Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (11): 2261-2272.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.11.002

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Genetic Research Advances on Maize Stalk Lodging Resistance

WANG XiaQing(),SONG Wei(),ZHANG RuYang,CHEN YiNing,SUN Xuan,ZHAO JiuRan()   

  1. Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Beijing 100097
  • Received:2020-07-23 Accepted:2020-12-25 Online:2021-06-01 Published:2021-06-09
  • Contact: JiuRan ZHAO E-mail:xiaqingwang427@163.com;songwei1007@126.com;maizezhao@126.com

Abstract:

Maize stalk lodging has a great adverse effect on yield, quality and mechanized harvesting, and is one of the main problems to be solved urgently in current maize production and breeding. Strengthening the research on the lodging resistance of maize stalk will have great significance for improving the lodging resistance of maize. In this paper, we summarize the main factors affecting maize stalk lodging resistance, and their genetic mechanisms. The stalk lodging resistance is closely related to the stalk strength. The greater the stalk strength, the stronger the lodging resistance. The stalk strength is affected by the developmental stage, the internal and external structures of the stalk, and the components of the stalk cell wall. The meristem zone has vigorously dividing cells and is easily broken. After entering the reproductive growth, the rind and sclerenchyma tissue of the stalk are thickened, the vascular bundles are mature, and thus the stalk strength is enhanced. The main components of the stalk cell wall, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, soluble sugars, inorganic substances, can improve the strength of the stalk. To date, based on the high-throughput phenotyping platforms, various maize linkage and natural populations, and mapping methods, researchers have identified a series of QTLs and candidate genes that affect stalk morphology, strength, and cell wall components. The studies have shown that the haplotype-based mapping method is better than SNP-based mapping method. Meta-QTL analysis integrates the mapping results of different genetic populations and can improve the versatility of QTLs. The genetic basis of stalk strength is complex, which is determined by polygenes with minor effect and additive effect. Candidate genes in the QTLs involve cell wall metabolism, transcription factors, protein kinases, and so on. MAIZEWALL is an important database of genes related to maize cell wall. So far, the database contains 1 156 candidate genes related to maize cell wall biology, which provides a powerful resource for research in this field. A series of genes affecting cell wall components, stalk morphology and stalk strength in maize have been identified. Their functions of these genes are related to cellulose synthesis pathways, such as genes of cellulose synthase, Cobra, glycosyltransferase and ribose transport; phenylpropane pathway genes, such as genes regulating bm1-bm5; plant hormones genes, such as genes related to gibberellin, auxin and brassinosteroid; transcription factors such as NAC, MYB; miRNA (ZmmiR528) and F-box genes (stiff1). In the future research, it is needed to explore the mechanical mechanism of stalk lodging at different developmental stages. Develop diverse natural populations and breeding materials for genetic analysis. Employ a various of mapping strategies to improve the efficiency of identification of the QTL and genes related to lodging resistance. Design various molecular markers based on the favorable alleles to improve the molecular marker assisted selection for lodging resistance. These efforts will promote the research of the genetic mechanism of stalk lodging resistance, and provide a reference for the molecular breeding of new varieties with strong lodging resistance.

Key words: maize, lodging, stalk, cell wall, genetic mechanism

Fig. 1

The common types of lodging in maize production A: Root lodging in the jointing stage; B: The stalk bending and fracture in the early stage of tasseling; C: The stalk fracture in the early stage of tasseling; D: The compound lodging of the root and stalk after the grain filling stage; E: The root lodging and stalk bending after maturity; F: The fracture position was at the third internode after maturity"

Table 1

The summary of genetic studies for stalk lodging resistance traits in maize"

序号
Order
性状
Trait
材料
Material
定位方法
Mapping method
主要结果
Main result
文献
Reference
1 茎秆弯曲强度
Stalk bending strength
216个RIL家系(B73×Ce03005)
216 RILs (B73×Ce03005)
复合区间作图
CIM
微效多基因遗传特征
Polygenic with minor effect inheritance
[10]
2 茎皮穿刺强度
Rind penetrometer strength
4692个NAM家系,及
196个IBM的RIL家系
4692 NAM, 196 IBM RILs
连锁分析、关联分析
Linkage analysis, GWAS
鉴定到与苯丙烷和纤维素合成相关的位点
QTLs were related to the synthesis of phenylpropane and cellulose
[11]
3 茎皮穿刺强度
Rind penetrometer strength
RIL家系(H127R× Chang7- 2)、(B73×By804)
RILs (H127R× Chang7-2), (B73×By804)
复合区间作图
CIM
候选基因与细胞壁组分相关
Candidate genes were related to cell wall components
[12]
4 茎粗、茎秆弯曲强度、茎皮穿刺强度
Stalk diameter, stalk bending strength, rind penetrometer strength
257个自交系
257 inbred lines
多位点关联分析
Multi-locus association analysis
茎秆强度的改良可通过多个优良基因聚合实现
The improvement of stalk strength can be achieved through the accumulation of multiple favorable alleles
[13]
5 茎秆弯曲强度、茎皮穿刺强度
Stalk bending strength, rind penetrometer strength
189个RIL家系 (B73×Ki11)
189 RILs (B73×Ki11)
复合区间作图、关联
分析
CIM, GWAS
鉴定到一个控制茎秆强度的基因stiff1
stiff1 dominates stalk strength
[30]
6 茎秆柔韧度
Stalk flexibility
313个F2:3家系(J724×J724A1)
313 F2:3 (J724×J724A1)
混合群体分离分析
BSA
定位到1个控制茎秆柔韧度的QTL位点
One QTL was identified to control stalk flexibility
[14]
7 纤维素、半纤维、木质素
Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
368个自交系
368 inbred lines
关联分析
GWAS
候选基因涉及细胞壁代谢、转录因子、蛋白激酶
Candidate genes involve cell wall metabolism, transcription factors, protein kinases
[31]
8 酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维
Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber
368个自交系
368 inbred lines
关联分析
GWAS
鉴定了ZmC3H2,提出56个候选基因
ZmC3H2 and 56 candidate genes were identified
[32]
9 6个细胞壁成分
6 cell wall components
188个RIL家系 (B73 ×By804)
188 RILs (B73×By804)
完备区间作图
ICIM
一半以上的QTL表型变异解释率超过10%
More than half of the QTLs explained more than 10% phenotypic variation
[33]
10 木质素、葡萄糖和木糖
Lignin, glucose and xylose
263个IBM家系,以及
282个自交系
263 IBM, 282 inbred lines
连锁分析、关联分析
Linkage analysis, GWAS
鉴定到11个与木质素和含糖量有关的QTL
11 QTLs were related to lignin and sugar content
[34]
11 木质素及其单体含量
Lignin and its monomer content
242个RIL家系(F838×F286)
242 RILs (F838×F286)
复合区间作图
CIM
定位了80个QTL,包含7个热点区
80 QTLs were mapped, including 7 hot spots
[35]
12 细胞壁成分
Cell wall components
11个群体
11 populations
一致性QTL分析
Meta-QTL analysis
鉴定到与细胞壁组成、秸秆消化率相关的QTL
QTLs related to cell wall composition and straw digestibility were identified
[36]
13 糖分含量
Stalk sugar content
202个RIL家系(YXD053×Y6-1)
202 RILs (YXD053×Y6-1)
复合区间作图
CIM
QTL之间有较强的上位性
QTLs with strong epistasis effect
[37]
14 株高与穗位高比例
Ratio of ear height to plant height
183个热带玉米自交系
183 tropical maize inbred lines
单倍型关联分析
Haplotype GWAS
单倍型关联分析更适用于倒伏性状的定位
Haplotype GWAS was more efficient for the mapping of lodging-related traits
[38]
15 茎粗
Stalk diameter
17个群体
17 populations
一致性QTL分析
Meta-QTL analysis
20个茎粗的Meta-QTLs
20 Meta-QTLs were related to stalk diameter
[39]
16 玉米最上节茎秆的维管束数目
Vascular bundle number at the uppermost internode of maize stalk
866个BC2S3,HIF材料
866 BC2S3, HIF
多QTL模型
Multiple QTL mapping
维管束数目受大量微效的QTL控制
Vascular bundle number was dominated by many small-effect QTLs
[40]
17 茎皮厚度、维管束数目、密度、茎粗
Rind thickness, vascular bundle number and density, stalk diameter
942个玉米自交系
942 inbred lines
关联分析
GWAS
鉴定到3个控制维管束密度的QTL位点
Three loci were associated with vascular bundle density
[41]
18 30个维管束性状
30 vascular traits
480个玉米自交系
480 inbred lines
多位点关联分析
Multi-locus association analysis
鉴定到84个维管束表型候选基因
84 candidate genes were related to vascular bundle phenotype
[42]

Fig. 2

The genetic mechanism of stalk lodging resistance"

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