长期施用生物炭对棕壤养分及腐殖质组分的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.009

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term application of biochar on nutrient content and humus component content in brown soil, so as to provide the scientific basis for evaluating the long-term effects of biochar on improving soil fertility level and regulating soil humus composition and stability.【Method】 Based on the field positioning experiment of biochar, using a randomized block design four carbon application treatments were set up: 0 (CK), 15.75 t·hm^-2 (BC1), 31.5 t·hm^-2 (BC2) and 47.25 t·hm^-2 (BC3). The soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrients, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrients and soil fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin (HM) content were measured after 4 and 8 years of biochar application, respectively.【Result】 The application of biochar could increase the SOC content, and the SOC content under BC1, BC2, and BC3 treatments increased by 37.35% to 72.97% than that under CK treatment. The application of biochar significantly increased the soil available potassium (AK) content; compared with CK treatment, the soil AK content of BC1, BC2 and BC3 treatments increased by 11.67-14.00 mg·kg^-1, 19.33-22.33 mg·kg^-1 and 12.33-35.33 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The application of biochar had little effect on soil total nitrogen (TN), alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP) and total potassium (TK) content (except for individual treatments). The application of biochar significantly increased the content of soil HA, humus-extractable (HE), and HM. Compared with CK treatment, the soil HA content under BC1, BC2, and BC3 treatments increased by 39.68%-40.91%, 30.91%-50.79% and 34.55%-57.14%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, the soil HA content under BC1, BC2, and BC3 treatments increased by 39.68%-40.91%, 30.91%-50.79% and 34.55%-57.14%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, the soil HE content of BC1, BC2 and BC3 treatments increased by 18.02%-29.74%, 16.81%-30.48% and 15.92%-24.91%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, the soil HM content of BC1, BC2, and BC3 treatments increased by 48.39%-58.94%, 13.57%-89.23% and 82.36%-105.82%, respectively. After applying biochar for 4 years, there was no significant effect on soil FA content, but after applying biochar for 8 years, the soil FA content significantly increased, with BC1, BC2, and BC3 treatments increasing by 22.01%, 30.19% and 18.24%, respectively, compared with CK treatment. In 2016, the various carbon application treatments increased soil HA/HE and HA/FA, but decreased HE/HM; but in 2020, only BC1 treatment significantly increased soil HA/FA, while BC3 treatment significantly reduced HE/HM. Through redundancy and correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between SOC, TK, AK, TP and AP and the content of humic substances; There was a significant positive correlation between SOC and TK and the stability of soil humus substances, however, there was a significant negative correlation between SOC, AK, TP, and AP and the activity of soil humus substances.【Conclusion】 Long term application of biochar could improve soil nutrient status, mainly manifested in increasing SOC and AK content. Long term application of biochar could increase the content of humus components in soil, mainly manifested in increasing the content of soil HA and HM, however, the impact on the stability of soil humus would weaken over time. There was a significant positive correlation between soil nutrient content and soil humus component content and stability.

Key words: biochar, brown soil, fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), humin (HM), soil nutrients

WANG QingYang, CAO DianYun, WANG Di, ZHAN ZengYi, HE WanYing, SUN Qiang, CHEN WenFu, LAN Yu. Effects of Long-Term Application of Biochar on Nutrients, Fractions of Humic in Brown Soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(13): 2612-2622.

0
/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

URL: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.009

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/EN/Y2024/V57/I13/2612

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

References 35

[1]	GUO X X, WU S B, WANG X Q, LIU H T. Impact of biochar addition on three-dimensional structural changes in aggregates associated with humus during swine manure composting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 280: 124380.
[2]	WEI Z M, AHMED MOHAMED T, ZHAO L, ZHU Z C, ZHAO Y, WU J Q. Microhabitat drive microbial anabolism to promote carbon sequestration during composting. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 346: 126577.
[3]	SONG X Y, YANG J K, HUSSAIN Q, LIU X W, ZHANG J J, CUI D J. Stable isotopes reveal the formation diversity of humic substances derived from different cotton straw-based materials. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 740: 140202.
[4]	PAUL E A. The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter: Plant inputs, microbial transformations, and organic matter stabilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2016, 98: 109-126.
[5]	SINGH H, NORTHUP B K, RICE C W, VARA PRASAD P V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: A meta-analysis. Biochar, 2022, 4(1): 1-17.
[6]	JONES D L, ROUSK J, EDWARDS-JONES G, DELUCA T H, MURPHY D V. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012, 45: 113-124.
[7]	MIA S, DIJKSTRA F, SINGH B. Chapter one-Long-term aging of biochar: A molecular understanding with agricultural and environmental implications. Advances in Agronomy, 2017, 141: 1-51.
[8]	韩玮, 申双和, 谢祖彬, 李博, 李玉婷, 刘琦. 生物炭及秸秆对水稻土各密度组分有机碳及微生物的影响. 生态学报, 2016, 36(18): 5838-5846.
	HAN W, SHEN S H, XIE Z B, LI B, LI Y T, LIU Q. Effects of biochar and straw on both the organic carbon in different density fractions and the microbial biomass in paddy soil. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(18): 5838-5846. (in Chinese)
[9]	ZHANG J J, WEI Y X, LIU J Z, YUAN J C, LIANG Y, REN J, CAI H G. Effects of maize straw and its biochar application on organic and humic carbon in water-stable aggregates of a Mollisol in Northeast China: A five-year field experiment. Soil and Tillage Research, 2019, 190: 1-9.
[10]	LI S Y, CHEN X W, DOU S, ZHANG Y F, MA R, ZHANG B Y, HAN L, NI L. Effect of different proportional mixtures of corn straw and peat on humus composition and humic acid structure of black soils. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2022, 20(1): 785-799.
[11]	赵世翔, 于小玲, 李忠徽, 杨艳, 张霞, 王旭东, 张阿凤. 不同温度制备的生物质炭对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响: 对土壤腐殖物质组成及性质的影响. 环境科学, 2017, 38(2): 769-782.
	ZHAO S X, YU X L, LI Z H, YANG Y, ZHANG X, WANG X D, ZHANG A F. Effects of biochar pyrolyzed at varying temperatures on soil organic carbon and its components: Influence on the composition and properties of humic substances. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(2): 769-782. (in Chinese)
[12]	潘占东, 马倩倩, 陈晓龙, 蔡立群, 蔡雪梅, 董博, 武均, 张仁陟. 添加生物质炭对黄土高原旱作农田土壤养分、腐殖质及其组分的影响. 草业学报, 2022, 31(2): 14-24. doi: 10.11686/cyxb2020563
	PAN Z D, MA Q Q, CHEN X L, CAI L Q, CAI X M, DONG B, WU J, ZHANG R Z. Effects of biochar addition on nutrient levels and humus and its components in dry farmland soils on the Loess Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2022, 31(2): 14-24. (in Chinese)
[13]	UKALSKA-JARUGA A, DEBAENE G, SMRECZAK B. Dissipation and sorption processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs to organic matter in soils amended by exogenous rich-carbon material. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2020, 20(2): 836-849.
[14]	PARKINSON J A, ALLEN S E. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1975, 6(1): 1-11.
[15]	OLSEN S R. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Miscellaneous Paper Institute for Agricultural Research Samaru. Conference Proceedings, 1954.
[16]	ANTUNES E, SCHUMANN J, BRODIE G, JACOB M V, SCHNEIDER P A. Biochar produced from biosolids using a single-mode microwave: Characterisation and its potential for phosphorus removal. Journal of Environmental Management, 2017, 196: 119-126. doi: S0301-4797(17)30198-6 pmid: 28284129
[17]	BRUN L A, MAILLET J, HINSINGER P, PÉPIN M. Evaluation of copper availability to plants in copper-contaminated vineyard soils. Environmental Pollution, 2001, 111(2): 293-302. doi: 10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00067-1 pmid: 11202733
[18]	窦森. 土壤有机质. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.
	DOU S. Soil Organic Matter. Beijing: Science Press, 2010. (in Chinese)
[19]	CHEN W F, MENG J, HAN X R, LAN Y, ZHANG W M. Past, present, and future of biochar. Biochar, 2019, 1(1): 75-87.
[20]	WANG D, LAN Y, CHEN W F, HAN X R, LIU S Y, CAO D Y, CHENG X Y, WANG Q Y, ZHAN Z Y, HE W Y. The six-year biochar retention interacted with fertilizer addition alters the soil organic nitrogen supply capacity in bulk and rhizosphere soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 338: 117757.
[21]	CAO D Y, LAN Y, CHEN W F, YANG X, WANG D, GE S H, YANG J X, WANG Q Y. Successive applications of fertilizers blended with biochar in the soil improve the availability of phosphorus and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 2021, 130: 126344.
[22]	LEHMANN J. A handful of carbon. Nature, 2007, 447(7141): 143-144.
[23]	YANG Y, SUN K, HAN L F, CHEN Y L, LIU J, XING B S. Biochar stability and impact on soil organic carbon mineralization depend on biochar processing, aging and soil clay content. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2022, 169: 108657.
[24]	陈懿, 林英超, 黄化刚, 林叶春, 高维常, 潘文杰. 炭基肥对植烟黄壤性状和烤烟养分积累、产量及品质的影响. 土壤学报, 2019, 56(2): 495-504.
	CHEN Y, LIN Y C, HUANG H G, LIN Y C, GAO W C, PAN W J. Effect of biochar-based fertilizer on properties of tobacco- planting yellow soil, and nutrient accumulation, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2019, 56(2): 495-504. (in Chinese)
[25]	CAO D Y, CHEN W F, YANG P, LAN Y, SUN D Q. Spatio- temporal variabilities of soil phosphorus pool and phosphorus uptake with maize stover biochar amendment for 5 years of maize. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2020, 27(29): 36350-36361.
[26]	LI F Y, LIANG X Q, NIYUNGEKO C, SUN T, LIU F, ARAI Y. Effects of biochar amendments on soil phosphorus transformation in agricultural soils. Advances in Agronomy, 2019, 158: 131-172.
[27]	俞若涵, 姚奇, 杨明晓, 王殿武, 王洋. 生物炭对夏玉米农田土壤有效养分垂直分布及作物利用的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2021(1): 137-142.
	YU R H, YAO Q, YANG M X, WANG D W, WANG Y. Effect of biochar on vertical distribution of available nutrients in soil and crop nutrient utilization in summer maize season. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2021(1): 137-142. (in Chinese)
[28]	郭雄飞. 生物炭对间作体系中刨花润楠生长及土壤养分年际变化的影响. 生态学报, 2019, 39(13): 4910-4920.
	GUO X F. Effects of biochar on Machilus pauhoi growth and soil nutrient interannual variation in an intercropping system. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2019, 39(13): 4910-4920. (in Chinese)
[29]	XIU L Q, GU W Q, SUN Y Y, WU D, WANG Y N, ZHANG H G, ZHANG W M, CHEN W F. The fate and supply capacity of potassium in biochar used in agriculture. The Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 902: 165969.
[30]	ORLOVA N, ABAKUMOV E, ORLOVA E, YAKKONEN K, SHAHNAZAROVA V. Soil organic matter alteration under biochar amendment: Study in the incubation experiment on the Podzol soils of the Leningrad region (Russia). Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019, 19(6): 2708-2716.
[31]	刘军, 景峰, 李同花, 黄金花, 谈建鑫, 曹晶晶, 刘建国. 秸秆还田对长期连作棉田土壤腐殖质组分含量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(2): 293-302. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.09.
	LIU J, JING F, LI T H, HUANG J H, TAN J X, CAO J J, LIU J G. Effects of returning stalks into field on soil humus composition of continuous cropping cotton field. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(2): 293-302. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.02.09. (in Chinese)
[32]	史雷, 张然, 马龙, 王楷, 王书停, 王桃桃, 王朝辉, 李紫燕, 翟丙年. 小麦产量及土壤性状对施用生物质炭的量化响应. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(7): 1273-1283.
	SHI L, ZHANG R, MA L, WANG K, WANG S T, WANG T T, WANG Z H, LI Z Y, ZHAI B N. Quantitative response of wheat yield and soil properties to biochar amendment in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(7): 1273-1283. (in Chinese)
[33]	SUN Q, YANG X, BAO Z R, GAO J, MENG J, HAN X R, LAN Y, LIU Z Q, CHEN W F. Responses of microbial necromass carbon and microbial community structure to straw- and straw-derived biochar in brown earth soil of Northeast China. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13: 967746.
[34]	张葛, 窦森, 谢祖彬, 钟双玲, 杨翔宇, 周鑫, 刘鑫, 田相玲, 孟繁荣, 尹显宝. 施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响. 环境科学学报, 2016, 36(2): 614-620.
	ZHANG G, DOU S, XIE Z B, ZHONG S L, YANG X Y, ZHOU X, LIU X, TIAN X L, MENG F R, YIN X B. Effect of biochar application on composition of soil humus and structural characteristics of humic acid. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(2): 614-620. (in Chinese)
[35]	宋祥云, 宋春燕, 柳新伟, 李妍, 孔祥平, 李旭霖, 崔德杰. 小麦玉米轮作条件下不同生物质炭对土壤腐殖物质的影响. 土壤学报, 2021, 58(3): 610-618.
	SONG X Y, SONG C Y, LIU X W, LI Y, KONG X P, LI X L, CUI D J. Effects of application of biochar on soil humic substances in cropland under wheat-corn rotation system. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2021, 58(3): 610-618. (in Chinese)

Related Articles 15

[1]	GAO ShangJie, LIU XingRen, LI YingChun, LIU XiaoWan. Effects of Biochar and Straw Return on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential in the Farmland [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(5): 935-949.
[2]	BU MingNa, YANG XiWen, TENG ZhengKai, HU NaiYue, ZHANG Shuo, WANG ChunYan, YANG Jian, LIANG WenXian, MA WenQi, HE DeXian, ZHOU SuMei. Effects of Layered Fertilization Under Different Irrigation Conditions on Vertical Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Root Growth and Function of Wheat [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(11): 2125-2142.
[3]	PANG JinWen, WANG YuHao, TAO HongYang, WEI Ting, GAO Fei, LIU EnKe, JIA ZhiKuan, ZHANG Peng. Effects of Different Biochar Application Rates on Soil Aggregate Characteristics and Organic Carbon Contents for Film-Mulching Field in Semiarid Areas [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(9): 1729-1743.
[4]	HAN ZiXuan, FANG JingJing, WU XuePing, JIANG Yu, SONG XiaoJun, LIU XiaoTong. Synergistic Effects of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Water-Stable Aggregates as well as Microbial Biomass on Crop Yield Under Long-Term Straw Combined Chemical Fertilizers Application [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(8): 1503-1514.
[5]	LIU YuYing, SHEN Feng, YANG JinFeng, CAI FangFang, FU ShiFeng, LUO PeiYu, LI Na, DAI Jian, HAN XiaoRi. Variation Characteristics of Soybean Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Brown Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(10): 1920-1934.
[6]	SONG BoYing, GUO YanJie, WANG WenZan, LÜ ZeNan, ZHAO YuQing, LIU Lu, ZHANG LiJuan. Effects of Biochar Combined with Dicyandiamide on Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Facility Vegetable Soil [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(10): 1935-1948.
[7]	ZHONG JiaLin,XU ZiYan,ZHANG YiYun,LI Jie,LIU XiaoYu,LI LianQing,PAN GenXing. Effects of Feedstock, Pyrolyzing Temperature and Biochar Components on the Growth of Chinese Cabbage [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(14): 2775-2785.
[8]	BIAN RongJun,LIU XiaoYu,ZHENG JuFeng,CHENG Kun,ZHANG XuHui,LI LianQing,PAN GenXing. Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Dissolvable Organic Matter in Biochars [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(11): 2174-2186.
[9]	JIN YuTing,LIU YunFeng,HU HongXiang,MU Jing,GAO MengYao,LI XianFan,XUE ZhongJun,GONG JingJing. Effects of Continuous Straw Returning with Chemical Fertilizer on Annual Runoff Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Rice-Rape Rotation [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(9): 1937-1951.
[10]	GU BoWen, YANG JinFeng, LU XiaoLing, WU YiHui, LI Na, LIU Ning, AN Ning, HAN XiaoRi. Effects of Continuous Application of Biochar on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Peanut at Different Growth Stages [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(21): 4552-4561.
[11]	ZHAO Peng,LIU Ming,JIN Rong,CHEN XiaoGuang,ZHANG AiJun,TANG ZhongHou,WEI Meng. Effects of Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Distribution of Sweetpotato in Fluvo- Aquic Soil Area [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(10): 2142-2153.
[12]	REN Tao,GUO LiXuan,ZHANG LiMei,YANG XuKun,LIAO ShiPeng,ZHANG YangYang,LI XiaoKun,CONG RiHuan,LU JianWei. Soil Nutrient Status of Oilseed Rape Cultivated Soil in Typical Winter Oilseed Rape Production Regions in China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(8): 1606-1616.
[13]	XIANG Wei,WANG Lei,LIU TianQi,LI ShiHao,ZHAI ZhongBing,LI ChengFang. Effects of Biochar Plus Inorganic Nitrogen on the Greenhouse Gas and Nitrogen Use Efficiency from Rice Fields [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(22): 4634-4645.
[14]	DONG Cheng,CHEN ZhiYong,XIE YingXin,ZHANG YangYang,GOU PeiXin,YANG JiaHeng,MA DongYun,WANG ChenYang,GUO TianCai. Effects of Successive Biochar Addition to Soil on Nitrogen Functional Microorganisms and Nitrous Oxide Emission [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(19): 4024-4034.
[15]	ZHAO XinZhou,ZHANG ShiChun,LI Ying,ZHENG YiMin,ZHAO HongLiang,XIE LiYong. The Characteristics of Soil Ammonia Volatilization Under Different Fertilizer Application Measures in Corn Field of Liaohe Plain [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(18): 3741-3751.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

指标 Itme	含量 Content
pH	9.2
全碳 Total C (g·kg^-1)	660
全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	12.7
全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	8.87
有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	120.8
比表面积 Surface area (m²·g^-1)	8.87
平均孔径 Average pore size (nm)	16.23
灰分 Ash content (%)	15.57
挥发分 Volatile matter (%)	21.94
固定碳 Fixed C (%)	62.49

指标 Itme	含量 Content
pH	7.4
电导率 EC (μS·cm^-1)	196.8
阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol·kg^-1)	17.8
全碳 Total C (g·kg^-1)	11.0
全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	1.2
碱解氮Alkali-hydrolyzed N (mg·kg^-1)	84.5
全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	0.38
有效磷 Olsen-P (mg·kg^-1)	15.9

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	胡敏素 Humin, HM (g·kg^-1)	可溶性腐殖质 Humus-extractable, HE (g·kg^-1)	胡敏酸 Humic acid, HA (g·kg^-1)	富里酸 Fulvic acid, FA (g·kg^-1)
2016	CK	5.75±0.53Bc	3.33±0.18Ab	1.26±0.07Ac	2.07±0.15Aab
	BC1	8.53±0.99Bb	3.93±0.21Aa	1.76±0.05Ab	2.17±0.12Aa
	BC2	10.88±0.85Aa	3.89±0.12Aa	1.90±0.04Aa	1.99±0.09Aab
	BC3	11.84±0.32Ba	3.86±0.29Aa	1.98±0.09Aa	1.89±0.13Ab
2020	CK	7.46±0.19Ad	2.69±0.11Bb	1.10±0.07Bb	1.59±0.13Bb
	BC1	11.85±0.56Ab	3.49±0.25Aa	1.55±0.05Ba	1.94±0.11Aa
	BC2	8.47±0.29Bc	3.51±0.31Aa	1.44±0.11Ba	2.07±0.17Aa
	BC3	13.60±0.32Aa	3.36±0.19Aa	1.48±0.08Ba	1.88±0.12Aa

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	HA/HE (%)	HA/FA (%)	HE/HM (%)
2016	CK	0.38±0.03Ab	0.62±0.04Bd	0.59±0.03Aa
	BC1	0.45±0.03Aa	0.83±0.05Ac	0.47±0.04Ab
	BC2	0.48±0.05Aa	0.95±0.07Ab	0.36±0.03Bc
	BC3	0.51±0.01Aa	1.05±0.02Aa	0.33±0.01Ac
2020	CK	0.41±0.03Aa	0.69±0.04Ab	0.36±0.02Ba
	BC1	0.44±0.05Aa	0.80±0.06Aa	0.30±0.03Ba
	BC2	0.41±0.03Aa	0.70±0.07Bab	0.42±0.04Aa
	BC3	0.44±0.03Ba	0.79±0.04Bab	0.25±0.02Bb

Effects of Long-Term Application of Biochar on Nutrients, Fractions of Humic in Brown Soil

RichHTML

PDF