补充灌溉和施氮对玉米籽粒淀粉粒粒度分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.04.003

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】Starch granule size distribution is an important factor to evaluate starch quality and is greatly influenced by environmental factor. Irrigation and nitrogen are the major agronomic measures for high yield and good quality of maize. Therefore, it is very important for quality control and directional utilization of starch to clarify the effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen application on starch granule size distribution, and analyze the relationship between starch granule size distribution, grain weight, starch pasting properties and starch components of maize grain.【Method】In this study, Zhengdan 958 was used. Two water treatments were carried out, rain-fed (W1) and supplemental irrigation (W2). Supplemental irrigation treatment and irrigation amount were determined by soil water content. If soil water content was lower than 60% of field capacity, irrigation was applied. If soil water content after irrigation arrived 80% of field capacity, irrigation was stopped. Irrigation amount was calculated according to the formula of m=10ρbH(?i -?j), where m is the amount of supplementary irrigation (mm), H is the supplementary irrigation depth (cm) of the period, ρb is soil bulk density(g•cm-3) of the supplementary irrigation depth, βi is the objective water content (field capacity×objective and relative water content), βj is the natural water content. The highest nitrogen application rate was determined according to 3 kg nitrogen requirement for 100 kg kernels and the yield standard of 10 500 kg•hm-2 in 67 500 plants•hm-2 density. So, three nitrogen treatments were carried out, 0 (N1), 160 (N2) and 320 (N3) kg•hm-2. The volume, number and surface area distribution of starch granule in mature maize endosperm in irrigation and nitrogen application treatments were determined using laser particle size analyzer. Starch pasting properties were measured by RVA analyzer. Starch components were determined according to the double wavelengh method. The correlations between volume distribution of starch granule and starch pasting properties, kernel weight, yield and starch components were analyzed. 【Result】 Starch granule of maize was in the range of 0.38-39.78 μm, and the upper limit was 30.07-39.78 μm. Starch granule volume and surface area showed a three-peak curve. According to the concave point of the double peak curve, taking 3.5 μm and 7.4 μm as limit, starch granules were divided into three types: small (<3.5 μm), middle (3.5-7.4 μm) and large (>7.4 μm). Starch granule number showed a single peak curve. Starch granule of maize grain was mainly composed of small starch granule, which accounted for over 98% of total starch granule. Nitrogen fertilization and supplemental irrigation reduced the percentages of volume, surface area and number of small starch granule, and increased the volume percentage of large starch granule. Nitrogen fertilization and supplementary irrigation increased starch peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, setback, grain yield and weight, total starch and amylopectin content, reduced peak time, pasting temperature, amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin. Correlation analysis indicated that amylose content, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, peak time and pasting temperature were positively correlated with volume percentage of small starch granule, and negatively correlated with volume percentage of large starch granule. Grain yield and weight, amylopectin and total starch content, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback were negatively correlated with volume percentage of small starch granule, and positively correlated with volume percentage of large starch granule. 【Conclusion】Water and nitrogen fertilization significantly affected starch granule size distribution and pasting properties. Supplemental irrigation and 320 kg•hm-2 nitrogen fertilization treatment had the lowest volume percentage of small starch granule, the highest volume percentage of large starch granule and the best starch pasting properties.

Key words: maize , supplemental irrigation , nitrogen application , starch , size distribution , pasting properties

SHI De-Yang-1, 2 , ZHANG Hai-Yan-1, 3 , DONG Shu-Ting-2, 3 . Effects of Supplemental Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Starch Granule Size Distribution of Maize Grain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(4): 633-643.

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