减量施氮对套作玉米大豆叶片持绿、光合特性和系统产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.09.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of leaf green retention, photosynthesis and system yield of maize and soybean under different planting modes and nitrogen (N) application levels.【Method】The effects of planting methods (maize monoculture (MM), soybean monoculture (SS), maize intercropping (IM), soybean intercropping (IS)) and N application levels (0 N application (NN), reduced N application (RN: 180 kg N·hm^-2) and constant N application (CN: 240 kg N·hm^-2)) on leaf stay-green, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and system yield of maize and soybean leaves were studied by field positioning experiment.【Result】The maize yield increased with the increase of N application, and the soybean yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application; Under RN, the seed dry matter accumulation of IM was the largest, the total yield of maize-soybean intercropping system was the highest, and the system productivity index (SPI) was the largest too. Under intercropping, the leaf green period of each crop was longer, the photosynthetic characteristics were more stable than that of monoculture, and better than that of monoculture at seed formation stage; Under all N application levels, the percentage of green leaves under intercropping treatment was significantly higher than that under monoculture. The maximum green leaf attenuation rate of IM appeared 7 d, 5 d and 1d later than that of MM, respectively, while IS was 7 d, 0 d and 11 d later than SS, respectively. Compared with monoculture, the intercropping could significantly reduce the average attenuation rate of maize leaves, prolong the days of maximum attenuation rate and reduce the attenuation degree of green leaves. The photosynthetic rate of each crop was higher under intercropping than monoculture, and the reduced N application was higher than the constant N application. At R2 stage, the photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) under IM was 12.78% higher than that under MM, and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was 21.30% lower; NPQ decreased with the increase of N application level, while the ratio of RN to NN decreased by 17.11%. The fluctuation range of SPAD value of intercropping was weaker than that of monoculture, and showed a stable upward trend. In maize R2 stage, IM was 34.52% higher than MM; In soybean R2 and R6 stage, IS was 10.39% and 29.48% higher than SS, respectively, and the SPAD value of RN was the highest. At R2 stage, IMRN was 17.46% higher than IMNN, and MMRN was 35.02% higher than MMNN; in soybean R6 stage, ISRN was 7.71% and 6.67% higher than that of ISNN and ISCN, and SSRN was 10.03% higher than that of SSCN.【Conclusion】Under reduced N application condition, the maize-soybean intercropping significantly prolonged the green holding period of leaves; After flowering, the photosynthetic rate of leaves, the function of PS Ⅱ photosynthetic mechanism and chlorophyll remained at a high level were more stable than that of monoculture, and the accumulation of seed dry matter was enhanced, which gave full play to the production potential of maize and increased the yield of soybean, so that the total yield of intercropping system was significantly increased.

Key words: maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, reducing N application, system yield, dry matter accumulation, leaf stay-green, photosynthesis

LI YiLing, PENG XiHong, CHEN Ping, DU Qing, REN JunBo, YANG XueLi, LEI Lu, YONG TaiWen, YANG WenYu. Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Leaf Stay-Green, Photosynthetic Characteristics and System Yield in Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1749-1762.

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Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Fig. 3

Table 2

Fluorescence parameters of maize and soybean in different periods"

作物 Crop	时期 Period	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	最大光化学量子效率 Fv/Fm	实际光化学量子效率 Fv’/Fm’	光化学淬灭系数 Qp	非光化学淬灭系数 NPQ
玉米 Maize	VT	IM	NN	0.81a ns	0.12a ns	0.40a ns	0.39a ns
			RN	0.81a ns	0.11a ns	0.42a ns	0.28b ns
			CN	0.83a ns	0.13a ns	0.44a ns	0.28b ns
		MM	NN	0.81a	0.11a	0.52a	0.34a
			RN	0.81a	0.11a	0.53a	0.31a
			CN	0.82a	0.12a	0.54a	0.31a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.35ns	1.03ns	5.69**	0.75ns
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.74ns	2.98ns	1.08ns	3.37*
		A×B		0.89ns	1.54ns	0.36ns	0.41ns
	R2	IM	NN	0.80a ns	0.13a ns	0.51a ns	0.42a **
			RN	0.79a ns	0.15a ns	0.53a ns	0.34b **
			CN	0.79a ns	0.14a ns	0.54a ns	0.34b **
		MM	NN	0.79a	0.12a	0.46b	0.47a
			RN	0.80a	0.13a	0.47b	0.42b
			CN	0.80a	0.12a	0.50a	0.42b
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.35ns	0.44ns	4.89*	74.28**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.12ns	0.79ns	3.35*	86.51**
		A×B		0.84ns	0.58ns	1.28ns	23.05**
大豆 Soybean	V5	IS	NN	0.76a ns	0.17b ns	0.36b ns	2.74a ns
			RN	0.76a ns	0.22a *	0.38a ns	2.41b ns
			CN	0.77a ns	0.21a *	0.38a ns	2.48b ns
		SS	NN	0.82a	0.18a	0.39b	2.10a
			RN	0.81a	0.17a	0.41a	2.11a
			CN	0.81a	0.15a	0.40a	2.15a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		6.98*	9.77*	7.42**	9.59**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.06ns	4.69*	3.27*	3.12*
		A×B		0.42ns	3.34*	0.15ns	0.99ns
	R2	IS	NN	0.78b ns	0.20b ns	0.34b ns	2.64a **
			RN	0.81a ns	0.25a ns	0.37a ns	2.21b *
			CN	0.81a ns	0.24a ns	0.35a ns	2.18c **
		SS	NN	0.80a	0.19a	0.33a	2.23b
			RN	0.83a	0.19a	0.34a	2.31a
			CN	0.82a	0.18a	0.34a	2.35a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.28ns	14.73**	0.93ns	7.89**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		4.32*	3.57*	4.38*	4.45*
		A×B		1.32ns	0.43ns	0.71ns	6.70**
	R6	IS	NN	0.78b ns	0.19b ns	0.32a ns	2.32a *
			RN	0.80a ns	0.24a *	0.35a ns	2.15b ns
			CN	0.81a ns	0.22a *	0.34a ns	2.12b *
		SS	NN	0.80a	0.18a	0.28a	2.04a
			RN	0.82a	0.20a	0.30a	1.99a
			CN	0.81a	0.15b	0.29a	1.75b
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.65ns	3.73*	0.35ns	3.76*
		施氮水平 N application (B)		3.57*	6.47**	0.21ns	9.76**
		A×B		1.34ns	3.26*	0.37ns	3.82*

Table 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Table 3

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作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	最大衰减速率 Maximum aging rate (cm²·d^-1)	平均衰减速率 Average aging rate (cm²·d^-1)	最大衰减速率出现天数 Time of maximum aging rate (d)	绿叶衰减程度Attenuation degree (%)
玉米 Maize	IM	NN	0.045a**	0.019a**	35a **	0.779a **
		RN	0.044a*	0.012b**	41a **	0.485b **
		CN	0.041b**	0.011b*	41a ns	0.476b *
	MM	NN	0.040a	0.021a	28b	0.866a
		RN	0.041a	0.017a	36b	0.729a
		CN	0.030b	0.013b	40a	0.534a
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		148.253**	176.473**	20.386**	72.130**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		42.631**	87.049**	4.103*	16.523**
	A×B		26.745**	36.575**	3.667**	24.746**
大豆 Soybean	IS	NN	0.064a*	0.015a ns	84a *	0.617a ns
		RN	0.050b ns	0.011b ns	86a ns	0.477b ns
		CN	0.043c *	0.013a ns	88a *	0.549b ns
	SS	NN	0.047b	0.017a	77b	0.723a
		RN	0.058a	0.013a	86a	0.537b
		CN	0.034c	0.015a	73b	0.654a
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.756ns	1.072ns	19.348**	16.134**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		38.038**	5.037*	5.838**	7.481**
	A×B		5.173*	0.967ns	4.572*	0.637ns

作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)		系统生产力指数 System productivity index		产量贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	2019	2020	2019	2020	2019	2020
玉米 Maize	IM	NN	3018.54b ns	3788.33b ns	5193.54c	8714.21b	63.19	71.07
		RN	5835.61a **	4904.19a **	13428.42a	11967.36a	75.57	74.93
		CN	5993.85a ns	4808.88a **	12075.98b	12315.49a	79.97	75.46
	MM	NN	2509.88b	3919.39b			100	100
		RN	6908.57a	6373.94a			100	100
		CN	6566.59a	6465.38a			100	100
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		5.69*	31.54**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		223.58**	37.85**	128.19**	36.67**
	A×B		8.63*	6.17*
大豆 Soybean	IS	NN	1758.64a ns	1542.06a ns	5193.54c	8714.21b	36.81	28.93
		RN	1886.33a ns	1641.03a ns	13428.42a	11967.36a	24.43	25.07
		CN	1500.64b ns	1563.72a ns	12075.98b	12315.49a	20.03	24.54
	SS	NN	1868.60a	1368.34a			100	100
		RN	1911.30a	1458.22a			100	100
		CN	1578.86b	1314.32a			100	100
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		7.29*	16.05**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		67.79**	1.87ns	128.19**	36.67**
	A×B		0.89ns	0.224ns

Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Leaf Stay-Green, Photosynthetic Characteristics and System Yield in Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping

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