不同氮素形态对夏玉米产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.006

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different nitrogen forms on filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of summer maize were studied, so as to provide the scientific basis for selecting suitable nitrogen fertilizer types and improving the yield and grain quality of summer maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Shandong Province from 2022 to 2023. Denghai 605 (DH605) was selected as the experimental material, with a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg N·hm^-2. The experiment included five treatments: amide nitrogen (Urea, UREA), nitrate nitrogen (Calcium nitrate, NN), ammonium nitrogen (Ammonium chloride, AN), co-application of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (1:1, HH), and urea ammonium nitrate solution with a blend of amide nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen (2:1:1, UAN). The effects of different nitrogen forms on the yield and quality of summer maize were investigated by determining the grain filling characteristics, grain quality characteristics and grain capacity of summer maize. 【Result】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen in UREA, both the maize yield and grain quality under NN decreased. The maize yield under AN increased, but the grain quality decreased. HH significantly increased maize yield without affecting grain quality. UAN significantly increased maize yield and improved grain quality. Over the two years, the highest maize yield achieved with the co-application of the three nitrogen forms, significantly increasing by 13.7% to 16.3% compared with UREA. The Next the highest maize yield were from AN and HH, which significantly increased maize yield by 5.2% to 6.8% and 7.3% to 10.6%, respectively, compared with UREA. The maize yield under NN decreased by 5.4% to 5.8% compared with UREA. Compared with UREA, the growth amount at the maximum filling rate (W_max) under UAN was enhanced by 6.3% to 9.7%, and the active filling period (D) was extended by 7.7% to 10.9%. Both AN and HH increased W_max and prolonged D, thereby promoting the accumulation of grain weight and increasing yield. The W_max, D, grain filling rate, and dehydration rate of NN were significantly lower than those in the other treatments. The crude protein content was lower with NN and AN, decreasing by 20.6% to 22.0% and 15.2% to 17.4% than that under UREA, respectively. The rude fat content with NN was significantly higher than that of other treatments, increasing by 23.6% to 30.9% than that under UREA. Compared with UREA, UAN improved grain quality, with total starch and amylopectin content increasing by 4.9% to 5.2% and 11.7% to 14.4%, respectively, compared with UREA, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylose increased by 31.0% to 39.1%. The amylose content decreased by 14.1% to 16.8%. The crude protein content of UAN increased by 11.7% to 24.1%. The grain bulk weight under UAN was significantly higher than that under other treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen, the treatment with nitrate nitrogen inhibited grain filling, reduced grain weight, and decreased yield. In contrast, ammonium nitrogen or the co-application of multiple nitrogen forms enhanced the grain filling process, increased grain weight, and thereby improved yield. Furthermore, compared with the application of a single nitrogen form, the co-application of three nitrogen forms could achieve a synergistic improvement in both yield and grain quality.

Key words: summer maize, nitrogen forms, yield, grain filling characteristics, grain quality

XUE YuQi, ZHAO JiYu, SUN WangSheng, REN BaiZhao, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, ZHANG JiWang. Effects of Different Nitrogen Forms on Yield and Quality of Summer Maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(8): 1535-1549.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 Ears number (ears/hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
2022	UREA	11752d	65033	517cd	350c
	NN	11074e	66700	507d	327d
	AN	12359c	65033	524bc	363b
	HH	12909b	65033	538ab	369a
	UAN	13360a	65033	552a	372a
2023	UREA	12470c	67003	504c	371c
	NN	11791d	67226	503c	349d
	AN	13315b	67781	523bc	376b
	HH	13789b	66670	547ab	378b
	UAN	14497a	67226	556a	388a
ANOVA	年份Year (Y)	**	**	ns	**
	处理Treatment (T)	**	ns	**	**
	年份×处理Y×T	ns	ns	ns	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生长曲线方程 Growth curve parametric equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	T_max （d）	W_max (g)	G_max (g·d^-1)	V_mean (g·d^-1)	D (d)	R_o
2022	UREA	y=30.68/(1+76.31e^-0.15^x)	0.99998	29.18	15.34	1.14	0.51	40.39	0.15
	NN	y=29.29/(1+108.11e^-0.16^x)	0.99867	29.75	14.65	1.15	0.50	38.11	0.16
	AN	y=31.16/(1+71.42e^-0.15^x)	0.99867	28.55	15.58	1.16	0.53	40.13	0.15
	HH	y=31.36/(1+70.51e^-0.15^x)	0.99996	28.88	15.68	1.16	0.52	40.72	0.15
	UAN	y=33.65/(1+58.60e^-0.13^x)	0.99997	30.38	16.82	1.13	0.52	44.77	0.13
2023	UREA	y=33.06/(1+55.90e^-0.14^x)	0.99721	28.80	16.53	1.15	0.54	42.95	0.14
	NN	y=30.62/(1+75.00e^-0.15^x)	0.99847	28.70	15.31	1.15	0.52	39.89	0.15
	AN	y=33.22/(1+55.74e^-0.14^x)	0.99873	29.41	16.61	1.14	0.53	43.88	0.14
	HH	y=33.49/(1+62.07e^-0.14^x)	0.99799	29.57	16.74	1.17	0.54	42.97	0.14
	UAN	y=35.13/(1+47.33e^-0.13^x)	0.99794	29.74	17.57	1.14	0.54	46.26	0.13

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝后天数 Days after silking			平均灌浆速率 Average filling rate
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	15—30 d	30—45 d	45—60 d	平均灌浆速率 Average filling rate
2022	UREA	0.94a	0.77b	0.23b	0.60b
	NN	0.74b	0.87a	0.12c	0.56c
	AN	0.94a	0.74b	0.30a	0.62b
	HH	0.92a	0.76b	0.31a	0.61b
	UAN	0.93a	0.78b	0.30a	0.65a
2023	UREA	0.93a	0.87a	0.13bc	0.63b
	NN	0.75b	0.76a	0.09c	0.59c
	AN	0.94a	0.79a	0.24a	0.64b
	HH	0.97a	0.77a	0.24a	0.64b
	UAN	0.97a	0.79a	0.26a	0.67a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝后天数 Days after silking			平均脱水速率 Average dehydration rate
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	15—30 d	30—45 d	45—60 d	平均脱水速率 Average dehydration rate
2022	UREA	1.64a	1.04a	0.86a	1.18a
	NN	1.51b	0.79b	1.02a	1.09b
	AN	1.63a	1.02a	0.85a	1.17a
	HH	1.68a	1.01a	0.89a	1.19a
	UAN	1.67a	1.00a	0.92a	1.20a
2023	UREA	1.70a	1.03a	0.74a	1.29a
	NN	1.50b	0.71b	0.78a	1.20b
	AN	1.71a	0.99a	0.71a	1.30a
	HH	1.73a	0.92a	0.74a	1.31a
	UAN	1.72a	0.95a	0.70a	1.28a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	总淀粉 Total starch (%)	支链淀粉 Amylopectin (%)	直链淀粉 Amylose (%)	支链/直链淀粉 Amylopectin/Amylose
2022	UREA	69.0b	51.4b	17.7a	2.9
	NN	68.7b	51.5b	17.1a	3.0
	AN	69.4b	52.6b	17.8a	2.9
	HH	70.6b	52.7b	17.8a	2.9
	UAN	72.6a	57.4a	15.2b	3.8
2023	UREA	65.6b	45.9c	19.6a	2.3
	NN	65.3b	45.5c	19.9a	2.3
	AN	65.9b	45.7c	20.1a	2.3
	HH	66.4b	48.1b	18.6a	2.6
	UAN	68.8a	52.5a	16.3b	3.2

Effects of Different Nitrogen Forms on Yield and Quality of Summer Maize

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