不同产区纽荷尔脐橙橘园果实综合品质评价与适宜区域筛选

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.10.011

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to establish a comprehensive evaluation model in fruit quality, clarify the comprehensive grade of fruit quality and their corresponding meteorological characteristics from different Newhall Navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb. cv. Newhall) orchards in China, so as to provide a reference for the ecological environment adaptability and suitable planting.【Method】Twenty three Newhall orchards in different ecological environments of China were selected to measure fruit external and internal quality indicators. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify the core indicators, and the comprehensive evaluation models of fruit quality were established by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy comprehensive appraisal (FCA), respectively. The optimal algorithm model and fruit grade classification threshold were determined and verified with sensory quality evaluation. Meanwhile, the comprehensive quality grades and the characteristics of corresponding ecological factors of Newhall navel orange fruit from different producing areas were explored.【Result】The fruit comprehensive quality of 23 Newhall orchards showed obvious regional characteristics. The fruit in southern Jiangxi and southern Hunan had higher total soluble solid and solid acid ratio, while the fruit in western Hunan and the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River had better fruit external color indexes and higher titratable acid. The quality indexes were correlated to varying degrees. Five core indexes were selected by principal component analysis combined with cluster analysis, including comprehensive color index, fruit weight, soluble solids, solid acid ratio, and vitamin C content. At the same time, AHP model was determined as the comprehensive evaluation model of fruit quality with the best fitting degree of sensory quality index: Y (comprehensive value) = 0.06× comprehensive color index + 0.26× single fruit weight +0.16× soluble solid content +0.42× solid acid ratio +0.11× vitamin C content (standardized value). The comprehensive fruit quality indicators of different Newhall orchards were ranked, and the classification threshold was determined as follows: ≥0.60 was the first-class orchards, mainly concentrated in southern Jiangxi, southern Hunan and eastern Guangdong, with active accumulated temperature, effective accumulated temperature, maximum sunshine hours and surface temperature; 0.45-0.60 was the second-class orchards, mainly concentrated in northern Guangxi and western Fujian, characterized by higher temperature accumulation and rainfall; 0.30-0.45 was the third-class orchards, mainly concentrated in western Hunan and the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with relatively lower rainfall and temperature accumulation; <0.30 was the fourth-class orchards, mainly distributed in southern Zhejiang, with the highest rainfall.【Conclusion】The core indicators of the comprehensive quality of citrus fruits were identified by PCA, and the AHP model with the optimal for the Newhall fruit comprehensive evaluation by combining the eigenvalues of each principal component to achieve automatic assignment of AHP judgment matrix. The ecological factors of different grades of orchards were significantly different. These results provided algorithms and data support for the development of the decision system based on "suitable planting" of citrus varieties in different ecological environment.

Key words: Newhall navel orange, fruit quality, comprehensive evaluation, environmental adaptability

CHEN ZhiMin, CHEN XiaoLin, TAN ZhenHua, CHEN ZhaoXing, SHEN DanDan, MA YanYan, ZHENG YongQiang, YI ShiLai, LÜ Qiang, XIE RangJin. Comprehensive Fruit Quality Evaluation and Suitable Areas Selection of Newhall Navel Orange in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(10): 1949-1965.

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Figures/Tables 13

Table 1

Orchards distribution table"

产区 Area	果园分布 Orchard distribution
产区 Area	编号 Number	地点 Location	简称 Abbreviation	经度 Longitude (°)	纬度 Latitude (°)
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian- Guangdong	1	浙江省台州市临海市 Linhai city, Taizhou city, Zhejiang province	LH	121.29	28.75
	2	福建省三明市尤溪县 Youxi county, Sanming city, Fujian province	YX	118.22	26.33
	3	广东省梅州市平远县 Pingyuan county, Meizhou city, Guangdong province	PY1	115.87	24.8
	4	广东省梅州市平远县 Pingyuan county, Meizhou city, Guangdong province	PY2	115.88	24.56
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi- Southwest Jiangxi- Southwest Hunan	5	广西百色市德保县 Debao county, Baise city, Guangxi	DB	106.58	23.34
	6	广西桂林市恭城瑶族自治县 Gongcheng Yao Autonomous county, Guilin city, Guangxi	GC	110.87	25.07
	7	广西桂林市富川瑶族自治县 Fuchuan Yao Autonomous county, Guilin city, Guangxi	FC	111.29	24.84
	8	江西省赣州市信丰县 Xinfeng county, Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province	XF	114.93	25.39
	9	江西省赣州市上犹县 Shangyou county, Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province	SY	114.57	25.78
	10	江西省赣州市章贡区 Zhanggong district, Ganzhou city, Jiangxi province	ZG	114.94	25.84
	11	湖南省郴州市宜章县 Yizhang county, Chenzhou city, Hunan province	YZ	112.57	25.78
	12	湖南省郴州市桂阳县 Guiyang county, Chenzhou city, Hunan province	GY	112.95	25.47
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei- Western Hunan	13	湖北省宜昌市枝江市 Zhijiang city, Yichang city, Hubei province	ZJ	111.72	30.5
	14	湖北省宜昌市宜都市 Yidu city, Yichang city, Hubei province	YD	111.45	30.38
	15	湖北省十堰市丹江口市 Danjiangkou city, Shiyan city, Hubei province	DJK	111.47	32.72
	16	湖南省湘西龙山县 Longshan county, Xiangxi, Hunan province	LS	116.29	39.96
	17	湖南省邵阳市新宁县 Xinning county, Shaoyang city, Hunan province	XN	111.02	26.74
	18	湖南省湘西保靖县 Baojing county, Xiangxi, Hunan province	BJ	109.66	28.71
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	19	重庆市云阳县 Yunyang county, Chongqing city	YY	108.85	30.83
	20	重庆市奉节县 Fengjie county, Chongqing city	FJ	109.66	31.08
	21	重庆市北碚区 Beibei district, Chongqing city	BB	106.38	29.77
四川 Sichuan	22	四川省凉山雷波县 Leibo county, Liangshan, Sichuan province	LB	103.58	28.27
云南 Yunnan	23	云南省红河建水县 Jianshui county, Honghe, Yunnan province	JS	102.95	23.66

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fruit external quality of Newhall navel orange in different orchards"

产区 Area	果园 Orchard	综合色泽指数 CCI	纵径 FL (mm)	横径 FW (mm)	单果重 PFW (g)
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	LH	-45.2±0.2gh	83.8±2.4fg	81.8±3.3def	306.7±41.6 bcd
	YX	-40.5±0.4c	87.5±4.9de	86.6±4.2b	300.0±10.3 cd
	PY1	-36.9±1.6a	86.9±3.2def	77.9±1.3hij	263.3±20.4 fg
	PY2	-43.8±1.6d	86.2±2.0def	77.3±2.1hij	223.3±10.2 fg
	均值 Mean	-41.6±3.7	86.1±1.6	80.9±4.2	273.3±38.4
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan	DB	-37.1±0.3a	82.8±0.8h	77.2±0.5ij	236.7±14.6 hi
	GC	-38.8±0.8b	84.5±1.0efg	78.6±1.1ghij	256.7±7.1 fgh
	FC	-35.7±0.1a	91.4±2.3bc	82.2±1.4def	300.0±7.5 cd
	XF	-46.6±0.4fgh	92.4±1.8b	85.6±0.6b	313.3±5.9 bc
	SY	-44.2±0.4de	101.9±2.1a	89.6±0.9a	343.3±11.4 a
	ZG	-45.1±1.6def	84.6±1.8efg	81.0±1.3defg	266.7±17.1 ef
	YZ	-44.3±0.1de	91.3±1.1bc	84.9±0.7bc	326.7±3.8 ab
	GY	-48.5±0.2ij	69.1±0.9k	68.8±0.2l	160.0±0.5 k
	均值 Mean	-42.6±4.7	87.3±9.5	81.0±6.3	275.4±59.1
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	LS	-47.0±2.6gh	77.9±1.2i	79.0±1.2ghij	261.1±17.1 fgh
	XN	-44.5±0.7de	78.1±0.7i	79.6±1.0fghi	250.5±8.4 fgh
	BJ	-45.8±0.2efg	82.3±0.2h	82.3±0.8de	287.5±3.8 de
	ZJ	-48.7±0.1ij	84.4±0.5efg	80.1±0.4efgh	265.8±3.9 ef
	YD	-51.0±1.6k	79.1±0.8i	76.4±0.5j	243.8±2.6 fgh
	DJK	-51.2±0.1k	72.1±1.0j	69.1±0.4l	178.3±5.8 k
	均值 Mean	-48.1±2.7	79.0±4.24	77.8±46.5	248.3±37.6
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	YY	-47.9±0.3hi	72.8±0.2j	73.3±0.8k	209.6±3.6 j
	FJ	-48.7±0.1ij	81.9±0.5gh	77.6±0.2hij	237.7±1.7 ghi
	BB	-50.0±0.5jk	74.2±0.1j	73.6±0.1k	209.6±3.6 j
	均值 Mean	-48.9±1.1	76.3±4.9	74.8±2.4	220.0±17.3
四川 Sichuan	LB	-51.2±0.1k	89.0±0.6cd	82.9±0.7cd	296.1±0.01 cd
云南 Yunnan	JS	-45.1±0.1def	86.9±0.2def	77.0±0.1ij	240.2±0 ghi
整体均值 Overall mean		-41.3±18.8	83.5±7.5	79.2±5.2	260.3±41.6

Table 4

Table 5

Fruit internal quality of Newhall navel orange in different orchards"

产区 Area	果园 Orchard	可溶性固形物 TSS (%)	可滴定酸 TA (‰)	固酸比 TSS/TA	维生素C Vc (mg/100 mL)	出汁率 JR (%)	可食率 ER (%)
浙—闽—粤 Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong	LH	10.2±0.2l	6.1±0.6e	17.0±2.1g	42.1±1.9k	57.5±1.3a	74.2±0.5bcde
	YX	12.8±0.2f	6.3±0.6de	20.3±1.8de	58.6±5.5de	57.7±1.0a	71.9±0.5fgh
	PY1	12.0±0.1hi	4.4±0.1hi	27.2±0.8b	52.9±0.7fgh	49.9±0.7hi	70.2±0.9hij
	PY2	12.1±0.1h	4.4±0.1i	27.8±1.0b	65.8±2.1a	51.5±1.4fgh	71.7±1.4fghi
	均值 Mean	11.8±1.1	5.3±1.0	23.1±5.3	54.9±10.0	54.2±4.0	72.1±1.6
桂北—赣南—湘南 Northern Guangxi-Southwest Jiangxi-Southwest Hunan	DB	12.3±0.2gh	6.6±0.1d	18.7±0.7fg	49.3±0.2ij	57.6±1.4a	74.2±2.1bcde
	GC	13.2±0.0e	6.4±0.2de	20.6±0.5de	63.1±2.8ab	53.6±1.9cde	71.9±0.9fgh
	FC	11.4±0.1j	5.3±0.1g	21.5±0.6d	54.0±0.7fg	50.5±0.6ghi	73.3±0.2cdef
	XF	14.4±0.1bc	4.1±0.4i	35.0±1.1a	51.2±0.8ghi	52.3±0.4efg	68.25±0.1kl
	SY	11.6±0.2j	4.6±0.2hi	25.2±0.9c	52.0±0.1ghi	46.7±0.8k	67.6±2.1l
	ZG	14.0±0.2d	4.9±0.0gh	28.5±1.1b	55.5±0.7ef	49.4±1.0ij	67.2±0.7l
	YZ	14.7±0.1ab	6.3±0.1de	23.3±1.9c	61.8±0.3bc	47.9±0.8jk	70.5±0.2ghij
	GY	14.9±0.2a	6.2±0.4de	23.8±0.6c	57.5±1.2de	47.7±0.2jk	69.9±0.8ijk
	均值 Mean	13.3±1.2	5.6±1.0	24.6±5.1	55.2±5.6	50.7±3.6	70.3±2.6
鄂西—湘西 Western Hubei-Western Hunan	LS	12.3±0.4gh	8.4±0.1a	14.7±0.4i	60.1±0.6bcd	58.1±0.7a	77.2±2.3a
	XN	14.2±0.3cd	7.3±0.1c	19.4±0.7ef	59.4±2.7cd	54.2±0.5cde	71.2±1.2ghi
	BJ	13.9±0.0d	8.3±0.4a	16.7±0.8gh	50.8±1.0ghij	55.2±1.0bcd	74.5±0.0bcd
	ZJ	11.1±0.1k	6.3±0.3de	17.6±0.6fg	57.7±0.1de	55.4±1.2bc	72.5±0.2defg
	YD	12.6±0.0fg	7.2±0.3c	17.5±0.7fg	53.7±0.2fg	57.3±0.3a	72.3±1.6efg
	DJK	13.5±0.1e	7.5±0.2bc	18.0±0.7fg	50.9±0.7ghij	58.2±0.9a	75.0±0.6bc
	均值 Mean	12.9±1.0	7.5±0.7	17.3±1.5	55.2±3.8	56.4±1.7	73.8±2.2
长江中上游 The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River	YY	11.8±0.1ij	7.8±0.1b	15.0±0.0hi	48.0±0.8j	54.8±0.8bcd	75.7±0.0ab
	FJ	11.7±0.1ij	6.4±0.3de	18.5±1.1fg	60.1±0.6bcd	53.3±0.9def	71.9±0.5fgh
	BB	12.4±0.0gh	6.0±0.3ef	21.1±1.2de	58.2±0.8de	56.6±0.9ab	76.0±0.5ab
	均值 Mean	12.0±0.3	6.7±1.0	18.1±2.8	55.1±6.3	54.9±1.6	74.5±2.3
四川 Sichuan	LB	12.2±0.2h	4.3±1.0i	28.0±0.6b	53.2±0.3fgh	53.6±1.0cde	71.1±0.5 ghi
云南 Yunnan	JS	12.8±0.2f	5.4±1.0fg	23.6±0.4c	50.2±1.4hij	51.3±2.1ghi	69.0±0.5 jkl
整体均值 Overall mean		12.7±1.2	6.1±1.2	21.7±5.0	55.1±5.7	53.5±3.6	72.1±2.8

Table 5

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 6

Fig. 3

Table 7

Fig. 4

Table 8

Fig. 5

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	果形大小 Fruit size	果面 Fruit noodles	口感 Taste	化渣性 Slag
一等（4—5分） First class (4-5)	果形端正整齐，大小均匀，横径75—85 mm The shape of the fruit is neat and even, with a transverse diameter of 75-85 mm	果面洁净果皮光滑，色泽偏红，着色均匀，无明显斑点或缺陷 The fruit surface is clean and the skin is smooth, with a reddish color and even coloring, without obvious spots or defects	甜 Sweet	肉质细嫩，化渣性极好 The meat is delicate, excellent slagging properties
二等（3—4分） Second class (3-4)	果形较端正整齐，大小较均匀，横径70— 75 mm或者85—90 mm The fruit shape is relatively upright and neat, with a uniform size and a transverse diameter of 70-75 or 85-90 mm	果面较洁净光滑，色泽偏黄，允许由一到两个小斑点或缺陷 The fruit surface is relatively clean and smooth, with a yellowish color, allowing for one to two small spots or defects	酸甜 Sour and sweet	肉质较细嫩，化渣性较好 The meat is tender, good slagging properties
三等（2—3分） Third class (2-3)	无明显畸形果，但整体表现较差 No obvious abnormal fruit, but overall poor performance	无明显大斑点或缺陷，但整体表现较差 No obvious large spots or defects, but overall poor performance	酸 Sour	整体感觉表现较差 Overall poor performance

等级 Class	得分 Score
一等品 First class	≥8
二等品 Second class	7.5-8
三等品 Third class	7-7.5
四等品 Fourth class	<7

指标 Index	主成分Principal component
指标 Index	1	2	3	4	5
CCI	-0.11	0.11	-0.06	0.97*	0.03
FW	-0.48	0.81*	-0.16	0.16	-0.03
FL	-0.18	0.97*	-0.01	0.05	-0.01
PFW	-0.12	0.96*	-0.03	0.03	-0.14
TSS	-0.17	-0.11	0.94*	-0.07	0.13
TA	0.91*	-0.19	0.29	-0.08	-0.01
TSS/TA	-0.90*	0.15	0.12	-0.02	0.03
Vc	-0.09	-0.12	0.12	0.03	0.97*
JR	0.76*	-0.13	-0.25	-0.19	-0.14
ER	0.83*	-0.29	-0.29	-0.03	-0.01
特征值 Eigenvalue	3.29	2.75	1.19	1.03	1.02
累计方差贡献 Cumulative variance contribution	32.95	60.54	72.48	82.87	93.09
代表指标 Representative index	TSS/TA	PFW	TSS	CCI	Vc

	CCI	TSS	TSS/TA	Vc	PFW	特征向量 Eigenvector	权重 Weight
CCI	1.00	0.33	0.20	0.50	0.25	0.11	0.06
TSS	3.00	1.00	0.33	2.00	0.50	0.30	0.16
TSS/TA	5.00	3.00	1.00	4.00	2.00	0.78	0.42
Vc	2.00	0.50	0.25	1.00	0.33	0.18	0.10
PFW	4.00	2.00	0.50	3.00	1.00	0.49	0.26

果园 Orchard	年份 Year
果园 Orchard	2019—2020		2021
ZG	0.74	一等 First class	0.68	一等 First class
LB	0.67	一等 First class	0.77	一等 First class
PY	0.61	一等 First class	0.58	二等 Second class
GC	0.53	二等 Second class	0.52	二等 Second class
SY	0.46	二等 Second class	0.49	二等 Second class
DJK	0.31	三等 Third class	0.40	三等 Third class
YY	0.24	四等 Fourth class	0.17	四等 Fourth class

Comprehensive Fruit Quality Evaluation and Suitable Areas Selection of Newhall Navel Orange in China

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