冬闲杂草还田对水稻光合物质生产和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on photosynthetic matter production and yield formation in an indica three-line hybrid rice population, to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of straw resources and the improvement of rice yield. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted in Matang Town, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, China from 2022 to 2023. Chuanzhongyou 464, a widely cultivated hybrid rice variety, was used as the test material. Six treatments were designed, including conventional nitrogen fertilizer (N), rice straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (RN), rape straw returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (ON), Chinese milk vetch returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (MN), fallow weed returning+conventional nitrogen fertilizer (WN), and no nitrogen fertilizer and no straw returning as control (CK). At various growth stages, the tiller dynamics, leaf area index, aboveground dry matter accumulation, SPAD value of flag leaves at heading stage, net photosynthetic rate, and yield and yield components of rice were measured under different modes of straw returning to the field. 【Result】Compared with N treatment, the effective panicles per hm², total spikelets per hm², and grain yield under WN treatment increased significantly by 13.65%, 16.85%, and 9.65%, respectively. There was a slight increase in spikelets per panicle and grain weight, while the seed setting rate decreased, but the difference was not significant. In terms of photosynthetic matter production characteristics, under WN treatment, the percentage of productive tiller increased significantly by 13.08%, and the SPAD value in the flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of flag leaves at heading stage were enhanced significantly by 3.57%, 9.16%, and 16.68%, respectively. Meanwhile, the dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part measured at mature stage increased by 13.79%, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate, and dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part from heading to mature stage increased by 9.20%, 33.12%, and 33.21%, respectively, and the harvest index improved by 12.31%. In addition, the leaf area index, net assimilation rate, post-heading leaf and stem sheath output and export rate also showed an increase trend. Correlation analysis results indicated that leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance significantly and positively correlated with effective panicles per hm², spikelets per panicle, total spikelets per hm², and grain yield. 【Conclusion】Fallow weeds returning to the field improved the photosynthetic characteristics of the rice at heading stage, enhanced the production capacity of photosynthetic matter after heading, promoted dry matter accumulation after heading stage, and optimized population quality. Simultaneously, by increasing the ratio of productive tiller, the suitable effective panicles per hm² were constructed and the total spikelets per·hm² increased, it thereby achieved higher grain yield.

Key words: fallow weed, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, rice

CHEN Ge, GU Yu, WEN Jiong, FU YueFeng, HE Xi, LI Wei, ZHOU JunYu, LIU QiongFeng, WU HaiYong. Effects of Fallow Weeds Returning to the Field on Photosynthetic Matter Production and Yield of Rice[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(4): 647-659.

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References 35

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Panicle (×10⁴·hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花量 Total spikelets (×10⁸·hm^-2)	结实率 Filled grain rate (%)	粒重 Grain weight (mg)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2022	CK	195.00±11.79c	172.33±6.66b	3.37±0.33c	84.23±0.47a	24.21±0.41a	6.58±0.50c
	N	211.33±15.69bc	187.33±4.51a	3.96±0.32b	84.22±0.18a	23.98±0.36a	7.56±0.34b
	RN	223.00±9.54ab	195.67±8.96a	4.37±0.37ab	83.62±0.24a	24.67±0.02a	7.92±0.18ab
	ON	235.00±18.03ab	183.67±4.51ab	4.32±0.33ab	83.12±1.10a	24.01±0.28a	8.17±0.39ab
	MN	231.33±12.66ab	194.00±13.45a	4.48±0.25ab	83.46±0.76a	24.59±0.17a	8.02±0.54ab
	WN	243.67±15.04a	190.67±5.51a	4.65±0.36a	83.40±0.53a	24.43±0.84a	8.38±0.39a
2023	CK	193.17±13.01c	169.33±4.73b	3.27±0.16c	84.00±0.51a	24.14±0.34a	6.36±0.37c
	N	218.33±9.39b	179.67±6.81ab	3.93±0.31b	83.89±0.50a	24.23±0.38a	7.81±0.39b
	RN	227.50±11.76ab	191.33±10.21a	4.35±0.14ab	83.29±0.72a	24.39±0.14a	8.07±0.39ab
	ON	231.67±19.42ab	190.67±3.79a	4.42±0.29a	83.57±0.33a	24.32±0.16a	8.01±0.43ab
	MN	237.67±11.07ab	193.67±12.06a	4.59±0.14a	83.78±0.76a	24.20±0.52a	8.35±0.15ab
	WN	244.50±13.08a	187.67±3.79a	4.57±0.30a	83.55±1.07a	24.26±0.16a	8.47±0.40a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.24	0.65	0.10	0.03	0.18	0.31
处理 Treatment (T)		9.86**	7.43**	16.80**	1.62	1.05	18.57**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.15	0.65	0.14	0.45	0.78	0.46

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	茎蘖数 Number of tillers and mail stems (per·m^-2)				茎蘖成穗率 Productive tillers (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	茎蘖成穗率 Productive tillers (%)
2022	CK	100.50±6.38c	301.33±16.50c	205.92±8.04c	195.00±11.79c	64.70±0.38b
	N	148.00±15.02a	390.17±20.13a	220.33±13.80bc	211.33±15.69bc	54.24±5.19c
	RN	140.33±17.51a	334.17±18.76b	237.67±7.02ab	223.00±9.54ab	66.77±0.91ab
	ON	113.17±9.36bc	317.50±17.50bc	244.20±16.54a	235.00±18.03ab	74.28±8.59a
	MN	143.83±9.87a	341.67±20.05b	239.00±12.12ab	231.33±12.66ab	67.77±3.15ab
	WN	135.00±12.50ab	347.00±8.32b	250.00±13.53a	243.67±15.04a	70.18±2.78ab
2023	CK	103.33±9.46c	306.67±9.00c	205.33±13.20c	193.17±13.01c	62.98±3.65bc
	N	157.33±21.05a	371.33±28.44a	224.00±8.19bc	218.33±9.39b	58.99±4.53c
	RN	148.83±17.65ab	341.83±20.25ab	233.67±12.74ab	227.50±11.76ab	66.58±1.64ab
	ON	125.00±9.01bc	328.67±9.00bc	243.00±14.18ab	231.67±19.42ab	70.44±4.61a
	MN	145.83±12.58ab	348.00±21.02ab	250.00±16.46a	237.67±11.07ab	68.35±2.32ab
	WN	151.83±7.91a	357.67±15.33ab	255.67±10.97a	244.50±13.08a	68.34±1.38ab
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		3.84	0.39	0.32	0.24	0.08
处理 Treatment (T)		13.40^**	12.74^**	11.38^**	10.12^**	11.59^**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.27	0.59	0.28	0.15	0.84

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数 Leaf area index				叶面积指数衰减幅度 Decreasing rate of LAI (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	叶面积指数衰减幅度 Decreasing rate of LAI (%)
2022	CK	1.30±0.05b	2.94±0.41b	4.66±0.40c	1.43±0.07d	69.25±1.65a
	N	1.40±0.05ab	3.75±0.12a	5.90±0.35b	2.09±0.09bc	64.44±2.56bc
	RN	1.40±0.07ab	3.88±0.21a	5.66±0.23b	2.18±0.11ab	61.46±2.11c
	ON	1.61±0.20a	4.13±0.36a	6.04±0.51ab	1.96±0.09c	67.42±1.80ab
	MN	1.49±0.17ab	4.08±0.04a	6.03±0.14ab	2.13±0.04b	64.71±1.34bc
	WN	1.57±0.23a	4.12±0.24a	6.62±0.33a	2.30±0.06a	65.15±2.58b
2023	CK	1.29±0.06c	3.02±0.30c	4.89±0.18b	1.48±0.10c	69.68±3.04a
	N	1.52±0.19abc	3.83±0.10b	6.15±0.19a	1.97±0.11b	67.94±1.06ab
	RN	1.64±0.06ab	4.23±0.04ab	6.33±0.24a	2.24±0.04a	64.64±0.88c
	ON	1.46±0.08bc	4.15±0.07ab	6.21±0.46a	2.14±0.10a	65.45±1.83bc
	MN	1.77±0.21a	4.03±0.17ab	6.36±0.07a	2.28±0.08a	64.19±1.46c
	WN	1.67±0.26ab	4.29±0.49a	6.48±0.19a	2.19±0.07a	66.19±1.79bc
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		3.62	1.58	6.23^*	1.46	2.12
处理 Treatment (T)		3.80^*	19.52^**	24.03^**	76.67^**	7.43^**
年份×处理 Y×T		1.61	0.44	1.08	3.50^*	1.79

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation (t·hm^-2)				收获指数 Harvest index (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	分蘖中期 Mid-tillering	拔节期 Jointing	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2022	CK	0.59±0.02b	3.27±0.22c	8.88±0.13d	13.60±0.84c	47.35±3.12c
	N	0.70±0.12ab	3.80±0.12b	9.16±0.09c	14.05±0.18c	48.09±0.98bc
	RN	0.79±0.02a	3.96±0.18ab	9.39±0.23bc	16.24±0.53a	53.88±2.08a
	ON	0.72±0.05a	3.87±0.10b	9.32±0.10bc	14.77±0.52bc	50.69±0.64abc
	MN	0.78±0.06a	4.23±0.23a	9.79±0.16a	15.56±0.88ab	52.00±3.35ab
	WN	0.76±0.09a	3.91±0.09b	9.50±0.03b	15.97±0.87ab	54.47±2.26a
2023	CK	0.64±0.10c	3.49±0.22d	8.86±0.15c	13.42±0.17d	46.33±1.53c
	N	0.69±0.07bc	3.71±0.10cd	9.22±0.11b	14.38±1.05cd	49.64±2.58bc
	RN	0.83±0.06a	4.32±0.32a	9.53±0.15a	16.05±0.19ab	50.54±1.48bc
	ON	0.72±0.07abc	3.86±0.18bcd	9.41±0.23ab	15.03±0.76bc	50.67±4.17b
	MN	0.83±0.07a	3.94±0.13abc	9.59±0.15a	16.06±0.73ab	52.98±1.59ab
	WN	0.77±0.02ab	4.18±0.26ab	9.46±0.10ab	16.38±0.08a	55.27±1.52a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.90	1.46	0.02	0.72	0.31
处理 Treatment (T)		6.18**	12.88**	22.39**	16.49**	8.66**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.19	2.36	1.04	0.31	1.04

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	移栽期—分蘖中期 TR-MT		分蘖中期—拔节期 MT-JT		拔节期—齐穗期 JT-HD		齐穗期—成熟期 HD-MA
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Accumulation (t·hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
2022	CK	0.59±0.02b	4.39	2.67±0.21c	19.66	5.61±0.22a	41.37	4.72±0.71c	34.58
	N	0.70±0.12ab	4.96	3.10±0.02b	22.04	5.36±0.07a	38.18	4.89±0.20c	34.81
	RN	0.79±0.02a	4.87	3.17±0.16b	19.51	5.43±0.15a	33.44	6.85±0.38a	42.18
	ON	0.72±0.05a	4.88	3.15±0.08b	21.33	5.44±0.02a	36.89	5.46±0.43bc	36.90
	MN	0.78±0.06a	5.01	3.45±0.20a	22.15	5.56±0.08a	35.85	5.77±0.75abc	36.98
	WN	0.76±0.09a	4.81	3.15±0.01b	19.74	5.59±0.07a	35.06	6.47±0.89ab	40.39
2023	CK	0.64±0.10c	4.78	2.85±0.12c	21.21	5.37±0.34a	40.03	4.56±0.22c	33.98
	N	0.69±0.07bc	4.8	3.02±0.17bc	21.13	5.51±0.20a	38.43	5.16±1.07c	35.64
	RN	0.83±0.06a	5.18	3.49±0.33a	21.71	5.22±0.41a	32.52	6.52±0.33ab	40.59
	ON	0.72±0.07abc	4.81	3.14±0.22abc	20.92	5.55±0.36a	37.03	5.62±0.97bc	37.25
	MN	0.83±0.07a	5.17	3.11±0.19abc	19.38	5.65±0.21a	35.22	6.47±0.66ab	40.23
	WN	0.77±0.02ab	4.71	3.41±0.25ab	20.83	5.28±0.19a	32.24	6.92±0.12a	42.23
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.31	0.95	0.28	0.88	0.08	0.89	1.24	0.71
处理 Treatment (T)		9.19^**	6.58^**	0.83	7.78^**	0.81	1.00	8.93^**	10.76^**
年份×处理 Y×T		1.10	0.19	0.33	2.61	3.00^*	1.18	0.33	0.53

Effects of Fallow Weeds Returning to the Field on Photosynthetic Matter Production and Yield of Rice

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶片 Leaf			茎鞘 Stem and sheath
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	输出量 Exportation (g·m^-2)	输出率 Exportation rate (%)	转化率 Transformation rate (%)	输出量 Exportation (g·m^-2)	输出率 Exportation rate (%)	转化率 Transformation rate (%)
2022	CK	49.21c	23.51c	7.66a	26.80b	5.10b	4.06b
	N	52.13c	22.40c	7.71a	27.46b	5.27b	4.06b
	RN	54.83c	22.93c	6.30a	37.52ab	6.96ab	4.28b
	ON	60.77bc	25.50bc	8.13a	44.67a	8.41a	5.99a
	MN	71.89ab	28.03ab	8.94a	49.49a	9.09a	6.13a
	WN	74.54a	30.27a	8.70a	46.02a	8.55a	5.25ab
2023	CK	46.08c	21.72bc	7.39a	33.25c	6.39c	5.32a
	N	64.57ab	27.20ab	9.14a	39.78bc	7.59bc	5.62a
	RN	47.05c	19.03c	5.81a	35.45bc	6.56c	4.36a
	ON	57.62abc	23.76abc	7.72a	43.20bc	8.11bc	5.72a
	MN	54.44bc	21.76bc	6.44a	62.33a	11.56a	7.36a
	WN	72.33a	29.05a	7.97a	48.74b	9.21ab	5.39a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		0.09	1.96	2.90	1.38	3.61	4.18
处理 Treatment (T)		13.41^**	8.73^**	5.81^**	2.77^*	8.53^**	8.21^**
年份×处理 Y×T		0.65	2.44	2.32	1.47	0.98	1.07

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	SPAD值 SPAD value	净光合速率 P_n (µmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 G_s (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间CO₂浓度 C_i (µmol·mo1^-1)	蒸腾速率 T_r (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)
2022	CK	37.23±1.19c	18.88±0.70c	0.76±0.01c	320.82±2.57a	12.61±0.38a
	N	39.10±0.89b	20.74±0.27b	0.86±0.10bc	315.37±5.05a	13.41±0.37a
	RN	40.13±0.45ab	22.39±0.69a	0.96±0.06ab	316.18±1.03a	13.18±0.06a
	ON	39.37±0.42b	21.54±0.57ab	0.94±0.04ab	314.08±6.82a	14.51±1.13a
	MN	40.23±0.31ab	23.12±1.54a	0.95±0.11ab	315.20±4.12a	14.59±1.48a
	WN	40.83±0.31a	22.45±1.16a	1.01±0.05a	312.21±2.20a	14.70±1.52a
2023	CK	36.93±0.38d	18.52±0.97c	0.85±0.01d	321.91±4.42a	12.77±0.96a
	N	39.53±0.78bc	21.72±0.74b	0.88±0.03cd	316.03±2.31a	13.58±0.81a
	RN	40.27±0.67ab	22.74±1.51ab	0.99±0.05abc	317.12±3.60a	13.10±0.15a
	ON	39.97±0.38bc	22.91±0.68ab	0.90±0.08bcd	307.41±5.30a	14.47±1.10a
	MN	41.00±0.56a	23.02±0.90ab	1.04±0.07a	319.27±1.67a	14.31±1.28a
	WN	40.60±0.36a	23.91±0.86a	1.02±0.09ab	314.62±12.58a	14.35±1.45a
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year (Y)		1.29	3.75	2.16	0.06	0.04
处理 Treatment (T)		28.67^**	18.85^**	8.77^**	2.85^*	3.65^*
年份×处理 Y×T		0.77	0.98	0.72	0.75	0.07

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