698±0.5959, which was significantly higher than that of the mean method (1.8035±0.4856) and the maximum method (1.0535±0.4088). The gray scale range of tuber skin image after histogram equalization enhancement was expanded from 100-200 to 0-200, which made the gray distribution wider. The salt noise denoising effect of tuber skin images using the median filter under 3×3 sliding windows was obvious, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) was maximum (28.6250±3.9784 Bp), which was significantly higher than that under 3×3 and 5×5 windows. Two types of tuber skin image feature parameters extracted by GLCM (d=4) were significantly different, and the set of tuber skin image features (without bud-eyes) with less difference was selected for statistical analysis and classification recognition. The results indicated that the variation coefficient of these parameters was varied significantly. The variation coefficient of contrast was the largest (0.40), followed by the angular second moment (0.24) and correlation (0.23), and the variation coefficient of entropy was the smallest (0.18). Using the feature set as the input variable of tuber skin classification model, the overall classification performance of SVM was higher than BP neural network, and the accuracy reached 87.5%. Especially, the prediction accuracy and recognizability of SVM for smooth and heavy hemp skins was the highest. The accuracy reached 100%, the recall reached 85.7% and 100%, and the harmonic mean reached 100% and 92.3%, respectively. 【Conclusion】The combination of the image processing techniques presented in this study and the GLCM extracted texture feature parameters could effectively characterize potato tuber skin roughness variations. The tuber skin roughness grading based on machine vision could be achieved by constructing SVM classification model, and the accuracy reached 87.5%. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Mulching and Nitrogen Application on the Improvement of Wheat Root Architecture and the Absorption and Utilization of H+ and NO3- in Hilly Dry Land AI DaiLong, LEI Fang, ZOU QiaoSheng, HE Peng, YANG HongKun, FAN GaoQiong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (21): 4192-4207.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.21.005 Abstract （265）   HTML （14）    PDF （1392KB）（200）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to further study the root architecture and root tip nitrogen transport process of wheat after straw mulching in the wheat-maize rotation system in the dry land of southwest China, and to elucidate the physiological basis of straw mulching and nitrogen application to promote the efficient absorption and utilization of wheat nitrogen.【Method】The experiment was a two-factor split plot experiment of straw mulching (SM: straw mulching; NSM: no straw mulching) and nitrogen application (N0: 0; N1: 120 kg·hm-2), which was conducted at Sichuan Renshou Modern Agricultural Test Station from 2020-2022. The effects of straw mulching and nitrogen application on soil physicochemical properties, wheat root architecture, nitrogen absorption in root tips, plant biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation and utilization were analyzed according to the current situation that soil drought inhibited root elongation in dry land of southwest hills, resulting in low wheat biomass and nutrient use efficiency.【Result】The soil nitrate nitrogen content of straw mulching treatment increased by 43.1% and 30.8%, and the ammonium nitrogen content increased by 21.8% and 18.8%, respectively, in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 compared with the no straw mulching treatment. Straw mulching increased the root length, root surface area, and root volume of the 0-10 cm soil layer at jointing stage, booting stage and anthesis stage of wheat, and nitrogen application significantly increased the 0-10 cm soil root length, root surface area and root volume. In addition, straw mulching and nitrogen application could significantly increase the absorption rate and net absorption rate of H+ and NO3- at the root tips of wheat, and reduce the H+ efflux rate at the root tips of 0-20 cm soil layer. Straw mulching and nitrogen application significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in roots, and the nitrogen accumulation and biomass in the aboveground part of wheat increased by 25.8% and 35.8% on average, respectively, in two years. H+ absorption rate, NO3- absorption rate, nitrate reductase activity, glutamine synthetase activity, and nitrogen accumulation were positively correlated with root length, root surface area and root volume of 0-10 cm soil layer (P<0.05).【Conclusion】In the southwest hilly dry land wheat-maize rotation system, maize straw mulching and nitrogen application can increase the content of inorganic nitrogen in the soil during the wheat season, the root distribution in the soil surface and the absorption rate of H+ and NO3- at the root tips, promote nitrogen uptake and root tip nitrogen transport, and then promote aboveground nitrogen assimilation and accumulation; Under the conditions of this experiment, straw mulching combined with 120 kg N·hm-2 is a green production mode suitable for high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency in Sichuan hilly dry land. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation on the Effects of Climate Change on the Growth and Yield of Different Maturity Winter Wheat Varieties in Northern China Based on the APSIM Model SHI XinRui, HAN BaiShu, WANG ZiQian, ZHANG YuanLing, LI Ping, ZONG YuZheng, ZHANG DongSheng, GAO ZhiQiang, HAO XingYu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3772-3787.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.006 Abstract （359）   HTML （18）    PDF （615KB）（1891）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aims to clarify the impacts of climate change on the growth, development and yield of winter wheat of different maturity, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable production of wheat under future climate change. 【Method】The data about growth of two winter wheat varieties of Liangxing 99 (late-maturing) and Zhongke 2011 (early-maturing), soil, and meteorology, which were observed under different temperatures and [CO2] treatments in the open top chamber in 2017-2020, were used to calibrate and validate the APSIM (agricultural production systems simulator) model. Then the verified model was used to simulate winter wheat yield, yield composition and phenology dates under different future climate conditions (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) with a baseline period of 1986-2005. And the impacts of climate change and extreme high temperature on the production potential of different maturity winter wheat varieties were analyzed. 【Result】The APSIM model was able to well simulate the phenology, yield and biomass under different air temperature and [CO2] treatments since the simulated and measured values of R2 were higher than 0.614 and the values of nRMSE were all lower than 10.6%. However, the simulation result of leaf area index (LAI) was relatively poor. For the long-term simulation results, under different climate conditions, the days from sowing to jointing were shorter than the baseline for two wheat varieties. The shortened days of early-maturing variety were smaller than those of late-maturing variety. There was no obvious change in the days from jointing to maturity between the two varieties. The yield and potential yield of the two wheat varieties were higher under the future RCP conditions than under the baseline period. The yield and potential yield were the highest under the RCP 8.5 condition in 2100s. The yield and potential yield of early-maturing variety were more remarkably increased than those of late-maturing variety. Compared with the baseline, the LAI values of the two wheat varieties increased in the early growth stage. Then, the LAI of the late-maturing variety decreased obviously in the late growth stage, while the LAI of the early-maturing variety had no obvious difference. The aboveground biomass of the two wheat varieties both increased, and the early-maturing variety increased more remarkably than the late-maturing variety. Under different RCP conditions, extreme high temperature had negative impacts on the yield and 1 000-grain weight of the two varieties of winter wheat. Extreme high temperature at flowering stage had the greatest impact on 1 000-grain weight. Compared with the normal years, the 1 000-grain weight and yield of late-maturing variety decreased obviously in extreme-high-temperature years under the RCP 8.5 condition in 2100s, while the grain number also decreased slightly. Under different RCP conditions, compared with the normal years, extreme high temperature obviously reduced the 1 000-grain weight of early-maturing variety but slightly increased the grain numbers. Thus, yield reduction of early-maturing wheat variety in extreme high temperature years was not obvious. 【Conclusion】Early-maturing variety of winter wheat will be more adaptable to future climate change. Thus, breeding of wheat varieties to adapt to climate change is one of the effective measures to cope with future climate change. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Future Climate Change on the Climate Suitability of Potato Cultivation in China ZHANG ZhiLiang, HE ZhiHao, RU XiaoYa, JIANG TengCong, HE YingBin, FENG Hao, YU Qiang, HE JianQiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3530-3542.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.004 Abstract （436）   HTML （44）    PDF （5463KB）（2388）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】As the fourth staple food crop in China, potato suitability evaluation is of great significance to ensure national food security. Based on climate data, this study constructed an integrated species distribution model to predict the climate suitable area of potato in China in the future, and provided an important scientific reference for optimizing potato planting in China.【Method】In this study, the future climate data derived from six different global climate models (GCMs) were used to drive an ensemble of five different species distribution models (SDMs) to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of climate suitable areas of potato cultivation in China in the historical (1970-2000) and four future (2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080, and 2081-2100) periods under four greenhouse gas emission scenarios (ssp126, ssp245, ssp370, and ssp585). 【Result】 (1) The precipitation in the wettest month, the highest temperature in the warmest month, and the average temperature in the coldest quarter were the main meteorological factors that affected the climate suitability of potato in China, with their contribution rates of 54.7%, 21.4% and 18.1%, respectively. (2) In four scenarios of greenhouse gas emission, the prediction results of various suitable areas were basically the same, showing the similar trends that the areas of suitable and low suitable would become larger, while the area of high suitable would become smaller. Only in Hainan, Tibet, Xinjiang and some other regions, the climate was not suitable for potato planting. The suitable potato planting areas (including both suitable and high suitable) exceed 50% in all cases. (3) In the future, the low suitable and suitable areas for potato planting will increase greatly, while the high suitable areas will decrease. The order of areas of different suitable grades would remain: suitable areas>low suitable areas>high suitable areas. (4) With the increase of greenhouse gas emission level, the high suitable area in China would be greatly reduced. For spatial distribution, the high suitable areas were mainly in Northeast China, Gansu, western Xinjiang, and some parts of southwest China. From the perspective of time, the future climate change would greatly affect the northwest of Shaanxi, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the central and western Inner Mongolia and other regions. The climate suitability of potato planting would obviously decrease. 【Conclusion】In this study, the integrated species distribution models were constructed to predict the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of potato climate suitable areas in the future. Northeast, Gansu, Southwest and other regions of China could be the main potato planting areas, while Xinjiang and other regions could be the main development areas. The rest regions should be given priority to the development of other staple crops and cash crops according to local conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate and Planting Density on the Lodging Resistance and Grain Yield of Two Winter Wheat Varieties MU HaiMeng, SUN LiFang, WANG ZhuangZhuang, WANG Yu, SONG YiFan, ZHANG Rong, DUAN JianZhao, XIE YingXin, KANG GuoZhang, WANG YongHua, GUO TianCai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2863-2879.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.003 Abstract （369）   HTML （19）    PDF （1133KB）（408）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To investigate the interactions between genotype, nitrogen application rate and planting density on the regulation of wheat lodging resistance and grain yield, so as to identify the optimal combination of nitrogen-density that matches the biological characteristics of varieties. The results provide theoretical basis and technical support for stable and abundant winter wheat yield and resistant strain cultivation. 【Method】 A split-split plot field experiment was conducted in Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China, for two consecutive years from 2020 to 2022. Two wheat varieties Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 with different lodging resistance were selected in the main plots. The nitrogen fertilizer application rates were used as split-plots, and five levels were set: no N application (N0), 180 kg·hm-2 (N1), 240 kg·hm-2 (N2), 300 kg·hm-2 (N3) and 360 kg·hm-2 (N4), the planting densities were used as split-split plots, and three levels were set: 2.25 million plants/hm2 (D1), 3.75 million plants/hm2 (D2) and 5.25 million plants/hm2 (D3). The study focused on analyzing the effects of the three-factor combination of variety, nitrogen application and planting density on the anatomical structure of wheat culms, field lodging rate and yield. 【Result】 The results showed that nitrogen application rate and planting density significantly regulated the vascular bundle structure of both wheat varieties. The number and area of big vascular bundles and the ratio of number and area of big and small vascular bundles were significantly and positively correlated with culm wall thickness and culm breaking strength, while the area of small vascular bundles was significantly and negatively correlated with culm wall thickness. Compared with Xinmai 26, Xinhuamai 818 had more big vascular bundles and larger area, while the number of small vascular bundles was equal and the area was smaller. This may be the anatomical basis for the superiority of Xinhua 818 over Xinmai 26 in terms of lodging resistance. Under the same planting density, the number and area of big vascular bundles of both wheat varieties showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate, with the largest number and area of big vascular bundles in N3 treatment. The average increase of number and area of big vascular bundles of Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 under N3 treatment compared with the minimum treatment were 14.61%, 15.80% and 16.18%, 20.10% respectively. The number and area of small vascular bundles showed similar changes. Under the same level of nitrogen application rate, the number and area of big vascular bundles of both varieties were the largest in the low density D1 treatment. Compared with the minimum value of high density D3, the average increase in the number and area of big vascular bundles of Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 under D1 treatment were 6.14%, 5.20% and 8.95%, 11.42%, respectively.【Conclusion】 Nitrogen-density control combination D1N2 with 240 kg·hm-2 and planting density of 2.25 million plants/hm2 can optimize the vascular bundle structure, coordinate the development of big and small vascular bundles. Specifically, the number and area of big vascular bundles and the number ratio and area ratio of two vascular bundles were increased in this treatment. The combination can also increase the thickness of the culm wall between the basal nodes and improve the breaking strength of the plant. These changes realize the synchronous improvement of lodging resistance and yield of wheat. We think this treatment can be used as a suitable nitrogen-density combination pattern for high-yielding and efficient cultivation of winter wheat in high-yielding irrigation areas in northern Henan. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Tassel Sizes on Post-Flowering Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Different Maize Varieties Under High Temperature Stress During Pollination MU XinYuan, LÜ ShanShan, LU LiangTao, LIU TianXue, LI ShuYan, XUE ChangYing, WANG HongWei, ZHAO Xia, XIA LaiKun, TANG BaoJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2880-2894.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.004 Abstract （312）   HTML （22）    PDF （2160KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 High temperature stress is one of the most critical meteorological disaster factors that restrict the high and stable yield of maize. This study explored the effect of tassel sizes on yield of different maize varieties under high temperature stress during pollination, so as to provide the theoretical basis and reference for stress-resistant cultivation and high temperature resistance breeding of maize. 【Method】 This study was conducted by plot experiment in a greenhouse with two maize varieties as the experimental materials, Xundan 20 (XD20) and Nonghua 101 (NH101), from 2020 to 2021. The effect of tassel sizes on dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of maize under high temperature stress during pollination was investigated by setting the tassel branch removal treatment at tasseling stage. 【Result】 The results of two years showed that high temperature stress during pollination had little effect on tassel length, branch number, spikelet number and flowering dynamics of male and female. However, high temperature stress resulted in the decrease of dry matter accumulation capacity and distribution ratio to ear, which affected the growth and development of ear, resulting in the significant decrease of cob length and diameter, the significant decrease of grain number per ear, the decrease of proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis, and the significant decrease of yield. Under high temperature stress, the decrease of ear length of NH101 was less than that of XD20, but the decrease of grain number per row, grain number per ear and the proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis was higher than that of XD20, resulting in the decrease of yield of NH101 more than that of XD20, and the yield of XD20 and NH101 decreased by 12.32% and 25.00% respectively. XD20 is more resistant to heat than NH101. The tassel branch removal treatment significantly reduced the number of tassel branch and spikelet of XD20 and NH101 by 58.57%, 42.91% and 57.30%, 41.34%, respectively, but had little effect on the flowering dynamics of male and female. Under the two temperature conditions, the tassel branch removal treatment promoted the growth of ear, increased the grain number per ear, increased the proportion of matter accumulation to grain after anthesis, and thus increased the yield. Among them, the yield increase of XD20 under high temperature conditions was the largest. Compared with normal tassel branch treatment, tassel branch removal treatment increased the yield of XD20 and NH101 by 2.76% and 4.37% under normal temperature conditions, while increased by 12.47% and 5.75% under high temperature conditions, respectively. 【Conclusion】 High temperature stress during pollination has little effect on the growth and development of tassel, but it caused irreversible damage to the growth and development of ear, reduced the number of grains per ear, limited the distribution of photosynthate to grains after anthesis, and significantly reduced the yield. Under high temperature conditions, properly reducing the number of branches in tassel can promote the growth and development of ear, increase the number of grains per ear, promote the accumulation of matter to grains after anthesis, and increase the yield. In addition, the yield increase of the large tassel-type variety XD20 was higher than that of the small tassel-type variety NH101. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield-Increasing Effects Under Plastic Film Mulching of Potato in China Based on Meta-Analysis XU JuZhen, ZHANG MengLu, HE WenQing, SUI Peng, CHEN YuanQuan, CUI JiXiao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2895-2906.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.005 Abstract （295）   HTML （11）    PDF （601KB）（478）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Plastic mulching film (PMF) has various effects, including improving soil temperature, moisture retention, and weed inhibition. It is an efficient and simple technical measure to alleviate the limitations of potato production. Based on publication data, this study quantified the effect of PMF on potato yield and water use efficiency (WUE), and further analyzed the influencing factors to provide a reference for sustainable potato production. 【Method】 Based on a meta-analysis of 291 field experiments on PMF of potato production in China from 1981 to 2021, published in Web of Science and CNKI databases, including four regions, Northern single farming area (NSFA), Southwest mixed farming area (SWMFA), South winter farming area (SWFA), and Central plains second farming area (CPSFA). Meta-analysis was used to quantify the effects of PMF on potato yield and WUE. The study examined the effects of PFM on potato yield and WUE from various perspective, including the regions, natural conditions (average annual precipitation, soil bulk density, and soil organic matter content), and different management conditions (potassium fertilizer application rate, planting density, mulching color, and mulching method). 【Result】 Compared with no mulching, PMF increased potato yield and WUE by 24.9% and 28.3% respectively. The effects of PMF on yield and WUE varied among different regions: NSFA (27.2%), SWFA (23.6%), SWMFA (18.1%) and CPSFA (10.1%). However, WUE was only significantly improved in the NSFA (29.1%). The response of yield and WUE to PMF varied among different regions and was influenced by natural conditions and management conditions. The response of yield to PMF varied among different regions under different natural condition. Planting density and mulching method had consistent effect in all regions, with the best yield increase achieved with low planting density and ridge. In the NSFA, PMF significantly improved WUE under low average annual precipitation, relatively low soil organic matter content, low soil bulk density and fertilizer application rate, medium planting density, black mulching color, and ridge. 【Conclusion】 PMF had been widely used in China and the results showed it increased potato yield. The yield increase varied among different regions and was in the following order: NSFA, SWFA, SWMFA, and CPSFA. PMF only improved WUE in the NSFA. PMF performed better on yield increase under natural condition of low average annual precipitation, poor soil fertility, and loose soil, as well as under management conditions of relatively low fertilization level, relatively low planting density, black mulching, and ridge. In the NSFA, the conditions required for achieving optimal yield increase and WUE increase using PFM were comparable. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Adaptability of Spring Wheat Yield to Water and Nitrogen Reduction Under Wide-Width Uniform Sowing and Conventional Strip Sowing in Oasis Irrigated Regions CHEN GuiPing, CHENG Hui, FAN Hong, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, YIN Wen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2461-2473.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.003 Abstract （305）   HTML （40）    PDF （590KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Water shortage and high fertilizer input have become the dominant factors restraining spring wheat production in arid oasis irrigated areas. It is urgent to study the technology of the effects of water and nitrogen reduction in different planting modes on dry matter accumulation and yield formation of spring wheat, so as to provide a theoretical and practical basis for efficient production of spring wheat with water and fertilizer saving. 【Method】A field experiment with split-split plot was conducted at arid oasis irrigated areas from 2020 to 2021. Two planting modes, including wide-width uniform sowing (W) and conventional strip sowing (C), were designed, with two irrigation levels on local conventional irrigation (I2, 2 400 m3·hm-2) and local conventional irrigation reduced by 20% (I1, 1 920 m3·hm-2), and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer at a local conventional nitrogen (N3, 225 kg·hm-2), local conventional nitrogen reduced by 20% (N2, 180 kg·hm-2), and local conventional nitrogen reduced by 40% (N1, 135 kg·hm-2). The adaptability of spring wheat yield to water and nitrogen reduction under wide-width uniform sowing and conventional strip sowing was studied. 【Result】Compared wtih conventional strip sowing, the wide-width uniform sowing increased the maximum dry matter growth rate (Vmax), average dry matter growth rate (Vmean), and dry matter accumulation rate after booting stage of spring wheat, and delayed the time of emergence of the highest dry matter growth rate (Tm). Compared with conventional strip sowing with conventional irrigation and nitrogen levels, the Vmax and Vmean values of spring wheat under the wide-width uniform sowing were increased by 13.0%-23.4% and 11.0%-16.9%, respectively, and Tm was delayed by 3.3-3.7 days with the treatment on the reduction of 20% for water and nitrogen, so the growth and development dynamics of spring wheat could be effectively regulated by wide-width uniform sowing. The wide-width uniform sowing had greater grain and biomass yields by 11.0%-17.3% and 4.3%-9.6%, respectively, and the greater harvest index by 6.3%-6.9%, than conventional strip sowing. Furthermore, the grain and biomass yields were 16.0%-22.5% and 5.6%-13.2%, and harvest index was 8.2%-10.9% greater under wide-width uniform sowing with the reduction of 20% in water and nitrogen than those under the conventional strip sowing with conventional irrigation and nitrogen levels. There was no significant difference in grain and biomass yields, and harvest index of spring wheat was found between the reduction 20% of water and nitrogen, and the reduction of 20% irrigation and conventional nitrogen application under wide-width uniform sowing. The increase of spring wheat yield was mainly attributed to the synergistic of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight, which were increased by 3.9%-7.1% and 18.4%-22.7%, respectively, compared with conventional strip sowing with conventional irrigation and nitrogen application, and the 1000-grain weight increased by a greater extent. Path analysis showed that the reduction 20% of water and nitrogen in wide-width uniform sowing enhanced grain yield mainly through increasing harvest index and 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】 The wide-width uniform sowing could realize the simultaneous reduction 20% of water and nitrogen in spring wheat production, which was a feasible measure to save water and nitrogen for stable and high yield of spring wheat in oasis irrigation areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrating Multi-Source Gaofen Images and Object-Based Methods for Crop Type Identification in South China WANG JiaYue, CAI ZhiWen, WANG WenJing, WEI HaoDong, WANG Cong, LI ZeXuan, LI XiuNi, HU Qiong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (13): 2474-2490.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.004 Abstract （377）   HTML （32）    PDF （12012KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Due to frequent cloudy and rainy weather, it is challenging to map crop types over South China with fragmented agricultural landscapes. The Gaofen (GF) series satellites developed by China have high spatial-temporal resolution and good image quality. This study exploited the spatial and temporal advantages of multi-source GF images for fine crop classification in heterogeneous agricultural areas with frequent clouds and rain. 【Method】This study characterized the spatial geometry of agricultural fields based on GF-2 data with high spatial resolution, and cooperated with the encrypted observations from GF-1 and GF-6 time series to fully characterize the spectral seasonal variations of crops. By constructing three-dimensional classification features of spectrum-time-space, the crop classification based on random forest classifier were conducted, and the importance scores of different features were calculated. Furthermore, several classification scenarios were set based on different satellite combinations and different classification units, for further analyzing the performances of integrating different GF datasets on crop type mapping. 【Result】The overall accuracy of synergistic GF-1, GF-2 and GF-6 by object-oriented crop classification was 95.49% with Kappa of 0.94 in Qianjiang city; the overall accuracy in Zaoyang city was 93.78% with Kappa of 0.92. The accuracy of crop classification by integrating GF-2 and GF-6 was higher than that by GF-2 and GF-1. In addition, the object-oriented crop classification based on GF-2 outperformed the pixel-oriented one, in which the overall accuracy improved by 1.4% and 1.32% in Qianjiang and Zaoyang, respectively. Compared with the spectral and spatial features of GF-1 and GF-2, the GF-6 spectral bands had the largest contribution to crop type identification, and the cumulative importance score accounted for 82% (Qianjiang) and 77% (Zaoyang) of all spectral bands. Among them, the four new spectral bands of GF-6, namely, red-edge I band (B5), red-edge Ⅱ band (B6), purple band (B7) and yellow band (B8), accounted for 47% (Qianjiang) and 33% (Zaoyang) of all spectral bands for crop type identification. 【Conclusion】Integrating multi-source GF images by taking advantages of their spectral, spatial and temporal features could not only alleviate the "mixed pixel" problem caused by the fragmented agricultural landscape, but also reduce the uncertainty of crop type identification in cloudy and rainy areas, providing great potential for accurate crop mapping in South China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of Dryland Wheat Grain Growth Model Parameters Based on an Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm CUI WeiNan, NIE ZhiGang, LI Guang, WANG Jun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2274-2287.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.004 Abstract （245）   HTML （15）    PDF （614KB）（2003）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】As the core decision module for intelligent agricultural production, the accurate simulation of the crop model depends on efficient and accurate optimization of the model parameters. In order to improve the efficiency of tuning parameters and enhance the performance and accuracy of the crop model, this study optimized the single objective parameters of the dryland spring wheat grain growth sub-model by improving the optimization algorithm, so as to provide a reference for the adaptation study of dryland spring wheat in the loess hilly region of northwestern China, to expand the application of the model, and to facilitate the model to better guide agricultural production.【Method】Based on a field experiment in Anjiapo Village, Fengxiang Town, Anding District, Dingxi City, Gansu Province, from 2015 to 2021, this study combined weather data and yearbook yield data from 1970 to 2021, further optimized six parameters of dryland wheat grain growth stage using roulette selection strategy based on the global communication and local depth search of traditional shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA), carried out error calculation and comparison between measured and simulated yield values before and after algorithm improvement, and tested the APSIM-Wheat model.【Result】(1) At the same number of iterations, the traditional shuffled frog leaping algorithm converged around 200 times, while the improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm converged around 100 times. (2) The optimized parameters for the dryland spring wheat grain growth stage were: the grain number per gram stem was 26.0; the potential rate of grain filling from flowering to start of grain filling period was 0.00119 grain/d; the potential rate of grain filling during grain filling period was 0.00174 grain/d; the potential rate of grain filling under N limitation was 6.20×10-5 g grain/d; the minimum rate of grain filling under N limitation was 1.90×10-5 g grain/d; the maximum grain dry weight per plant was 0.0437 g. (3) The wheat yield was simulated using the parameter values optimized by the traditional shuffled frog leaping algorithm and the parameter values optimized by the improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm, respectively. After parameter optimization, the root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and simulated yield values decreased from 363.22 kg·hm-2 to 57.85 kg·hm-2, and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) decreased from 21.78% to 3.47%.【Conclusion】Compared with the traditional shuffled frog leaping algorithm, the improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm increased the diversity of populations and subpopulations, converged quickly, and improved the optimization efficiency and accuracy, so the optimized results conformed to the growth and development process of dryland spring wheat with higher applicability, which significantly improved the performance of the APSIM-Wheat model in the loess hilly agricultural area of northwestern China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Common Characteristics of Widely Adaptation Wheat Cultivars LÜ LiHua, HAN JiangWei, ZHANG JingTing, DONG ZhiQiang, MENG Jian, JIA XiuLing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2064-2077.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.003 Abstract （323）   HTML （26）    PDF （614KB）（2052）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to provide simple detection indicators for the screening of stress resistant and widely adapted cultivars under the background of frequent meteorological disasters in the North HuangHuaiHai Plain, through to screen drought resistant, heat-resistant and cold resistant winter wheat cultivars, and to clarify the yield composition, plant type structure and physiological characteristics of stress resistant and widely suitable cultivars.【Method】A field and a greenhouse experiments (experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively) were carried out in Gaocheng of Hebei province from Autumn 2017 to Summer 2020, and using 16 winter wheat cultivars as experimental material. For experiment 1, three treatments were set up, i.e., 0 irrigation, 1 irrigation (jointing) and 2 irrigation (jointing and flowering). For experiment 2, two treatments were set up at the late stage of filling, i.e., normal temperature treatment (CK) and warming temperature treatment. At the same time, the cold resistance test was conducted using the natural low temperature in the spring of 2018 and 2020. The stress resistance evaluation index, yield formation index, plant type structure index and leaf physiological index were determined.【Result】Five winter wheat cultivars were screened out by comprehensively considering yield, drought resistance index, yield heat sensitivity index and grade of freeze injury, and these cultivars included Jimai 23, Shannong 30, Jimai 325, Jimai 22 and Pinyu 8012. These cultivars had strong drought, heat and cold resistance, and had high and stable yield. By analyzing the correlation between yield and yield formation index, plant type index and leaf physiological index, it was found that 1000-grain weight, harvest index and biomass production were positively correlated with yield; the width of flag leaf, stem diameter and spike length were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with yield, while angle of stem and flag leaf was significantly negatively correlated with yield; relative chlorophyll value (SPAD value) and relative water content of flag leaf were positively correlated with yield, and the canopy temperature was negatively correlated with yield. Compared with other cultivars, the 1000-grain weight, harvest index and biomass production of the stress resistant cultivars increased by 12.9%, 5.2% and 3.4%, respectively. For stress resistant wheat cultivars, the width of flag leaf, angle of stem and flag leaf, diameter of basal stem, ear length and plant height were (16.2 ± 0.4) mm, (18.2 ± 3.2)°, (4.0 ± 0.3) mm, (7.5 ± 0.14) cm and (80.3 ± 1.3) cm, respectively. Compared with other cultivars, the SPAD value and relative water content in flag leaves of these five cultivars increased by 9.8% and 4.2% respectively, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1.9 ℃ at the late stage of filling.【Conclusion】The optimized plant type of the stress resistant wheat cultivars, namely “compact in the upper part and flat in the lower part”, was defined. The quantitative indexes were put forward, including width of flag leaf, angle of stem and flag leaf, diameter of basal stem and ear length; the physiological characteristics were put forward, including higher leaf SPAD value and relative water content of flag, and lower canopy temperature; the yield characteristics were identified, including higher 1000-grain weight, harvest index and biomass production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting Patterns on Crop Productivity and Soil Nitrate-N Accumulation in Dryland Summer Maize and Winter Wheat Rotation System WU JinZhi, HUANG XiuLi, HOU YuanQuan, TIAN WenZhong, LI JunHong, ZHANG Jie, LI Fang, LÜ JunJie, YAO YuQing, FU GuoZhan, HUANG Ming, LI YouJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2078-2091.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.004 Abstract （291）   HTML （23）    PDF （1602KB）（508）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of the present study was to discuss the effects of different ridge and furrow planting patterns on crop productivity, soil properties and soil nitrate-N accumulation, and thus provided a scientific basis for improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield and water use efficiency, and alleviating environmental risks in summer maize-winter wheat rotation system (namely maize-wheat) in dryland.【Method】A study was carried out at the Luoyang Dry Farming Experimental of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences based on the long-term field experiment initiated in 2004. The experiment included five treatments: permanent ridge and furrow and 6 row wheat planted in ridge (6RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 6RPRE (6REYRF), permanent ridge and furrow and 4 row wheat planted in ridge (4RPRF), ridge and furrow in each year and other managements kept with 4RPRF (4REYRF), and conventional flat planting pattern according to the local farmer (CF). The effects of different treatments on the grain yield, water use efficiency of summer maize, winter wheat and the annual in 2015-2021, and the bulk density, nutrient content and enzyme activity in the 0-40 cm soil layer at harvest of summer maize in 2020, and the nitrate-N accumulation in the 0-380 cm soil profile at harvest of winter wheat in 2019-2020 was investigated. 【Result】 Compared with CF, the four ridge and furrow planting patterns improved grain yield in summer maize, winter wheat, and all year by 8.6%-32.1%, 12.5%-25.6%, and 11.3%-29.6%, respectively, and water use efficiency by 8.6%-31.4%, 12.5%-31.1% and 12.8%-30.3%, respectively, averaged across the 6 experimental years from 2015 to 2021. They also significantly decreased the soil bulk density by 7.3%-11.3% in 0-5 cm soil layer and by 4.9%-11.5% in 20-40 cm soil layer, respectively, increased the average content of organic matter by 6.0%-19.8%, total nitrogen by 80.8%-100.0%, available phosphors by 28.5%-80.9%, available potassium by 58.5%-141.2%, urease activity by 24.0%-46.9% in 0-40 cm soil layer, as well as increasing the nitrate-N accumulation by 38.8%-116.0% in 0-100 cm soil layer. Among the four ridge and furrow treatments, 4RPRF had the best productivity and the function of improving root layer but decreasing the sub-layer nitrate-N accumulation, in which the nitrate-N accumulation was significantly increased by 38.7% in the 0-100 cm soil layer but significantly decreased by 15.0% in 200-380 cm soil layer with the total amount in 0-380 cm soil layer maintaining at CF level. Compared with ridge and furrow in each year (EYRF), the 6 year average grain yield in summer maize and all year in permanent ridge and furrow (PRF) treatments were increased by 10.55% and 9.10%, respectively, as well as the WUE in summer maize under 6 rows wheat planted in ridge (6R) pattern, in winter wheat under 4 rows wheat planted in ridge (4R) pattern and in all year were increased by 21.08%, 15.06% and 8.23%, respectively. The soil nutrient content under PRF increased in surface layer but decreased in subsoil layer, and the nitrate nitrate-N accumulation decreased by 4.9%-30.2%, compared with EYRF. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern increased the grain yield in summer maize and in all year by 9.9% and 6.8%, as well as the WUE by 7.4%, 16.5% and 6.7%, respectively, in summer maize under EYRF, in winter wheat under PRF and in all year, averaged across the 6 experimental years. Compared with 6R pattern, 4R pattern had a tendency to improve soil properties, but the effect varied with different indexes, ridge raising patterns and soil layer.【Conclusion】4RPRF could not only reduce soil bulk density and increase soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium contents, but also increase the grain yield and water use efficiency in summer maize, winter wheat and all year under most conditions, and also effectively reduce the nitrate-N accumulation in 200-380 cm soil layer. Therefore, 4RPRF was an alternative planting pattern to achieve high yield, high efficiency and environmentally friendly in dryland summer maize-winter wheat rotation system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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