耕作对渭北旱塬小麦-玉米轮作田土壤水分和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this paper, the effects of tillage practices on soil moisture and crop yield in winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation fields under different rainfall patterns were studied, so as to provide the theoretical support for the efficient use of rainfall and innovation of tillage systems in dryland region.【Method】 In 2007-2019, a long-term consecutive in-situ conservation tillage experiment was conducted in the Weibei Upland Plateau. Two conservation tillage practices were set, including no-tillage (NT) and subsoiling (ST), using conventional tillage (CT) as a control. Then, the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture storage, yield and water use efficiency during the fallow and growth periods under different rainfall patterns were analyzed. 【Result】(1) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected the soil water storage at the end of the fallow period and moisture storage rate, with rainfall pattern as the dominant factor. The soil water storage (mm) in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (430.6) > dry year (405.9) > normal year (381.5); NT (417.4) > ST (402.3) > CT (398.2); The soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (438.5) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (370.2). The moisture storage rate (%) during the fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (27.1) > dry year (26.6) > normal year (25.1); NT (27.6) > ST (26.4) > CT (25.8); NT in the dry year had the highest moisture storage rate (29.1) and CT in the normal year had the lowest moisture storage rate (25.0). (2) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat, of which the influence of tillage practice was the most significant factor of winter wheat yield (kg∙hm^-2) and WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1). The winter wheat yield values decreased in the following order: humid year (4985) > dry year (3984); NT (4522) > ST (4468) > CT (4465); The winter wheat yield was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (5033) and the lowest in the dry year under ST treatment (3957). The winter wheat WUE values decreased in the following order: humid year (15.4) > dry year (14.9); NT (16.2) > ST (15.4) > CT (14.0); The winter wheat WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (16.5) and the lowest in the dry year under CT treatment (13.9). (3) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and WUE in spring maize, of which the influence of rainfall pattern was the most significant factor of spring maize yield and WUE. The spring maize yield values (kg∙hm^-2) decreased in the following order: humid year (7677) > dry year (6999) > normal year (5887); NT (6900) > ST (6879) > CT (6785); The spring maize yield was the highest in the humid year under ST treatment (8003) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (5723). The spring maize WUE values (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1) decreased in the following order: humid year (18.7) > dry year (17.5) > normal year (14.8); NT (17.8) > ST (17.0) > CT (16.2); The spring maize WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (19.3) and the lowest in the normal year under CT treatment (13.9). (4) In the winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation cycle, the tillage practice significantly affected the crop yield and WUE. The mean yield and WUE under NT and ST were 1.6%, 1.2% and 9.5%, 3.9% higher than that under CT treatment, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Integrating soil moisture and crop yield under each rainfall pattern, conservation tillage could achieve water conservation and yield increase relatively efficiently, among which the effects of water storage and yield of no-tillage were better. Based on the high yield, high efficiency and long-term sustainable development of upland plateau, no-tillage was recommended to realize the aim of water storage, soil water conservation, yield and income increased in Loess Plateau region.

Key words: Weibei Upland Plateau, rainfall pattern, conservation tillage, moisture, yield

GUO XingYu, WANG Hao, YU Qi, WANG Rui, WANG XiaoLi, LI Jun. Effects of Tillage on Soil Moisture and Yield of Wheat-Maize Rotation Field in Weibei Upland Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(14): 2977-2990.

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References 33

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年份 Year	轮作 Crop rotation	播种日期 Planting date (Y-M-D)	收获日期 Harvesting date (Y-M-D)	品种 Variety
2007-2008	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2007-09-20	2008-06-14	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2008-2009	休闲1 Fallow 1	2008-06-14—2009-04-19
2009	春玉米 Spring maize	2009-04-19	2009-09-21	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2009-2010	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2009-09-25	2010-06-22	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2010-2011	休闲2 Fallow 2	2010-06-22—2011-04-23
2011	春玉米 Spring maize	2011-04-23	2011-09-21	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2011-2012	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2011-09-26	2012-06-15	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2012-2013	休闲3 Fallow 3	2012-06-15—2013-04-24
2013	春玉米 Spring maize	2013-04-24	2013-09-18	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2013-2014	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2013-09-25	2014-06-17	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2014-2015	休闲4 Fallow 4	2014-06-17—2015-04-26
2015	春玉米 Spring maize	2015-04-26	2015-09-20	郑单958 Zhengdan 958
2015-2016	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2015-09-26	2016-06-18	长6359 Chang 6359
2016-2017	休闲5 Fallow 5	2016-06-18—2017-04-26
2017	春玉米 Spring maize	2017-04-26	2017-09-18	郑单958 Zhengdan 958
2017-2018	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2017-10-15	2018-06-16	长6359 Chang 6359
2018-2019	休闲6 Fallow 6	2018-06-16—2019-05-02
2019	春玉米 Spring maize	2019-05-02	2019-09-26	郑单958 Zhengdan 958

影响因子 Factor		耗水量 ET (mm)	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)
降水年型 Rainfall type	H	324.9a	4985a	15.4a
降水年型 Rainfall type	D	267.9b	3984b	14.9a
F值检验 F value test		28130.932**	311.566**	4605.515**
耕作方式 Tillage practice	NT	279.3c	4522a	16.2a
	ST	291.0b	4468b	15.4a
	CT	319.0a	4465b	14.0b
F值检验 F value test		164136.138**	220992.587**	31408.451**
丰水年型 Humid year	NT	305.0b	5033a	16.5a
	ST	319.1b	4978a	15.6a
	CT	350.6a	4944a	14.1b
欠水年型 Dry year	NT	253.5b	4011a	15.8a
	ST	262.9b	3957a	15.1ab
	CT	287.4a	3986a	13.9b
F值检验 F value test		576.798**	98.552**	336.738**

影响因子 Factor		耗水量 ET (mm)	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)
降水年型 Rainfall type	N	398.6b	5887c	14.8c
	H	411.3a	7677a	18.7a
	D	401.2b	6999b	17.5b
F值检验 F value test		154000.459**	707.055**	119754.339**
耕作方式 Tillage practice	NT	387.8b	6900a	17.8a
	ST	403.8ab	6879a	17.0a
	CT	419.6a	6785a	16.2b
F值检验 F value test		2276.719**	3247.531**	16076.113**
平水年型 Normal year	NT	388.6b	6025a	15.5a
	ST	380.6b	5723b	15.0a
	CT	426.7a	5913a	13.9b
丰水年型 Humid year	NT	399.6b	7469b	18.7ab
	ST	414.9a	8003a	19.3a
	CT	419.4a	7560b	18.0b
欠水年型 Dry year	NT	375.1b	7205a	19.2a
	ST	416.0a	6912ab	16.6b
	CT	412.6a	6881b	16.7b
F值检验 F value test		401.884**	426.440**	4849.037**

	处理Treatments	周期1 Cycle 1	周期2 Cycle 2	周期3 Cycle 3	周期4 Cycle 4	周期5 Cycle 5	周期6 Cycle 6	平均值 Mean
耗水量 ET (mm)	NT	824.2c	676.8b	806.6c	562.1c	662.1b	609.0b	690.1c
	ST	856.1b	700.9a	826.8b	622.0a	658.8b	678.7a	723.9b
	CT	888.8a	717.0a	869.7a	607.4b	725.3a	671.6a	746.6a
产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	NT	13239b	11113b	13339a	14989a	11022a	6830a	11755a
	ST	13848a	11754a	13218a	14350b	10652b	6467c	11715a
	CT	13390b	11196b	12958a	14437b	10769b	6673b	11571b
WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)	NT	16.1a	16.4a	16.0a	26.7a	16.6a	11.2a	17.2a
	ST	16.2a	16.8a	16.0a	23.1b	16.2a	9.5b	16.3a
	CT	15.1b	15.6a	14.9b	23.8b	14.8b	9.9b	15.7b

Effects of Tillage on Soil Moisture and Yield of Wheat-Maize Rotation Field in Weibei Upland Plateau

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