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Multi-Angle Imaging and Machine Learning Approaches for Accurate Rice Leaf Area Estimation WANG AiDong, LI RuiJie, FENG XiangQian, HONG WeiYuan, LI ZiQiu, ZHANG XiaoGuo, WANG DanYing, CHEN Song Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1719-1734.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.004 Abstract （75）   HTML （8）    PDF （4529KB）（64）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Rice leaf area is a critical physiological metric that indicates photosynthetic efficiency, energy conversion, and dry matter accumulation capacity. This study aimed to develop a simple and efficient rice leaf area imaging system and prediction method, so as to provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for rapid and accurate leaf area measurement.【Method】 The study utilized representative rice varieties—Xiushui 134 (indica), Huanghuazhan (japonica), and Yongyou 1540 (indica-japonica hybrid)—as experimental materials. Leaf area data were collected from the aboveground parts during critical growth periods, and both flat-overhead-view and side-view images were captured. Using the PlantScreen high-throughput modular plant phenotyping platform, morphological and color feature information was extracted. Based on these data, various feature selection methods(Pearson correlation coefficient, maximal information coefficient (MIC), and recursive feature elimination (RFE)) combined with machine learning models (support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), and XGBoost) and deep learning models (ResNet50, AlexNet, VGG, and SeNet) were employed to develop a simplified and efficient rice leaf area prediction model.【Result】 (1) An imaging approach that integrated flat-overhead and multi-angle side views significantly outperformed single-view methods for leaf area prediction, with R² values of 0.76-0.82 and coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.5%-13.7%, compared with R² values of 0.51-0.78 and CVs of 9.7%-27.5% for single views. The optimal system used one flat-overhead-view and one side-view image, achieving R² = 0.79, root mean square error (RMSE) = 95.3, mean absolute error (MAE) = 77.02, and CV = 6.5%. (2) Using MIC algorithm for key feature selection combined with the random forest regression model achieved excellent results (R² = 0.84, RMSE = 81.8, and MAE = 63.3), noticeably outperforming other machine learning models. The deep learning model SeNet (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 98.1, and MAE = 74.7) outperformed traditional ResNet50 and AlexNet models but showed no significant advantage over the MIC-RFR model. (3) Feature analysis indicated that the projected area and plant height from side-view images, as well as leaf perimeter and green-yellow characteristics from flat-overhead-view images, significantly contributed to leaf area prediction. The contribution of the side-view projected area (+117.4) was substantially greater than that of other features (ranging from 1.48 to 18.87).【Conclusion】 This study employed a simple and efficient leaf area prediction imaging system (one flat-overhead-view combined with one side-view image), integrated with the MIC-RFR model, to meet the high-precision and stable prediction requirements for individual rice leaf area. This method provided a powerful tool and technical support for precision agriculture and crop breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Combined Effects of 16, 17-Dihydro Gibberellin A5 and Straw Mulching on Tillering and Grain Yield of Dryland Wheat PU LiXia, ZHANG JiaRui, YE JianPing, HUANG XiuLan, FAN GaoQiong, YANG HongKun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1735-1748.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.005 Abstract （66）   HTML （8）    PDF （1737KB）（49）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Seasonal drought during winter and spring is a significant factor limiting the number of fertile spike and grain yield of wheat in Southwest China. This study investigated the combined effects of straw mulching and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin on tillering in wheat, spike formation, and grain yield of dryland wheat, which would enrich the theoretical framework of tillering and spike formation regulation, and provide a theoretical basis for stable and high yield of wheat in the dryland farming system. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Renshou experimental station, which is a typical hilly dryland farming system in Southwest China. The straw mulching (SM, straw mulching with no-tillage; NSM, no straw mulching) and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin (DHGA100, spraying exogenous 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A5 at the three-leaf stage; DHGA0, spraying water at the three-leaf stage)，In view of the current situation that soil drought in the hilly and dryland of Southwest China inhibits wheat tillering and spike formation, resulting in insufficient fertile spikes of wheat, the effects of straw mulching and 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A5 on wheat tillering, matter accumulation and endogenous hormone content were analyzed, exploration treatments were employed to evaluated their combined effects on the tillering and grain yield of dryland wheat. 【Result】 Compared with no mulching, straw mulching increased the fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat by 13.16% and 20.64%, respectively; DHGA100 applicated at the three-leaf stage increased the fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat by 9.7% and 14.37%, respectively, compared with no DHGA0 application. Straw mulching combined with DHGA100 extended the effective tillering period, promoted the occurrence of the first tiller (T1 tillers), and increased the tillering capability and tillering emerging rate of T1 tillers, ultimately increasing fertile spikes and grain yield. Compared with NSM, SM increased the tillering ability, tiller emerging rate, and fertile spikes by 46.02%, 21.21%, and 13.41%, respectively; DHGA100 increased these parameters by 22.56%, 16.18%, and 9.72%, respectively, compared with DHGA0. For every 0.1 increase in tillering ability per plant, the number of fertile spikes increased by 2.84%; for every 0.1 increase in tillering survival rate of tillers after stem extension, the fertile spikes increased by 19.3%; for every 10% increase in tiller emerging rate of T1 tillers, the fertile spikes increased by 14%. Both straw mulching and DHGA could regulate the endogenous hormone levels in tillers and increase the proportion of tiller dry matter to total plant dry matter. Compared with NSM, SM increased the ratios of ZR/ABA and GA3/ABA in tillers by 52.66% and 38.68% and decreased the ratio of IAA/ABA by 11.10%. Under SM treatment, DHGA100 increased these ratios by 14.06%, 21.67%, and 31.67%, respectively, compared with DHGA0. 【Conclusion】 Exogenous 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin A5 applicated to straw mulching at the three-leaf stage promoted the occurrence and spike formation of T1 tillers via ABA/GA signaling, thereby increasing fertile spikes and grain yield of wheat. Therefore, the combination of straw mulching (8 000 kg·hm-2) with the application of 16, 17-Dihydro gibberellin (100 mg·L-1) at the three-leaf stage was a promising approach for high and stable grain yield of wheat in the dryland farming system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Postpone Under Nitrogen Reduction Condition on Yield, Phosphorus Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Cotton GUO ChenLi, LIU Yang, CHEN Yan, HU Wei, WANG YouHua, ZHOU ZhiGuo, ZHAO WenQing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1749-1766.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.006 Abstract （85）   HTML （6）    PDF （2761KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the regulation effect of phosphorus fertilizer postponement on the maintenance of high yield of drip-irrigated cotton under the condition of nitrogen reduction, and to define the consequence of phosphorus fertilizer postponement on the utilization efficiency of cotton phosphorus fertilizer under the condition of nitrogen reduction.【Method】 A 2-year field experiment (2022-2023) was performed in the experimental ground of Shihezi University, which used Zhongmian 109 as test material. A total of six experimental treatments were set up: conventional nitrogen application (Nck: 400 kg·hm-2), 50% phosphorus fertilizer management treatment at the squaring stage and 50% at the flowering and boll setting stage (total phosphorus fertilizer application rate 105 kg·hm-2, NckP3), and nitrogen reduction conditions (25% nitrogen reduction, Nr: No phosphorus fertilizer was applied at 300 kg·hm-2 (P0), 100% phosphorus was applied at the squaring stage (P1, the total application rate of phosphorus fertilizer was 105 kg·hm-2, the same below), 75% at the squaring stage + 25% at the flowering and boll setting stage (P2), 50% each at the squaring stage and the flowering and boll setting stage (P3), 25% at the squaring stage + 75% at the flowering and boll setting stage (P4) They are respectively denoted as NckP3, NrP0, NrP1, NrP2, NrP3 and NrP4.【Result】 (1) Compared with NckP3, only NrP3 treatment had no significant difference in seed cotton yield; under the nitrogen reduction condition, the seed cotton yield udner other treatments increased significantly compared with P0, and the increase under P3 treatment was the largest, reaching 31.0% (mainly due to the significant increase of seed cotton yield in the middle and upper branches). (2) Compared with NckP3, only the NrP3 treatment showed no significant differences in the biomass of each organ and the accumulation of phosphorus in cotton. Under reduced nitrogen, compared with P0, the postponed phosphate fertilizer increases the biomass of reproductive organs in the middle and upper fruit branches of cotton and the proportion of phosphate distribution, the increase was the greatest under the P3 treatment, which were 11.0%, 21.7% and 79.6%, 72.0% respectively, and significantly increased the biomass accumulation of cotton and promoted the phosphorus absorption and utilization. In addition, only NrP3 treatment had a higher phosphorus utilization rate than NckP3, with an increase of 15.8%. (3) The yield of seed cotton and the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer were positive correlated with the average accumulation rate VT of aboveground and reproductive organs biomass during the rapid accumulation period. The former was also significantly positive correlated with the maximum accumulation rate Vm of reproductive organs biomass, and the latter was positive correlated with the maximum accumulation rate Vm of reproductive organs phosphorus.【Conclusion】 Under nitrogen reduction conditions, NrP3 treatment (the proportion of the postponed phosphorus fertilizer was 50%) can enhance the transport and distribution of biomass to the reproductive organs of the middle and upper fruit branches of cotton, promote the accumulation and distribution of phosphorus from the middle and upper fruit branches to the reproductive organs, improve the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer, and ultimately achieved the goal of reducing nitrogen in cotton without reducing yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of a Short-Term Reduction in Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on the Grain Yield and Rice Quality of Early and Late-Season Dual-Use Rice in South China LIU JinSong, WU LongMei, BAO XiaoZhe, LIU ZhiXia, ZHANG Bin, YANG TaoTao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1508-1520.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.004 Abstract （123）   HTML （14）    PDF （497KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Optimal reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is a sustainable management strategy in rice production. The effects of lowering N fertilizer input on grain yield and rice quality of early and late-season dual-use rice in South China were investigated, which could provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield cultivation and nitrogen management of the ‘Simiao Rice’. 【Method】 A two-year in-situ field trial was carried out at the Dafeng Experimental Base of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2022 to 2023, two early and late-season dual-use ‘Simiao Rice’ (19Xiang and Nanjingxiangzhan) were used as test cultivars, and a two-factor split-plot experimental design was adopted. The main plots were a 20% reduced N fertilizer application rate treatment (RN) and the conventional N fertilizer application rate treatment (CN). The split plots were rice varieties, to analyze the changing characteristics of early and late-season dual-use rice yield and quality under RN conditions. 【Result】Compared with CN, RN did not change the grain yield in the late season, but significantly decreased the grain yield in the early season by an average of 11.7% in the two years. The decrease in grain yield under RN conditions was related to the decline in total spikelet. In the early season, RN did not affect milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness, but significantly reduced head rice rate by an average of 3.30% in the two years. RN had no effect on the hardness of cooked rice in the early season, but significantly reduced its protein content, stickiness and taste value of cooked rice, with an average reduction of 0.61%, 12.80% and 2.80%, respectively, and significantly increased its amylose content by an average of 1.23%. RN did not influence the milled rice rate, head rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness, amylose and protein content, and the hardness, stickiness, and taste value of cooked rice in the late season. In addition, the relevant analysis showed that the decrease in head rice rate of RN treatment in the early season might be related to the decrease in protein content, while the decrease in stickiness and taste value was related to the increase in amylose content. 【Conclusion】RN decreased the grain yield, milling quality, and eating quality in the early season, while did not alter the appearance quality in the early season, the grain yield, milling quality, appearance quality, and eating quality in the late season. Therefore, in the production of early and late-season dual-use rice, it was necessary to ensure an adequate N supply in the early season to maintain grain yield and rice quality, while reducing N fertilizer by 20% in the late season could still achieve stable and high-quality rice production under current N fertilizer application levels. Keywords: Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response of Silage Maize Yield and Quality to Reduced Irrigation and Combined Organic-Inorganic Fertilizer in Northwest Irrigation Areas WEI WenHua, LI Pan, SHAO GuanGui, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, FAN Hong, HE Wei, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, ZHAO LianHao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1521-1534.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.005 Abstract （87）   HTML （5）    PDF （560KB）（57）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In terms of the issues of yield instability and quality deterioration caused by improper water and fertilizer application, the effects of reduced irrigation combined with organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of silage maize in arid irrigated regions of Northwest China were investigated, so as to identify optimal water and fertilizer management practices for achieving high yield and superior quality in silage maize cultivation in the irrigated areas. 【Method】 From 2021 to 2022, a field experiment based on two-factor split-plot design was carried out at the Oasis Agricultural Experimental Base of Gansu Agricultural University. The main factor was two irrigation levels, respectively, including I1 conventional irrigation reduction 20 % irrigation was 324 mm, and I2 conventional irrigation is 405 mm, and drip irrigation was used. The sub-factor included five different fertilization regimes: F1, 100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer; F2, 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer; F3, 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer; F4, 25% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+75% organic fertilizer; and F5, 100% organic fertilizer. The effects of different water and fertilizer management practices on the yield, grain quality, and stalk quality of silage maize were analyzed, and the comprehensive evaluation of the yield and quality of silage maize was performed using factor analysis.【Result】Reducing irrigation alone led to a decrease in the yield and quality of silage maize. However, the combined application of organic-inorganic nitrogen fertilizers helped to enhance the potential for simultaneously improving both yield and quality under reduced irrigation conditions. Notably, the combination of reduced 20% irrigation with 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer (I1F2) demonstrated significant advantages. The I1F2 treatment significantly increased fresh and hay yields of silage maize, with fresh and dry grass yields improving by 9.9% and 12.7% over conventional irrigation combined with 100% chemical nitrogen fertilization (the control treatment, I2F1), respectively. Meantime, the I1F2 treatment was able to maintain a relatively high grain and stover quality of silage maize. Compared with I2F1, the I1F2 treatment increased protein and fat contents of grain by 17.4% and 20.5%, and increased essential amino acids content too, with phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and methionine rose by 17.4%, 13.9%, 19.4%, 17.9%, 23.1%, 30.0%, 44.5%, and 22.0%, respectively. The I1F2 treatment increased crude protein, crude fat, and soluble sugar contents in the stover by 13.9%, 19.1%, and 15.6% over I2F1, respectively, while decreasing neutral detergent fiber content by 13.5%, thereby improving relative feed value by 14.0%. Factor analysis also revealed that the I1F2 treatment had the highest composite applicability index, which was beneficial for increasing both the yield and quality of silage maize.【Conclusion】The combination of 20% reduced irrigation with 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic nitrogen fertilizer was the optimal water and nitrogen management practice for simultaneously enhancing both the yield and quality of silage maize in the Northwest irrigation areas. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Forms on Yield and Quality of Summer Maize XUE YuQi, ZHAO JiYu, SUN WangSheng, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1535-1549.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.006 Abstract （125）   HTML （16）    PDF （1229KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The effects of different nitrogen forms on filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of summer maize were studied, so as to provide the scientific basis for selecting suitable nitrogen fertilizer types and improving the yield and grain quality of summer maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Shandong Province from 2022 to 2023. Denghai 605 (DH605) was selected as the experimental material, with a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg N·hm-2. The experiment included five treatments: amide nitrogen (Urea, UREA), nitrate nitrogen (Calcium nitrate, NN), ammonium nitrogen (Ammonium chloride, AN), co-application of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (1:1, HH), and urea ammonium nitrate solution with a blend of amide nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen (2:1:1, UAN). The effects of different nitrogen forms on the yield and quality of summer maize were investigated by determining the grain filling characteristics, grain quality characteristics and grain capacity of summer maize. 【Result】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen in UREA, both the maize yield and grain quality under NN decreased. The maize yield under AN increased, but the grain quality decreased. HH significantly increased maize yield without affecting grain quality. UAN significantly increased maize yield and improved grain quality. Over the two years, the highest maize yield achieved with the co-application of the three nitrogen forms, significantly increasing by 13.7% to 16.3% compared with UREA. The Next the highest maize yield were from AN and HH, which significantly increased maize yield by 5.2% to 6.8% and 7.3% to 10.6%, respectively, compared with UREA. The maize yield under NN decreased by 5.4% to 5.8% compared with UREA. Compared with UREA, the growth amount at the maximum filling rate (Wmax) under UAN was enhanced by 6.3% to 9.7%, and the active filling period (D) was extended by 7.7% to 10.9%. Both AN and HH increased Wmax and prolonged D, thereby promoting the accumulation of grain weight and increasing yield. The Wmax, D, grain filling rate, and dehydration rate of NN were significantly lower than those in the other treatments. The crude protein content was lower with NN and AN, decreasing by 20.6% to 22.0% and 15.2% to 17.4% than that under UREA, respectively. The rude fat content with NN was significantly higher than that of other treatments, increasing by 23.6% to 30.9% than that under UREA. Compared with UREA, UAN improved grain quality, with total starch and amylopectin content increasing by 4.9% to 5.2% and 11.7% to 14.4%, respectively, compared with UREA, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylose increased by 31.0% to 39.1%. The amylose content decreased by 14.1% to 16.8%. The crude protein content of UAN increased by 11.7% to 24.1%. The grain bulk weight under UAN was significantly higher than that under other treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen, the treatment with nitrate nitrogen inhibited grain filling, reduced grain weight, and decreased yield. In contrast, ammonium nitrogen or the co-application of multiple nitrogen forms enhanced the grain filling process, increased grain weight, and thereby improved yield. Furthermore, compared with the application of a single nitrogen form, the co-application of three nitrogen forms could achieve a synergistic improvement in both yield and grain quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Plant Type Improvement on Root-Canopy Characteristics and Grain Yield of Spring Maize Under High Density Condition ZHAO Yao, CHENG Qian, XU TianJun, LIU Zheng, WANG RongHuan, ZHAO JiuRan, LU DaLei, LI CongFeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1296-1310.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.004 Abstract （155）   HTML （52）    PDF （2479KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Increasing planting density is a key agronomic strategy to enhance maize yield; however, excessive density may result in an imbalanced population structure, reduced utilization efficiency of limited resources (e.g., light), and suppressed yield potential. Gene editing can optimize canopy architecture through targeted improvement of maize plant type, thereby enhancing adaptability to high-density planting and boosting yield. Elucidating the effects of plant type improvement on root-shoot characteristics, grain yield, and density response in spring maize, as well as the underlying mechanisms, will provide theoretical and technical foundations for optimizing plant type and achieving high-yield dense planting in spring maize.【Method】The field experiment was conducted at Gongzhuling farm in Jilin, China. In this study, two maize hybrids, includding Jingke 968 and the improved plant types Jingke Y968, were grown with 60 000 plants/hm2 (D1), 75 000 plants/hm2 (D2) and 90 000 plants/hm2 (D3) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The effects of two plant types of spring maize of the same genetic background on the root-canopy characteristics and yield of spring maize were studied.【Result】Under normal density conditions (D1), there were no significant differences in leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), PAR utilization (PUE), dry matter accumulation and grain yield between the two different plant types spring maize cultivars. However, compared with Jingke 968, under D3 conditions, the improved plant type Jingke Y968 had a relatively high number of main roots (7.2%) and a relatively large weight of root dry matter (6.0%), which promoted the absorption of nutrients; furthermore, under D2 and D3 conditions, Jingke Y968 significantly improved the canopy structure of maize, so that the upper, middle and lower parts had relatively low leaf angles, higher leaf orientation and LAI, and the excellent canopy structure increased the Pn of mid-to-late ear leaves of (7.5% (D2) and 7.7% (D3)) and PUE (4.3% (D2) and 10.8% (D3)). The structural equation results showed that higher leaf direction values and LAI could positively and directly increase the accumulation of dry matter in the aboveground, thereby increasing grain yield (8.7% (D2) and 11.2% (D3)).【Conclusion】In summary, the improvement of plant type enabled Jingke Y968 to have higher main root number and larger root dry matter weight under high-density conditions, which was conducive to nutrient absorption in the underground part. Meanwhile, its leaves were more compact, Pn was significantly increased, PUE was effectively improved, and root-canopy characteristics were more reasonable, which promoted dry matter accumulation in the above-ground part. Thus, the relatively high grain yield could be obtained. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Low Temperature at Seedling Stage on Cotton Floral Bud Differentiation and Cotton Plant Yield ZHAO YuXuan, MIAO JiYuan, HU Wei, ZHOU ZhiGuo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1311-1320.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.005 Abstract （131）   HTML （46）    PDF （688KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the harm of low temperature in the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling stage on floral bud differentiation and the effect on seedcotton yield, to analyze the change characteristics of cotton floral bud differentiation phenotypes and terminal buds endogenous hormones under low temperature, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation technology of cotton under low temperature.【Method】Using the early-maturing and high-quality cotton variety Zhong 425 as the material, a pot experiment was conducted in the smart greenhouse of the Pailou Experimental Station of Nanjing Agricultural University from 2022 to 2023 to simulate the daily average temperature environment during the cotton seedling stage in Aksu, southern Xinjiang. Two temperature treatments were set up: the control (CK, with a daily average temperature of 27 ℃, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 32 and 22 ℃, respectively) and the low-temperature treatment (LT, with a daily average temperature of 20 ℃, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 25 and 15 ℃, respectively). The number, size, and morphological anatomical structure of cotton flower bud differentiation were investigated, and the changes in endogenous hormones in shoot apices under low temperature during the seedling stage were analyzed. Additionally, the changes in cotton bolls and their component biomass, as well as relevant indicators of seed cotton yield, were examined after the removal of low temperature stress during the seedling stage.【Result】During the differentiation of cotton flower buds, the increase in Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and the decrease in trans-Zeatin-riboside/Gibberellin A3 (ZR/GA3 ) ratio in the terminal buds of cotton under low temperature during the seedling stage inhibited flower bud differentiation. Meanwhile, the content of abscisic acid Abscisic Acid (ABA), GA3, and ZR increased in response to the adverse effects of low temperature. Changes in endogenous hormones in the shoot tips caused by low temperature during the seedling stage slowed down the process of flower bud differentiation. When the flower buds of the first fruit node on the first fruit branch differentiate from the bract differentiation stage to the sepal differentiation stage, petal-stamen differentiation stage, pistil differentiation stage, and sexual organ formation stage, the leaf age increased by 16.6%-19.4%, 26.5%-31.3%, 17.6%-29.0%, 16.6%-23.3%, and 26.6%-30.0%, respectively; the number of flower buds at the 4-leaf-1-heart, 5-leaf-1-heart, and 6-leaf-1-heart stages of cotton seedlings decreases by 33.3%-55.2%, 24.0%-53.1%, and 26.8%-32.9%, respectively. Due to the slow growth and development of cotton seedlings under low temperature during the seedling stage, the number of flower buds in cotton seedlings exposed to the same number of days of temperature treatment decreased more significantly, with reductions of 66.7%-85.7%, 74.0%-87.8%, and 70.7%-81.7% compared with the control group at the 4-leaf-1-heart, 5-leaf-1-heart, and 6-leaf-1-heart stages, respectively; the sizes of flower buds at these stages also decreased by 33.3%-36.4%, 70.7%-71.6%, and 44.6%-48.3%, respectively. After the removal of low temperature stress during the seedling stage, the development of cotton bolls was still affected, with significant reductions in boll and its component biomass. Specifically, the biomasses of boll shell, fiber, and cottonseed decreased by 64.6%, 65.5%, and 66.7%, respectively. The number of cotton bolls decreased by 65.4%, ultimately leading to a 65.5% reduction in seed cotton yield.【Conclusion】Under low temperature conditions during the seedling stage, the increased IAA content and decreased ZR/GA3 ratio in the apical buds of cotton inhibited the differentiation of pre-summer peach flower buds. Low temperature during the seedling stage retarded the reproductive development of cotton by delaying flower bud differentiation, which reduced the biomass of cotton bolls. Low temperature at this stage also decreased the number of flower buds, ultimately leading to a reduction in the number of cotton bolls and lower seed cotton yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Estimation Model of Calcium Content in Guanxi Honey Pomelo Leaves Based on Spectral Index LI FangLiang, KONG QingBo, ZHANG Qing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1321-1332.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.006 Abstract （86）   HTML （39）    PDF （2238KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】By constructing the estimation model for calcium (Ca) content in honey pomelo leaves based on spectral analysis, it could provide a theoretical basis for monitoring and rapid non-destructive diagnosis of Ca content in honey pomelo leaves.【Method】The original spectral and first-order derivative spectral characteristic bands and spectral characteristic indices (difference spectral index (DSI), ratio spectral index (RSI), and normalized difference spectral index (NDSI)) were analyzed and extracted. Single variable estimation model, partial least squares estimation model (PLS), backpropagation neural network estimation model (BPNN), random forest estimation model (RF), and support vector machine estimation model (SVM) for honey pomelo leaf calcium content were established, and the optimal spectral estimation model for honey pomelo leaf calcium content was evaluated and verified. 【Result】There was a significant multi band correlation between the original spectrum and first-order derivative spectrum of pomelo leaves and calcium content. Based on the correlation coefficients of the original spectrum and first-order derivative spectrum, the maximum wavelengths were 553, 714 nm and 528, 699, 602 nm, respectively. The spectral indices with significant correlation between the original spectrum, first-order derivative of pomelo leaves and calcium content were DSI790,1040, RSI910,990, NDSI900,990 and NDSI′350,580, DSI′560,570, RSI′350,580. The polynomial estimation model constructed with spectral indices such as RSI910,990, NDSI900,990, NDSI′350,580, DSI790,1040, DSI′560,570, RSI′350,580, DSI′528,602 as independent variables had relatively high determination coefficient R2 (R2>0.60). A hyperspectral estimation model for calcium content in honey pomelo leaves was established using the above four machine learning methods. The R2 of PLS, BPNN, RF and SVM estimation models were 0.79, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.84, respectively, and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were 4.33, 4.11, 3.81 and 3.93, respectively; the R2 of the validation models were 0.77, 0.80, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, and the RMSE were 4.50, 4.28, 3.67 and 3.90, respectively. The order of estimating the accuracy of the model was RF>SVM>BPNN>PLS.【Conclusion】The accuracy comparison analysis of four models for calcium content in honey pomelo leaves showed that the RF estimation model had better predictive performance than the other three estimation models. This result could provide a new method for rapid diagnosis of calcium content in honey pomelo leaves for reference. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Response Mechanism of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Colored Wheat to Post-Anthesis High Temperature Stress TANG Yu, LEI BiXin, WANG ChuanWei, YAN XuanTao, WANG Hao, ZHENG Jie, ZHANG WenJing, MA ShangYu, HUANG ZhengLai, FAN YongHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1083-1101.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.004 Abstract （130）   HTML （21）    PDF （2444KB）（106）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Under the background of global warming, this paper explored the physiological mechanism of anthocyanin content in colored wheat in response to high temperature stress in the middle of grain filling, so as to lay a theoretical basis for further coping with the high-quality cultivation of functional colored wheat varieties under climate warming. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Hefei High-tech Agricultural Park in the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 growing seasons. Six colored wheat varieties with different colors were selected and subjected to high temperature stress treatment (T) for 5 days at the middle stage of filling, with the same materials grown under ambient temperature as the controls (CK). 【Result】 Under high temperature stress after anthesis, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), dry matter partition, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of colored wheat were significantly reduced, and the yield of six varieties of colored wheat decreased by 9.10% to 16.94%, 1000-grain weight decreased by 7.84% to 16.94%, and anthocyanin content decreased by 7.18% to 14.17%. The yield, photosynthetic intensity, SPAD value, dry matter partition, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of different varieties of colored wheat were: Qinbai 1>Qinlü 3>Qinzi 1>Xinchun 36>Qinhe 2>Qinlan 1, and the anthocyanin content was: Qinhei 2>Xinchun 36>Qinzi 1>Qinlü 3>Qinlan 1>Qinbai 1. The yield of heat-resistant wheat varieties of Qinbai 1, Qinlü 3 and Qinzi 1 decreased significantly less than that of heat-sensitive wheat varieties Qinhei 2, Xinchun 36 and Qinlan 1. The decreases in photosynthetic intensity, SPAD value, dry matter fraction, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of color wheat varieties Qinhei 2, Xinchun 36 and Qinzi 1 with high anthocyanin content were smaller than those of Qinlü 3, Qinlan 1 and Qinbai 1 with low anthocyanin content. Correlation analysis showed that the yield of each color wheat variety was significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight, sucrose content, sucrose synthase activity, flag leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and SPAD value, anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content, and yield was negatively correlated with anthocyanins, but the correlation was not significant. After high temperature stress after anthesis, the decomposition of sucrose bound to free anthocyanins decreased, and the decomposition of anthocyanins in grains increased, which supplemented the growth and development of wheat.【Conclusion】 The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins helped crops resist external stress, and the decline of various indexes of color wheat varieties with higher anthocyanin content was comparable to that of color wheat varieties with lower anthocyanin content under high temperature stress after anthesis, the anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content. In conclusion, the accumulation of anthocyanin content could respond to high temperature stress, reduce the decrease of soluble sugar content, and increase the heat resistance of colored wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Problems and Pathways for Increasing Cotton Yield per Unit Area in Xinjiang Under Green and Efficient Production Mode TIAN LiWen, LOU ShanWei, ZHANG PengZhong, DU MingWei, LUO HongHai, LI Jie, PAHATI MaiMaiTi, MA TengFei, ZHANG LiZhen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1102-1115.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.005 Abstract （109）   HTML （9）    PDF （551KB）（92）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton production in Xinjiang is transforming from high input of production materials to green, high efficiency and light simplification. This paper analyzed the existing issues as well as advantages and disadvantages of cotton production in Xinjiang under the green and high efficiency mode of production, so as to understand the current situation of cotton production in Xinjiang, explore ways and means to improve the yield per unit area, and put forward suggestions and countermeasures for improving the yield per unit area. This paper provided a detailed analysis of the current status of green and efficient cotton production in Xinjiang in recent years, focusing on resource conditions, mechanization levels, and management practices. Specifically, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers was close to 40%, the area under drip irrigation exceeded 1.86 million hm2, the recovery rate of plastic films from farmland in the current season reaches 80%, the comprehensive mechanization rate for tillage, sowing, and harvesting attained 94.5%, locally developed cotton varieties accounted more than 90% of the market share across Xinjiang, and the average managed area per cotton farmer reached 20 hm2. These achievements demonstrated efficient resource utilization, enhanced production efficiency, and standardized and normalized management. However, these challenges remained, which included drip irrigation systems and technologies that lagging behind the demands of modern agriculture, excessive inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic films, inadequate implementation of technologies with poor alignment with regional needs, and a lack of environmental-friendly concepts among cotton farmers. Therefore, it was quite challenging to maintain green and efficient production while also increasing cotton yield per unit area. It was recommended to improve the efficiency of water utilization by modifying drip irrigation systems and refining technological models, fostering superior crop populations to boost yield. We should optimize the input of fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic films, apply fertilizers rationally, prevent the abuse of pesticides, and intensify the management of residual plastic films, supporting yield enhancement through the improvement of resources and the environment. Efforts should be made to ensure the implementation of technologies aligned with regional needs, advocating for green development concepts and guaranteeing sustainable yield enhancement through changes in management and mindset. To achieve high-quality development of cotton in Xinjiang, it was essential to leverage regional characteristics and scale advantages, making production more specialized. We should refine, improve, integrate, and innovate technologies in production details, promoting sustained and healthy economic and ecological development in Xinjiang's cotton regions through green and efficient cotton planting. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Technical Approaches of Integrated Unmanned High-Yield Cultivation of Wheat ZHANG HongCheng, XING ZhiPeng, ZHANG RuiHong, SHAN Xiang, XI XiaoBo, CHENG Shuang, WENG WenAn, HU Qun, CUI PeiYuan, WEI HaiYan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 864-876.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.004 Abstract （211）   HTML （22）    PDF （2009KB）（136）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficient unmanned cultivation technology system of wheat. 【Method】 According to the situation of accelerating land transfer and large-scale operation, decreasing labor force engaged in agricultural production, and more efficient and comfortable farming methods, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat was put forward through the integration study of “agronomy-machinery-intelligence”, that is, using new technology, new product and new equipment to simplify and integrate the whole process of wheat production, and complete wheat production with the least number of operations, the least number of machines and unmanned operations. On the basis of exploratory experimental research, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat (IU) and conventional mechanized high-yield cultivation techniques of wheat in experimental area (CK) were set up as treatments in Dazhong Farm of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in 2019-2020, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, to study the traits and differences of wheat yield formation among different technology treatments, analyze the high-yield traits of IU, and put forward the technical approaches of IU. 【Result】 The IU increased wheat yield by 3.0%-5.9% compared with CK, and significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons. In terms of yield components, the spike number was IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), the grains per spike were IU>CK (P>0.05), the total grains were IU>CK (P<0.05), and the 1000-kernels weight was IU<CK (P>0.05), indicating that the IU increased wheat yield by stabilizing the grains per spike and 1000-kernels weight, and increasing the spike number. In the production of photosynthetic matter, the culm number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages, the leaf area duration and crop growth rate in the main growth periods, and the culm fertility and grain leaf ratio were all expressed as IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), which laid a material foundation for the yield increase of the IU. This paper not only summarized the technical approaches and basic technologies of IU but also discussed the development of IU from the aspects of integrated cultivation, unmanned cultivation, “agronomy-machinery-intelligence” fusion degree, key agronomy technology and comprehensive evaluation. 【Conclusion】 The yield under IU was equivalent or significantly increased to that under CK. And the high-yield cultivation of wheat was realized with less agricultural machinery and labor and unmanned operation, which was an effective way for the development of agricultural modernization production. In the future, multi-faceted collaborative innovation and investment should be strengthened to accelerate the application and large-scale promotion of this technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in Seed Vigor and Physiological Index of Winter Wheat Under Natural Aging Condition ZHANG Ling, CAO Lei, CAI Cheng, YAN XinYi, XIANG BoCai, AI Jia, ZHAN XinYang, SONG YouHong, ZHU YuLei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 877-889.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.005 Abstract （166）   HTML （10）    PDF （592KB）（117）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to examine changes in seed vitality and physiological mechanisms under natural aging conditions in winter wheat, to analyze how different storage durations affect seed germination vitality, root growth, and antioxidant capacity, and to identify key physiological indicators of seed aging, so as to provide a basis for breeding winter wheat varieties with improved storability. 【Method】 The newly bred winter wheat cultivars, including Annong1589 (AN1589), Annong1687 (AN1687), and Annong179 (AN179), were used as experimental materials. The seeds were stored at room temperature to simulate natural aging condition. Samples were taken from seeds stored for 6 months, 18 months, and 30 months to measure seed vigor indices, such as germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling root characteristics. Additionally, those key physiological indicators during the seed and seedling stages were analyzed, including electrical conductivity (Con), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (Pro), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and the content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins in the seeds.【Result】Genotype had a significant effect on seed vigor and physiological indicators within the same storage period, with the interaction of cultivar and aging time having a notable impact on seed vigor. As storage time increased, the germination potential and root vigor of winter wheat seeds significantly declined. Germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling stage indicators such as seedling height, fresh weight, and root fresh weight also showed a decreasing trend. Germination potential decreased most rapidly, with all three cultivars maintaining over 90% germination potential after 6 months of storage. After 18 months, the germination potential of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179 declined to 85.88%, 81.70%, and 88.58%, respectively. After 30 months of storage, the germination potential of all cultivars dropped below 80%, to 75.42%, 74.04%, and 79.17% of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179, respectively. This indicated a significant decline in seed vigor during natural aging. The study found that as the aging process progressed, the three cultivars continuously accumulated MDA and Pro, indicating increasing oxidative damage to the seed cell membranes. The initial MDA content in AN1589 was the lowest among the three cultivars, at 0.0427 μmol·g-1. Moreover, AN1589 had the smallest increase in Pro content after 30 months of storage, at 22.43%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and POD, as well as the contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins, decreased with increasing aging, indicating a gradual loss of antioxidant capacity and consumption of internal substances to support seed germination and seedling growth. 【Conclusion】Under natural aging conditions, the vigor of winter wheat seeds gradually decreased, closely related to the consumption of internal substances, increased oxidative damage, and weakened antioxidant capacity. The increase in MDA content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were important physiological indicators reflecting seed aging. AN1589 exhibited relatively stable vigor and physiological indicators under natural aging conditions, indicating strong storage tolerance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accumulation Characteristics of Anthocyanins in Black Rice Under Different Sowing Dates and Its Relationship with Meteorological Factors XIAO ChangChun, WEI XinYu, ZENG YueHui, HUANG JianHong, XU XuMing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 890-906.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.006 Abstract （123）   HTML （9）    PDF （943KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The dynamic process of anthocyanin accumulation in black rice grains under different sowing dates and its relationship with meteorological factors were studied to provide reference for the breeding of high anthocyanin black rice varieties and adjusting sowing dates to optimize favorable meteorological conditions for black rice growth, thereby enhancing anthocyanin content in grains.【Method】Three black rice varieties (Heinuo, Lirenzi and Yanziuo 35) with significant difference in anthocyanin content in grains were selected as materials, and 5 sowing dates (B1-B5) were set for each from 2022 to 2023. Samples were taken every 5 days after flowering to determine anthocyanin content in grains. The anthocyanin accumulation characteristics of black rice in grains at each sowing date were analyzed based on Logistic equation. The response mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation characteristics to meteorological factors was discussed by path analysis and regression analysis. 【Result】The sowing date changed the meteorological factors during the grain filling period of black rice, and shortened overall growth period of black rice by shortening the initial heading date. The genotype was found to be the primary determinant of anthocyanin content in black rice grains, and its accumulation characteristics (Wa, MRa, MeRa, TMRa, WMRa, Da) were most significantly influenced by variations in sowing dates. There is an observed trend of decreasing followed by increasing anthocyanin accumulation with delayed sowing dates. Latesowing is more conducive to the accumulation of anthocyanins in grains than early sowing. The process of anthocyanin accumulation in grains exhibited a “slow-fast-slow” pattern with peak values reached 9.79-15.35 days after flowering; this process was regulated by year type, sowing date and intervariety factors. Path analysis results indicated that Wa is mainly determined by MeRa and Da, with MeRa contributing the most to Wa. Furthermore, characteristic parameters of anthocyanin accumulation in grains showed significant negative correlations with light and temperature climatic factors during the effective filling period. Notably, air temperature had a significant influence on anthocyanin accumulation: as Tamax, Dheat and Savg increased, Da decreased along with MeRa and Wa; an average temperature range of 25.0-27.4 ℃during the filling period was found to be optimal for anthocyanin accumulation in grains.【Conclusion】The effect of sowing date on anthocyanin accumulation in black rice grains reflects the comprehensive effect of meteorological factors, with temperature being the primary factor influencing anthocyanin accumulation. This, in turn, affects both the rate and duration of anthocyanin accumulation. Based on this, it is advisable to select black rice varieties with high anthocyanin content according to the planting system.Timely seeding from late June to early July can optimize the adaptation of meteorological elements during the grouting period, leading to an increase in grain anthocyanin content. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Fallow Weeds Returning to the Field on Photosynthetic Matter Production and Yield of Rice CHEN Ge, GU Yu, WEN Jiong, FU YueFeng, HE Xi, LI Wei, ZHOU JunYu, LIU QiongFeng, WU HaiYong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 647-659.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.003 Abstract （144）   HTML （19）    PDF （600KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on photosynthetic matter production and yield formation in an indica three-line hybrid rice population, to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of straw resources and the improvement of rice yield. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted in Matang Town, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, China from 2022 to 2023. Chuanzhongyou 464, a widely cultivated hybrid rice variety, was used as the test material. Six treatments were designed, including conventional nitrogen fertilizer (N), rice straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (RN), rape straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (ON), Chinese milk vetch returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (MN), fallow weed returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (WN), and no nitrogen fertilizer and no straw returning as control (CK). At various growth stages, the tiller dynamics, leaf area index, aboveground dry matter accumulation, SPAD value of flag leaves at heading stage, net photosynthetic rate, and yield and yield components of rice were measured under different modes of straw returning to the field. 【Result】Compared with N treatment, the effective panicles per hm2, total spikelets per hm2, and grain yield under WN treatment increased significantly by 13.65%, 16.85%, and 9.65%, respectively. There was a slight increase in spikelets per panicle and grain weight, while the seed setting rate decreased, but the difference was not significant. In terms of photosynthetic matter production characteristics, under WN treatment, the percentage of productive tiller increased significantly by 13.08%, and the SPAD value in the flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of flag leaves at heading stage were enhanced significantly by 3.57%, 9.16%, and 16.68%, respectively. Meanwhile, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part measured at mature stage increased by 13.79%, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate, and dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part from heading to mature stage increased by 9.20%, 33.12%, and 33.21%, respectively, and the harvest index improved by 12.31%. In addition, the leaf area index, net assimilation rate, post-heading leaf and stem sheath output and export rate also showed an increase trend. Correlation analysis results indicated that leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance significantly and positively correlated with effective panicles per hm2, spikelets per panicle, total spikelets per hm2, and grain yield. 【Conclusion】Fallow weeds returning to the field improved the photosynthetic characteristics of the rice at heading stage, enhanced the production capacity of photosynthetic matter after heading, promoted dry matter accumulation after heading stage, and optimized population quality. Simultaneously, by increasing the ratio of productive tiller, the suitable effective panicles per hm2 were constructed and the total spikelets per·hm2 increased, it thereby achieved higher grain yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Antioxidant Characterization of Nitrogen Application for Mitigating Potato Senescence Post-Flowering Under High Temperature Stress SU Ming, LI FanGuo, HONG ZiQiang, ZHOU Tian, LIU QiangJuan, BAN WenHui, WU HongLiang, KANG JianHong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 660-675.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.004 Abstract （179）   HTML （21）    PDF （3491KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to explore the mechanism of nitrogen application under high temperature on the antioxidant characteristics of dryland potato in the mountainous area of southern Ningxia, and to elucidate the mechanism of nitrogen regulation, so as to provide the reference for the local development of nitrogen application measures favorable to alleviate high temperature stress. 【Method】 A 2-year field in situ experiment was conducted in Dazui Village, Haiyuan County, Ningxia, from 2020 to 2021, using a split-zone experimental design with four N application levels as the main zones, namely 0 (N0), 75 kg·hm-2 (N1), 150 kg·hm-2 (N2), and 225 kg·hm-2 (N3), and two temperature gradients as the sub-zones, namely (35±2) ℃ (HT) and (30±2) ℃ (CK). The effects of post-flowering high temperature stress on potato leaf area index (LAI), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), antioxidant properties, membrane lipid peroxidation products and non-enzymatic protective substances were analyzed. 【Result】 The 2-year results showed that potato LAI, SPAD, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) showed a decreasing trend from 30d-35d after flowering under the nitrogen fertilizer×temperature intercropping condition; at the same time, the cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde content (MDA) and proline content (Pro) of potato leaves showed an increasing trend. Taking 35d after flowering as an example, after high temperature stress, potato LAI decreased by 11.22%-21.20%, SPAD decreased by 23.29%-26.05%, SOD decreased by 12.27%-16.87%, POD decreased by 13.69%-17.71% and CAT decreased by 13.80%-18.39% compared with room temperature; while cell membrane permeability, MDA content and Pro content increased significantly. Meanwhile, after high temperature stress, LAI and SPAD were significantly increased, while SOD, POD, CAT as well as yield reached the highest under N2 treatment (150 kg·hm-2) compared with other treatments and N2 could also reduce cell membrane permeability and MDA content to alleviate high temperature hazards and increase potato yield. To further explore the correlation between potato yield and N application, a quadratic relationship between yield and N application was found, which led to the derivation of the corresponding parameter values for the economically optimal N application rates of 132-142 kg·hm-2 (HT) and 185-210 kg·hm-2 (CK). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that under high temperature stress, yield was only related to leaf LAI, POD, and CAT. LAI, POD and CAT reached significant positive correlation and significant negative correlation with MDA and Pro, while it did not reach significant level with SOD, SPAD and cell membrane permeability. Meanwhile, through the principal component analysis, it was found that after 2 years of high temperature stress, the composite scores of different nitrogen application levels were N2>N3>N1>N0. 【Conclusion】 The application of nitrogen at 150 kg·hm-2 could continue to improve the physiological and antioxidant characteristics of potato leaves and to optimize its yield effectively, and it was also consistent with the theoretical estimation of 2 years of post-flowering high temperature. It was found that the N application rate of 150 kg·hm-2 could continuously improve the physiological characteristics of potato leaves and effectively optimize the yield, and the difference was very small with the theoretically estimated 2-year economic optimum N application rate (132-142 kg·hm-2). Therefore, the present experiment could also take 150 kg·hm-2 as the recommended N application rate for safe potato production in Ningnan mountainous area to cope with the increasingly serious local high temperature hazard. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Physiological Response of Longzhong Alfalfa to Exogenous Spermine Under Drought Stress WANG WenJuan, SHI ShangLi, KANG WenJuan, DU YuanYuan, YIN Chen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 676-691.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.005 Abstract （117）   HTML （16）    PDF （1596KB）（106）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Spermine (Spm) can improve the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses and reduce the damage caused by abiotic stresses to plants. To investigate the effect of exogenous Spm on drought resistance of alfalfa under drought stress, to provide a theoretical basis for exogenous Spm to improve drought resistance of alfalfa, and then to provide a scientific basis for the application of utilizing exogenous Spm to enhance drought resistance of plants. 【Method】Longzhong alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Longzhong) was used as the experimental material, and polyethylene glycol 6000 was used to simulate drought stress. Under normal water and drought stress after the root application of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mmol·L-1 concentration of Spm, the change characteristics in Longzhong alfalfa were studied, including plant height, leaf relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments content, gas exchange parameters, antioxidant enzymes activity, antioxidants content, superoxide anion ($O^{\bar{.}}_{2}$) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and osmoregulatory substances content. 【Result】Under drought stress, exogenous Spm increased plant height and leaf RWC of Longzhong alfalfa, slowed down the degradation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b (Chlb), and carotenoids, elevated the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of leaves, reduced the concentration of intercellular carbon dioxide, enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), raised the ascorbic acid (ASA) content, ASA/ dehydroascobic acid (DHA) ratio, glutathione (GSH) content and GSH/ glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio, decreased DHA and GSSG content, enhanced ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, decreased $O^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ and H2O2 production, inhibited MDA accumulation, and increased proline and soluble sugar content. The results of principal component analysis and calculation of average affiliation function values of all physiological indexes under each treatment showed that Spm application under normal water conditions had no effect on the growth of alfalfa, whereas Spm application under drought condition improved the drought tolerance of Longzhong alfalfa under drought stress, with the best enhancement effect of 0.5 mmol·L-1 Spm. A further redundancy analysis showed that 0.5 mmol·L-1 Spm enhanced the drought tolerance of Longzhong alfalfa mainly by slowing down the degradation of leaf Chlb, increasing the ASA-GSH cycle and CAT activity.【Conclusion】Exogenous Spm could reduce the degradation of photosynthetic pigments, alleviate the non-stomatal restriction of drought stress on alfalfa leaves, increase the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, promote the ASA-GSH cycle, increase the content of osmoregulatory substances, reduce the production of $O^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ and H2O2, and decrease the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, thus increasing the plant height and leaf RWC of Longzhong alfalfa under drought stress, thereby enhancing its drought resistance. Exogenous application of 0.5 mmol·L-1 Spm was an effective method to improve the drought resistance of alfalfa under drought stress, and it could be applied to improve the drought resistance of alfalfa in dry areas for practical production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Compensatory Effects of Multiple Cropping Green Manure on Growth and Yield Loss of Nitrogen-Reduced Spring Wheat in Oasis Irrigation Areas of Northwest China QIU HaiLong, LI Pan, ZHANG DianKai, FAN ZhiLong, HU FaLong, CHEN GuiPing, FAN Hong, HE Wei, YIN Wen, ZHAO LianHao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 443-459.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.004 Abstract （161）   HTML （25）    PDF （2923KB）（83）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Aiming at the problems of large amount of nitrogen fertilizer input, low utilization rate and single fertilizer source in traditional spring wheat planting in the oasis irrigation area of Northwest China, the effects of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat on photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield of spring wheat under the condition of reduced nitrogen application were studied, with a view to provide the technical support for the construction of a nitrogen-saving and high-yield green planting model of spring wheat in the experimental area. 【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Hexi Corridor from 2021 to 2023. The main area was set up with two planting modes: post-wheat fallow (W) and post-wheat multiple cropping of hairy leaf (W-G), and the split plot was the traditional full nitrogen application of 100% (N1, 180 kg·hm-2), reduced nitrogen application of 15% (N2, 153 kg·hm-2) and reduced nitrogen application of 30% (N3, 126 kg·hm-2). The photosynthetic source, stay-green of leaves, growth characteristics and yield performance related indicators of spring wheat under different treatments were measured and calculated. The Logistic equation of dry matter accumulation, the correlation between different indicators and the compensation index were constructed. The objective was to explore the compensation effect of multiple cropping green manure on the growth and yield of nitrogen-reduced spring wheat. 【Result】Post-wheat multiple cropping of green manure could compensate for the loss of photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield caused by nitrogen reduction to a certain extent. Among them, the compensation effect was the best under the condition of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat combined with 15% nitrogen reduction (W-GN2), which showed super compensation and equal compensation effect. Multiple cropping of green manure significantly increased leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves in spring wheat at the late reproductive stage. Compared with the traditional post-wheat fallow total nitrogen fertilization (WN1), W-GN2 increased the average leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves by 17.7%, 17.5% and 7.6% on the 75-90 days after seedling, respectively. W-GN2 optimized the growth characteristics of spring wheat. Compared with WN1, the average dry matter accumulation, the maximum growth rate of dry matter and crop growth rate under W-GN2 increased by 6.2%, 6.9% and 5.1%, respectively, and the net assimilation rate decreased by 6.2%. Due to the compensation of multiple cropping green manure for photosynthetic source and growth characteristics, the photosynthesis, population growth and material accumulation rate of spring wheat remained high in the late growth stage, which was conducive to the improvement of grain yield. The grain yield under W-GN2 was 14.7% higher than that under WN1, which was mainly attributed to the compensation of the spike number, 1000-grain weight and harvest index by multiple cropping green manure, and W-GN2 was 6.5%, 6.9% and 13.2% higher than that under WN1, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, it was found that W-GN2 treatment had better performance in photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and grain yield formation, and mainly promoted the formation of yield by compensating the photosynthetic source of spring wheat. 【Conclusion】Multiple cropping of hairy vetch after spring wheat with 15% reduction of nitrogen application could be used as a perfect production technology to regulate the photosynthetic source and growth characteristics of spring wheat in the northwest oasis irrigation area to achieve nitrogen saving and yield increase. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Mulching Methods on the Production of Photosynthetic Substances and Water Use Efficiency of Intercropped Maize WANG JiaXin, HU JingYi, ZHANG Wei, WEI Qian, WANG Tao, WANG XiaoLin, ZHANG Xiong, ZHANG PanPan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 460-477.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.005 Abstract （138）   HTML （29）    PDF （1929KB）（111）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study explored the effects of different mulching methods on the production of photosynthetic substances and water use of maize under the intercropping mode of maize and soybean, aiming to determine the suitable mulching method for maize and soybean plantation in dryland agriculture in northern Shaanxi, so as to provide a basis for high-yield and efficient production of maize and soybean and ecological environment protection. 【Method】This study was conducted in irrigated land and nonirrigated land in 2022, using 'Zhonghuang 30' soybean and 'Xianyu 335' maize as materials. The two-factor complete randomized design was carried out, and the control group combined single crop (maize “M”, soybean “S”) and film mulching (bare land, interbrane “J”), and the test group combined intercropping crop (maize “M”, soybean “S”) and film mulching (bare land, interbrane “J” and whole film “Q”), with a total of 13 treatment groups. The characteristics changes of growth, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of intercropped maize under different mulching methods were studied. 【Result】 (1) From jointing to silking stage, the growth space of intercropped maize was limited, resulting in a disadvantage in aboveground biomass of intercropped maize compared with monoculture. The biomass during the jointing stage of S/MQ, SQ/MJ, and SQ/MQ was 5.1%, 6.3%, and 1.7% higher than that of monoculture M, respectively; under intercropping, SJ/MJ maize plants had the fastest growth rate and a sharp increase in growth. SQ/MQ S/M, S/MJ, SQ/MJ, and SJ/M in dry land had a better promoting effect on the photosynthetic products of maize during the silking stage, and the aboveground biomass was 0.6%-105.9% higher than that of monoculture M. (2) To some extent, intercropping and mulching treatments improved the photosynthetic characteristics of maize, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) content of paddy maize. There was a certain degree of positive relationship between stomatal conductance (Gs), cellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr). The photosynthetic parameters of SQ/MJ and SJ/MQ were relatively high, while SJ/M and SQ/MQ were lower than non film coated S/M; there was a weak negative correlation between Pn and Ci in dryland maize, and the effect of maize mulching was not significant among different treatments. The Gs of intercropping treatment was 5.7% -38.1% lower than that of monoculture M, and Tr was also reduced by 5.6% -25.6%. Only the Pn of SJ/M and SQ/M, as well as the Ci of SQ/MJ and S/M, were higher than monoculture M. (3) The intercropping film mulching had a significant impact on water use efficiency (WUE). The WUE of the intercropping treatment was 41.1% -74.0% higher than that of monoculture M, among which SJ/M, S/M and S/MJ were relatively high; among all treatments in arid land, SQ/MJ had the highest WUE (19.04 kg∙mm-1∙hm-2), followed by SJ/MJ (17.07 kg∙mm-1∙hm-2), and the WUE of SJ/M and SQ/M was significantly lower than that of monoculture M by 26.7% and 20.6%, respectively. (4) Compared with monoculture M, intercropping S/MJ between irrigated land and dry land SJ/M and SJ/MJ maize increased yields by 76.8%, 73.0%, and 72.3%, respectively, while soybean yield reduction was relatively less among all intercropping treatments, demonstrating higher economic benefits; dry land intercropping SJ/MJ and SJ/MQ maize increased production by 17.1% and 23.5%, respectively, while economic benefits decreased by 17.5% and 22.8%, respectively. 【Conclusion】Compared with single cropping M, SJ/MJ model improved the photosynthetic performance, biomass, and yield of maize in irrigated land, and improved system economic benefit and promoted water use efficiency. In dry land, through the complementary effect and resource allocation in the intercropping system, it maintained maize yield and improved water use efficiency, but the increase of total input in agricultural materials reduced the economic feasibility. Therefore, in the dryland agriculture of Northern Shaanxi, the intercropping planting pattern of maize with degradable film and soybeans with degradable film was recommended for both irrigated land and moderately irrigated dry farm, aiming to enhance water use efficiency, increase production and profitability, and promote sustainable ecological agriculture development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Diversified Crops and Wheat-Maize Rotations on Soil Quality in the North China Plain ZHANG SiJia, YANG Jie, ZHAO Shuai, LI LiWei, WANG GuiYan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 238-251.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.003 Abstract （267）   HTML （20）    PDF （2431KB）（188）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the long-term experiment in the North China Plain (NCP), the differences in soil nutrient and aggregate nutrient distribution between diversified crops and wheat-maize rotation systems were investigated. Additionally, it provided a comprehensive evaluation of soil quality indices (SQI), offering a scientific basis for enhancing soil quality and productivity in the NCP. 【Method】Four diversified crop rotation systems were evaluated, including spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize (Psw-WM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize (Pns-WM), spring sorghum-winter wheat-summer maize (Ps-WM), with winter wheat-summer maize (WM-WM) serving as the control. The soil samples from the 0-40 cm depth were collected during the second rotation in 2022, at the flowering and harvesting stages of winter wheat. The soil enzymes activities, aggregate stability, organic matter, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil and aggregates of different sizes (>2.00 mm, 0.50-2.00 mm, 0.25-0.50 mm, and <0.25 mm) were assessed. The SQI for each crop rotation system was then comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】Compared with WM-WM, the three other crop rotations increased soil inorganic nitrogen content. Psw-WM significantly enhanced organic matter in the 0-20 cm layer, total nitrogen in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), and organic matter in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm and 0.50-2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), which also increased cellulase, catalase, and alkaline protease activities. Pns-WM improved organic matter in the 20-40 cm layer and available potassium in soil aggregates (0.25-0.50 mm and >2.00 mm, 10-20 cm), as well as organic matter in soil aggregates (0-10 cm, >2.00 mm and 10-20 cm, >0.50 mm), which also increased sucrase, urease, and alkaline protease activities. Psw-WM improved the stability of 0-10 cm soil aggregates, while Pns-WM improved the stability of 0-30 cm soil aggregates. Both Pns-WM and Psw-WM significantly improved the SQI, with Pns-WM showing a higher improvement than Psw-WM. The path analysis revealed that the average weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was a direct and significant affecting SQI. It also had a significant indirect positive effect on SQI by influencing inorganic nitrogen. Additionally, the increased organic matter led to a higher proportion of large aggregates, which significantly affected SQI indirectly. 【Conclusion】Legume (peanut) and root crop (sweet potato) rotations with wheat-maize rotations could significantly improve soil quality and enhance the soil nutrient supply capacity in the NCP. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Inversion of Nitrogen Content in Chili Pepper Leaves Based on Hyperspectral Analysis LIU Jing, WANG Hong, ZHANG Lei, XIAO JiuJun, WU JianGao, GONG MingChong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 252-265.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.004 Abstract （145）   HTML （12）    PDF （4062KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth and development, and it plays an important role in strengthening chlorophyll synthesis in crops, enhancing plant resistance, and improving yield and quality. This study harnessed hyperspectral technology to swiftly, precisely, and non-invasively monitor nitrogen levels in pepper foliage throughout its growth cycle, delving into the correlation between leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and spectral reflectance characteristics. 【Method】The study was based on the hyperspectral data of pepper leaves collected from Guanzhuang Demonstration Base in Pepper Research Institute of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2021. The research encompassed four pepper varieties (Qianjiao No. 8, Hongla No. 18, Layan 101, and Hong Global) and five different nitrogen fertilizer application rates (0, 120, 240, 360, and 480 kg·hm-2). The pepper leaf spectral data were processed, involving Multiple Scatter Correction (MSC), Savitzky-Golay (SG) and First Derivative (FD), followed by the selection of sensitive bands using Pearson correlation coefficient, Successive Projections Algorithm (SPA) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS). Subsequently, three machine learning algorithms, such as Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Random Forest (RF) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), were employed to construct models for monitoring nitrogen levels in pepper leaves, to achieve the goals of enhancing agricultural production efficiency and accuracy, and realizing intelligent management and precise fertilization. 【Result】After preprocessing, the original spectra improved correlation coefficients significantly. Among these, the spectral data's inversion performance was notably superior after SG processing, with the effectiveness ranking as SG>FD>MSC>original spectra. Contrasting various band selection methods, the employing Pearson correlation coefficient for band selection resulted in bands being overly concentrated, leading to either redundant information or incomplete information extraction. While CARS algorithm selected bands across a broad range and in large quantities, its effectiveness was inferior to SPA due to containing more redundant information and noise. SPA-selected nitrogen content characteristic bands effectively reduced collinearity and redundant information, yielding the optimal model with the highest R² and the smallest RMSE. The performance of different modeling methods for pepper LNC estimation was as follows: RBFNN performed the best, followed by PLSR, with RF exhibiting the poorest performance. Among these, the SG-SPA-RBFNN combined model demonstrated the best inversion accuracy, with modeling results of R² =0.98 and RMSE =0.62, and validation results of R² =0.98 and RMSE =1.21, with an RPD of 3.08. RBFNN model excelled in handling high-dimensional spectral data, surpassing traditional PLSR and RF models. 【Conclusion】The hyperspectral reflectance characteristics were utilized to establish nitrogen content prediction models, which could effectively monitor nitrogen levels in pepper leaves, thereby enhancing agricultural management efficiency and providing the technical support for precise management and variable fertilization in pepper cultivation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of One-Off Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Grain Yield and Quality in Dryland Wheat WANG RongRong, XU NingLu, HUANG XiuLi, ZHAO KaiNan, HUANG Ming, WANG HeZheng, FU GuoZhan, WU JinZhi, LI YouJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 43-57.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.004 Abstract （288）   HTML （30）    PDF （784KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of one-off irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on grain yield and quality in dryland winter wheat (hereinafter referred to as wheat).【Method】From 2020 to 2022, the split-plot field experiment was conducted at the Mengjin, Yichuan and Luoning counties of Luoyang city in Henan province, China, in the typical dryland wheat production area at the intersection between Loess Plateau and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The two irrigation levels of no-irrigation during wheat growth period (I0) and soil-moisture-based one-off irrigation after regreening (I1, one-off supplemental irrigation was conducted to 85% of field capacity when the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer after wheat regreening was lower than 60% of field capacity at the first time, there was only this irrigation during the whole growth stage) were assigned as the main plots; and the four N fertilizer managements of N0, N120, N180 and N240 were set as sub-plots, where N rates were 0, 120, 180 and 240 kg·hm-2, respectively, and all of them were applied at sowing under I0 treatment, and 50% as basal, and 50% were applied along with the one-off irrigation under I1. The grain yield and protein yield, zinc content, protein and its components content, and main processing quality indicators of wheat were determined. 【Result】 Compared with I0, I1 significantly increased wheat grain yield and protein yield by 11.5%-73.0% and 9.1%-57.0%, respectively, in which the amplification enlarged with the increase of N rates, and that in the 2020-2021 was higher than that in the 2021-2022. However, I1 reduced the contents of zinc, and protein and its components in wheat grain, as well as the most indicators of processing quality compared with I0. Except for the globulin content at Yichuan in 2020-2021, compared with I0, I1 significantly decreased the content of zinc, protein and its components, and the processing quality of wheat grain. Among them, the content of zinc, albumin, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin were decreased by 5.0%-13.8%, 4.5%-14.1%, 6.4%-17.3%, 2.3%-24.8%, and 8.0%-13.9%, respectively, and the development time, stability time, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, extensibility, and maximum resistance were decreased by 5.3%-23.2%, 8.5%-51.1%, 2.0%-13.3%, 4.5%-18.1%, 4.6%-12.2% and 3.3%-10.6%, respectively. With the increase of N rate, wheat yield firstly increased and then decreased and wheat protein yield firstly increased and then stabilized under I0, while wheat yield firstly increased and then stabilized and wheat protein yield gradually increased under I1, however, the wheat quality indicators mostly tended to increase firstly and then stabilized under both I0 and I1. There were no significant differences between N240 and N180 for most quality indicators, but most of them were significantly higher than N120. The quality indicators of wheat grain under N120 were also significantly higher than that under N0. Considering the interaction effect, irrigation levels and N managements had significant interaction effects on yield and protein yield, but there was no interaction effect on most quality indicators. The grain yield under I1N180 did not change significantly but the protein yield was significantly decreased by 3.9%-4.9% compared with I1N240, however, both the grain yield and protein yield under I1N180 were significantly increased compared with other treatments. Although the content of protein and protein components and the processing quality in wheat grain under I1N180 were significantly lower than that under I0N180 and I0N240, these quality indicators were not significantly lower than that under I1N240. 【Conclusion】 The soil-moisture-based one-off irrigation after regreening combined with the N rate of 180 kg·hm-2 and 50% N topdressing along with irrigation (I1N180) could synchronously improve the grain yield and stabilize the grain quality in dryland wheat. Therefore, I1N180 was suitable for wheat production in the dryland area, where one-off irrigation was guaranteed due to High-Standard Farmland Construction Program. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Regional Distribution of Raw Cotton Quality in Xinjiang Based on Notarized Inspection Data for Cotton LI PeiSong, LU YongDi, GUO Yu, ZHANG QiPeng, LIU TaoFen, WANG TianHe, YANG MingFeng, XIANG Dao, TIAN JingShan, ZHANG WangFeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 58-74.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.005 Abstract （129）   HTML （11）    PDF （4804KB）（88）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Xinjiang cotton-growing area has the resource conditions for the formation of different cotton fibers quality types, due to its large spanning range, diverse climate and ecological types. It can provide theoretical bases for cotton-using enterprises to select multi-type, multi-grade and high-quality special cotton and optimize the cotton dominant production area, by studying the regional differences and distribution patterns and clarifying the climatic factors which affect the distribution of raw cotton quality in Xinjiang. 【Method】 Based on the quality certification inspection data of Chinese cotton from 2016 to 2020, the dataset encompassed fiber length, strength, Micronaire, and uniformity. The weighted average method was employed for analyzing the raw cotton quality across different cotton planting regions in Xinjiang. The linear trend slope method was utilized to determine the interannual variation trend of raw cotton quality in each individual county or city involved in cotton cultivation. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation of Xinjiang’s raw cotton quality was conducted based on the respective weights assigned to each index.【Result】The fiber length and strength of the northern region were significantly higher than those of the southern and eastern regions by 0.24-0.31 mm and 0.62-1.17 cN/tex. The quality of raw cotton in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps was noticeably superior to that of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the fiber length and strength of raw cotton increased by 0.22 mm and 0.44 cN/tex, respectively. The fiber length ranging from 28.9 to 29.0 mm was predominantly concentrated in Huyanghe City of the Seventh Division (Chepaizi Reclamation Area), Shihezi City of the Eighth Division (Xiayedi Reclamation Area), and Beitun City of the Tenth Division (184 Corp) within the cotton producing region of northern Xinjiang. The strength in the northern region exhibited superior performance, with the strength between 28.4 and 29.9 cN/tex, while it was comparatively lower in the southern region. Micronaire A showed significant concentration in Wujiaqu City of the Sixth Division (Wujiaqu Reclamation Area), Beitun City of the Tenth Division (184 Corp), and Changji City within the cotton producing area of northern Xinjiang. The high-quality regions exhibited a consistent year-on-year growth trend, with fiber length increasing by 0.01-0.07 mm annually. The regions demonstrating this upward trend included Turfan Gaochang District in the eastern region of Xinjiang, Xinhe County, Magaiti County, Wensu County, Shache County, Shule County in the southern region of Xinjiang, and the Third Division of Tulushuk city (Xiaohaizi Reclamation Area). An average annual increase of fracture-specific strength ranging from 0.21 to 0.40 cN/tex primarily concentrated in Xinhe County, Wensu County and Tumushuk City of the Third Division (Xiaohaizi Reclamation Area) within the cotton-producing zone of Southern Xinjiang. Regions with better overall raw cotton quality were primarily concentrated in Manas County in Northern Xinjiang, Wujiaqu City in the Sixth Division (Wujiaqu Reclamation Area), Shihezi City in the Eighth Division (Xiayedi Reclamation Area, Anjihai Reclamation Area, Shihezi Reclamation Area, Mosuowan Reclamation Area), and Wensu County and Awati County in Southern Xinjiang, with fiber lengths ranging from 28.6 to 29.0 mm and strength from 28.4 to 29.9 cN/tex.【Conclusion】The quality of raw cotton in Xinjiang exhibited regional variations, which were influenced by the duration of days with temperatures over 35 ℃. Variety renewal and simplified cultivation were important ways to improve cotton quality and ensure the effective supply of high-quality raw cotton. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Status and Development Suggestion of Direct-Seeding Rice Cultivation in China LIAO Ping, WENG WenAn, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4854-4870.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.003 Abstract （550）   HTML （45）    PDF （728KB）（353）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous improvement in rice cultivation techniques, China has maintained a high rice production level of about 210 million tons over the past decade. Direct-seeding rice cultivation technology, recognized for its efficiency and simplicity, has been favored by Chinese farmers. However, controversies persist regarding direct-seeding rice compared to transplanted rice in national-scale production. Thus, this study employed meta-analysis techniques to quantify disparities in grain yield, economic benefit, rice quality, lodging characteristic, and greenhouse gas emissions between direct-seeding rice and transplanted rice. Our results indicated that direct-seeding rice significantly reduced grain yield by an average of 6.3% relative to transplanted rice, which was main due to the reduced total spikelet (-3.8%) and filled-grain percentage (-1.8%). In different planting systems in China, the yield of direct-seeding rice had significantly decreased compared to transplanted rice, and the direct-seeding rice-induced reductions in yield of single rice (-10.9%) and late rice (-13.1%) were higher than those of middle rice (-4.8%) and early rice (-4.4%). The grain yield reductions for direct-seeding rice were from 10% to 20% in Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, meanwhile Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces saw reductions of 5% to 10%, but it had no significant effect in other provinces. Direct-seeding rice resulted in comparable net economic return relative to transplanted rice (p> 0.05). Direct-seeding rice reduced milled rice rate (-3.1%) and gel consistency (-3.5%), improved appearance quality (chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, which decreased by 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed on nutrition quality and taste value. Direct-seeding rice increased lodging index at base of the first (+12.4%) and third (+10.3%) internodes, but not at the second internode, indicating an increase in risk of lodging relative to transplanted rice. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, direct-seeding rice fields showed reductions in methane emissions (-42.8%), global warming potential (-36.2%), and greenhouse gas intensity (-41.1%) compared to transplanted rice fields, while promoting nitrous oxide emissions (+29.1%). In addition, a review was recounted on nitrogen utilization and its loss, water and energy use efficiency, and weed incidence. Finally, the recommendations for the future advancement of direct-seeding rice were proposed, main focusing on rice variety breeding, rice cultivation technique optimization, rice planting area layout, as well as policies and services with the goal of technological innovation and regionalized application of direct-seeding rice cultivation technology in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physiological Mechanism of Aluminum Tolerance of Rice Root Border Cells and Root Tips Induced by Nano Silica Biomineralization Deposition FENG YingMing, NONG Wei, CHEN XingYun, HAN HongXiang, ZHENG YuXin, TIAN Xiao, TANG Jiao, GUO YiWei, HUANG ChaoZheng, LI XueWen, SHI Lei, YU Min Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4871-4883.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.004 Abstract （163）   HTML （10）    PDF （3675KB）（168）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the physiological mechanism of silicon alleviating aluminum toxicity in plants, to study the effect of biomineralization structure constructed on rice root border cells and root tips on aluminum stress, so as to provide the theoretical and practical guidance for acid soil mineralization to alleviate aluminum toxicity of plants in southern China. 【Method】Employing rice (Oryza.Sativa L.) as the experimental materials, using root tips and root border cells as the research object, under 100 μmol·L-1 aluminum stress treatment, polyethylenimine induced nano silica to form biomineralization structure on the surface of root tips and root border cells. Four treatments are administered: bare cells without aluminum stress (-Si-Al), bare cells with aluminum stress (-Si+Al), silica-coated cells without aluminum stress (+Si-Al), and silica-coated cells with aluminum stress (+Si+Al). The study examined the cell viability, levels of active oxygen species, and localization of active aluminum in root border cells, as well as the relative elongation of the root tips, levels of active oxygen species, callose content and localization of active aluminum in the root tips. 【Result】Under aluminum stress, compared with non biomineralization, polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition on the cell wall of root border cells, so the survival rate of root border cells increased by 21.04%, the level of reactive oxygen species decreased by 87.65%, and the relative fluorescence value increased by 77.09% after Morin staining, and then effectively improved cell survival rate, reduced ROS production, and slowed down the programmed cell death; after polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition in root tip, the relative growth rate of root tip increased by 26.95%, the level of reactive oxygen species decreased by 27.73%, the content of callose increased by 55.29%, and the relative fluorescence value increased by 55.45% after Morin staining, hematoxylin staining also showed that more Al3+ was deposited in the meristematic and transitional zones of root tip, and this indicated that the biomineralization deposition could adsorb more Al3+ on the surface of root tip, prevent Al3+ from entering the root tip to protect, and then alleviate the toxic effect of aluminum on root tip. 【Conclusion】Polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition on the cell wall endows rice root border cells and root tips with aluminum tolerance, and reduced aluminum accumulation in rice, thus ensuring food safety and human health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Difference of Grain Starch Accumulation Dynamics and Yield Formation of Spring Maize Under Different Nitrogen Application Rates in Black Soil CAO WenZhuo, YU ZhenWen, ZHANG YongLi, ZHANG Zhen, SHI Yu, WANG YongJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4431-4443.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.004 Abstract （225）   HTML （15）    PDF （657KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The physiological mechanism of starch accumulation and yield formation of spring maize in black soil under suitable nitrogen application was studied, in order to provide the theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation technology of spring maize.【Method】Field experiments were conducted in the spring maize growing seasons of 2022 and 2023 in Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Five nitrogen application treatments were set up: no nitrogen (N0), 90 kg·hm-2 (N90), 135 kg·hm-2 (N135),180 kg·hm-2 (N180), and 225 kg·hm-2 (N225). The synthesis capacity of sucrose in the ear leaf and the activity of key enzymes in sucrose metabolism were measured to investigate the sucrose synthesis capacity of the ear leaf and grain starch synthesis capacity under different nitrogen application rates. The accumulation characteristics of total starch and its components in maize grain were fitted by Logistic equation to clarify the impact of nitrogen application rate on the dynamic of starch accumulation in maize grain and grain yield formation.【Result】(1) With the escalation of nitrogen application rates, the yield of spring maize exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. The average yields under N0, N90, N135, N180, and N225 treatments over two years were 8 992.90, 11 199.47, 12 126.78, 14 049.42, and 13 213.21 kg·hm-2, respectively. Notably, the N180 treatment resulted in the highest yield. (2) The sucrose content, sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activities in ear leaves at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 days after flowering under N180 treatment were significantly higher than those under N0, N90 and N135 treatment, and there was no significant difference between N225 and N180 treatment. At 24, 36 and 48 days after flowering, the activity of soluble amylase (SSS) in grains treated under N180 was the highest, and the average SSS activity of grains under N0, N90, N135 and N225 was increased by 62.43%, 31.33%, 14.85% and 7.80%, respectively. (3) Logistic equation analysis showed that the accumulation rate and active accumulation period of total starch, branch chain and amylose in grains of each treatment first increased and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amount, and N180 treatment was the best. Compared with N0, N90, N135 and N225 treatments, the two-year average total starch accumulation rate and total starch accumulation active period under N180 treatment were 43.35%, 23.16%, 13.22%, 5.92% and 7.30%, 3.84%, 4.11%, 3.83%, respectively. When the average grain starch accumulation rate reached the maximum in two years, the grain starch accumulation amount was 12.90 g, and the total starch accumulation amount at each treatment maturity stage was 6 725.60, 8 510.17, 9 150.62, 10 387.35 and 9 604.04 kg·hm-2, respectively. (4) Correlation analysis results showed that spring maize yield was significantly positively correlated with sucrose content, sucrose synthase activity, sucrose phosphate synthase activity, soluble starch synthase activity in grains, total starch accumulation, amylopectin accumulation and amylose accumulation in grains at ear position at filling stage. Sucrose content, sucrose synthetase activity, sucrose phosphate synthetase activity and soluble starch synthetase activity in grain were also significantly positively correlated with starch and its component accumulation in grain.【Conclusion】Under the treatment of 180 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application, the spring maize during grain filling exhibited the highest activities of key sucrose metabolism enzymes in the ear sheath leaves, as well as the highest activity of starch synthesis enzymes in the soluble grains. Additionally, it showed the maximum rate of starch accumulation and longest period of active starch accumulation. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and starch accumulation, making it the optimal treatment under the experimental conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Strip Intercropping Patterns on the Growth and Productivity in Cotton ZHANG YongLi, ZHANG Ning, XU Jiao, XU DouDou, CHENG Fang, ZHANG ChengLong, WU BiBo, GONG YangCang, HE YunXin, WEI ShangZhi, TU XiaoJu, LIU AiYu, ZHOU ZhongHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4444-4458.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.005 Abstract （186）   HTML （23）    PDF （907KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】By analyzing the effects of different strip intercropping patterns on cotton biomass accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic performance and yield, the potential mechanism of cotton yield increase and efficiency under different strip intercropping patterns was explored, so the optimum cotton strip intercropping planting pattern suitable for the Yangtze River basin was proposed. 【Method】A two-point field experiment was conducted with monocropping cotton (MC) as the control, and three intercropping patterns of cotton-sweet potato (CS), cotton-bean (CB) and cotton-melon (CM) were set up, while two strip configurations were as follows: 3:3 and 4:2. The effects of different strip intercropping patterns on biomass accumulation, organ distribution, light and performance and yield of cotton were analyzed, and the ratio of cotton to soil equivalent and economic benefit under different strip intercropping patterns were calculated and compared. 【Result】Compared with MC, The average seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield under strip intercropping patterns in two field trials were significantly increased. Among them, compared with cotton intercropping with sweet potato and cotton intercropping with melon, the cotton intercropping with bean had the most significant advantage in cotton yield. and the yield of CB 3:3 pattern seed cotton was 23.20% and 32.46% higher than MC, respectively; compared with MC, the yield of lint was increased by 26.43% and 32.53%, respectively; the main reason was that the number of bolls per plant was 26.58 and 24.43, respectively, which were significantly increased by 22.21% and 28.85% compared with that of single cropping. The boll weight of cotton intercropping with sweet potato CS 4:2 in Hengyang was 3.01% lower than MC. At full boll period, the biomass accumulation of cotton plant was higher than MC, and the proportion of reproductive organs allocation was significantly higher than that of stem and leaf, the proportion of reproductive organs in each intercropping pattern in Hengyang was more than 50%. From full squaring period to boll opening period, the leaf area index of all treatments showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Compared with MC, the relative chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of cotton plants were significantly increased under each intercropping pattern at full boll period. Among them, the cotton intercropping with beans at two field trials was the most advantageous. The net photosynthetic rate was 6.25%-6.29% and 2.85%-2.90% higher than MC, respectively, so it could effectively improve the photosynthetic performance of cotton plant and finally achieve yield increase. Under different strip intercropping patterns, the total economic benefit of cotton field in the two field trials increased by 1.24-2.70 times and 1.42-3.09 times, respectively, compared with MC. From the point of view of partial land equivalent ratio of cotton, except CS 4:2 pattern in Changsha, the other strip intercropping pattern in two field trials showed the advantage of intercropping yield. 【Conclusion】The increase of yield in different strip intercropping patterns was mainly achieved through the improvement of biomass accumulation, assimilate allocation and photosynthetic performance. The best performance was cotton intercropping with sweet potato CS 3:3 pattern, which ensured higher yield and intercropping advantages, and was suitable for spreading planting in the Yangtze River basin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Planting Density on the Pod Characteristics and Exploring Strategie Analysis to Increase Yield in High-Yield Rapeseed LI YiYang, WANG Long, QIAN Chen, LI Jing, LIN GuoBing, QU WenTing, WANG Yan, LIN YaoWei, HUANG YiHang, ZHENG JingDong, YOU JingJing, ZUO QingSong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4459-4472.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.006 Abstract （260）   HTML （82）    PDF （520KB）（271）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Planting density is an important factor affecting pod quantity and quality in rapeseed. Based on a certain number of rapeseed pod quantity, the quality of rapeseed kernels was improved to further tap the potential of rapeseed production, so as to explore the effect of kernels quality on the formation of rapeseed population yield.【Method】The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of planting density on rapeseed yield, canopy, and pod characteristics during the 2021 to 2022 and 2022 to 2023 growing seasons in Shiye Experimental site of Yangzhou University in Zhenjiang. Qinyou10 and Ningza1838 were used as the rape test materials. Five planting density levels were set as 2.4×105 plant/hm2 (D1), 3.6×105 plant/hm2 (D2), 4.8×105 plant/hm2 (D3), 6.0×105 plant/hm2 (D4), and 7.2×105·plant/hm2 (D5). 【Result】As planting density increased from D1 to D5, the number of pods in population and plot seed yield initially increased and decreased thereafter. The number of pods in population in D3 and D4 was higher than that in other densities, and plot seed yield reached the maximum value in D2 and D3. The canopy thickness, ranging from 41.50 cm to 80.98 cm across different treatments, increased with an increase in planting density from D2 to D5. The pod density, ranging from 0.98×104 to 2.16×104 per cubic meter, significantly increased as planting density increased. According to the number of seeds per pod across different treatments, the pods were categorized into low efficient pod (≤14), middle efficient pod (15 to 17), and high efficient pod (≥18), respectively. The average yield per pod of low, middle, and high efficient pod was 19.40×10-3, 53.41×10-3 and 80.62×10-3 g, respectively. The allocation ratio of pod number ranged from 27.60% to 40.96% for low efficient pod, 8.39% to19.73% for middle efficient pod and 39.31% to 63.28% for highly efficient pod, respectively. Among the three types of pods, the ratio of yield for highly efficient pod was the highest and the range of variation for low, middle and high efficient type was from 8.41% to 15.62%, 7.24% to 22.01% and 62.60% to 83.92%, respectively. As planting density increased from D3 to D5, the quantity and allocation ratio of highly efficient pod significantly decreased, resulting in decreasing seed yield. 【Conclusion】When the target seed yield was 4 500 kg·hm-2, the appropriate planting density and population quality indicators with suitable sowing date were as follows: planting density ranged from 3.6 to 4.8×105 plant·hm-2, the number of pods in population ranged from 83.0 to 94.0×106·hm-2, and the allocation ratio of high efficient pod (≥18 seeds per pod) is more than 50%. Increasing the number of seeds per pod to improve the quantity and allocation ratio of highly efficient pod was an effective way to further enhance the seed yield in rapeseed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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High Temperature and Drought Combined Stress Inhibited Photosystem Ⅱ Performance and Decreased Grain Yield of Summer Maize GUO Ya, REN Hao, WANG HongZhang, ZHANG JiWang, ZHAO Bin, REN BaiZhao, LIU Peng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4205-4220.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.004 Abstract （187）   HTML （19）    PDF （745KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the underlying reasons for the reduction of maize photosynthesis under the high temperature and drought combined stress, so as to provide theoretical basis for alleviating the combined stress of high temperature and drought. 【Method】Maize cultivar “Denghai 605” was selected as the experimental material for this experiment. Two temperature levels were set, namely normal temperature control (30 ℃/22 ℃ for day (8:00-18:00)/ night (18:00- 8:00 the next day)) and high temperature treatment (38 ℃/28 ℃ for day/night). The two water conditions were normal water supply control (soil water content was 70%-80% of field capacity) and drought treatment (soil water content was set to 50%-60% of field capacity). There were four treatments in the experiment, including control (CK), high temperature stress (H), drought stress (D), high temperature and drought combined stress (HD), and the treatment began at VT stage (VT). The changes in leaf gas exchange parameters, photosystem Ⅱ (PSII) performance, key photosynthetic enzyme activity, plant biomass, and grain yield under different stress treatments were analyzed. 【Result】High temperature, drought and combined stress all led to the increase of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the ratio of a variable fluorescence FK to F0-FJ amplitude (WK) and variable fluorescence FJ to F0-FJ amplitude (VJ), and damaged the donor side and acceptor side of PSII. Compared with the control, PSII maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry (φP0), the probability of captured excitons transferring electrons to other electron acceptors in the electron transfer chain beyond QA (Ψ0), quantum yield for electron transport (φE0), quantum yield of energy dissipation (φD0), quantum yield for reduction of the end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side (φR0), and performance index based on absorption of light energy (PIABS) were significantly decreased, and the absorption and transfer of light energy were inhibited; absorbed photon flux per active PSII (ABS/RC), trapped energy flux per active PSII (TR0/RC) and dissipated energy flux per active PSII (DI0/RC) increased significantly, but the electron flux from QA‒ to the PQ pool per active PSII (ET0/RC) decreased significantly, which affected the energy distribution of reaction centers, reduced the number of PSII active reaction centers, and inhibited the performance of PSII. Combined stress could aggravate the inhibition of PSII performance by damaging the donor side, the acceptor side and the active reaction center. At the same time, the activities of ribose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) decreased, which inhibited photosynthetic carbon assimilation. High temperature, drought, and combined stress reduced the net photosynthetic rate by reducing the performance of PSII and the activity of key photosynthetic enzymes. Compared with the control, the net photosynthetic rate of VT+5 d was reduced by 14.6%, 31.4%, and 39.9%, respectively. The decrease in photosynthetic rate inhibited the accumulation of biomass and its transport to grains. Under high temperature, drought, and combined stress, the grain yield decreased by 80.3%, 27.1%, and 84.0% than that under control, respectively. 【Conclusion】In summary, the combined stress of high temperature and drought mainly reduced net photosynthetic rate, hindered biomass, and reduced grain yield by inhibiting leaf PSII performance. The impact of combined stress on PSII performance and grain yield was greater than that of single stress under high temperature and drought. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interactive Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Plant Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Two Maize Cultivars TIAN LongBing, SHEN ZhaoYin, ZHAO XiaoTian, ZHANG Fang, HOU WenFeng, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (21): 4221-4237.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.21.005 Abstract （321）   HTML （36）    PDF （696KB）（281）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Reasonably increasing planting density combined with appropriate nitrogen (N) application rate is an important technical approach for increasing maize yield and resource use efficiency. Understanding the interactive effects of planting density and N rate on maize growth, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) during the growing season, could provide a basis for improving its use efficiency when increasing planting density and controlling N input in maize production. 【Method】Field experiments were conducted during 2022 to 2023 in Jilin Province. Two maize cultivars, Liangyu 99 (LY99) and Demeiya 3 (DMY3), were used in this study. Three planting densities of 50 000, 70 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2 and four N application rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N·hm-2 were designed to investigate the effects of planting density and N application rate on grain yield and water productivity of different maize cultivars, as well as the dry matter (DM), soil water content, ET and WUE at various growth stages. 【Result】Planting density significantly affected DM and grain yield of maize, but the response trends varied between cultivars. Grain yields of LY99 with 70 000 plants/hm2 was 11.1% and 18.3% higher than that with 50 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2, respectively. The average yield of DMY3 planted with 70 000 plants/hm2 and 90 000 plants/hm2 was 10.5% and 9.3% higher than that of 50 000 plants/hm2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased DM and grain yield of maize, and also showed significant interactive effects with cultivar or planting density. Compared with N0, grain yields of LY99 were increased by 38.0% to 60.7% under N1, and the yield increases for DMY3 were 24.4% to 38.2%. Notably, the yield responses to N rates were more pronounced for LY99 compared with DMY3. For both cultivars, the yield differences between low N rate and high N rate enlarged with increasing planting density, with LY99 showing a more distinct performance. The water consumption and utilization of maize plants were also significantly affected by planting density, N rate and their interaction. During the growing season, the total ET of DMY3 continually increased with increasing density, while that of LY99 showed the highest values with 70 000 plants/hm2 among different densities. In each density condition, the ET of both cultivars increased with increasing N application rates. The WUE of maize plants showed complex responses to planting density and N rate at different growth stages, due to the varied annual precipitation and distribution patterns. The average increase of water productivity of LY99 under planting 50 000 and 70 000 plants/hm2 was 8.6% and 10.4% compared with 90 000 plants/hm2 respectively. DMY3 had the highest water productivity when planting 70 000 plants/hm2, which increased by 5.8% and 5.3% compared with 50 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2, respectively. The water productivity showed different responses to N rate among the three densities. In general, the difference of nitrogen application under low density was small, but it increased significantly under medium and high density. Compared wtih DMY3, LY99 showed higher increases for water productivity when N fertilizer was applied under medium and high density conditions. The correlation analysis showed that interactive effects of planting density and N rate significantly affected maize yield and water productivity by influencing the water utilization at various growth stages. 【Conclusion】Planting density and N rate had significant interactive effects on maize yield and water utilization in the rain-fed region of Northeast China. The two maize cultivars used in this study could obtain high grain yield and water productivity under a moderately higher density of 70 000 plants/hm2 combined with 200 kg N·hm-2 rate. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oat Plant Height Estimation Based on a Dual Output Regression Convolutional Neural Network ZHANG JianLong, XING WenWen, YE ShaoBo, ZHANG Chao, ZHENG DeCong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (20): 3974-3985.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.20.003 Abstract （206）   HTML （11）    PDF （5012KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Oat plant height affects the productivity per plant and the yield per unit area together with planting density. This study explores automatic, real-time, and precise methods for acquiring oat plant height in a field environment, aiming to provide technical references for the automated field management of oat. 【Method】 Firstly, an oat depth image acquisition system was built based on Intel RealSense D435 depth camera and LabVIEW software development platform. Taking Oat ‘Pinyan No. 4’ as the research object, 26 376 modeling data and 2 205 test data were obtained during the whole oat growth process. The average and highest plant height of oats in each depth image were measured with a scale. The quantity of modeling data and test data in each height range of oat plant was relatively balanced. The images were preprocessed by high restoration, grayscale and scaling. Each image was tagged with two labels, one for the average and one for the highest plant height of the oats in the image. Then, based on 8 classical convolutional neural network models, the last layer (classification layer) of each network model was removed, and two fully connected layers with single nodes and no activation function were added to construct the double output regression convolutional neural network estimation model. Mean square error (MSE) was used to evaluate the accuracy of each model in estimating oat plant height. Finally, based on the TensorFlow deep learning platform, Modified EfficientNet V2L was selected as the estimation model by 5-fold cross-validation using the modeling data. 【Result】 The generalization performance of Modified EfficientNet V2L model to estimate oat plant height was investigated using test data not involved in model training. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) to estimate oat average plant height were 2.30 cm, 2.90 cm and 4.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the MAE, RMSE and MRE to estimate highest plant height was 2.24 cm, 2.82 cm and 4.1%, respectively. The average estimated time of the model was 52.14 ms. The accuracy of estimating crop plant height using this method was similar to that of existing methods. However, when estimating crop plant height used this method, once the estimation model was trained, the average and maximum crop plant height could be automatically estimated by inputting the pre-processed crop depth image, and the average estimation time could meet the real-time requirements of crop plant height acquisition. The relative errors in estimating average plant height and maximum plant height of oat showed a general decline trend with the increase of crop plant height. This might be because when crop plant height was low, the estimated results were more affected by soil fluctuation. The results of feature map visualization showed that the model could estimate plant height according to the height and contour of oat in depth image. Finally, an oat plant height estimation system was built based on 2023 Q1 version of LabVIEW software development platform. After depth camera acquiring oat depth images, the system could accurately estimate average and highest oat plant heights in real time without manual intervention, and the average estimation time was less than 0.1 seconds. The system could be used for crops irrigation and fertilization management. It could also be installed on the tractors to control the height of a sprinkler head during spraying, and to adjust the height of a cutting table during harvesting. 【Conclusion】 The depth image and double output regression convolutional neural network could be used to estimate oat plant height, and the accuracy could meet the production demand, so this method provided a basis for field management of oat crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Coordinated Effects of Maize Ear Type and Planting Density on Interspecific Competition in Maize-Peanut Intercropping System LIU Han, DING Di, WANG JiangTao, ZHENG Bin, WANG XiaoXiao, ZHU ChenXu, LIU Juan, LIU Ling, FU GuoZhan, JIAO NianYuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3758-3769.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.004 Abstract （217）   HTML （16）    PDF （854KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The interspecific competition during the late coexisting period of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (maize||peanut) is the main problem of inhibition to further the intercropping advantage. The aim of this study was to investigate coordinated effects and mechanism of maize ear type and planting density on interspecific competition in maize||peanut, and to determine the reasonably variety and planting density of intercropped maize, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for achieving high yield of maize||peanut production. 【Method】The experiment was conducted on the farm of Henan University of Science and Technology from 2022 to 2023, utilizing a field randomized block design. The selected maize varieties were ‘Zhengdan 958’ for medium-ear type and ‘MC4520’ for large-ear type, with two planting densities of 5.00×104 plants/hm2 (D1) and 4.55×104 plants/hm2 (D2) for intercropping. The effects of maize ear type and planting density on interspecific competition and intercropping advantage of maize||peanut were studied. 【Result】The results of the 2-year experiment showed that compared with D1 density medium-ear type ‘Zhengdan 958’ intercropped with peanut (MD1ZD||P), D2 density medium-ear type ‘Zhengdan 958’ intercropped with peanut (MD2ZD||P) and D2 density large-ear type ‘MC4520’ intercropped with peanut (MD2MC||P) could enhance the canopy daily light intensity of peanut during the late coexisting period, and increase the leaf area index and maximum growth rate of peanut. MD2MC||P increased dry matter accumulation in maize and peanut populations, especially in maize grains and peanut pods by 26.41%-30.11% and 8.06%-8.25%, respectively. MD2ZD||P and MD2MC||P could improve the interspecific competitiveness of peanut, and the interspecific competitiveness index Ap, CRp and Kp were increased by 7.55%-19.10%, 4.23%-9.12% and 9.05%-9.60%, respectively, during MD2MC||P later coexistence. MD2ZD||P decreased maize yield by 8.09%-8.19%, decreased the yield of intercropping system and intercropping advantage by 2.23%-2.58% and 7.55%-13.29%, respectively. MD2MC||P could increase the yield of maize and peanut, and the yield of intercropping system and intercropping advantage were significantly increased by 6.28%-7.45% and 11.85%-27.18%, respectively (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】In this experimental area, compared with the medium-ear type ‘Zhengdan 958’ with a density of 5.00×104 plants/hm2 intercropping with peanut, the large-ear type ‘MC4520’ with a density of 4.55×104 plants/hm2 intercropping with peanut could exert the individual production potential of maize and ensure that the yield of maize was not reduced. Simultaneously, it was more conducive to the coordination of interspecific light competition during the latter coexisting period of maize||peanut, which improved the interspecific competitiveness of peanut, and increased the yield of peanut. Therefore, this planting pattern was conductive to increase the yield of intercropping system and intercropping advantages. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Correlation Between Cold Resistance of Maize and Its Ability of Optimizing Sugar Composition at Low Temperature GU YinHe, ZHAO WenQing, SHI DaiWei, HU Wei, WANG ShanShan, ZHOU ZhiGuo, WANG YouHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3770-3783.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.005 Abstract （196）   HTML （13）    PDF （1520KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The low temperature in maize seeding stage will lead to reduction of photosynthesis, phosphorus and other nutrient absorption, which will lead to changes in metabolites, growth retardation, or even death. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of cold-tolerance formation in maize seedlings, and to explore the changes of saccharides and their relationship with phosphorus uptake among different maize varieties at low temperatures, it provides theoretical basis for stress-resistant cultivation of maize. 【Method】Demeiya 3 (DMY3, cold-tolerant variety) and Hongdan 6 (HD6, cold-sensitive variety) that have similar phenotype were screened out in the previous study, which were selected as research materials in this study. Maize seedlings were cultivated in pots, and 28/22 ℃ (day/night) and 15/8 ℃ (day/night) were set as control and low temperature, respectively. Samplings were taken at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d after treatment starts. The changes of phenotypic indexes, such as plant biomass, and growth-related indexes, such as leaf anthocyanin phosphorus absorption rate and carbohydrate content, were measured. 【Result】(1) After low-temperature treatment, morphological indexes, such as plant height, root length and fresh weight of the two varieties, were significantly lower than those of the control. However, the root-shoot biomass ratio increased continuously. The significant differences associated with low-temperature-tolerance were found between the two varieties emerged under 3-5 days of treatment. (2) Low temperature significantly increased the content of sucrose, glucose and starch in the leaves, and most of the increasement in the low-temperature-sensitive variety Hongdan 6 were higher than that in the low-temperature-tolerant variety Demeiya 3, but the increase of glucose content was lower than that in the low temperature tolerant varieties. (3) With low temperature stress, the seedling had a tendency to increase the non-reducing/reducing sugars ratio, soluble sugar/amino acid ratio (C/N ratio) and starch/soluble sugars ratio. The increasement of temporary-storage-sugar (starch/sucrose) and monosaccharide/disaccharide ratios (glucose/sucrose) were higher in the low-temperature-tolerant variety than that in the low-temperature-sensitive variety. (4) With low temperature treatment, the rate of phosphorus uptake by roots decreased significantly, and the rate of uptake was slower in the low-temperature-sensitive variety than that in the low-temperature-tolerant variety. (5) As the treat prolongated, the Pi content gradually decreased, while the anthocyanin content kept increasing. And a negative correlation between the content of Pi and anthocyanin was observed, and the correlation was stronger in the low-temperature-sensitive variety than in the low-temperature-tolerant variety. (6) The increase of sucrose or the decrease of starch would probably reduce the accumulation of biomass, meanwhile, which induced the production of anthocyanin, as well as lots of secondary metabolites. 【Conclusion】Low temperature led to the inhibition of phosphorus uptake in maize seedlings, and the content and composition in leaves were significantly altered. At low temperature condition, the increase of sucrose content was an important cause led to anthocyanin accumulation. The increase of starch and glucose was likely active responses of plants to adapt to low temperature, while the increase of sucrose, soluble sugar, fructose and anthocyanin seemed to be passive responses. The decrease of Pi content and the morphological growth indexes on seedlings were the adverse consequences of low temperature stress, and its magnitude associated with the low-temperature-tolerance of the maize varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Saline-Fresh Water Rotation Irrigation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Leaf Ultrastructure of Tomato Plants in Greenhouse XIN Lang, SONG JiaWen, FU YuanYuan, TANG MaoSong, JING LingKun, WANG XingPeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3784-3798.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.006 Abstract （157）   HTML （18）    PDF （2897KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Revealing the mechanisms of saline-fresh water rotation irrigation that affected the leaf ultrastructure and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato plants was benefit to optimize the strategy of saline water irrigation of greenhouse tomatoes.【Method】In this paper, the local conventional tomato variety “Mingzhu” was used as the material to carry out a two-year trial of saline and fresh water irrigation in greenhouses in the southern Xinjiang region from 2022 to 2023. The four treatments consisted of rotation irrigation with four times saline-fresh water (W1), rotation irrigation with two times saline water and two times fresh water (W2), rotation irrigation with two times fresh water, four times saline water, and two times fresh water (W3), and freshwater irrigation as a control (CK). The three rotation patterns had the same amount of saline water and fresh water. The effects of saline and alkaline stress produced by saline and freshwater rotational irrigation on the ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, stomatal characteristics, gas exchange parameters, and yield of facility tomato leaves were mainly investigated.【Result】The results indicated that the saline-alkali stress introduced by saline water significantly reduced the gas exchange parameters of tomato leaves and water use efficiency at the leaf scale, and both stomatal and non-stomatal factors played a key role in limiting leaf gas exchange. Tomato leaves not only adapted quickly to salinity stress by reducing individual stomatal openings, but also improved gas exchange efficiency by regulating stomatal density and stomatal shape through long-term stomatal differentiation and development. Compared with the CK treatment, the stomatal density of the leaves under W1, W2, and W3 treatments increased by 22.8%, 43.0% and 13.8%, respectively, and the stomatal width was reduced by 54.6%, 77.8%, and 13.7%, respectively; under the influence of soil salinity stress, compared with CK treatment, the chloroplast granular lamellae structure was disrupted in tomato leaves under W1 and W2. Compared with CK, W1 and W2 decreased leaf chlorophyll content by 6.2% and 11.8%, net photosynthetic rate by 16.3% and 26.2%, and yield by 45.3% and 52.5%, and the maximum leaf area index was 20.8% and 27.5% lower than that in the same period of CK treatment, respectively. In contrast, W3 presented a relatively intact mesophyll cell structure and relatively high chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, W3 only increased the average single fruit weight by 6.5%, fruit diameter by 6.0% and the yield by 0.7%, with no significant differences compared with CK. 【Conclusion】By comprehensive analysis of physiological changes and yield of tomato, irrigation of saline water in the flowering and fruiting period-fruit expansion period of tomato, the other reproductive stages of freshwater irrigation, to mitigate the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on the growth of tomato, W3 treatment was recommended as a facility in the southern Xinjiang region of the synergistic use of saline-fresh water irrigation of tomato. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microbial Community Structure Characteristics at the Water-Soil Interface in Rice-Crab Co-Culture System LI WeiJing, WANG HongYuan, XU Yang, LI Hao, ZHAI LiMei, LIU HongBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3551-3567.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.004 Abstract （220）   HTML （17）    PDF （3809KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The rice-crab co-culture is a predominant three-dimensional ecological cultivation model in northern Chinese rice fields. The water-soil interface is a key area for material cycling within this system. In this paper, studying the diversity and structure of microbial communities at this interface aimed to understand its evolution and support research on the ecological health of water and soil in rice-crab co-culture systems. 【Method】 Eight long-term rice monoculture systems and eight long-term rice-crab co-culture systems (>20 years) were selected in a typical rice-crab co-cultivation area in Panjin, Liaoning province. Based on measurements of physicochemical indicators of rice field water and soil, as well as high-throughput sequencing technology of the 16S rRNA gene, the study compared the effects of two rice cultivation systems on the properties and bacterial community structures of the water-soil interface in paddy fields. 【Result】 (1) The introduction of crabs significantly reduced the unique microbial communities at the water-soil interface. Specifically, the number of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in surface water and interfacial soil decreased by 27.0% and 71.2%, respectively. However, the introduction of crabs had no significant effect on alpha diversity in surface water, but it reduced the richness of bacterial communities in interfacial soil. (2) The introduction of crabs significantly altered the structure and composition of the water-soil interface bacterial community. The introduction of crabs significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (30.4%) and decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria (39.9%) in surface water. Simultaneously, it increased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes (21.1%) and decreased the relative abundance of Ignavibacteriae (15.1%) and Nitrospirae (21.7%) in interfacial soil. (3) Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were not only core species at the water-soil interface of rice field systems, but also key species in co-occurrence networks, playing important roles in stabilizing ecological networks. (4) The introduction of crabs into rice fields increased the complexity and stability of the bacterial co-occurrence network in the interface soil, but decreased it in the paddy field water. (5) Linear regression analysis showed that NO3-- N concentration in surface water and interface soil pH were the main driving factors influencing the diversity and stability of their respective bacterial community structures. 【Conclusion】 The introduction of crabs significantly altered the microbial community structure and diversity at the water-soil interface in rice fields. The increase in nutrient salts in the water posed a risk of reducing the stability of the aquatic microbial community. However, the rice-crab co-culture shaped a more stable bacterial community in the interface soil, which facilitated nutrient cycling and enhanced crop nutrient utilization efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Residual Effects of Tillage Regime on Soil Moisture Dynamics, Grain Filling Characteristics and Yield of Summer Maize in Wheat-Maize Double Cropping System LIU ShuiMiao, GUAN XiaoKang, ZHAO ZhiHeng, WANG JingHui, LIU ShiLong, GAO PeiMeng, WANG YanLi, WU PengNian, GAO ChenKai, LI YuMing, SHAO Jing, YU HaoLin, WANG TongChao, WEN PengFei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3568-3585.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.005 Abstract （273）   HTML （18）    PDF （946KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China, and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment, three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up, including Deep tillage (DT), No-tillage (NT), and Rotation tillage (RT) with deep tillage for one year and two years, to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield. 【Result】 RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage, which was 4.89% to 11.02% (2022) and 4.43% to 6.06% (2023) higher than that under DT treatment, and 8.16% to 16.69% (2022) and 6.78% to 17.23% (2023) higher than that under NT treatments, respectively. RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage, and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41% to 14.28% (2022) and 9.03% to 14.46% (2023) compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage, respectively and increased by 14.80% to 27.56% (2022) and 21.25% to 29.39% (2023) compared with NT treatment, respectively. Compared with DT and NT treatments, the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%, 40.36% (2022) and 7.26%, 19.91% (2023), respectively. The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage, and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain, and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT, in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance, and the average grouting rate was the highest, thereby increasing the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight. In 2022 and 2023, the yield under RT was significantly increased by 8.92%, 14.15%, 6.25% and 19.45% compared with DT and NT treatments, respectively, and in 2022 and 2023, the 100-grain weight RT and DT treatments were significantly increased by 2.71%, 6.03%, 9.02% and 12.56% compared with NT treatments, respectively. According to the structural equation model of yield formation, the direct effect and indirect effect of 0-40 cm soil water storage on yield were 0.420 and 0.551, respectively. 0-40 cm soil water storage not only directly promoted yield formation, but also affected yield through aboveground biomass and average grain filling rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, soil water storage was an important driving factor for increasing yield, and RT could increase soil water storage at summer maize filling stage, thereby increasing leaf area index with higher activity, delaying leaf senescence time, increasing dry matter accumulation, optimizing grain filling characteristics, promoting the increase of dry matter to grain filling rate, and ultimately increasing summer maize yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Planting Suitability of Geographical Indication Agricultural Products Based on Ecological Niche Model: The Case of Purple- Skinned Garlic in Shanggao County ZOU HengYu, GUO Xi, JIANG YeFeng, LI XiaoMao, CHEN Lin, BAI JiaQi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3586-3600.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.006 Abstract （164）   HTML （18）    PDF （5438KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study aimed to construct a planting suitability evaluation method for compatible with geographical indication agricultural products, and to make up for the deficiencies in traditional crop planting suitability evaluation method due to the unique growing environment of geographical indication agricultural products, so as to provide important scientific references for optimizing the planting of geographical indication agricultural products. 【Method】 Taking Shanggao County of Jiangxi Province as the study area, MaxEnt model was used to predict the suitability range and optimal value of each index factor, and niche-fitness model was used to calculate the ecological niche suitability value of each evaluation unit. A comprehensive model of suitability index was established based on ecological niche theory by combining MaxEnt model and niche-fitness model, which was used to analyze the suitability of cultivation of purple-skinned garlic, a geographical indication agricultural product of the study area, from the four aspects of climate, soil, site conditions and cultivation conditions.【Result】 The suitable range of each index predicted by MaxEnt model was similar to the current data of purple-skinned garlic planting in Shanggao County, which indicated that the prediction results had high credibility. In addition, the natural breakpoint method was applied to classify the suitability level of each evaluation unit, including four levels: highly suitable, more suitable, barely suitable, and unsuitable areas. Among them, the highly suitable area was 627.03 hm2, centrally located in Taxia Township, Mengshan Township, and Nangang Township; the more suitable area was 1 434.93 hm2, mainly located in Sixi Township, Moshan Township, and Xujiadu Township; the barely suitable area was 1 908.86 hm2, mainly located in the Yeshi Township and the Xinjiebu Township; the unsuitable area was 1 381.43 hm2, mainly located in Luzhou Township, Zhendu Township, Aoshan Township, and Xinjiebu Township.【Conclusion】 Tianshan and Jiangnan villages were recommended as seed planting villages, and Magang and Meisha villages were recommended as extension planting villages. The results predicted by the MaxEnt model reduced the subjectivity of the suitability range and optimal value of each indicator in the niche-fitness model, and improved the credibility of the prediction results. The ecological niche model constructed by combining the niche-fitness model and MaxEnt model effectively predicted the suitable planting area of purple-skinned garlic, a geographical indication agricultural product of Shanggao County, and provided a new idea for the study of planting suitability evaluation of geographical indication agricultural products in similar regions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Unmanned Dry Direct-Seeded Mode on Yield, Grain Quality of Rice and Its Economic Benefits WENG WenAn, XING ZhiPeng, HU Qun, WEI HaiYan, SHI YangJie, XI XiaoBo, LI XiuLi, LIU GuiYun, CHEN Juan, YUAN FengPing, MENG Yi, LIAO Ping, GAO Hui, ZHANG HongCheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3350-3365.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.004 Abstract （338）   HTML （19）    PDF （595KB）（199）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency unmanned dry direct-seeded (UDDS) cultivation technology of rice.【Method】Medium-maturing medium japonica rice (Nanjing 5718) was selected as the experimental material, with unmanned carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (UCSMT), and conventional carpet seedling mechanical transplantated (CSMT) serving as control methods. A three-year field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of UDDS on growth, yield formation, quality characteristics of rice, and its economic benefits.【Result】(1) Although UDDS was carried out with 2-3 days earlier than the control, it exhibited a full growth cycle that was 12-13 days shorter than those of UCSMT and CSMT, primarily due to the shortened period from sowing to jointing stage. (2) The average yield under UDDS from 2020 to 2022 was 10.5 t·hm-2, representing a 3.0% increase than that of CSMT, although this difference was not statistically significant. In comparison with UCSMT, UDDS exhibited a significant yield reduction of 5.4%, and this decrease could be attributed to a reduction in the spikelet number per panicle, resulting in fewer total spikelet numbers and a decrease in dry matter accumulation and transport capacity from heading to maturity. (3) Compared with CSMT, UDDS exhibited slightly reduced processing quality, amylose, and protein contents, with no significant differences were observed. However, the significant reductions in chalkiness percentage and degree were noted, while the taste value increased, though not significantly. Compared with UCSMT, UDDS demonstrated a significant decrease in head milled rice rate, chalkiness percentage, degree, and amylose content, and protein content also decreased, though not significantly. Additionally, UDDS exhibited higher RVA peak viscosity and a significant improvement in taste value. (4) Under the UDDS mode, the cost of rice planting decreased, and the net income increased by 1.15 × 103 yuan·hm-2 and 0.93 × 103 yuan·hm-2, than that under UCSMT and CSMT, respectively.【Conclusion】In the rice-wheat rotation system, UDDS realized the synergy of high yield and income increase, and improved the appearance quality and cooking and eating quality of rice, the UDDS cultivation technology should be optimized in terms of improving the total spikelet number, accumulation and translocation of dry matter during filling stage, thereby getting the goals of high rice yield, great quality, and efficient synergy, simultaneously. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Returning and Irrigation Methods on Seedling Emergence and Growth in Soybean and Maize Strip Intercropping YANG LiDa, PENG XinYue, ZHU WenXue, ZHAO Jing, YUAN XiaoTing, LIN Ping, LUO Kai, LI YiLing, LUO ChunMing, LI YuZe, YANG WenYu, YONG TaiWen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3366-3383.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.005 Abstract （259）   HTML （19）    PDF （879KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Soybean and maize strip intercropping is an important cultivation pattern for soybean productivity improvement project in China. In this experiment, the effects of straw returning and irrigation methods on the emergence and seedling growth quality in soybean and maize strip intercropping were investigated, in order to provide the theoretical support for the strip intercropping to solve the problem of seedling emergence.【Method】Two-factor split plot zone design was adopted, three straw returning methods (non-returning straw (S1), returning straw with no stubble (S2), and returning straw with stubble (S3)) and three irrigation methods (non-irrigation (W1), check irrigation before sowing (W2), and spray irrigation after sowing (W3)) were set up, and their effects on seedling emergence and growth of strip intercropping crops were researched.【Result】Irrigation could significantly increase soil water content and alleviate soil compactness, thus effectively improving the emergence rate of soybean and maize, and shortening the emergence time. The seedling emergence rates under W3, W2 and W1 with S2 were 71.00%, 45.70% and 38.50% in Yucheng, respectively. The seedling emergence rates under W3, W2 and W1 with S2 were 90.17%, 88.50% and 61.67% in Anju, respectively. The emergence time under W2 and W3 was 3.29 d and 2.92 d shorter than that under W1, respectively. Under different irrigation methods, there was no significant difference in the seedling emergence rate of maize, which could reach more than 90%, but the seedling emergence time was significantly different. The emergence time of maize under W2 and W3 was 1.9 d and 3.1 d shorter than that under W1 in Yucheng, respectively. The emergence time of maize under W2 and W3 was 0.96 d and 0.6 d shorter than that under W1 in Anju, respectively. Straw returning significantly increased soil water content and decreased soil compactness, and the effects in both places were S2>S3>S1. Straw returning to the field under W1 could significantly improve the soybean seedling emergence rate in Yucheng, in which S2 was 45.08% higher than S1. Straw returning had no significant effect on the emergence rate of maize in the two places. Straw returning and irrigation significantly increased the activity of soybean lipase (LPS) and maize α-amylase (α-AL). The LPS of W2 and W3 were 26.86% and 37.77% higher than that of W1, respectively. The LPS under S2 was 14.14% and 18.05% higher than that under S3 and S1, respectively. The α-AL under W2 was 189.47% higher than that under W1, and the α-AL under S2 was 61.52% and 127.33% higher than that under S3 and S1, respectively. The two irrigation treatments could promote the growth and development of soybean and maize, and improve the seedling growth rate and uniformity. The soybean plant height under W3 and W2 was 21.74% and 15.70% higher than that under W1, respectively, wihle the stem diameter was 12.52% and 28.15% higher, respectively, and the leaf area was 11.84% and 38.78% higher, respectively. The maize plant height under W3 and W2 was 21.80% and 20.62% higher than that under W1, respectively, while the stem diameter was 37.69% and 26.39% higher than that under W1, respectively, and the leaf area under W3 was 36.56% and 73.33% higher than that under W2 and W1, respectively. Straw returning significantly affected the growth of maize seedlings in Yucheng, showing S3>S1>S2. The plant height under S3 was 19.92% and 27.31% higher than that under S1 and S2, respectively, while the stem diameter was 27.59% and 59.80% higher, respectively, and the leaf area was 42.76% and 68.54% higher, respectively.【Conclusion】Successful emergence and construction of a good seedling population were the basis for achieving high yield. Spray irrigation after sowing improved the physical structure of the plough layer, thus promoted the emergence of seedlings and shortened the emergence time in strip intercropping, and provided favorable conditions for subsequent crop growth. Returning straw with stubble could improve the growth quality of strip intercropping seedlings in Yucheng. Returning straw with no stubble had the characteristics of water storage and alleviating soil compaction, it is beneficial to soybean emergence without irrigation, and has a promoting effect on the formation of strong seedlings of strip intercropping crops in Anju. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Foliar Application Uniconazole on Culm Morphological Characters, Anatomical Traits and Stem Lodging Resistance of Hybrid Indica Rice Under Low Light Stress ZHANG WuJun, DUAN XiuJian, LI MaoYu, LUO Xia, LIU QiangMing, TANG YongQun, LI JingYong, YAO Xiong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2946-2963.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.004 Abstract （220）   HTML （10）    PDF （2540KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of current study was to investigate the regulation mechanism of endogenous hormones, culm anatomical and morphological traits and its relationship with lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice as affected by foliar application uniconazole under shading condition. The study results could provide theoretical basis and technical support for stable and abundant hybrid indica rice yield and emergency chemical regulation cultivation under poor light stress in Sichuan Basin. 【Method】A split-split plot field experiment was carried out in Yongchuan, Chongqing from 2018 to 2019. Shading was selected as the main plots, namely, normal light treatment (NL) and shading treatment with decreased incident light by 50% (S). The foliar application uniconazole levels were used as splits-plots, and three uniconazole levels were set: 0 (U0), 40 mg·L-1 (U40), and 80 mg·L-1 (U80), and the varieties were used as split-split plots, namely Yuxiang203 (YX203) and Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ), respectively. The study focused on analyzing the effects of foliar application uniconazole on stem lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice plant under shading condition, and further investigating the changes of culm morphological, anatomical traits and endogenous hormones and its relationship with stem mechanical strength. 【Result】Shading and uniconazole treatments had significant effects on culm morphological and anatomical traits, changes of endogenous hormones and stem lodging index (LI) and its physical parameters in two hybrid indica rice varieties. Compared with NL, S treatments significantly raised LI owing to significant reduction of breaking resistance (M), even though bending moment by whole plant (WP) also decreased, especially for YX203. Further, S treatments significantly lowered thickness of mechanical tissue, area of small and large bundle vascular in basal culm internode. And, cell width was decreased slightly, but ratio of cell length to cell width was increased to a certain extent, thus reduced culm wall thickness and stem mechanical strength consequently. Under shading stress, foliar application uniconazole significantly decreased stem LI of two hybrid indica rice varieties, which attributed to lower WP and higher M values, especially for YX203. Foliar application uniconazole reduced plant height and gravity center height by shorter length of lower internodes. And further, endogenous hormones including GA1+3 and IAA content during culm formation stage was declined, induced reduction of cell length and ratio of cell length to cell width and thereby, contributed to shorter lower internodes. Besides, endogenous hormones Z+ZR and IP+IPA content were increased during culm early development, the cells size showed smaller and denser, cell layer of mechanical tissue and cell number of bundle vascular sheath were also increased, and thus improved small and larger bundle vascular number and area and stem mechanical strength. The correlation analysis showed that cell length, ratio of cell length to cell width, thickness of mechanical tissue and area of small and large bundle vascular were significantly and negatively correlated to LI, but positively correlated to M. The trend were consistent in both YX203 and CLYHZ.【Conclusion】Foliar application uniconazole declined cell length, ratio of cell length to cell width and length of basal internodes primarily owing to reduction of GA1+3 and IAA content, and increased cell layer of mechanical tissue, cell number of bundle vascular sheath and cell density in parenchyma tissue by increasing Z+ZR and IP+IPA content, and raised thickness of mechanical tissue, area of small and large bundle vascular and thereby, improved stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance of hybrid indica rice under poor light stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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