Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (2): 333-344.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.010

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

The Relationship Between Mastication and Development of Segment Membranes in Citrus Fruits

LI FeiFei1(),LIAN XueFei2,YIN Tao2,CHANG YuanYuan2,JIN Yan2,MA XiaoChuan2,CHEN YueWen2,YE Li2,LI YunSong2,LU XiaoPeng2()   

  1. 1Institute of Horticulture, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125
    2College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University/National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha 410128
  • Received:2022-04-06 Accepted:2022-09-09 Online:2023-01-16 Published:2023-02-07

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Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to reveal the development of segment membrane, which contributed to citrus fruit mastication, so as to provide the theoretical basis for fruit mastication trait improvement. 【Method】 Using different citrus types (hybrid citruses including Ehime No. 30 and Nova, Okitsu Wase satsuma mandarin, navel oranges including Yuanfeng and Newhall, and pumeloes including Anjiang and Jiangyong) as reseach materials, the main physiological and biochemical properties of segment membrane were analyzed by comparisons in tissue development and cell ultrastructure. 【Result】 The rough outside but smooth inside of segment membrane occurred in all citrus types. Obviously waxy layer grew on the inside of segment membrane under which one or two cell layers with thickened cell wall arranged neatly. Cell density decreased gradually from inside to outside in segment membrane. Occurrence of wax layer in the inside and morphological changes of cells under the wax layer emblematized the maturation of citrus segment membrane. For pomelo, the thickest segment membrane linked with the worst mastication was caused from a large number of cell layers, enlarged cell size and more pectin in segment membrane. At early fruit development from squaring stage to flower withering stage, the ventricles differentiated already in the ovary, and the intervals between ventricles would develop into segment membranes. In the period, parenchyma cells in the intervals exhibited equal cell size and arranged neatly, having no segment membrane characteristics. With fruit enlargement and maturation, the segment membranes of Shatian pomelo had the most cell layers and the longest cell wall thickening period. Segment membranes of Shatian pomelo showed significantly higher pectin content than that of Yuanfeng navel orange and Juxiangzao Satsuma mandarin. Segment membranes of Yuanfeng navel orange had medium cell layers and moderate cell wall thickening period, in which protopectin was higher than that of Juxiangzao Satsuma mandarin. The segment membranes of Juxiangzao exposed the least cell layers and the shortest cell wall thickening period. In October when Juxiangzao matured, segment membrane protopectins in Shatian pomelo, Yuanfeng navel orange and Juxiangzao Satsuma mandarin were 364.22, 208.48 and 165.39 mg·g-1, respectively, with Shatian pomelo reaching 74.7% and 120.2% higher than another two varieties. 【Conclusion】 Segment membrane thickness, cell layers in segment membrane and degree of cell wall thickening associated with citrus fruit mastication. Pectin content could reflect the mastication of citrus segment membranes.

Key words: citrus, segment membrane, mastication, ultrastructure, cell wall

Fig. 1

Various citrus fruits and ultrastructural comparison of segment membranes A: citrus fruits and segment membrane; B: segment membrane cross-section; C: Outside and inside of the surface of the segment membrane duct"

Table 1

Cell layers of segment membrane in various citrus fruits"

品种
Cultivar		 细胞层数（层）
Number of cell layer (layers)
爱媛30杂柑Ehime No.30 hybrid citrus 7.0±3.61b
诺瓦杂柑Nova hybrid citrus 8.7±3.21b
兴津温州蜜柑Okitus wase satsuma mandarin 5.0±0.00b
园丰脐橙Yuanfeng navel orange 5.0±2.00b
纽荷尔脐橙Newhall navel orange 8.3±1.53b
安江香柚Anjiang pomelo 23.3±2.52a
江永香柚Jiangyong pomelo 22.0±1.73a

Fig. 2

Cellulose (A), lignin (B), protopectin (C) and water-soluble pectin (D) contents in segment membranes of various citrus fruits"

Fig. 3

Fruit and segment membrane developments in different citrus types A: Fruits at flowering and cytokinesis stages; B: Fruits at expansion and ripening stages"

Fig. 4

Cytological observations of segment membranes in different citrus fruits A: Ovary at flowering stage; B: Fruits at developing stages"

Fig. 5

Changes of protopectin (A) and water-soluble pectin (B) content in different citrus fruits during segment membrane development"

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