长期施用化肥对南方稻田土壤酸化和盐基离子损失的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.13.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application on soil acidification, exchangeable aluminum production, and loss of basic ions were assessed, so as to provide the theory basis for maintaining soil health and sustainable development of farmland. 【Method】 The field experiment, established in 1984, was designed to have five treatments, that is, CK (an early rice-late rice rotation without fertilizer), PK (N deficiency), NP (K deficiency), NK (P deficiency), and NPK (balanced chemical fertilizer application), and all the treatments, except CK, were the same rate in N nutrient supply. Soil samples of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm collected for each treatments after late rice harvest in 2016 were used to measure soil pH, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable base cation, accumulation of exchangeable base cation, pH buffer capacity, and acidification rate, etc.【Result】 After 33 years of continuous application of chemical fertilizer, the soil pH under CK, PK, NP, NK and NPK treatments decreased significantly by 0.82, 0.91, 1.13, 0.8 and 1.19 pH units compared with an initial pH of 6.5 in the 0-20 cm soil layers, respectively, which resulted in obvious acidification of cultivated soil, and the acidification rates reached 1.1, 1.22, 1.46, 1.13 and 1.58 kmol·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. Different fertilization treatments were different from CK treatment. Compared with CK treatment, the soil pH of the 0-40 cm layer significantly decreased by 0.28-0.38 units under NP treatment and by 0.35-0.46 units under NPK treatment. The exchangeable acidity of the soil increased by 35.5%-110.0% under NP treatment and by 30.4%-120.5% in the NPK treatment, with a significant increase in exchangeable aluminum by 56.2%-157.6% and 73.7%-189.8%, respectively. The total content of exchangeable bases in the soil decreased by 6.3%-14.9% under NP treatment and by 9.9%-13.2% under NPK treatment, resulting in a decrease in base saturation by 2.9-14.9 and 2.6-15.4 percentage points, respectively. The NK treatment slightly acidified the 0-20 cm soil layer, with an increase in exchangeable acidity by 53.5%-55.0% and a decrease in base saturation by 6.0-7.1 percentage points. The PK treatment did not show significant soil acidification in the 0-60 cm layer, and there was no significant difference in the increase of exchangeable acidity and the decrease of exchangeable bases. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of fertilizers showed significant differences in the degree of soil acidification and loss of basic ions. Among them, the long-term application of NPK and NP fertilizers intensifies the soil acidification process, with acidification depth reaching 40 cm, and there was a substantial increase in the loss of basic ions and the production of exchangeable aluminum. Preliminary estimation showed that the application of fertilizer could lower the soil pH by one unit, and the loss of exchangeable base in soil was approximately twice the increase in exchangeable acid. Long-term application of PK and NK fertilizers had a relatively smaller impact on soil acidification, with less increase in the loss of basic ions and exchangeable aluminum.

Key words: chemical fertilizer, long-term located fertilization, paddy, soil pH, soil acidification, exchangeable base cation

JI JianHua, LÜ ZhenZhen, LIU ShuZhen, HOU HongQian, LIU YiRen, LIU XiuMei, LI XuHua, LAN XianJin. Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers Induces Soil Acidification and Soil Exchangeable Base Cation Loss on Paddy in Southern China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(13): 2599-2611.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Exchangeable base cation, CEC and base saturation in the soil profile under long-term fertilization treatments"

土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	交换性Ca²⁺ Exchangeable Ca²⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性Mg²⁺ Exchangeable Mg²⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性K⁺ Exchangeable K⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性Na⁺ Exchangeable Na⁺ (cmol·kg^-1)	交换性盐基离子总量 Exchangeable base cations (cmol·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量 CEC (cmol·kg^-1)	盐基饱和度 Base saturation (%)
0—10	CK	4.53±0.14a	0.34±0.060a	0.14±0.028c	0.081±0.018a	5.08±0.04a	5.94±0.16a	85.59±1.96a
	PK	4.39±0.20a	0.24±0.073bc	0.39±0.055a	0.067±0.006b	5.08±0.14a	6.10±0.21a	83.39±0.85a
	NP	3.98±0.14b	0.15±0.046c	0.13±0.014c	0.064±0.004b	4.33±0.19b	6.13±0.46a	70.74±3.64c
	NK	4.20±0.30ab	0.26±0.065ab	0.35±0.017a	0.081±0.005a	4.89±0.35a	6.22±0.19a	78.53±3.27b
	NPK	3.93±0.17b	0.15±0.056c	0.26±0.023b	0.073±0.010ab	4.41±0.18b	6.31±0.51a	70.15±2.96c
10—20	CK	5.11±0.37a	0.40±0.048a	0.11±0.019b	0.074±0.016a	5.69±0.39a	6.54±0.33a	87.06±2.90a
	PK	5.13±0.44a	0.32±0.034a	0.22±0.037a	0.089±0.017a	5.76±0.43a	6.75±0.37a	85.25±1.69ab
	NP	4.97±0.13ab	0.20±0.056b	0.11±0.008b	0.056±0.013b	5.34±0.16ab	6.88±0.13a	77.51±2.12cd
	NK	4.94±0.36ab	0.31±0.033a	0.21±0.019a	0.082±0.006a	5.55±0.40ab	6.84±0.41a	81.05±2.64bc
	NPK	4.60±0.28b	0.19±0.068b	0.17±0.033a	0.081±0.020a	5.04±0.21b	6.94±0.54a	72.84±5.12d
20—40	CK	6.11±0.25a	0.65±0.120a	0.09±0.019d	0.063±0.018a	6.91±0.15a	7.37±0.24a	93.78±1.18a
	PK	5.91±0.65a	0.46±0.093b	0.26±0.027a	0.060±0.014a	6.69±0.54ab	7.08±0.61a	94.46±0.58a
	NP	5.78±0.49a	0.28±0.069c	0.10±0.005d	0.037±0.007b	6.19±0.42b	6.82±0.35a	90.81±1.74b
	NK	5.89±0.40a	0.51±0.134b	0.17±0.022b	0.069±0.003a	6.64±0.42ab	7.19±0.35a	92.27±1.82ab
	NPK	5.73±0.18a	0.31±0.081c	0.14±0.027c	0.058±0.014a	6.23±0.12b	6.83±0.12a	91.21±0.74b
40—60	CK	6.23±1.07a	1.00±0.133a	0.09±0.011b	0.081±0.002a	7.40±0.99a	7.79±0.99a	94.97±0.68a
	PK	6.24±0.65a	0.89±0.178a	0.16±0.015a	0.076±0.015ab	7.36±0.55a	7.73±0.58a	95.22±0.54a
	NP	6.11±0.72a	0.72±0.211b	0.10±0.011b	0.057±0.003b	7.00±0.55a	7.46±0.55a	93.74±0.63b
	NK	5.98±0.96a	0.94±0.231a	0.14±0.002a	0.092±0.014a	7.14±0.86a	7.61±0.85a	93.80±0.88b
	NPK	6.50±0.47a	0.71±0.141b	0.14±0.021a	0.079±0.009a	7.44±0.46a	7.87±0.44a	94.55±0.68ab

Table 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 2

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

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土层 Soil layer (cm)	处理 Treatment	土壤pH Soil pH	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)	土壤缓冲容量 pHBC (mmol·kg^-1·pH^-1)	酸化速率 Acidification rate (kmol·hm^-2·a^-1)
0—10	CK	5.54±0.27a	1.25a	18.98±2.36a	0.62±0.077b
	PK	5.42±0.19a	1.19a	19.63±2.78a	0.69±0.098b
	NP	5.21±0.16b	1.21a	18.65±2.92a	0.81±0.13a
	NK	5.54±0.34a	1.19a	20.70±1.48a	0.64±0.046b
	NPK	5.19±0.17b	1.18a	19.74±0.91a	0.86±0.039a
10—20	CK	5.82±0.11a	1.18a	17.37±2.16a	0.48±0.030b
	PK	5.76±0.18a	1.17a	17.86±2.53a	0.52±0.041b
	NP	5.54±0.18b	1.13a	18.09±2.84a	0.65±0.067a
	NK	5.85±0.01a	1.13a	19.05±1.36a	0.49±0.040b
	NPK	5.44±0.10b	1.12a	18.36±0.84a	0.72±0.034a

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers Induces Soil Acidification and Soil Exchangeable Base Cation Loss on Paddy in Southern China

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