不同氮用量对四川春玉米光合特性、氮利用效率及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.09.004

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to clarify the photosynthetic mechanism affecting the yield formation of spring maize under different nitrogen application levels, the effects of different nitrogen application levels on nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen surplus were analyzed, so as to provide the theoretical reference for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and promoting high yield and high efficiency of spring maize.【Method】Using the maize of variety Zhongyu 3 as experimental material, the field experiments were carried out in 2019 and 2020 at the long-term fertilizer effect experimental site of Ya’an Experimental Farm of Sichuan Agricultural University. Nitrogen supply included five levels, such as 0 (no nitrogen application), 90 (low nitrogen), 180 (appropriate amount of nitrogen), 270 (farmers’ habitual nitrogen application), and 360 kg·hm^-2 (high nitrogen), which were marked as N0, N1, N2, N3, and N4, respectively. The leaf area was measured at jointing period, silking period and grain-filling period, and the leaf area index and leaf area duration were calculated, respectively. The photosynthetic parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate of ear leaves were measured at grain-filling period, and chlorophyll content was measured at silking period and grain-filling period. The dry matter accumulation of aboveground population was measured at silking period, grain-filling period, and harvest period, the yield was measured at harvest, the nitrogen content of each part was analyzed, and the soil nitrogen surplus, nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize and economic benefit of nitrogen application were calculated.【Result】(1) The spring maize yield increased first and then remained flat with the increase of nitrogen application levels. In 2019 and 2020, the yield under N2 treatment was the highest, with an average of 9 746 kg·hm^-2, which was 179% and 28.7% higher than that of N0 and N1 treatments (P<0.05), respectively, but there was no significant difference among N2, N3, and N4 treatments. 2-year yield was fitted by linear + platform fitting, the platform nitrogen application level was 134.8 kg·hm^-2, the platform yield was 9 604 kg·hm^-2, and the output-input ratio of platform nitrogen fertilizer (134.8 kg·hm^-2) was the highest (12.6). (2) Compared with no nitrogen application, the appropriate amount of nitrogen application (N2) significantly increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate of ear leaves, leaf area index and leaf area duration. However, with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, there was no significant difference or even decreased significantly in the above indexes. (3) Combined with the correlation analysis and partial least square analysis of photosynthetic characteristics and harvest yield, the yield was significant positively correlated with leaf area duration, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf area index, chlorophyll a+b of spring maize (P<0.01), and the main factor affecting spring maize yield was chlorophyll a+b. (4) During the harvest period, the grain nitrogen accumulation and total aboveground nitrogen accumulation increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application level, and increased slightly or basically flat after N2 treatment (more than 180 kg·hm^-2) in the two years. The fitting results showed that the nitrogen application level was 139 kg·hm^-2 when the soil nitrogen surplus was 0 kg·hm^-2; The nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency of spring maize under N2 treatment was the highest in the two years, with an average of 73.7%, which was 10.8% higher than that under N1 treatment (P<0.05), the nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency decreased significantly with the continuous application of nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with N2 treatment, the nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency of N3 and N4 treatments decreased by 32.9% and 48.1%, respectively (P<0.05).【Conclusion】The proper amount of nitrogen application could obviously improve the photosynthetic performance of spring maize leaves, delay the degradation of total chlorophyll in ear leaves, prolong the duration of photosynthesis, and optimize the role among total chlorophyll, leaf area index and leaf area duration in the yield formation of spring maize. At the same time, the proper amount of nitrogen application could significantly increase the dry matter accumulation of aboveground population and grain yield, promote the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen to maize, reduce nitrogen residue in soil, and improve the nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency. Considering the factors such as yield, economic benefit of fertilization, apparent nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen surplus, the nitrogen input of 139-180 kg·hm^-2 could maintain the goal of high yield and high efficiency of spring maize in the experimental area (Ya’an, Sichuan).

Key words: spring maize, amount of nitrogen, photosynthetic characteristics, yield, nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency, nitrogen surplus

XIONG WeiYi, XU KaiWei, LIU MingPeng, XIAO Hua, PEI LiZhen, PENG DanDan, CHEN YuanXue. Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize in Sichuan Province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1735-1748.

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References 32

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处理 Treatment	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
N0	6.35	27.7	118	67.8	76.1
N1	6.38	28.4	139	55.3	72.6
N2	6.08	31.9	169	49.0	71.7
N3	6.05	32.8	175	53.1	74.2
N4	5.66	33.1	179	51.2	72.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	叶面积指数 Leaf area index		叶绿素a Chlorophyll a (mg·g^-1 FW)		叶绿素b Chlorophyll b (mg·g^-1 FW)		叶绿素a+b Chlorophyll a+b (mg·g^-1 FW)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝期 Silking period	灌浆期 Grain-filling period	吐丝期 Silking period	灌浆期 Grain-filling period	吐丝期 Silking period	灌浆期 Grain-filling period	吐丝期 Silking period	灌浆期 Grain-filling period
2019	N0	1.53±0.08c	1.44±0.32c	1.59±0.02c	1.70±0.25c	0.431±0.07c	0.621±0.19c	2.02±0.07c	2.32±0.33c
	N1	2.57±0.22b	2.22±0.28b	2.38±0.09b	2.48±0.04b	0.701±0.05b	1.23±0.17b	3.08±0.15b	3.72±0.15b
	N2	3.99±0.02a	3.05±0.42a	2.73±0.06a	2.66±0.05ab	1.25±0.08a	1.87±0.13a	3.98±0.07a	4.53±0.05a
	N3	4.15±0.32a	3.01±0.12a	2.73±0.07a	2.69±0.04a	1.24±0.08a	1.86±0.11a	3.97±0.12a	4.56±0.07a
	N4	4.08±0.40a	3.12±0.52a	2.74±0.07a	2.71±0.03a	1.27±0.03a	1.82±0.07a	4.01±0.09a	4.53±0.09a
2020	N0	2.12±0.03d	1.19±0.03c	1.85±0.023c	1.38±0.02c	0.482±0.09c	0.373±0.01d	2.34±0.02c	1.75±0.03c
	N1	4.07±0.04c	2.81±0.11b	2.51±0.07b	2.53±0.04b	0.998±0.09b	1.05±0.05c	3.51±0.16b	3.57±0.11b
	N2	4.46±0.02a	3.16±0.13a	2.62±0.02a	2.61±0.04a	1.17±0.08a	1.54±0.04a	3.79±0.03a	4.15±0.01a
	N3	4.47±0.05a	3.10±0.18ab	2.62±0.03a	2.64±0.02a	1.20±0.01a	1.51±0.01ab	3.81±0.02a	4.15±0.03a
	N4	4.16±0.03b	3.04±0.30ab	2.65±0.13a	2.60±0.01a	1.22±0.13a	1.48±0.02b	3.88±0.14a	4.08±0.02a
年份 Year		**	ns	ns	**	ns	**	ns	**
施氮量 N application level		**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
年份×施氮量 Year×N application level		**	ns	**	*	**	ns	**	ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	净光合速率 Net photosynthetic rate (P_n) (μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	气孔导度 Stomatal conductance (G_s) (mol·m^-2·s^-1)	胞间二氧化碳浓度 Intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) (μmol·mol^-1)	蒸腾速率 Transpiration rate (T_r) (mmol·m^-2·s^-1)
2019	N0	13.3±0.64b	0.07±0.02b	226±17.1a	0.714±0.09b
	N1	14.9±1.62b	0.11±0.03b	221±20.7a	0.936±0.15b
	N2	17.2±1.03a	0.16±0.04a	181±13.9b	1.35±0.24a
	N3	15.8±1.16ab	0.13±0.02ab	192±26.9ab	1.23±0.12a
	N4	17.2±0.84a	0.11±0.01b	182±10.5b	0.912±0.14b
2020	N0	10.2±2.92c	0.05±0.02d	213±6.36a	0.366±0.05c
	N1	9.65±0.30c	0.07±0.03c	198±9.10b	0.391±0.05c
	N2	19.7±0.59a	0.12±0.01a	160±4.53c	0.878±0.02a
	N3	19.4±1.22a	0.11±0.03b	153±4.16c	0.795±0.04b
	N4	15.4±1.23b	0.10±0.01b	155±3.77c	0.849±0.05ab
年份 Year		ns	**	**	**
施氮量 N application level		**	**	**	**
年份×施氮量 Year×N application level		**	ns	ns	*

光合指标 Photosynthetic indicators	皮尔森相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	变量投影重要性 Variable importance in projection	变量投影重要性排序 Variable importance in projection order
LAD	0.976**	1.070	2
P_n	0.809**	0.938	5
T_r	0.830**	0.942	4
C_i	-0.895**	0.963	3
G_s	0.805**	0.908	6
LAI	0.981**	1.070	2
Chl a+b	0.987**	1.090	1

施氮量 N application levels (kg·hm^-2)	产值 Output value (yuan/hm²)	肥料成本 Fertilizer input (yuan/hm²)	净收入 Profits (yuan/hm²)	产投比 Output-input ratio	产值增产率 Increase rate of the output (%)
0	7674±588c	909	6765±588d	8.44±0.65d	—
90	16657±396b	1417	15240±396c	11.8±0.28b	117
134.8	21129±0a	1671	19458±0a	12.6±0a	175
139	21129±0a	1694	19435±0a	12.5±0a	175
180	21441±462a	1926	19515±462a	11.1±0.24c	179
270	20778±985a	2435	18343±985b	8.53±0.41d	171
360	21169±681a	2944	18225±681b	7.19±0.23e	176

Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Levels on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Yield of Spring Maize in Sichuan Province

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	籽粒氮素积累量 GNA (kg·hm^-2)	地上部氮素积累量 ANA (kg·hm^-2)	氮肥表观利用率 NARE (%)	氮素农学利用效率 NAE (kg·kg^-1)	氮素生理利用率 NPE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 NPFP	氮素盈余量 N surplus (kg·hm^-2)
2019	N0	20.6±1.15c	33.1±1.09c	—	—	—	—	-33.1±1.09e
	N1	59.6±5.75b	93.1±5.22b	66.7±5.80a	43.5±3.65a	65.6±8.35a	69.7±3.65a	-3.14±5.22d
	N2	116±8.41a	164±10.68a	72.9±5.94a	38.1±0.66b	52.5±4.98b	51.2±0.66b	15.7±10.68c
	N3	119±4.67a	172±4.42a	51.3±1.64b	24.9±1.22c	48.5±2.88b	33.6±1.22c	98.3±4.42b
	N4	116±4.63a	171±2.73a	38.2±0.76c	18.8±0.10d	49.2±1.23b	25.4±0.10d	189±2.73a
2020	N0	30.2±4.28c	48.5±4.87c	—	—	—	—	-48.5±4.87e
	N1	78.9±7.68b	122±8.29b	66.2±0.63b	47.3±1.62a	58.6±0.48a	98.5±1.62a	-34.5±4.24d
	N2	114±10.01a	181±15.33a	74.4±2.82a	31.5±2.91b	53.3±1.63b	57.1±2.91b	18.8±2.01c
	N3	112±1.22a	182±5.12a	47.6±1.89c	19.2±2.45c	40.4±4.17c	36.3±2.45c	88.4±5.12b
	N4	119±5.31a	191±10.8a	38.3±3.01d	15.3±1.62c	39.8±1.28c	28.1±1.62d	169±10.83a
年份 Year		*	**	ns	**	**	**	**
施氮量 N application level		**	**	**	**	**	**	**
年份×施氮量 Year×N application level		**	ns	*	**	ns	**	**

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处理 Treatment	基肥 Base fertilizer	拔节期追肥 Top dressing at jointing period	12叶期追肥 Top dressing at Twelve-leaf period	总施肥 The total fertilization
N0	0	0	0	0
N1	27	27	36	90
N2	54	54	72	180
N3	81	81	108	270
N4	108	108	144	360