Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 173-189.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.012

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Comprehensive Evaluation and Selection of Hybrid Offsprings of Early Flowering Spray Outdoor Chrysanthemum

SONG Xiang(), WANG ZhongMan(), ZHANG QiuLing, WEI YuanYuan, ZHAO XiaoGang, LIU Bo, DAI SiLan()   

  1. School of Landscape and Architecture, Beijing Forestry University/Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design/Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding/Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment/Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Tree and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education/National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing 100083
  • Received:2023-04-26 Accepted:2023-09-01 Online:2024-01-01 Published:2024-01-10

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Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive evaluation system for early flowering garden chrysanthemums, and to select plant lines with flowering periods from mid-September to mid-October, of which flower colors were close to pure red or yellow with novel flower type, round plant shape and excellent comprehensive performance to enrich ornamentals for early autumn festivals in Northen China, so as to provide breeding materials and selection methods for further breeding of early flowering garden chrysanthemum. 【Method】Using 3 early-flowering parents and 1 high double-flowering parent with bright color of small flowered chrysanthemum and 25 asexual hybrid progenies as test materials, 30 original traits were observed from 5 aspects, including flower color, flowering period, flower type, plant type, and leaf type. The selected 18 key traits were used as evaluation factors, and then a comprehensive evaluation system was established using Analytic Hierarchy Process and K-Means clustering analysis to conduct the comprehensive screening of hybrid lines. 【Result】The weight values of each trait of analytic hierarchy process were determined with the breeding objectives of early flowering, round flower type, and stable red and yellow flower color. Among them, the weight value of the initial flowering time (0.1817) was the largest, followed by the flower color stability (0.1695), the number of flowers per plant in the full flowering period (0.1383), the flowering duration (0.1301), the flower color suitability (0.0565), the flower uniformity in the full flowering period (0.0565 ), the inflorescence diameter (0.0539), and the number of ligulate flowers (0.0574). The 29 materials were divided into 3 grades by K-Means clustering analysis: 10 in grade I, 11 in grade II, and 8 in grade III, accounting for 34.38%, 37.93% and 27.59%, respectively. The traits of the hybrid progeny were widely separated, and the flower color, flower type, and plant type all showed transgressive traits, but the flowering period was still the earliest in the two early flowering parents, which was in line with the previous studies that the flowering period was a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Therefore, the early flowering breeding still needs to screen parents and increase the resources of open-field small chrysanthemums that can be used in early autumn. 【Conclusion】 This evaluation method integrated the advantages of various evaluation systems, characterized the traits observed in the field with quantitative results, and conducted hierarchical analysis and evaluation guided by breeding objectives, which provided a quantitative method for comprehensive evaluation and screening of excellent varieties of early flowering garden chrysanthemum. The data analysis results indicated that the evaluation system established in this study could effectively evaluate and screen early flowering garden chrysanthemums, providing a reliable method for the breeding of new varieties of early flowering garden chrysanthemums, and helping to improve the efficiency of selecting excellent germplasm for future breeding project. Finally, 10 early flowering garden chrysanthemum strains with excellent ornamental traits were selected, which could be used as new varieties or strains and also as further breeding materials.

Key words: spray outdoor chrysanthemum, hybrid offsprings, comprehensive evaluation, analytic hierarchy process, K-Means cluster analysis, early flowering characters

Fig. 1

Phenotype of the four hybrid parents in this research (The whole plant phenotype is the effect of ground planting)"

Table 1

Statistical observation of character index"

性状类型
Trait type		 观测性状指标名称
Observation trait index
花期性状
Florescence		 现蕾期Squaring period，破膜期Breaking film period，透色期Color-transparent period，初花期Initial flowering，盛花期Full flowering，末花期Last flowering stage，孕蕾期Bud period，开花持续期Blooming period，盛花期单株着花数量Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage，着花整齐度Flowering uniformity
花色性状
Flower color		 比色卡测色Colorimetric card color measurement (RHSCC)，色差仪测色Color difference meter color measurement (CIELAB standard color space)
花型性状
Flower traits		 舌状花形状Ligulate flower shape，舌状花数量Number of ligulate flowers，舌状花轮数Number of tongue-shaped wreaths，舌状花长度Ligulate flower length，舌状花宽度Tongue flower width，花序直径Capitulum diameter，花序高度Capitulum height，花心直径Flower center diameter，花托直径Torus diameter，花托高度Torus height
株型性状
Plant leaf type		 株高Plant height，冠幅Crown breadth，分枝数Number of branching，圆整度Roundness，茎秆强度Stem strength
叶型性状
Leaf type		 叶片宽度Blade width，叶片长度Blade length，叶柄长度Petiole length

Fig. 2

Statistics of florescence of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

Table 2

Colorimetric results of RHSCC and quantitative classification of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

品种/株系编号
Cultivars/lines number		 色系（占比）
Color group (%)		 比色卡编号
RHSCC number		 品种/株系编号
Cultivars/lines number		 色系
Color group		 比色卡编号
RHSCC number
F1-4 白色（4）
White group (4)		 N155C C34 紫色（26）
Purple group (26)		 77B
F1-15 黄色（11）
Yellow group (11)		 12A F1-30 77B
183Q-5 13B F1-17 77C
F1-36 6B B200 N78C
F1-41 橙黄色（7）
Yellow orange
Group (7)		 17C F1-24 N78C
F1-22 23C F1-6 N78D
F1-14 橙色（7）
Orange group (7)		 173C F1-7 N78D
F1-37 34B F1-19 紫罗兰色（4）
Violet group (4)		 84C
F1-18 紫红色（33）
Red purple group (33)		 58A
F1-5 64A F1-20 变色系（15）
Color changing
Group (15)		 29D
F1-33 70B 56A
S8 70B F1-3 75C
F1-29 70C 27D
F1-2 71A F1-23 155B
F1-9 72A N78C
F1-16 72B F1-35 13B
F1-25 72A 35A

Fig. 3

Distribution of color phenotypes in L*, a*, and b* of spray outdoor chrysanthemum A: L*, a*, and b* distribution box diagram; B: a*, b* two-dimensional distribution diagram; C: L*, a*, b* three-dimensional distribution diagram"

Table 3

The distribution range of flower color L*, a*, and b* parameters of each color group based on the ISCC-NBS method and classification"

色系
Color group		 CIELab颜色系统 Cielab color system 数量
Quantity		 品种或株系编号
Variety or strain number
明度Brilliance (L*) 红度Redness (a*) 黄度Yellowness (b*)
白色系 White group 89.90—91.23 -4.30—-1.96 5.52—15.08 2 F1-23、F1-4
黄色系 Yellow group 59.25—88.38 -12.99—15.88 15.47—83.78 6 F1-36、183Q-5、F1-15、F1-41、F1-22、F1-14
粉色系 Pink group 50.42—82.93 4.35—39.67 -11.69—32.59 12 F1-3、F1-19、F1-20、F1-35、F1-17、F1-29、F1-6、B200、F1-7、F1-9、F1-30、F1-24
红色系 Red group 35.75—75.62 10.18—41.07 -9.69—36.76 9 F1-37、F1-33、S8、F1-16、C34、F1-18、F1-25、F1-2、F1-5

Fig. 4

The quantitative classification of flower color of chrysanthemum corresponded to the morphology of capitulum and ligulate flower Inflorescences and ligulate flowers before and after discoloration were marked with arrows before → after the change"

Table 4

Distribution of ligulate flower shape of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

舌状花形态
Ligulate flower shape		 株系数量
Quantity		 株系分布
Line distribution
平瓣
Flat		 17 F1-4、F1-15、183Q-5、F1-36、F1-22、F1-37、C34、B200、F1-6、S8、F1-29、F1-2、F1-5、F1-25、F1-23、F1-3、F1-7
匙瓣 Spoon 11 F1-41、F1-14、F1-30、F1-17、F1-24、F1-19、F1-9、F1-16、F1-18、F1-35、F1-20
管瓣 Tubular 1 F1-33
有龙骨 Keel-like 13 F1-15、183Q-5、F1-36、F1-41、F1-14、C34、F1-17、B200、F1-24、F1-19、F1-33、F1-16、F1-35
有缺刻 Incision 10 F1-15、F1-14、F1-37、F1-41、F1-24、F1-35、F1-165、F1-17、F1-30、F1-6

Fig. 5

Statistical chart of type character data of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

Table 5

Comparison of the number of tongue flowers and the number of tongue flowers"

舌状花数量
Number of ligulate flowers		 株系数量
Number of lines		 株系分布
Line
distribution		 舌状花轮数
Number of ligulate flower wheels		 株系数量
Number of lines		 株系分布
Line
distribution
25—50 8 F1-2、F1-3、F1-9、F1-14、F1-16、C34、F1-37、S8 2-3 7 F1-2、F1-3、F1-14、F1-9、F1-16、F1-17、F1-24、C34
50—100 9 F1-4、F1-17、F1-19、F1-24、F1-25、F1-30、F1-35、F1-36、183Q-5 4-5 8 F1-4、F1-19、F1-20、F1-25、F1-30、F1-35、183Q-5、S8
100—150 6 F1-6、F1-7、F1-15、F1-23、F1-29、F1-41 7 8 F1-7、F1-22、F1-29、F1-36、F1-37、F1-41、B200
150—200 4 F1-5、F1-20、F1-22、B200 8 4 F1-5、F1-6、F1-15、F1-18
>200 2 F1-18、F1-33 >9 2 F1-23、F1-33

Fig. 6

Distribution diagram of plant type data of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

Fig. 7

Plant type of spray outdoor chrysanthemum (The whole plant phenotype is the effect of pot planting)"

Fig. 8

Distribution diagram of leaf data of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

Table 6

Hierarchical structure and weight assignment of the comprehensive evaluation of the ornamental characters of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

Z目标层
Target layer		 C约束层
Constriant layer		 权重
Weight (Z-Ci)		 P标准层
Standard layer		 权重
Weight
露地小菊观赏性状综合评价
Comprehensive evaluation of ornamental traits of small chrysanthemum in open field		 C1花期
Florescence		 0.5069 P1初花期起始时间 The starting time of the initial flowering period 0.1817
P2开花持续时间Flowering duration 0.1301
P3盛花期单株着花数量 Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage 0.1383
P4盛花期着花整齐度Flowering uniformity in full-bloom period 0.0568
C2花色
Flower color		 0.2260 P5花色适宜度Flower color suitability 0.0565
P6花色稳定性Flower color stability 0.1695
C3花型
Flower type		 0.1625 P7花序直径（花径）Capitulum diameter 0.0539
P8花心直径Flower center diameter 0.0092
P9舌状花形态（瓣型）Ligulate flower shape (petal type) 0.0128
P10舌状花数量Number of ligulate flowers 0.0574
P11舌状花轮数（重瓣性）Number of ligulate flower wheels (double valve) 0.0292
C4株型
Plant type		 0.0966 P12冠幅Crown breadth 0.0292
P13株高Plant height 0.0103
P14分枝数Number of branching 0.0103
P15圆整度Roundness 0.0279
P16茎秆强度（抗倒伏能力）Stem strength (lodging resistance) 0.0189
C5叶型
Leaf type		 0.0080 P17叶片长度Blade width 0.0040
P18叶片长宽比Blade aspect ratio 0.0040

Table 7

Scoring criteria for 18 key traits of spray outdoor chrysanthemum"

性状
Trait		 分值Score
1 2 3 4 5
P1初花期起始时间
The starting time of the initial flowering period		 极晚花期
Very late flowering period		 晚花期
Late flowering period		 中花期
Mid-flowering period		 早花期
Early flowering period		 极早花期
Very early flowering period
P2开花持续时间
Flowering duration		 <25 25—30 30—40 40—50 >50
P3盛花期单株着花数量
Number of capitulum per plant at full-bloom stage		 <30 30—40 40—50 60—90 >90
P4盛花期着花整齐度
Flowering uniformity in full-bloom period		 花朵分布不均，枝条间存在较大距离
The distribution of flowers is uneven, and there is a large distance between branches		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 花朵分布较均匀，相邻花朵间存在一定距离
The flowers are evenly distributed, and there is a certain distance between adjacent flowers		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 花朵分布均匀繁密，覆盖上表面
The flowers are evenly distributed and dense, covering the upper surface
P5花色适宜度
Flower color suitability		 花色偏白
The flower color is white		 花色较浅
Lighter color of flowers		 花色呈较艳丽的粉色
The flower color is more gorgeous pink		 花色艳丽，向红色或黄色靠拢
Colorful, close to red or yellow		 较纯正的红色或明亮黄色
Purer red or bright yellow
P6花色稳定性
Flower color stability		 - 出现变色现象
There is a discoloration phenomenon		 - - 颜色稳定
Stable color
P7花序直径（花径）Capitulum diameter <4.0 4.0—4.5 4.5—5.0 5.0—5.5 >5.5
P8花心直径
Flower center diameter		 2.0—2.5 1.5—2.0 1.0—1.5 0.75—1.0 0—0.75
P9舌状花形态（瓣型）
Ligulate flower shape (petal type)		 - - 平瓣
Flat petals		 匙瓣或管瓣/
平瓣有龙骨
或有缺刻
Spatulate petal or tubular petal /
Flat petal with keel
There may be a gap		 匙瓣或管瓣附有龙骨或缺刻
Spatulate petal or tubular petal with keel or incised
P10舌状花数量
Number of ligulate flowers		 25—50 50—100 100—150 150—200 >200
P11舌状花轮数（重瓣性）
Number of ligulate flower wheels (double valve)		 2—3 4—5 7 8 >9
P12冠幅Crown breadth <25 25—30 30—35 35—40 >40
P13株高Plant height <35 35—45 45—50 50—55 >55
P14分枝数
Number of branching		 2 3 4 5 >6
P15圆整度
Roundness		 植株不圆整
The plant is not rounded		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 植株较圆整
The plant is rounder		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 植株圆整
The plant is rounded
P16茎秆强度（抗倒伏能力）
Stem strength（lodging resistance）		 茎秆强度弱
Stem strength is weak		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 茎秆强度居中
Stem strength is in the middle		 介于二者之间
Between the two		 茎秆强度强
Stem strength is strong
P17叶片长度Blade length <4 4—5 5—6 6—7 >7
P18叶片长宽比
Blade aspect ratio		 - 长卵型或
倒卵型
Long egg type or
Inverted egg type		 卵型
Egg-type		 宽卵型
Wide egg type		 -

Table 8

Comprehensive scores and grades of 25 F1 generation strains and 4 parents"

等级
Grade		 材料
Material		 综合得分
Synthesis score		 等级
Grade		 材料
Material		 综合得分
Synthesis score		 等级
Grade		 材料
Material		 综合得分
Synthesis score
Ⅰ C34 3.8941 Ⅱ F1-29 3.1042 Ⅲ F1-4 2.3647
Ⅰ F1-18 3.891 Ⅱ B200 3.1246 Ⅲ F1-30 2.7404
Ⅰ F1-36 3.8659 Ⅱ F1-15 3.1621 Ⅲ F1-3 2.7690
Ⅰ F1-5 3.8346 Ⅱ F1-2 3.2129 Ⅲ F1-35 2.8305
Ⅰ F1-6 3.8236 Ⅱ F1-9 3.2521 Ⅲ F1-20 2.8466
Ⅰ 183Q-5 3.7284 Ⅱ F1-17 3.2673 Ⅲ F1-24 2.8760
Ⅰ F1-16 3.6446 Ⅱ F1-41 3.3012 Ⅲ F1-25 2.9700
Ⅰ F1-22 3.6386 Ⅱ F1-14 3.3495 Ⅲ F1-7 3.0041
Ⅰ S8 3.6047 Ⅱ F1-19 3.3733
Ⅰ F1-33 3.5359 Ⅱ F1-23 3.3973
Ⅱ F1-37 3.4324
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